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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Swedish for Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">Help:IPA/Swedish</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right selfref noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/40px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/60px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/80px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article includes inline links to audio files. If you have trouble playing the files, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MH">Wikipedia Media help</a>.</div></div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> has a large <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> inventory, with nine vowels distinguished in quality and to some degree in quantity, making 18 vowel phonemes in most dialects. Another notable feature is the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a>, a development which it shares with <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a>. Swedish pronunciation of most consonants is similar to that of other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>. There are 18 consonant phonemes, of which /<a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a>/ and /r/ show considerable variation depending on both social and dialectal context. <a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Finland Swedish</a> has <a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish#Phonology" title="Finland Swedish">a slightly different phonology</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg/280px-Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg/420px-Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg/560px-Swedish_monophthongs_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The vowel phonemes of Central Standard Swedish in the Stockholm area. From <a href="#CITEREFEngstrand1999">Engstrand (1999</a>:140)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th><a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a> </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_protruded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close near-front protruded vowel">ʏ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_protruded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Close front protruded vowel">yː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʉː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_compressed_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close near-back compressed vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_compressed_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Close back compressed vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_protruded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-mid front protruded vowel">øː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_protruded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid front protruded vowel">œ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Swedish has nine <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> that, as in many other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic languages</a>, exist in pairs of long and short versions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002272-1">[1]</a> The length covaries with the quality of the vowels, as shown in the table below (long vowels in the first column, short in the second), with short variants being more centered and lax.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002272-1">[1]</a> The length is generally viewed as the primary distinction, with quality being secondary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffler200526-2">[2]</a> No short vowels appear in open stressed syllables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20057–8-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> appear in <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded-unrounded</a> pairs: /ʏ/–/ɪ/, /yː/–/iː/, /œ/–/ɛ/ and /øː/–/eː/. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Vowel </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Vowel </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/15\/Sv-sil.ogg\/Sv-sil.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/si\u02d0l\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-sil.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Sv-sil.ogg/Sv-sil.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/siːl/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-sil.ogg" title="File:Sv-sil.ogg">ⓘ</a> sil ('sieve') </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/Sv-sill.ogg\/Sv-sill.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/s\u026al\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-sill.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Sv-sill.ogg/Sv-sill.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/sɪl/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-sill.ogg" title="File:Sv-sill.ogg">ⓘ</a> sill ('herring') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2f\/Sv-hel.ogg\/Sv-hel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/he\u02d0l\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-hel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Sv-hel.ogg/Sv-hel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/heːl/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-hel.ogg" title="File:Sv-hel.ogg">ⓘ</a> hel ('whole') </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c3\/Sv-h%C3%A4ll.ogg\/Sv-h%C3%A4ll.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/h\u025bl\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-h\u00e4ll.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Sv-h%C3%A4ll.ogg/Sv-h%C3%A4ll.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/hɛl/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-h%C3%A4ll.ogg" title="File:Sv-häll.ogg">ⓘ</a> häll ('stone slab') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d4\/Sv-h%C3%A4l.ogg\/Sv-h%C3%A4l.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/h\u025b\u02d0l\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-h\u00e4l.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Sv-h%C3%A4l.ogg/Sv-h%C3%A4l.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/hɛːl/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-h%C3%A4l.ogg" title="File:Sv-häl.ogg">ⓘ</a> häl ('heel') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e6\/Sv-mat.ogg\/Sv-mat.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/m\u0251\u02d0t\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-mat.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Sv-mat.ogg/Sv-mat.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/mɑːt/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-mat.ogg" title="File:Sv-mat.ogg">ⓘ</a> mat ('food') </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/80\/Sv-matt.ogg\/Sv-matt.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/mat\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-matt.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Sv-matt.ogg/Sv-matt.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/mat/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-matt.ogg" title="File:Sv-matt.ogg">ⓘ</a> matt ('listless; matte') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/27\/Sv-m%C3%A5l.ogg\/Sv-m%C3%A5l.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/mo\u02d0l\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-m\u00e5l.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Sv-m%C3%A5l.ogg/Sv-m%C3%A5l.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/moːl/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-m%C3%A5l.ogg" title="File:Sv-mål.ogg">ⓘ</a> mål ('goal') </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/98\/Sv-moll.ogg\/Sv-moll.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/m\u0254l\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-moll.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Sv-moll.ogg/Sv-moll.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/mɔl/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-moll.ogg" title="File:Sv-moll.ogg">ⓘ</a> moll ('minor [key]') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_compressed_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Close back compressed vowel">uː</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/69\/Sv-bot.ogg\/Sv-bot.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/bu\u02d0t\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-bot.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Sv-bot.ogg/Sv-bot.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/buːt/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-bot.ogg" title="File:Sv-bot.ogg">ⓘ</a> bot ('penance') </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_compressed_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close near-back compressed vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-11" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ce\/Sv-bott.ogg\/Sv-bott.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/b\u028at\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-bott.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Sv-bott.ogg/Sv-bott.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/bʊt/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-bott.ogg" title="File:Sv-bott.ogg">ⓘ</a> bott ('lived') (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar#Supine_form" title="Swedish grammar">supine</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉː</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-12" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4c\/Sv-ful.ogg\/Sv-ful.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/f\u0289\u02d0l\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-ful.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Sv-ful.ogg/Sv-ful.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/fʉːl/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-ful.ogg" title="File:Sv-ful.ogg">ⓘ</a> ful ('ugly') </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-13" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/65\/Sv-full.ogg\/Sv-full.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/f\u0275l\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-full.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Sv-full.ogg/Sv-full.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/fɵl/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-full.ogg" title="File:Sv-full.ogg">ⓘ</a> full ('full') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_protruded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Close front protruded vowel">yː</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-14" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e5\/Sv-syl.ogg\/Sv-syl.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/sy\u02d0l\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-syl.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Sv-syl.ogg/Sv-syl.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/syːl/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-syl.ogg" title="File:Sv-syl.ogg">ⓘ</a> syl ('awl') </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_protruded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close near-front protruded vowel">ʏ</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-15" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1f\/Sv-syll.ogg\/Sv-syll.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/s\u028fl\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-syll.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Sv-syll.ogg/Sv-syll.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/sʏl/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-syll.ogg" title="File:Sv-syll.ogg">ⓘ</a> syll ('sleeper (railroad tie)') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_protruded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-mid front protruded vowel">øː</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-16" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/02\/Sv-n%C3%B6t.ogg\/Sv-n%C3%B6t.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/n\u00f8\u02d0t\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-n\u00f6t.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Sv-n%C3%B6t.ogg/Sv-n%C3%B6t.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/nøːt/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-n%C3%B6t.ogg" title="File:Sv-nöt.ogg">ⓘ</a> nöt ('nut') </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_protruded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid front protruded vowel">œ</a> </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-17" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9d\/Sv-n%C3%B6tt.ogg\/Sv-n%C3%B6tt.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/n\u0153t\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-n\u00f6tt.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Sv-n%C3%B6tt.ogg/Sv-n%C3%B6tt.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/nœt/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-n%C3%B6tt.ogg" title="File:Sv-nött.ogg">ⓘ</a> nött ('worn') </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Central Standard Swedish /ʉː/ is a near-close near-front compressed vowel [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏː</a>] that differs from /yː/ by the type of rounding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140-4">[4]</a> In other dialects, /ʉː/ may be central.</li> <li>/ɛ, œ, ɵ/ are mid [<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̝</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">œ̝</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central rounded vowel">ɵ̞</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140-4">[4]</a></li> <li>/a/ has been variously described as central [<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140-4">[4]</a> and front [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorénPetterson199215-5">[5]</a></li></ul> Rounded vowels have two types of rounding: <ul><li>/ɵ/, /ʉː/, /ʊ/ and /uː/ are <a href="/wiki/Vowel_roundedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel roundedness">compressed</a> [ɘ̞ᵝ], [ɪᵝː], [ʊᵝ] and [ɯᵝː]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996295–6-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmquist191531-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorénPetterson199211–2,_14–5,_17–8-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201427-10">[10]</a></li> <li>/ʏ/, /yː/, /œ/ and its pre-/r/ allophone [<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">œ̞</a>], /øː/ and its pre-/r/ allophone [<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">œ̞ː</a>], /ɔ/ and /oː/ are protruded [ɪʷ], [iʷː], [ɛ̝ʷ], [ɛ̞ʷ], [eʷː], [ɛ̞ʷː], [ʌʷ] and [ɤʷː].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996295–6-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201427-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmquist191533-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorénPetterson19928–11,_13–4,_16–7-12">[12]</a></li></ul> Type of rounding is the primary way of distinguishing /ʉː, ɵ/ from /yː, œ/, especially in Central Standard Swedish. /ɛː/, /ɛ/ (in stressed syllables), /øː/ (with a few exceptions) and /œ/ are lowered to [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ̞ː</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ̞</a>], respectively, when preceding /r/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986273-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorénPetterson199213–5-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201438-15">[15]</a> <ul><li>ära /ˈɛ̂ːra/ → <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-18" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8a\/Sv-%C3%A4ra.ogg\/Sv-%C3%A4ra.