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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nordic_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Nordic countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>United Kingdom and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Most_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a 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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3.1</span> <span>Confusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxford,_Cambridge_(earned)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxford,_Cambridge_(earned)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.4</span> <span>Oxford, Cambridge (earned)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxford,_Cambridge_(earned)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_artium" title="Magister artium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Magister artium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ماجستير الآداب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماجستير الآداب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0" title="কলাবিদ্যায় স্নাতকোত্তর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলাবিদ্যায় স্নাতকোত্তর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MA" title="MA – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="MA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maestr%C3%ADa_en_Artes" title="Maestría en Artes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maestría en Artes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ام‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ام‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%AC%B8%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C_%EC%84%9D%EC%82%AC" title="인문사회 석사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인문사회 석사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="कला स्नातकोत्तर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कला स्नातकोत्तर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_Artium" title="Magister Artium – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Magister Artium" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%B8" title="मास्टर ऑफ आर्ट्‌स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मास्टर ऑफ आर्ट्‌स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ماجستير اداب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماجستير اداب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Магистр искусств – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магистр искусств" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="முதுகலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதுகலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Master of Arts" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="ماسٹر آف آرٹس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماسٹر آف آرٹس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB" title="文學碩士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文學碩士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Master_of_Arts" title="Talk:Master of Arts">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Master of Arts</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MAED_degree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MAED_degree.png/220px-MAED_degree.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MAED_degree.png/330px-MAED_degree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MAED_degree.png/440px-MAED_degree.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="848" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Master of Arts degree in Education from <a href="/wiki/Antioch_University" title="Antioch University">Antioch University</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Acronym</th><td class="infobox-data">MA<br />AM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">1 to 3 years (varies)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>Master of Arts</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Magister in Artibus</i> or <i>Artium Magister</i>; abbreviated <b>MA</b> or <b>AM</b>) is the holder of a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with that of <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a>. Those admitted to the degree have typically studied subjects within the scope of the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>; however, different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a> and mathematics. The degree can be conferred in respect of completing courses and passing examinations, research, or a combination of the two. </p><p>The degree of Master of Arts traces its origins to the teaching license or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Licentia docendi</i></span> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, designed to produce "masters" who were graduate teachers of their subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic_and_Slovakia">Czech Republic and Slovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Czech Republic and Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like all EU member states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia follow the Bologna Process. The Czech Republic and Slovakia both award two different types of master's degrees; both award a title of Mgr. or Ing. to be used before the name. </p><p>Prior to reforms for compliance with the Bologna process, a master's degree could only be obtained after five years of uninterrupted study. Under the new system, it takes only two years but requires a previously completed three-year bachelor's program (a Bc. title). Writing a thesis (in both master's and bachelor's programs) and passing final exams are necessary to obtain the degree. It is mostly the case that the final exams cover the main study areas of the whole study program, i.e. a student is required to prove their knowledge in the subjects they attended during the two resp. three years of their study. Exams also include the defence of a thesis before an academic board. </p><p>Ing. (Engineer) degrees are usually awarded for master's degrees achieved in the natural sciences or mathematics-heavy study programmes, whereas an Mgr. (Magister) is generally awarded for master's studies in social sciences or the humanities while an MgA. (Magister of Arts) is awarded for studies in the arts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, the Master of Arts degree was called in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>Magister Artium</i>. This degree, which usually required five years of studies, existed in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and its successors, including the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>, but not in the former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, where all degree courses led to a <i><a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom</a></i>. Traditional <i>Magister</i> degrees are granted in <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> and most of the humanities (<a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">international business</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_studies" title="European studies">European studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> included), with the exception of visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. </p><p>The <i>Magister Artium</i> held either a double major degree or a combination of one major and two minors. German postgraduate Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees were introduced in 2001. Therefore, the new Master of Arts and the old <i>Magister Artium</i> degrees have existed side by side, since 2010; <i>Magister Artium</i> degrees are still awarded by some universities, as of 2020. The new Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees together also require five years of studies, which is the reason the new Master of Arts and the old <i>Magister Artium</i> degrees are considered equivalent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Netherlands, the Master of Arts and the Master of Science degrees were introduced in 2002. Until that time, a single program that led to the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctorandus" title="Doctorandus">doctorandus</a></i> degree (or the <i><a href="/wiki/Ingenieur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingenieur">ingenieur</a></i> degree in the case of technical subjects) was in effect, which comprised the same course-load as the bachelor's and master's programs put together. Those who had already started the <i>doctorandus</i> program could, upon completing it, opt for the <i>doctorandus</i> degree, which gave the title "Doctorandus" before their name, abbreviated to 'drs.'; in the case of ingenieur, this would be 'ir.'), or else opt for a master's degree as <a href="/wiki/Postnominals" class="mw-redirect" title="Postnominals">postnominals</a> behind their name, in accordance with the new standard ('MA' or 'MSc'). A master's degree can take one or two years to complete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Polish equivalent of Master of Arts is "magister" (its abbreviation "mgr" is placed before one's name, like the title Dr). At the technical universities, a student is awarded with <i>inżynier</i> (engineer) after three years and then with "magister" after completing another two years of study and graduating. Such persons use titles "mgr inż". In the 1990s, the MA programs usually lasting five years were replaced by separate three-year bachelor's and two-year master's programs. The degree is awarded in the arts (visual arts, literature, foreign languages, filmmaking, theatre etc.), natural sciences, mathematics, computer science fields, and economics. The completion of a research <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a> is required. All master's degrees in Poland qualify for a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nordic_countries">Nordic countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nordic countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Finland, Denmark and Norway, the master's degree is a combined taught/research degree, awarded after two years of studies after completing the bachelor's degree. The student is required to write a scientific thesis. </p><p>In Finland, this master's degree is called a <i>filosofian maisteri</i> (in Finnish) or <i>filosofie magister</i> (in Swedish), and it is abbreviated as <i>FM</i> or "fil.mag.". </p><p>In Sweden, there is still an intermediate degree between the bachelor's (<i>kandidat</i>) and master's called <i>magister</i> which only requires one year of studies, including a scientific thesis after completing the bachelor's degree. This fourth year typically constitutes the first half of a master's programme. If not, it may be supplemented by a fifth year and a master's thesis to obtain a master's degree in the field of study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_and_Ireland">United Kingdom and Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United Kingdom and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Most_universities">Most universities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Most universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Except at Aberdeen, Cambridge, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and St. Andrews (see below), the MA is typically a "taught" postgraduate degree, involving lectures, examination, and a dissertation based on independent research. Taught master's programs involve one or two years of full-time study. Many can be done part-time as well. Until recently, both the undergraduate and postgraduate master's degrees were awarded without grade or class (like the class of an <a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">honours degree</a>). Nowadays, however, master's degrees are normally classified into the categories of Fail, Pass, Pass with Merit, or Pass with Distinction. This education pattern in the United Kingdom is followed in India and many <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth Nations</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">Master of Laws</a> (LLM) is the standard degree taught for law, but certain courses may lead to MA, MLitt, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Studies" title="Master of Studies">Master of Studies</a> (MSt), and the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">Bachelor of Civil Law</a> (BCL) at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>. All of these degrees are considered substitutes to one another and are thus generally equivalent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">ancient universities of Scotland</a>, the degree of Master of Arts is awarded in universities as a four-year undergraduate degree, see <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)" title="Master of Arts (Scotland)">Master of Arts (Scotland)</a>. </p><p>The degree of Master of Arts is the first degree awarded in <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>. However, some