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8\u00e6\u0302\u02d0ra]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-\u00e4ra.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Sv-%C3%A4ra.ogg/Sv-%C3%A4ra.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈæ̂ːra]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-%C3%A4ra.ogg" title="File:Sv-ära.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('honor')</li> <li>ärt /ˈɛrt/ → <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-19" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a2\/Sv-%C3%A4rt.ogg\/Sv-%C3%A4rt.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8\u00e6\u0288\u02d0]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-\u00e4rt.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Sv-%C3%A4rt.ogg/Sv-%C3%A4rt.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈæʈː]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-%C3%A4rt.ogg" title="File:Sv-ärt.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('pea')</li> <li>öra /ˈø̂ːra/ → <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-20" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/70\/Sv-%C3%B6ra.ogg\/Sv-%C3%B6ra.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8\u0153\u031e\u0302\u02d0ra]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-\u00f6ra.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Sv-%C3%B6ra.ogg/Sv-%C3%B6ra.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈœ̞̂ːra]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-%C3%B6ra.ogg" title="File:Sv-öra.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('ear')</li> <li>dörr /ˈdœr/ → <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-21" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7e\/Sv-d%C3%B6rr.ogg\/Sv-d%C3%B6rr.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8d\u0153\u031er\u02d0]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-d\u00f6rr.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Sv-d%C3%B6rr.ogg/Sv-d%C3%B6rr.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈdœ̞rː]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-d%C3%B6rr.ogg" title="File:Sv-dörr.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('door')</li></ul> The low allophones are becoming unmarked in younger speakers of Stockholm Swedish, so that läsa ('to read') and köpa ('to buy') are pronounced [ˈlæ̂ːsa] and [ˈɕœ̂ːpa] instead of standard [ˈlɛ̂ːsa] and [ˈɕø̂ːpa].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201438-15">[15]</a> These speakers often also pronounce pre-rhotic /øː/ and /œ/ even lower, i.e. [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶː</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201438-15">[15]</a> This is especially true for the long allophone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201438-15">[15]</a> Also, the [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶː</a>] allophone is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the long /ɑː/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201438-15">[15]</a> In some pronunciations, traditionally characteristic of the varieties spoken around <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> and in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Östergötland">Östergötland</a>, but today more common e.g. in Stockholm and especially in younger speakers, [œ] and [ɵ] merge, most commonly into [ɵ] (especially before [r] and the retroflex consonants). Words like fördömande ('judging', pronounced /fœrˈdœ̌mandɛ/ in Standard Swedish) and fördummande ('dumbing', pronounced /fœrˈdɵmandɛ/ in Standard Swedish) are then often pronounced similarly or identically, as [fɵˈɖɵmːandɛ].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004115–6-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201429,_38–9-17">[17]</a> In Central Standard Swedish, unstressed /ɛ/ is slightly retracted [ɛ̠], but is still a front vowel rather than central [ə]. However, the latter pronunciation is commonly found in <a href="/wiki/South_Swedish_dialects" title="South Swedish dialects">Southern Swedish</a>. Therefore, begå 'to commit' is pronounced [bɛ̠ˈɡoː] in Central Standard Swedish and [bəˈɡoː] in Southern Swedish. Before /r/, southerners may use a back vowel [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]. In Central Standard Swedish, a true schwa [ə] is commonly found as a vocalic release of word-final lenis stops, as in e.g. bädd [ˈbɛdːə] 'bed'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201422,_48–9-18">[18]</a> In many central and eastern areas (including Stockholm), the contrast between short /ɛ/ and /e/ is lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFant19832-19">[19]</a> The loss of this contrast has the effect that hetta ('heat') and hätta ('cap') are pronounced the same. In Central Standard Swedish, long /ɑː/ is weakly rounded [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ̜ː</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002272-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201435–6-20">[20]</a> The rounding is stronger in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> and weaker in most North Swedish dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201435–6-20">[20]</a> One of the varieties of /iː/ is made with a constriction that is more forward than is usual. Peter Ladefoged and Ian Maddieson describe this vowel as being pronounced "by slightly lowering the body of the tongue while simultaneously raising the blade of the tongue (...) Acoustically this pronunciation is characterized by having a very high F3, and an F2 which is lower than that in /eː/." They suggest that this may be the usual Stockholm pronunciation of /iː/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996292-21">[21]</a> There is some variation in the interpretations of vowel length's phonemicity. <a href="#CITEREFElert1964">Elert (1964)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> for example, treats vowel quantity as its own separate phoneme (a "prosodeme") so that long and short vowels are allophones of a single vowel phoneme. Patterns of <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> of long vowels occur in three major dialect groups. In Central Standard Swedish, the high vowels /iː/, /yː/, /ʉː/ and /uː/ are realized as narrow closing diphthongs with fully close ending points: [ɪ̝i ʏ̝y ɵ̝˖ʉ̟ ʊ̝u].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAllisterLubkerCarlson1974-23">[23]</a> According to Engstrand, the second element is so close as to become a palatal or bilabial fricative: [ɪ̝ʝ ʏ̝ʝʷ ɵ̝˖βʲ ʊ̝β].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141-7">[7]</a> Elsewhere in the article, the broad transcription ⟨iː yː ʉː uː⟩ is used. In Central Standard Swedish, /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ are often realized as centering diphthongs [eə], [øə] and [oə]. In Southern Swedish dialects, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a>, the diphthongs are preceded by a rising of the tongue from a central position so that /ʉː/ and /ɑː/ are realized as [eʉ] and [aɑ] respectively. A third type of distinctive diphthongs occur in the dialects of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>. The pattern of diphthongs is more complex than those of southern and eastern Sweden; /eː/, /øː/ and /ʉː/ tend to rise while /ɛː/ and /oː/ fall; /uː/, /iː/, /yː/ and /ɑː/ are not diphthongized at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElert200038–43-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> The table below shows the Swedish consonant phonemes in spoken <a href="/wiki/Standard_Swedish" title="Standard Swedish">Standard Swedish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">r </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> /t, l/ are dental [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l̪</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201446,_67-26">[26]</a> but /n, d, s/ can be either dental [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s̪</a>] or alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201446,_58-27">[27]</a> If /d/ is alveolar, then /n/ is also alveolar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201446-28">[28]</a> Dental realization of /n, d/ is the predominant one in Central Standard Swedish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201446-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stops">Stops</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stops">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">p </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-22" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/87\/Sv-pol.ogg\/Sv-pol.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/pu\u02d0l\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-pol.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/Sv-pol.ogg/Sv-pol.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/puːl/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-pol.ogg" title="File:Sv-pol.ogg">ⓘ</a> pol ('pole') (of axis) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">b </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-23" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/93\/Sv-bok.ogg\/Sv-bok.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/bu\u02d0k\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-bok.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Sv-bok.ogg/Sv-bok.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/buːk/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-bok.ogg" title="File:Sv-bok.ogg">ⓘ</a> bok ('book') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">t </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-24" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/74\/Sv-tok.ogg\/Sv-tok.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/tu\u02d0k\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-tok.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Sv-tok.ogg/Sv-tok.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/tuːk/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-tok.ogg" title="File:Sv-tok.ogg">ⓘ</a> tok ('fool') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">d </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-25" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/dc\/Sv-dop.ogg\/Sv-dop.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/du\u02d0p\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-dop.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Sv-dop.ogg/Sv-dop.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/duːp/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-dop.ogg" title="File:Sv-dop.ogg">ⓘ</a> dop ('christening') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">k </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-26" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/42\/Sv-kon.ogg\/Sv-kon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/ku\u02d0n\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-kon.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Sv-kon.ogg/Sv-kon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/kuːn/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-kon.ogg" title="File:Sv-kon.ogg">ⓘ</a> kon ('cone') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ɡ </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-27" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/86\/Sv-god.ogg\/Sv-god.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/\u0261u\u02d0d\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-god.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Sv-god.ogg/Sv-god.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/ɡuːd/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-god.ogg" title="File:Sv-god.ogg">ⓘ</a> god ('good') </td></tr></tbody></table> Initial fortis stops (/p, t, k/) are <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> in stressed position, but unaspirated when preceded by /s/ within the same morpheme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141-7">[7]</a> Hence ko ('cow') is [kʰuː], but sko ('shoe') becomes [skuː]. Compare <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> [kʰuːɫ] ('cool') vs [skuːɫ] ('school'). In Finland Swedish, aspiration does not occur and initial lenis stops /b, d, ɡ/ are usually voiced throughout.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingenSuomi2012-30">[30]</a> Word-medial lenis stops are sometimes voiceless in Finland, a likely influence from Finnish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingenSuomi2012-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Preaspiration" title="Preaspiration">Preaspiration</a> of medial<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason199853-31">[31]</a> and final fortis stops,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingenHelgason200456-32">[32]</a> including the devoicing of preceding sonorants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999a80-33">[33]</a> is common,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETronnier200233-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999b1851-35">[35]</a> though its length and <a href="/wiki/Normativity" title="Normativity">normativity</a> varies from dialect to dialect, being optional (and <a href="/wiki/Idiolect" title="Idiolect">idiolectal</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999b1854-36">[36]</a>) in Central Standard Swedish but obligatory in, for example, the Swedish dialects of <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A4s%C3%B6" title="Gräsö">Gräsö</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002703-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vemdalen" title="Vemdalen">Vemdalen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arjeplog" title="Arjeplog">Arjeplog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002706-38">[38]</a> In Gräsö, preaspiration is blocked in certain environments (such as an /s/ following the fortis consonant<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999b1853-39">[39]</a> or a morpheme boundary between the vowel and the consonant<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999a80-33">[33]</a>), while it is a general feature of fortis medial consonants in Central Standard Swedish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999a80-33">[33]</a> When not preaspirated, medial and final fortis stops are simply unaspirated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingenHelgason200459-40">[40]</a> In clusters of fortis stops, the second "presonorant" stop is unaspirated and the former patterns with other medial final stops (that is, it is either unaspirated or is preaspirated).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovaPlappRingenSzentgyörgyi200620-41">[41]</a> The phonetic attributes of preaspiration also vary. In the Swedish of Stockholm, preaspiration is often realized as a fricative subject to the character of surrounding vowels or consonants so that it may be <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a>; it may also surface as extra length of the preceding vowel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiberman197864ff-42">[42]</a> In the province of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalen" title="Härjedalen">Härjedalen</a>, though, it resembles [h] or [x].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiberman197864ff-42">[42]</a> The duration of preaspiration is highest in the dialects of Vemdalen and Arjeplog.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002704-43">[43]</a> Helgason notes that preaspiration is longer after short vowels, in lexically stressed syllables, as well as in pre-pausal position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason199853-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999b1852–3-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fricatives">Fricatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fricatives">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">f </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-28" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/28\/Sv-fot.ogg\/Sv-fot.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/fu\u02d0t\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-fot.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Sv-fot.ogg/Sv-fot.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/fuːt/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-fot.ogg" title="File:Sv-fot.ogg">ⓘ</a> fot ('foot') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">s </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-29" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/97\/Sv-sot.ogg\/Sv-sot.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/su\u02d0t\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-sot.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Sv-sot.ogg/Sv-sot.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/suːt/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-sot.ogg" title="File:Sv-sot.ogg">ⓘ</a> sot ('soot') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ɕ </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-30" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/68\/Sv-kjol.ogg\/Sv-kjol.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/\u0255u\u02d0l\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-kjol.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Sv-kjol.ogg/Sv-kjol.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/ɕuːl/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-kjol.ogg" title="File:Sv-kjol.ogg">ⓘ</a> kjol ('skirt') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ɧ </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-31" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/54\/Sv-sjok.ogg\/Sv-sjok.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/\u0267u\u02d0k\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-sjok.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Sv-sjok.ogg/Sv-sjok.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/ɧuːk/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-sjok.ogg" title="File:Sv-sjok.ogg">ⓘ</a> sjok ('chunk') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">h </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-32" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b2\/Sv-hot.ogg\/Sv-hot.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/hu\u02d0t\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-hot.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Sv-hot.ogg/Sv-hot.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/huːt/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-hot.ogg" title="File:Sv-hot.ogg">ⓘ</a> hot ('threat') </td></tr></tbody></table> /s/ is dental [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s̪</a>] in Central Standard Swedish,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140–1-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004167-46">[46]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">retracted</a> alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar retracted fricative">s̠</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-47">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-47">[47]</a> The Swedish fricatives /ɕ/ and /ɧ/ are often considered to be the most difficult aspects of Swedish pronunciation for foreign students. The combination of occasionally similar and rather unusual sounds as well as the large variety of partly overlapping allophones of /ɧ/ often presents difficulties for non-natives in telling the two apart. The existence of a third sibilant in the form of /s/ tends to confuse matters even more, and in some cases realizations that are labiodental can also be confused with /f/. In Finland Swedish, /ɕ/ is an <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricate</a>: [t͡ɕ] or [t͡ʃ].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273-29">[29]</a> The Swedish phoneme /ɧ/ (the "sje-sound" or <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal-velar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palatal-velar fricative">voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative</a>) and its alleged <a href="/wiki/Coarticulated_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coarticulated consonant">coarticulation</a> is a difficult and complex issue debated amongst phoneticians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996171–2,_329–30-48">[48]</a> Though the acoustic properties of its [ɧ] allophones are fairly similar, the realizations can vary considerably according to geography, age, gender as well as social context and are notoriously difficult to describe and transcribe accurately. Most common are various sh-like sounds, with [ʂ] occurring mainly in northern Sweden and [ɕ] in Finland. A <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless uvular fricative</a>, [χ], can sometimes be used in the varieties influenced by major immigrant languages like <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>. The different realizations can be divided roughly into the following categories:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlén198871–2-49">[49]</a> <ul><li>"Dark sounds" – [x], commonly used in the Southern Standard Swedish. Some of the varieties specific, but not exclusive, to areas with a larger immigrant population that commonly realizes the phoneme as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless uvular fricative</a> [χ].</li> <li>"Light sounds" – [ʂ], used in the northern varieties and [ʃ], and [ɕ] (or something in between) in Finland Swedish.</li> <li>Combination of "light" and "dark" – darker sounds are used as <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> initials preceding stressed vowels (sjuk 'sick', station 'station'), while the lighter sounds are used before unstressed vowels and at the end of morphemes (bagage 'baggage', dusch 'shower').</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonorants">Sonorants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sonorants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">m </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-33" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e5\/Sv-mod.ogg\/Sv-mod.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/mu\u02d0d\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-mod.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Sv-mod.ogg/Sv-mod.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/muːd/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-mod.ogg" title="File:Sv-mod.ogg">ⓘ</a> mod ('courage') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">n </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-34" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6d\/Sv-nod.ogg\/Sv-nod.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/nu\u02d0d\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-nod.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Sv-nod.ogg/Sv-nod.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/nuːd/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-nod.ogg" title="File:Sv-nod.ogg">ⓘ</a> nod ('node') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ŋ </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-35" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/52\/Sv-l%C3%A5ng.ogg\/Sv-l%C3%A5ng.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/l\u0254\u014b\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-l\u00e5ng.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Sv-l%C3%A5ng.ogg/Sv-l%C3%A5ng.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/lɔŋ/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-l%C3%A5ng.ogg" title="File:Sv-lång.ogg">ⓘ</a> lång ('long') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">r </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-36" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/60\/Sv-rov.ogg\/Sv-rov.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/ru\u02d0v\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-rov.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Sv-rov.ogg/Sv-rov.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/ruːv/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-rov.ogg" title="File:Sv-rov.ogg">ⓘ</a> rov ('prey') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">l </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-37" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cf\/Sv-lov.ogg\/Sv-lov.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/lu\u02d0v\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-lov.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Sv-lov.ogg/Sv-lov.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/luːv/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-lov.ogg" title="File:Sv-lov.ogg">ⓘ</a> lov ('<a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">tack</a>') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">v </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-38" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/88\/Sv-v%C3%A5t.ogg\/Sv-v%C3%A5t.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/vo\u02d0t\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-v\u00e5t.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Sv-v%C3%A5t.ogg/Sv-v%C3%A5t.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/voːt/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-v%C3%A5t.ogg" title="File:Sv-våt.ogg">ⓘ</a> våt ('wet') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">j </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-39" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d8\/Sv-jord.ogg\/Sv-jord.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/ju\u02d0rd\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-jord.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Sv-jord.ogg/Sv-jord.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/juːrd/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-jord.ogg" title="File:Sv-jord.ogg">ⓘ</a> jord ('earth') </td></tr></tbody></table> /r/ has distinct variations in Standard Swedish. For most speakers, the realization as an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> occurs only in contexts where emphatic stress is used.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Central Swedish, it is often pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">fricative</a> (transcribed as [ʐ])<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElert2000-50">[50]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximant</a> (transcribed as [ɹ]),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141-7">[7]</a> which is especially frequent in weakly articulated positions such as word-finally<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273-29">[29]</a> and somewhat less frequent in stressed syllable onsets, in particular after other consonants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElert2000-50">[50]</a> It may also be an apico-alveolar tap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273-29">[29]</a> One of the most distinct features of the southern varieties is the uvular realization of /r/, which may be a trill [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996225–6-51">[51]</a> a fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] or an approximant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced uvular approximant">ʁ̞</a>]. In Finland, /r/ is usually an apical trill [r], and may be an approximant [ɹ] postvocalically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201468,_75-52">[52]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <caption>Examples of retroflexion<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>input </th> <th>output </th> <th> </th> <th>gloss </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Inflection </th> <td>/fœrt/ </td> <td>[fœ̞ːʈ] </td> <td>fört </td> <td>'brought' <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>sup </td></tr> <tr> <td>/fœrs/ </td> <td>[fœ̞ːʂ] </td> <td>förs </td> <td>'is brought' <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">pass </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Derivation </th> <td>/fœrˈtɑːl/ </td> <td>[fœ̞ˈʈʰɑːl] </td> <td>förtal </td> <td>'slander' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/fœrˈsɔrj/ </td> <td>[fœ̞ˈʂɔrj] </td> <td>försorg </td> <td>'taking care' </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Compounds </th> <td>/ˈfœ̂rˌtʉːr/ </td> <td>[ˈfœ̞̂ːˌʈʰʉːr] </td> <td>förtur </td> <td>'priority' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ˈfœ̂rˌsɑːl/ </td> <td>[ˈfœ̞̂ːˌʂɑːl] </td> <td>försal </td> <td>'antechamber' </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Across words </th> <td>/fœr ˈtɵn/ </td> <td>[fœ̞ˈʈʰɵnː] </td> <td>för tunn </td> <td>'too thin' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/fœr ˈseːn/ </td> <td>[fœ̞ˈʂeːn] </td> <td>för sen </td> <td>'too late' </td></tr></tbody></table> In most varieties of Swedish that use an alveolar /r/ (in particular, the central and northern forms), the combination of /r/ with dental consonants (/t, d, n, l, s/) produces <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonant</a> realizations ([ʈ, ɖ, ɳ, ɭ, ʂ]), a recursive <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a> process called "retroflexion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986278–9-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Thus, /ˈkɑ̂ːrta/ ('map') is realized as [kʰɑ̂ːʈa], /nuːrd/ ('north') as [nuːɖ], /ˈvɛ̂ːnern/ ('<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4nern" title="Vänern">Vänern</a>') as [ˈvɛ̂ːnɛɳ], and /fɛrsk/ ('fresh') as [fæʂːk]. The process of retroflexion is not limited to just one dental, and e.g. först is pronounced [fœ̞ʂʈ].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002274-56">[56]</a> The combination of /r/ and /l/ does not uniformly cause retroflexion, so that it may also be pronounced with two separate consonants [rl], and even, occasionally in a few words and expressions, as a mere [l]. Thus sorl ('murmur') may be pronounced [soːɭ], but also [soːrl].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986279-57">[57]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> and neighbouring areas (such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6lndal" title="Mölndal">Mölndal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kung%C3%A4lv" title="Kungälv">Kungälv</a>) the retroflex consonants are substituted by alveolar ones, with their effects still remaining. For example: /kvɑːrn/ is [kvɑːn] not [kvɑːɳ], /hoːrd/ is [hoːd], not [hoːɖ]. However, /rs/, unlike what many other Swedes believe, is not [s] but [ʃ], i.e. /fɛrs/ is [fæʃː], not [fæsː].[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As the adjacent table shows, this process is not limited by word boundaries, though there is still some sensitivity to the type of boundary between the /r/ and the dental in that retroflexion is less likely with boundaries higher up in the prosodic hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamann200384-58">[58]</a> In the southern varieties, which use a uvular /r/,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> retroflex realizations do not occur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002274-56">[56]</a> For example, /ˈkɑ̂ːrta/ ('map') is realized as [ˈkʰɑ̌ʁta] (note that Tone 2 in Malmö sounds like Tone 1 in Stockholm), etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlén198873–4-60">[60]</a> An /r/ spelled ⟨rr⟩ usually will not trigger retroflexion so that spärrnät /ˈspæ̂rˌnɛːt/ ('anti-sub net') is pronounced [ˈspæ̂rːˌnɛːt].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986281-61">[61]</a> Retroflexion also does not usually occur in Finland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201473-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter1992108-63">[63]</a> Variations of /l/ are not as common, though some phonetic variation exists, such as a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex flap">retroflex flap</a> [ɽ] that exists as an allophone in proximity to a labial or velar consonant (e.g. glad ('glad')) or after most long vowels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273–4-64">[64]</a> In casual speech, the nasals tend to assimilate to the place of articulation of a following obstruent so that, for example, han kom ('he came') is pronounced [haŋ ˈkʰɔmː].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986276-65">[65]</a> /v/ and /j/ are pronounced with weak friction and function phonotactically with the sonorants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002274-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prosody">Prosody</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prosody">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Swedish_phonology" title="Special:EditPage/Swedish phonology">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_major_tonal_dialects_of_Norwegian_and_Swedish.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/72/Map_of_the_major_tonal_dialects_of_Norwegian_and_Swedish.png" decoding="async" width="252" height="394" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Map of the major tonal dialects of Norwegian and Swedish, from <a href="#CITEREFRiad2014">Riad (2014)</a>. • Dark areas have a low tone in accent 2, whereas the light areas have a high tone in accent 2. • The isogloss marks the boundary between connective and non-connective dialects. East and north of it, all of the compounds get accent 2, whereas west and south of the isogloss, compounds vary in accent.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stress">edit</a>]</div> In Swedish, stress is not fixed. Primary stress can fall on one of the last three syllables in a word’s stem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1993-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruceHermans1999-67">[67]</a> This can lead to surface contrasts based solely on difference in position of stress: <ul><li>formel /ˈfɔrmɛl/ 'formula'</li> <li>formell /fɔrˈmɛl/ 'formal'</li></ul> Primary stressed syllables are always metrically heavy, i.e. contain either a long vowel or a short vowel followed by a consonant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruceHermans1999-67">[67]</a> In phonological analyses of Swedish, stressed syllables in underived forms are assumed to be associated with a basic moraic trochaic foot [μ μ]σ ,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad2014-68">[68]</a> e.g. bˈil 'car' (stress marked as (ˈ)). More whole-word based analyses of metrical structure where affixes are included also assume other foot types, in particular, syllabic trochaic feet [σ σ]Ft, bˈil-ar 'cars'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruceHermans1999-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrid2001-69">[69]</a> Affixes affect stress to a considerable degree in the sense that inflectional suffixes can never receive primary stress (bˈil-ar-na 'the cars'), whereas many derivational suffixes can tent-ˈabel 'examinable'. Disyllabic words with accent 2 like ˈandˌe ‘spirit’, kvˈinnˌa ‘woman’, bˈilˌar 'cars' have secondary stress on the second syllable. In the Swedish Academy's lexicon ,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedish_Academy_(1893-2023)-70">[70]</a> these disyllables are transcribed with the stress pattern 3 2, e.g. kvin3a2 where (3) stands for primary stressed syllable with accent 2 and (2) represents a ‘secondary stressed’ syllable in words with accent 2). This secondary stress is assumed to have existed in Old Norse (see <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGårding1973-71">[71]</a> and references therein). Compound words have primary stress on the first element and secondary stress on the last element bˈil-dels-butˌiken 'car-part shop' (secondary stress marked as (ˌ)).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1993-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruceHermans1999-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pitch_accents">Pitch accents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pitch accents">edit</a>]</div> Stressed syllables carry one of two different tones, often described as pitch accents, or tonal word accents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGårding1974-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1977-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad2014-68">[68]</a> They are called acute and grave accent, accent 1 and accent 2. The actual realization of these two tones varies from dialect to dialect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce2010-74">[74]</a> In the central Swedish dialect of Stockholm, accent 1 is characterized by a low tone at the beginning of the stressed syllable (fìsken 'the fish') and accent 2, by a high tone at the beginning of the stressed syllable (mátta 'mat').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1977-73">[73]</a> When the word is in a prominent/focused position, a high tone often occurs following the word accent (fìskén). In accent 2 words, this results in two high tones within the word (e.g. máttá), hence the term "two-peaked" for this dialect. In southern Swedish, a "one-peaked" dialect, accent 1 is realized as a high tone at the beginning of the stressed syllable (físken) and accent 2, by a low tone (màtta).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce2010-74">[74]</a> Generally, the grave accent is characterized by a later timing of the word accent pattern as compared with the acute accent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1977-73">[73]</a> The phonemicity of this tonal system is demonstrated in the nearly 300 pairs of two-syllable words differentiated only by their use of either grave or acute accent. Outside of these pairs, the main tendency for tone is that the acute accent appears in monosyllables (since the grave accent cannot appear in monosyllabic words) while the grave accent appears in polysyllabic words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiberman198213-75">[75]</a> Polysyllabic forms resulting from <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a> or <a href="/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">derivation</a> also tend to have a grave accent except when it is the definite article that is added. This tonal distinction has been present in Scandinavian dialects at least since Old Norse though a greater number of polysyllables now have an acute accent. These are mostly words that were monosyllabic in Old Norse, but have subsequently become disyllabic, as have many loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004186–90-76">[76]</a> For example, Old Norse kømr ('comes') has become kommer in Swedish (with an acute accent).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiberman198213-75">[75]</a> The distinction can be shown with the minimal pair anden 'the mallard' (tone 1) and anden 'the spirit' (tone 2). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-anden_anden.ogg" title="File:Sv-anden anden.ogg">˴anden, ˵anden</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Sv-anden_anden.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Sv-anden_anden.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Sv-anden_anden.ogg/Sv-anden_anden.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">A Central Swedish realization of the difference between acute (single) and grave (double) accents</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <ul><li>"Acute" accent (tone 1): /˴anden/ (realized [ˈa᷇ndɛ̀n] = [ˈan˥˧dɛn˩]) 'the mallard' (from and 'mallard')</li></ul> <dl><dd>In Central Swedish, this is a high, slightly falling tone followed by a low tone; that is, a single drop from high to low pitch spread over two syllables.</dd></dl> <ul><li>"Grave" accent (tone 2): /˵anden/ (realized [ˈa᷆ndɛ̂n] = [ˈan˧˩dɛn˥˩]) 'the spirit' (from ande 'spirit')</li></ul> <dl><dd>In Central Swedish, this is a mid falling tone followed by a high falling tone; that is, a double falling tone over two syllables.</dd></dl> The exact realization of the tones also depends on the syllable's position in an utterance. For instance, at the beginning of an utterance, the acute accent may have a rising rather than slightly falling pitch on the first syllable. Also, these are <a href="/wiki/Word_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Word tone">word tones</a> that are spread across the syllables of the word. In trisyllabic words with the grave accent, the second fall in pitch is distributed across the second and third syllables: <ul><li>Grave-accent trisyllable: flickorna /ˈflɪ̂kʊɳa/ (realized [ˈflɪ᷆kːʊ᷇ɳà] = [ˈflɪ˧˩kːʊ˥˧ɳa˩]) 'the girls'</li></ul> The position of the tone is dependent upon stress: The first stressed syllable has a high or falling tone, as does the following syllable(s) in grave-accented words. In most <a href="/wiki/Finland-Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland-Swedish">Finland-Swedish</a> varieties, however, the distinction between grave and acute accent is missing. A reasonably complete list of uncontroversial so-called <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> can be seen below.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>] The two words in each pair are distinguished solely by having different tone (acute vs. grave). In those cases where both words are nouns it would have been possible to list the genitive forms of the words as well, thereby creating another word pair, but this has been avoided. A few word pairs where one of the words is a plural form with the suffix -or have been included. This is due to the fact that many Swedish-speakers in all parts of Sweden pronounce the suffix -or the same way as -er.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Translation acute </th> <th>Acute accent (accent I)</th> <th>Grave accent (accent II)</th> <th>Translation grave </th></tr> <tr> <td>stern (of boat/ship) </td> <td>akter</td> <td>akter</td> <td>acts </td></tr> <tr> <td>the elm </td> <td>almen</td> <td>allmän</td> <td>public, general </td></tr> <tr> <td>the As </td> <td>A:na</td> <td>ana</td> <td>suspect </td></tr> <tr> <td>the mallard </td> <td>anden</td> <td>anden</td> <td>the spirit </td></tr> <tr> <td>the reverse gear, the crate </td> <td>backen</td> <td>backen</td> <td>the slope </td></tr> <tr> <td>the ball (dance event) </td> <td>balen</td> <td>balen</td> <td>the nest </td></tr> <tr> <td>the bulb (on horse) </td> <td>ballen</td> <td>ballen</td> <td>the dick (slang for penis) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the Bs </td> <td>B:na</td> <td>bena</td> <td>parting (hair) </td></tr> <tr> <td>binds </td> <td>binder</td> <td>bindor</td> <td>sanitary towels </td></tr> <tr> <td>the piece </td> <td>biten</td> <td>biten</td> <td>bitten </td></tr> <tr> <td>the book </td> <td>boken</td> <td>boken</td> <td>overripe, spoilt (of fruit) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the nests </td> <td>bona</td> <td>bona</td> <td>polish </td></tr> <tr> <td>the nests' (genitive of 'bona') </td> <td>bonas</td> <td>bonas</td> <td>be polished (passive of 'bona') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the bristles </td> <td>borsten</td> <td>borsten</td> <td>the brush, the broom </td></tr> <tr> <td>the brace (sailing) </td> <td>brassen</td> <td>brassen</td> <td>the Brazilian </td></tr> <tr> <td>the letters </td> <td>breven</td> <td>brevvän</td> <td>pen pal </td></tr> <tr> <td>breaks (present tense of 'brista') </td> <td>brister</td> <td>brister</td> <td>flaws </td></tr> <tr> <td>the well </td> <td>brunnen</td> <td>brunnen</td> <td>burnt (past participle of 'brinna') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the edges of forests </td> <td>brynen</td> <td>brynen</td> <td>whetstones </td></tr> <tr> <td>the edge of a forest </td> <td>brynet</td> <td>brynet</td> <td>the whetstone </td></tr> <tr> <td>the cage </td> <td>buren</td> <td>buren</td> <td>carried (past participle of 'bära') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the pranks </td> <td>busen</td> <td>busen</td> <td>the hooligan </td></tr> <tr> <td>the trolling spoons </td> <td>dragen</td> <td>dragen</td> <td>drawn (past participle of 'dra'), tipsy </td></tr> <tr> <td>the draught, the trolling spoon </td> <td>draget</td> <td>draget</td> <td>drawn (past participle of 'dra') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the speed, the energy </td> <td>drivet</td> <td>drivet</td> <td>drifted, driven (past participle of 'driva') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the Es </td> <td>E:na</td> <td>ena</td> <td>unite, unify </td></tr> <tr> <td>male name </td> <td>Enar</td> <td>enar</td> <td>junipers </td></tr> <tr> <td>the falls </td> <td>fallen</td> <td>fallen</td> <td>fallen (past participle of 'falla') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the fall </td> <td>fallet</td> <td>fallet</td> <td>fallen (past participle of 'falla') </td></tr> <tr> <td>fastens </td> <td>fäster</td> <td>fester</td> <td>parties </td></tr> <tr> <td>the fish </td> <td>fisken</td> <td>fisken</td> <td>acts of fishing </td></tr> <tr> <td>the Fs </td> <td>F:en</td> <td>FN</td> <td>The UN </td></tr> <tr> <td>the phone (in phonetics) </td> <td>fonen</td> <td>fånen</td> <td>the idiot </td></tr> <tr> <td>the armfuls </td> <td>fången</td> <td>fången</td> <td>the prisoner </td></tr> <tr> <td>the armful </td> <td>fånget</td> <td>fånget</td> <td>caught (past particple of 'fånga') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the rug </td> <td>fällen</td> <td>fällen</td> <td>places where trees have been felled </td></tr> <tr> <td>fells, cuts down </td> <td>fäller</td> <td>fällor</td> <td>traps (plural of the noun 'fälla') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the party, the feast </td> <td>festen</td> <td>fästen</td> <td>places where something has been attached </td></tr> <tr> <td>the bow (on ship/boat) </td> <td>fören</td> <td>fören</td> <td>conditions of the ground for travelling (plural of 'före') </td></tr> <tr> <td>towards the bow (on ship/boat) </td> <td>förut</td> <td>förut</td> <td>before, earlier </td></tr> <tr> <td>marries </td> <td>gifter</td> <td>gifter</td> <td>poisons (plural of 'gift') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the poison </td> <td>giftet</td> <td>giftet</td> <td>the marriage </td></tr> <tr> <td>the Js </td> <td>J:na</td> <td>gina</td> <td>tackle (sailing), take a shortcut </td></tr> <tr> <td>the deal (in card games) </td> <td>given</td> <td>given</td> <td>given </td></tr> <tr> <td>the candles </td> <td>ljusen</td> <td>gjusen</td> <td>the osprey </td></tr> <tr> <td>the griffin </td> <td>gripen</td> <td>gripen</td> <td>grabbed, gripped (past participle of 'gripa') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the walkway </td> <td>gången</td> <td>gången</td> <td>gone (past participle of 'gå') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the heath </td> <td>heden</td> <td>heden</td> <td>heathen (adjective) </td></tr> <tr> <td>has the time to do something </td> <td>hinner</td> <td>hinnor</td> <td>coatings </td></tr> <tr> <td>the cuts (made with a heavy object like an axe) </td> <td>huggen</td> <td>huggen</td> <td>chopped (past participle of 'hugga') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the directions </td> <td>hållen</td> <td>hållen</td> <td>held (past participle of 'hålla') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the direction </td> <td>hållet</td> <td>hållet</td> <td>held (past participle of 'hålla') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the Hs </td> <td>H:na</td> <td>håna</td> <td>mock, taunt </td></tr> <tr> <td>higher </td> <td>högre</td> <td>högre</td> <td>the man to the right (as in 'den högre') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the ide </td> <td>iden</td> <td>iden</td> <td>bears' dens for hibernation </td></tr> <tr> <td>the Is </td> <td>I:na</td> <td>Ina</td> <td>female name </td></tr> <tr> <td>ahead of, in front of </td> <td>inför</td> <td>inför</td> <td>introduces, introduce (present tense or imperative of 'införa') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the sounds </td> <td>ljuden</td> <td>juden</td> <td>the Jew </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japanese syllabary </td> <td>kana</td> <td>kana</td> <td>slide (noun/verb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the carat </td> <td>karaten</td> <td>karaten</td> <td>the karate </td></tr> <tr> <td>the cat </td> <td>katten</td> <td>katten</td> <td>a profanity (as in for example 'Katten också!') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the bang </td> <td>knallen</td> <td>knallen</td> <td>the small hill, the pedlar </td></tr> <tr> <td>the knot </td> <td>knuten</td> <td>knuten</td> <td>tied (past participle of 'knyta') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the bowler hat </td> <td>kubben</td> <td>kubben</td> <td>the chopping block (for wood) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the litter (group of newborn animals) </td> <td>kullen</td> <td>kullen</td> <td>the hill </td></tr> <tr> <td>the corps </td> <td>kåren</td> <td>kåren</td> <td>the breeze </td></tr> <tr> <td>the lichen </td> <td>laven</td> <td>laven</td> <td>the headframe </td></tr> <tr> <td>leads (present tense of 'leda') </td> <td>leder</td> <td>leder</td> <td>joints (anatomy) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the military service </td> <td>lumpen</td> <td>lumpen</td> <td>contemptible, lousy </td></tr> <tr> <td>the moth </td> <td>malen</td> <td>malen</td> <td>ground, milled (past participle of 'mala') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the milk </td> <td>mjölken</td> <td>mjölken</td> <td>the fish seed </td></tr> <tr> <td>the courage </td> <td>modet</td> <td>modet</td> <td>the fashion </td></tr> <tr> <td>the mop </td> <td>moppen</td> <td>moppen</td> <td>the moped </td></tr> <tr> <td>the names </td> <td>namnen</td> <td>namnen</td> <td>the namesake </td></tr> <tr> <td>the norm </td> <td>normen</td> <td>norrmän</td> <td>Norwegians </td></tr> <tr> <td>the tack </td> <td>nubben</td> <td>nubben</td> <td>the shot (alcohol) </td></tr> <tr> <td>pinches (present tense of 'nypa') </td> <td>nyper</td> <td>nypor</td> <td>Grips made with the thumb against one or more of the other fingers (plural noun) </td></tr> <tr> <td>name of a Norse God </td> <td>Oden</td> <td>oden</td> <td>odes </td></tr> <tr> <td>the mite </td> <td>oret</td> <td>orätt</td> <td>injustice </td></tr> <tr> <td>the rabble (definite plural of 'pack') </td> <td>packen</td> <td>packen</td> <td>the bale </td></tr> <tr> <td>clown </td> <td>pajas</td> <td>pajas</td> <td>be destroyed (passive of 'paja') </td></tr> <tr> <td>panther </td> <td>panter</td> <td>panter</td> <td>deposits </td></tr> <tr> <td>Persians </td> <td>perser</td> <td>pärser</td> <td>ordeals </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland </td> <td>Polen</td> <td>pålen</td> <td>the pole (thick wooden stick) </td></tr> <tr> <td>pollen </td> <td>pollen</td> <td>pållen</td> <td>the horsey </td></tr> <tr> <td>radar </td> <td>radar</td> <td>radar</td> <td>present tense of 'rada', as in 'rada upp' (=list something) </td></tr> <tr> <td>grid </td> <td>raster</td> <td>raster</td> <td>breaks (in school or at a workplace, i.e. for example coffee breaks) </td></tr> <tr> <td>rule </td> <td>regel</td> <td>regel</td> <td>latch </td></tr> <tr> <td>travels (present tense of 'resa') </td> <td>reser</td> <td>resor</td> <td>journeys, trips </td></tr> <tr> <td>the melee, the fighting </td> <td>rivet</td> <td>rivet</td> <td>torn </td></tr> <tr> <td>cylinder that rotates and is used for painting </td> <td>roller</td> <td>roller</td> <td>roles </td></tr> <tr> <td>diamonds (in card games) </td> <td>ruter</td> <td>rutor</td> <td>squares, (window) panes </td></tr> <tr> <td>the route </td> <td>rutten</td> <td>rutten</td> <td>rotten </td></tr> <tr> <td>the rye </td> <td>rågen</td> <td>rågen</td> <td>the overmeasure </td></tr> <tr> <td>the nymphs </td> <td>råna</td> <td>råna</td> <td>rob </td></tr> <tr> <td>the horizontal bars (gymnastics) </td> <td>räcken</td> <td>räcken</td> <td>railings </td></tr> <tr> <td>the horizontal bar (gymnastics) </td> <td>räcket</td> <td>räcket</td> <td>the railing </td></tr> <tr> <td>runs </td> <td>ränner</td> <td>rännor</td> <td>chutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>sabbath </td> <td>sabbat</td> <td>sabbat</td> <td>destroyed, sabotaged (past participle of 'sabba') </td></tr> <tr> <td>cedar </td> <td>ceder</td> <td>seder</td> <td>customs (traditions) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the Cs </td> <td>C:na</td> <td>sena</td> <td>late (plural of 'sen'), sinew </td></tr> <tr> <td>cider </td> <td>cider</td> <td>sidor</td> <td>pages </td></tr> <tr> <td>the view </td> <td>sikten</td> <td>sikten</td> <td>sights (on rifles, plural of 'sikte') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the barks (dog sounds) </td> <td>skallen</td> <td>skallen</td> <td>the skull </td></tr> <tr> <td>the spoon </td> <td>skeden</td> <td>skeden</td> <td>stages (of time) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the shift </td> <td>skiftet</td> <td>skiftet</td> <td>the change </td></tr> <tr> <td>the shifts </td> <td>skiften</td> <td>skiften</td> <td>changes </td></tr> <tr> <td>the ejaculations </td> <td>skjuten</td> <td>skjuten</td> <td>shot (past participle of 'skjuta') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the speed, the ejaculation </td> <td>skjutet</td> <td>skjutet</td> <td>shot (past participle of 'skjuta') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the shots </td> <td>skotten</td> <td>skotten</td> <td>the Scotsman </td></tr> <tr> <td>the (rain) shower </td> <td>skuren</td> <td>skuren</td> <td>cut (past participle of 'skära') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the gunner </td> <td>skytten</td> <td>skytten</td> <td>acts of shooting </td></tr> <tr> <td>the battles, the hits </td> <td>slagen</td> <td>slagen</td> <td>beaten </td></tr> <tr> <td>the battle, the hit </td> <td>slaget</td> <td>slaget</td> <td>beaten </td></tr> <tr> <td>the toil </td> <td>slitet</td> <td>slitet</td> <td>worn </td></tr> <tr> <td>the ends </td> <td>sluten</td> <td>sluten</td> <td>closed (past participle of 'sluta') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the end </td> <td>slutet</td> <td>slutet</td> <td>closed (past participle of 'sluta') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the (extended) family </td> <td>släkten</td> <td>släkten</td> <td>genera (biology) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the cop </td> <td>snuten</td> <td>snuten</td> <td>past participle of 'snyta' (=blow one's nose) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the zoos </td> <td>zoona</td> <td>sona</td> <td>expiate </td></tr> <tr> <td>the stocks (cooking) </td> <td>spaden</td> <td>spaden</td> <td>the spade </td></tr> <tr> <td>the spas </td> <td>spana</td> <td>spana</td> <td>watch, observe, search </td></tr> <tr> <td>bursts, cracks (present tense of the verb 'spricka') </td> <td>spricker</td> <td>sprickor</td> <td>cracks (plural of the noun 'spricka') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the steps </td> <td>stegen</td> <td>stegen</td> <td>the ladder </td></tr> <tr> <td>fights (present tense of 'strida') </td> <td>strider</td> <td>strider</td> <td>fights, battles (plural of the noun 'strid') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the moving patches/bands (of something) </td> <td>stråken</td> <td>stråken</td> <td>the bow (for a violin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the stubble </td> <td>stubben</td> <td>stubben</td> <td>the tree stump </td></tr> <tr> <td>the racks </td> <td>ställen</td> <td>ställen</td> <td>places (locations) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the rack </td> <td>stället</td> <td>stället</td> <td>the place </td></tr> <tr> <td>the sucking device </td> <td>sugen</td> <td>sugen</td> <td>sucked (past participle of 'suga'), in the mood for something </td></tr> <tr> <td>the urge </td> <td>suget</td> <td>suget</td> <td>sucked (past participle of 'suga'), in the mood for something </td></tr> <tr> <td>the seed, the grain </td> <td>säden</td> <td>säden</td> <td>things intended for sowing (plural of 'säde') </td></tr> <tr> <td>the cell </td> <td>cellen</td> <td>sällen</td> <td>the brute </td></tr> <tr> <td>the grips </td> <td>tagen</td> <td>tagen</td> <td>taken </td></tr> <tr> <td>the grip </td> <td>taget</td> <td>taget</td> <td>taken </td></tr> <tr> <td>the tank </td> <td>tanken</td> <td>tanken</td> <td>the thought </td></tr> <tr> <td>toner </td> <td>toner </td> <td>toner </td> <td>tones </td></tr> <tr> <td>the trot </td> <td>traven</td> <td>traven</td> <td>the pile, the stack </td></tr> <tr> <td>the plot (of land) </td> <td>tomten</td> <td>tomten</td> <td>Santa Claus, the gnome </td></tr> <tr> <td>the inch </td> <td>tummen</td> <td>tummen</td> <td>the thumb </td></tr> <tr> <td>sign </td> <td>tecken</td> <td>täcken</td> <td>bed covers </td></tr> <tr> <td>the point, the cusp </td> <td>udden</td> <td>udden</td> <td>the headland </td></tr> <tr> <td>uphill </td> <td>uppför</td> <td>uppför</td> <td>present tense or imperative of 'uppföra' (=set up a theatre play, behave) </td></tr> <tr> <td>downhill </td> <td>utför</td> <td>utför</td> <td>present tense or imperative of 'utföra' (=carry out) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the hole in the ice </td> <td>vaken</td> <td>vaken</td> <td>awake </td></tr> <tr> <td>the whale </td> <td>valen</td> <td>valen</td> <td>stiff, numb </td></tr> <tr> <td>the shrouds (sailing) </td> <td>vanten</td> <td>vanten</td> <td>the mitten </td></tr> <tr> <td>the vase </td> <td>vasen</td> <td>vasen</td> <td>the bundle of brushwood </td></tr> <tr> <td>the bay </td> <td>viken </td> <td>viken </td> <td>folded (past participle of 'vika') </td></tr> <tr> <td>makes a whistling sound (of for example wind) </td> <td>viner</td> <td>viner</td> <td>wines </td></tr> <tr> <td>the knobs </td> <td>vreden</td> <td>vreden</td> <td>the rage, the wrath </td></tr> <tr> <td>the host/the world </td> <td>värden/världen</td> <td>värden</td> <td>values </td></tr> <tr> <td>male name </td> <td>Oskar</td> <td>åskar</td> <td>present tense of 'åska' (=thunder) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the gravel </td> <td>ören</td> <td>ören</td> <td>pennies (plural of the monetary unit 'öre' used when no numeral immediately precedes the word) </td></tr> <tr> <td>the gravel </td> <td>öret</td> <td>öret</td> <td>the penny (1/100 of a Swedish krona) </td></tr></tbody></table> Note that karaten/karaten is the only pair with more than two syllables (although we would get a second one if we used the definite forms of the pair perser/pärser, i.e. perserna/pärserna). The word pair länder ('countries', plural of land) and länder ('loins', plural of länd) could have been included, but this one is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>] For those speakers who have grave accent in the plural of länd, the definite plural forms will also constitute a three-syllable minimal pair: länderna (acute accent, 'the countries') vs. länderna (grave accent, 'the loins'). Although examples with more than two syllables are very few in Standard Swedish, it is possible to find other three-syllable pairs in regional dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rml%C3%A4ndska" title="Värmländska">Värmländska</a>: hunnera (acute, 'the Huns') vs. hunnera (grave, 'the dogs'), ändera/ännera (acute, 'the mallards') vs. ändera/ännera (grave, 'the ends'), etc. <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a> in Swedish often varies substantially between different dialects including the spoken varieties of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Swedish" title="Standard Swedish">Standard Swedish</a>. As in most languages, stress can be applied to emphasize certain words in a sentence. To some degree prosody may indicate <a href="/wiki/Question" title="Question">questions</a>, although less so than in English. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonotactics">edit</a>]</div> At a minimum, a stressed syllable must consist of either a long vowel or a short vowel and a long consonant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20057-79">[79]</a> Like many other Germanic languages, Swedish has a tendency for <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed syllables</a> with a relatively large number of consonant clusters in initial as well as final position. Though not as complex as that of most <a href="/wiki/Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic language">Slavic languages</a>, examples of up to 7 consecutive consonants can occur when adding Swedish inflections to some foreign loanwords or names, and especially when combined with the tendency of Swedish to make long <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> nouns. The syllable structure of Swedish can therefore be described with the following formula: <dl><dd>(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)</dd></dl> This means that a Swedish one-syllable <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> can have up to three consonants preceding the vowel that forms the nucleus of the syllable, and three consonants following it. Examples: skrämts /skrɛmts/ (verb 'scare' <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">past participle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a>) or sprängts /sprɛŋts/ (verb 'explode' <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">past participle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a>). All but one of the consonant phonemes, /ŋ/, can occur at the beginning of a morpheme, though there are only 6 possible three-consonant combinations, all of which begin with /s/, and a total of 31 initial two-consonant combinations. All consonants except for /h/ and /ɕ/ can occur finally, and the total number of possible final two-consonant clusters is 62. In some cases this can result in very complex combinations, such as in västkustskt <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-40" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9d\/Sv-v%C3%A4stkustskt.ogg\/Sv-v%C3%A4stkustskt.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/\u02c8v\u025b\u0302st\u02cck\u0275stskt\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-v\u00e4stkustskt.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Sv-v%C3%A4stkustskt.ogg/Sv-v%C3%A4stkustskt.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/ˈvɛ̂stˌkɵstskt/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-v%C3%A4stkustskt.ogg" title="File:Sv-västkustskt.ogg">ⓘ</a>, consisting of västkust ('west coast') with the adjective <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> -sk and the neuter suffix -t.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlén1988101–14-80">[80]</a> Central Standard Swedish and most other Swedish dialects feature a rare "complementary quantity" feature<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20059-81">[81]</a> wherein a phonologically short consonant follows a long vowel and a long consonant follows a short vowel; this is true only for stressed syllables and all segments are short in unstressed syllables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETronnier200233-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002703-37">[37]</a> This arose from the historical shift away from a system with a four-way contrast (that is, VːCː, VC, VːC and VCː were all possible) inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> to a three-way one (VC, VːC and VCː), and finally the present two-way one; certain Swedish dialects have not undergone these shifts and exhibit one of the other two phonotactic systems instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffler200539-82">[82]</a> In literature on Swedish phonology, there are a number of ways to transcribe complementary relationship, including:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20058-83">[83]</a> <ul><li>A length mark ː for either the vowel (/viːt/)<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> or the consonant (/vitː/)<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li>Gemination of the consonant (/vit/ vs. /vitt/)</li> <li>Diphthongization of the vowel (/vijt/ vs. /vit/)</li> <li>The position of the stress marker (/viˈt/ vs. /vitˈ/)</li></ul> With the conventional assumption that medial long consonants are ambisyllabic (that is, penna ('pen'), is syllabified as [ˈpɛ̂n.na]), all stressed syllables are thus "<a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight" title="Syllable weight">heavy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20058-83">[83]</a> In unstressed syllables, the distinction is lost between /u/ and /o/ or between /e/ /ɛ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273-29">[29]</a> With each successive post-stress syllable, the number of contrasting vowels decreases gradually with distance from the point of stress; at three syllables from stress, only [a] and [ɛ] occur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlén1988101–14-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample">Sample</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sample">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun.ogg" title="File:Sv-The North Wind and the Sun.ogg">The North Wind and the Sun</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Sv-The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Sv-The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Sv-The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun.ogg/Sv-The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASv-The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASv-The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">A 25-year-old male reads out <a href="/wiki/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun" title="The North Wind and the Sun">The North Wind and the Sun</a> in a dialect of Central Standard Swedish specific to Stockholm.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> The sample text is a reading of <a href="/wiki/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun" title="The North Wind and the Sun">The North Wind and the Sun</a>. The transcriptions are based on the section on Swedish found in The Handbook on the International Phonetic Association, in which a man in his forties from Stockholm is recorded reading out the traditional fable in a manner typical of Central Standard Swedish as spoken in his area. The broad transcription is phonemic, while the narrow is phonetic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140–2-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broad_transcription">Broad transcription</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Broad transcription">edit</a>]</div> /nuːrdanvɪndɛn ɔ suːlɛn tvɪstadɛ ɛn ɡɔŋː ɔm vɛm ɑːv dɔm sɔm vɑːr starkast || jɵst doː kɔm ɛn vandrarɛ vɛːɡɛn fram | ɪnsveːpt iː ɛn varm kapːa || dɔm kɔm doː øːvɛrɛns ɔm | at dɛn sɔm fœrst kɵndɛ foː vandrarɛn at ta ɑːv sɛj kapːan | han skɵlːɛ anseːs vɑːra starkarɛ ɛn dɛn andra || doː bloːstɛ nuːrdanvɪndɛn sɔ hoːrt han nɔnsɪn kɵndɛ | mɛn jʉː hoːrdarɛ han bloːstɛ dɛstʊ tɛːtarɛ sveːptɛ vandrarɛn kapːan ɔm sɛj | ɔ tɪl slʉːt ɡɑːv nuːrdanvɪndɛn ɵpː fœrsøːkɛt || doː lɛːt suːlɛn siːna stroːlar ɧiːna heːlt varmt ɔ jeːnast tuːɡ vandrarɛn ɑːv sɛj kapːan | ɔ soː vɑːr nuːrdanvɪndɛn tvɵŋɛn at eːrɕɛnːa at suːlɛn vɑːr dɛn starkastɛ ɑːv dɔm tvoː/ <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrow_transcription">Narrow transcription</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Narrow transcription">edit</a>]</div> [ˈnuːɖaɱˌvɪnˑdɛn ɔ ˈsuːlɛn ˈtv̥ɪsːtadɛ ɛŋ ˈɡɔŋː ɔɱ ˈvɛmˑ ɑv ˌdɔm sɔɱ vɑˑ ˈstaɹːcast || ˈʝɵsˑt ˈd̥oː kʰɔm ɛɱ ˈvanːdɾaɾɛ ˈvɛːɡəɱ fɾam | ˈɪnˌsv̥eə̯pt iˑ ɛɱ vaɹˑm ˈcʰapːa || dɔm kʰɔm doˑ øə̯vɛˈɾɛnːs ˈɔmˑ at dɛn sɔm ˈfɵʂːʈ kʰɵnˑdɛ foˑ ˈvanːdɹ̝aɹɛn at ˈtʰɑː ɑˑv sɛj ˈcʰapːan | hanˑ skɵlˑɛ ˈanːˌseːs vɑˑ ˈstaɹːcaɾɛ ɛn dɛn ˈandɾa || doː ˈbloə̯stɛ ˈnuːɖaɱˌvɪnˑdɛn soˑ ˈhoːʈ han ˈnɔnːˌsɪŋ ˈkʰɵnːdɛ | mɛɳ ʝʉˑ ˈhoːɖaɾɛ ham ˈbloə̯stɛ | dɛsˑtʊ ˈtʰɛːtaɾɛ ˈsv̥eə̯ptɛ ˈvanːdɹ̝aɹɛŋ ˈcʰapːan ˈɔmˑ sɛj | ɔ tʰɪl ˈslʉːt ɡɑˑv ˈnuːɖaɱˌvɪnˑdɛn ˈɵpː fœ̞ˈʂøə̯cɛt || doˑ lɛˑt ˈsuːlɛn siˑna ˈstɾoːlaɹ ˈɧiːna heˑlt ˈvaɹːmt | ɔ ˈʝeːnast tʰuˑɡ ˈvanːdɹ̝aɹɛn ˈɑːv sɛj ˈcʰapːan | ɔ soˑ vɑˑ ˈnuːɖaɱˌvɪnˑdɛn ˈtvɵŋːɛn at ˈeːɹˌɕɛnːa at ˈsuːlɛn vɑˑ dɛn ˈstaɹːcastɛ ɑˑv dɔm ˈtv̥oː] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthographic_version">Orthographic version</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Orthographic version">edit</a>]</div> Nordanvinden och solen tvistade en gång om vem av dem som var starkast. Just då kom en vandrare vägen fram, insvept i en varm kappa. De kom då överens om att den som först kunde få vandraren att ta av sig kappan, han skulle anses vara starkare än den andra. Då blåste nordanvinden så hårt han någonsin kunde, men ju hårdare han blåste, desto tätare svepte vandraren kappan om sig, och till slut gav nordanvinden upp försöket. Då lät solen sina strålar skina helt varmt och genast tog vandraren av sig kappan, och så var nordanvinden tvungen att erkänna att solen var den starkaste av de två. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002272-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002272_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002272_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002272_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersson2002">Andersson (2002)</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffler200526-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaeffler200526_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaeffler2005">Schaeffler (2005)</a>, p. 26; citing <a href="#CITEREFElert1964">Elert (1964)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFGårding1974">Gårding (1974)</a>, and <a href="#CITEREFBannert1976">Bannert (1976)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20057–8-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20057–8_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaeffler2005">Schaeffler (2005)</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngstrand1999">Engstrand (1999)</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorénPetterson199215-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorénPetterson199215_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorénPetterson1992">Thorén & Petterson (1992)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996295–6-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996295–6_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996295–6_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, pp. 295–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999141_7-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngstrand1999">Engstrand (1999)</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmquist191531-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElmquist191531_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElmquist1915">Elmquist (1915)</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorénPetterson199211–2,_14–5,_17–8-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorénPetterson199211–2,_14–5,_17–8_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorénPetterson1992">Thorén & Petterson (1992)</a>, pp. 11–2, 14–5, 17–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201427-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201427_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201427_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiad2014">Riad (2014)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmquist191533-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElmquist191533_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElmquist1915">Elmquist (1915)</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorénPetterson19928–11,_13–4,_16–7-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorénPetterson19928–11,_13–4,_16–7_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorénPetterson1992">Thorén & Petterson (1992)</a>, pp. 8–11, 13–4, 16–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986273-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986273_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliasson1986">Eliasson (1986)</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorénPetterson199213–5-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorénPetterson199213–5_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorénPetterson1992">Thorén & Petterson (1992)</a>, pp. 13–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201438-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201438_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201438_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201438_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201438_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201438_15-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiad2014">Riad (2014)</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004115–6-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004115–6_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngstrand2004">Engstrand (2004)</a>, pp. 115–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201429,_38–9-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201429,_38–9_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiad2014">Riad (2014)</a>, pp. 29, 38–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201422,_48–9-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201422,_48–9_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiad2014">Riad (2014)</a>, pp. 22, 48–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFant19832-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFant19832_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFant1983">Fant (1983)</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201435–6-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201435–6_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201435–6_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiad2014">Riad (2014)</a>, pp. 35–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996292-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996292_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, p. 292. The symbols "i" and "e" used in the original citation were changed to /iː/ and /eː/ to keep this article consistent. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFSchaeffler2005">Schaeffler (2005</a>, p. 8). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAllisterLubkerCarlson1974-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcAllisterLubkerCarlson1974_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcAllisterLubkerCarlson1974">McAllister, Lubker & Carlson (1974)</a>; cited in <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996</a>, p. 295). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElert200038–43-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElert200038–43_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElert2000">Elert (2000)</a>, pp. 38–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Table adapted from <a href="#CITEREFEngstrand2004">Engstrand (2004</a>, p. 167). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201446,_67-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201446,_67_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiad2014">Riad (2014)</a>, pp. 46, 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201446,_58-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201446,_58_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiad2014">Riad (2014)</a>, pp. 46, 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201446-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201446_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201446_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiad2014">Riad (2014)</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273_29-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersson2002">Andersson (2002)</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERingenSuomi2012-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingenSuomi2012_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingenSuomi2012_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRingenSuomi2012">Ringen & Suomi (2012)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason199853-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgason199853_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgason199853_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHelgason1998">Helgason (1998)</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERingenHelgason200456-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingenHelgason200456_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRingenHelgason2004">Ringen & Helgason (2004)</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999a80-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999a80_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999a80_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999a80_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHelgason1999a">Helgason (1999a)</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETronnier200233-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETronnier200233_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETronnier200233_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTronnier2002">Tronnier (2002)</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999b1851-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999b1851_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHelgason1999b">Helgason (1999b)</a>, p. 1851. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999b1854-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999b1854_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHelgason1999b">Helgason (1999b)</a>, p. 1854. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002703-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002703_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002703_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002">Wretling, Strangert & Schaeffler (2002)</a>, p. 703; citing <a href="#CITEREFHelgason1999a">Helgason (1999a)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002706-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002706_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002">Wretling, Strangert & Schaeffler (2002)</a>, p. 706. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999b1853-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999b1853_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHelgason1999b">Helgason (1999b)</a>, p. 1853. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERingenHelgason200459-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingenHelgason200459_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRingenHelgason2004">Ringen & Helgason (2004)</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovaPlappRingenSzentgyörgyi200620-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovaPlappRingenSzentgyörgyi200620_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetrovaPlappRingenSzentgyörgyi2006">Petrova et al. (2006)</a>, p. 20; citing <a href="#CITEREFRingenHelgason2004">Ringen & Helgason (2004)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiberman197864ff-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiberman197864ff_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiberman197864ff_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiberman1978">Liberman (1978)</a>, pp. 64ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002704-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002704_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002">Wretling, Strangert & Schaeffler (2002)</a>, p. 704. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999b1852–3-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelgason1999b1852–3_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHelgason1999b">Helgason (1999b)</a>, pp. 1852–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140–1-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140–1_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngstrand1999">Engstrand (1999)</a>, pp. 140–1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004167-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004167_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngstrand2004">Engstrand (2004)</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_47-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996171–2,_329–30-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996171–2,_329–30_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, pp. 171–2, 329–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlén198871–2-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlén198871–2_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarlén1988">Garlén (1988)</a>, pp. 71–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElert2000-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElert2000_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElert2000_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFElert2000">Elert (2000)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996225–6-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996225–6_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, pp. 225–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201468,_75-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201468,_75_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiad2014">Riad (2014)</a>, pp. 68, 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Table modified from <a href="#CITEREFHamann2003">Hamann (2003</a>, p. 84), citing <a href="#CITEREFEliasson1986">Eliasson (1986)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986278–9-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986278–9_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliasson1986">Eliasson (1986)</a>, pp. 278–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> "Postalveolarization" and "supradentalization" are also common terms. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002274-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002274_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002274_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002274_56-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersson2002">Andersson (2002)</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986279-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986279_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliasson1986">Eliasson (1986)</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamann200384-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamann200384_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamann2003">Hamann (2003)</a>, p. 84; citing <a href="#CITEREFEliasson1986">Eliasson (1986</a>, p. 282). </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Those south of <a href="/wiki/Kalmar" title="Kalmar">Kalmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falkenberg" title="Falkenberg">Falkenberg</a>; a little north of these cities, a uvular rhotic appears in initial position and as a long consonant (<a href="#CITEREFAndersson2002">Andersson 2002</a>, p. 273). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlén198873–4-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlén198873–4_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarlén1988">Garlén (1988)</a>, pp. 73–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986281-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986281_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliasson1986">Eliasson (1986)</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad201473-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad201473_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiad2014">Riad (2014)</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter1992108-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuter1992108_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReuter1992">Reuter (1992)</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273–4-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersson2002273–4_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersson2002">Andersson (2002)</a>, pp. 273–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986276-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliasson1986276_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliasson1986">Eliasson (1986)</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1993-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1993_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1993_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce1993">Bruce (1993)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruceHermans1999-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruceHermans1999_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruceHermans1999_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruceHermans1999_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruceHermans1999_67-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruceHermans1999">Bruce & Hermans (1999)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad2014-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad2014_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiad2014_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiad2014">Riad (2014)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrid2001-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrid2001_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrid2001">Frid (2001)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedish_Academy_(1893-2023)-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedish_Academy_(1893-2023)_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedish_Academy_(1893-2023)">Swedish Academy (1893-2023)</a>. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFSwedish_Academy_(1893-2023) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGårding1973-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGårding1973_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGårding1973">Gårding (1973)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGårding1974-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGårding1974_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGårding1974">Gårding (1974)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1977-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1977_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1977_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1977_73-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce1977">Bruce (1977)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce2010-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce2010_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce2010_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce2010">Bruce (2010)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiberman198213-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiberman198213_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiberman198213_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiberman1982">Liberman (1982)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004186–90-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004186–90_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngstrand2004">Engstrand (2004)</a>, pp. 186–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_svenska_ordaccentsskilda_minimala_par" class="extiw" title="sv:Lista över svenska ordaccentsskilda minimala par">Translated from a Swedish-only Wikipedia article</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskussion:Lista_%C3%B6ver_svenska_ordaccentsskilda_minimala_par#L.C3¤nder" class="extiw" title="sv:Diskussion:Lista över svenska ordaccentsskilda minimala par">From the Discussion section of the Swedish article</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20057-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20057_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaeffler2005">Schaeffler (2005)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlén1988101–14-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlén1988101–14_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlén1988101–14_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarlén1988">Garlén (1988)</a>, pp. 101–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20059-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20059_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaeffler2005">Schaeffler (2005)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffler200539-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaeffler200539_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaeffler2005">Schaeffler (2005)</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20058-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20058_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaeffler20058_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaeffler2005">Schaeffler (2005)</a>, p. 8; citing <a href="#CITEREFElert1964">Elert (1964)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> E.g. <a href="#CITEREFElert1964">Elert (1964</a>, p. 43). </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> E.g. <a href="#CITEREFEliassonLa_Pelle1973">Eliasson & La Pelle (1973)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFRiad1992">Riad (1992)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140–2-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140–2_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngstrand1999">Engstrand (1999)</a>, pp. 140–2. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdams1975" class="citation cs2">Adams, Douglas Q. (1975), "The Distribution of Retracted Sibilants in Medieval Europe", Language, 51 (2), Linguistic Society of America: 282–292, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412855">10.2307/412855</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/412855">412855</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=The+Distribution+of+Retracted+Sibilants+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=282-292&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F412855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F412855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson2002" class="citation cs2">Andersson, Erik (2002), "Swedish", in König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.), The Germanic Languages, Routledge language family descriptions, Routledge, pp. 271–312, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28079-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28079-6"><bdi>0-415-28079-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swedish&rft.btitle=The+Germanic+Languages&rft.series=Routledge+language+family+descriptions&rft.pages=271-312&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-28079-6&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannert1976" class="citation cs2">Bannert, R. (1976), Mittelbayerische Phonologie auf Akustischer und Perzeptorischer Grundlage, Lund: Gleerup</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mittelbayerische+Phonologie+auf+Akustischer+und+Perzeptorischer+Grundlage&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Gleerup&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Bannert&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1977" class="citation cs2">Bruce, Gösta (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/files/4450023/5336048.pdf">Swedish Word Accents in Sentence Perspective</a> (PDF), Liber, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-40-04589-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-40-04589-7"><bdi>91-40-04589-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swedish+Word+Accents+in+Sentence+Perspective&rft.pub=Liber&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=91-40-04589-7&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6sta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flucris.lub.lu.se%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F4450023%2F5336048.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1993" class="citation cs2">Bruce, Gösta (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/171654440/Bruce_1993.pdf">"On Swedish lexical stress patterns"</a> (PDF), PHONUM, 2: 41–50</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PHONUM&rft.atitle=On+Swedish+lexical+stress+patterns&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=41-50&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6sta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flucris.lub.lu.se%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F171654440%2FBruce_1993.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2010" class="citation cs2">Bruce, Gösta (2010), Vår fonetiska geografi, Studentlitteratur, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789144050539" title="Special:BookSources/9789144050539"><bdi>9789144050539</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C3%A5r+fonetiska+geografi&rft.pub=Studentlitteratur&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789144050539&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6sta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruceHermans1999" class="citation cs2">Bruce, Gösta; 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWretlingStrangertSchaeffler2002" class="citation cs2">Wretling, P.; Strangert, E.; Schaeffler, F. (2002), "Quantity and Preaspiration in Northern Swedish Dialects", in Bel, B; Marlien, I. (eds.), Proceedings of the Speech Prosody 2002 conference, Aix-en-Provence: Laboratoire Parole et Langage, pp. 703–706</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quantity+and+Preaspiration+in+Northern+Swedish+Dialects&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Speech+Prosody+2002+conference&rft.place=Aix-en-Provence&rft.pages=703-706&rft.pub=Laboratoire+Parole+et+Langage&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wretling&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Strangert%2C+E.&rft.au=Schaeffler%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolander2001" class="citation cs2">Bolander, Maria (2001), Funktionell svensk grammatik (1st ed.), Liber AB, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789147050543" title="Special:BookSources/9789147050543"><bdi>9789147050543</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funktionell+svensk+grammatik&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Liber+AB&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789147050543&rft.aulast=Bolander&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlstedt1967" class="citation cs2">Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus (1967), Svårigheter i svenskans uttal, Modersmålslärarnas förening</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sv%C3%A5righeter+i+svenskans+uttal&rft.pub=Modersm%C3%A5lsl%C3%A4rarnas+f%C3%B6rening&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Dahlstedt&rft.aufirst=Karl-Hampus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlén2003" class="citation cs2">Garlén, Claes (2003), Svenska Språknämndens Uttalsordbok, Svenska Språknämnden, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9172273092" title="Special:BookSources/978-9172273092"><bdi>978-9172273092</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenska+Spr%C3%A5kn%C3%A4mndens+Uttalsordbok&rft.pub=Svenska+Spr%C3%A5kn%C3%A4mnden&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9172273092&rft.aulast=Garl%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Claes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedelin1997" class="citation cs2">Hedelin, Per (1997), Norstedts Svenska Uttalslexikon, Norstedts Ordbok, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789119711229" title="Special:BookSources/9789119711229"><bdi>9789119711229</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norstedts+Svenska+Uttalslexikon&rft.pub=Norstedts+Ordbok&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789119711229&rft.aulast=Hedelin&rft.aufirst=Per&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuronen2000" class="citation cs2">Kuronen, Mikko (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/25579/9789513940935.pdf">Vokaluttalets akustik i sverigesvenska, finlandssvenska och finska</a> (PDF), University of Jyväskylä, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-39-4093-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-39-4093-5"><bdi>978-951-39-4093-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vokaluttalets+akustik+i+sverigesvenska%2C+finlandssvenska+och+finska&rft.pub=University+of+Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-951-39-4093-5&rft.aulast=Kuronen&rft.aufirst=Mikko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjyx.jyu.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F25579%2F9789513940935.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuronen2001" class="citation cs2">Kuronen, Mikko (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.jyu.fi/~mijukuro/vowels.pdf">"Acoustic character of vowel pronunciation in Sweden-Swedish and Finland-Swedish"</a> (PDF), Lund University Department of Linguistics Working Papers (49): 94–97</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lund+University+Department+of+Linguistics+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Acoustic+character+of+vowel+pronunciation+in+Sweden-Swedish+and+Finland-Swedish&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=94-97&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kuronen&rft.aufirst=Mikko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.jyu.fi%2F~mijukuro%2Fvowels.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeinonen2010" class="citation cs2">Leinonen, Therese (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/2606319/15_thesis.pdf">An Acoustic Analysis of Vowel Pronunciation in Swedish Dialects</a> (PDF), University of Groningen, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-367-4450-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-367-4450-8"><bdi>978-90-367-4450-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Acoustic+Analysis+of+Vowel+Pronunciation+in+Swedish+Dialects&rft.pub=University+of+Groningen&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-367-4450-8&rft.aulast=Leinonen&rft.aufirst=Therese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rug.nl%2Fresearch%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F2606319%2F15_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundskær-NielsenBarnesLindskog2005" class="citation cs2">Lundskær-Nielsen, Tom; Barnes, Michael; Lindskog, Annika (2005), Introduction to Scandinavian phonetics: Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, Alfabeta, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8763600095" title="Special:BookSources/978-8763600095"><bdi>978-8763600095</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Scandinavian+phonetics%3A+Danish%2C+Norwegian%2C+and+Swedish&rft.pub=Alfabeta&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8763600095&rft.aulast=Lundsk%C3%A6r-Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Michael&rft.au=Lindskog%2C+Annika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenqvist2007" class="citation cs2">Rosenqvist, Håkan (2007), Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-27-40645-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-27-40645-2"><bdi>978-91-27-40645-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uttalsboken%3A+svenskt+uttal+i+praktik+och+teori&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Natur+%26+Kultur&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-91-27-40645-2&rft.aulast=Rosenqvist&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A5kan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorp2001" class="citation book cs1">Torp, Arne (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745">"Retroflex consonants and dorsal /r/: mutually excluding innovations? On the diffusion of dorsal /r/ in Scandinavian"</a>. In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 75–90. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0777-3692">0777-3692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Retroflex+consonants+and+dorsal+%3Cspan+class%3D%22IPA+nowrap%22+lang%3D%22und-Latn-fonipa%22+title%3D%22Representation+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet+%28IPA%29%22%3E%2Fr%2F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3A+mutually+excluding+innovations%3F+On+the+diffusion+of+dorsal+%3Cspan+class%3D%22IPA+nowrap%22+lang%3D%22und-Latn-fonipa%22+title%3D%22Representation+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet+%28IPA%29%22%3E%2Fr%2F%3C%2Fspan%3E+in+Scandinavian&rft.btitle=%27r-atics&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=75-90&rft.pub=Etudes+%26+Travaux&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0777-3692&rft.aulast=Torp&rft.aufirst=Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F254818745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+phonology" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312181708/http://www2.hhs.se/isa/swedish/chap9.htm">Introduction to Swedish – A guide to pronunciation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stockholm_School_of_Economics" title="Stockholm School of Economics">Stockholm School of Economics</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Swedish" title="Estonian Swedish">Estonian Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gammalsvenska" title="Gammalsvenska">Ukrainian Swedish (Gammalsvenska)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gotlandic" title="Gotlandic">Gotländska mål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tam%C3%A5l_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Götamål dialect">Götamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norrland_dialects" title="Norrland dialects">Norrländska mål</a>:</li> <li>Östsvenska mål: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects_in_Ostrobothnia" title="Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia">Ostrobothnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svealand_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Svealand Swedish">Sveamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Swedish_dialects" title="South Swedish dialects">Sydsvenska mål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_dialects" title="Åland dialects">Åländska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_dialects" title="Stockholm dialects">Stockholmska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">sj-sound</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Dialect_Alphabet" title="Swedish Dialect Alphabet">Dialect Alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swedish" title="History of Swedish">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Swedish" title="Modern Swedish">Modern Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language#Contemporary_Swedish" title="Swedish language">Contemporary Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature" title="Swedish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Swedish_literature" title="Early Swedish literature">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Reformation_and_Renaissance_literature" title="Swedish Reformation and Renaissance literature">Reformation and Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_enlightenment_literature" title="Swedish enlightenment literature">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_realism" title="Swedish realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_Swedish_literature" title="Modernist Swedish literature">Modernist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Modernist_poetry" title="Swedish Modernist poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_children%27s_literature" title="Swedish children's literature">Children's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Language_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Language Council">Swedish Language Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Languages_of_Finland" title="Institute for the Languages of Finland">Institute for the Languages of Finland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordbok" title="Svenska Akademiens ordbok">Svenska Akademiens ordbok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordlista" title="Svenska Akademiens ordlista">Svenska Akademiens ordlista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_as_a_foreign_language" title="Swedish as a foreign language">Swedish as a foreign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Swedish" title="Mandatory Swedish">Mandatory Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_for_immigrants" title="Swedish for immigrants">Swedish for immigrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swenglish" title="Swenglish">Swenglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svorsk" title="Svorsk">Svorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suecophile" title="Suecophile">Suecophile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_phonologies" title="Template talk:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Phonologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_phonology" title="Acehnese phonology">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic#Phonology" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_phonology" title="Tunisian Arabic phonology">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_phonology" title="Chukchi phonology">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology" title="Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology">Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">Regional North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Parisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_phonology" title="Greenlandic phonology">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Hebrew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" title="Ingrian phonology">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_phonology" title="Latgalian phonology">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian</a></li> <li>Limburgish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect_phonology" title="Maastrichtian dialect phonology">Maastrichtian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M–S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_phonology" title="Maldivian phonology">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_phonology" title="Māori phonology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_phonology" title="Medumba phonology">Medumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_phonology" title="Old Saxon phonology">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_phonology" title="Oromo phonology">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_phonology" title="Ottawa phonology">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li>Ripuarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_phonology" title="Colognian phonology">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_phonology" title="Sardinian phonology">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_phonology" title="Zuni phonology">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&oldid=1258817064">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_phonology&oldid=1258817064</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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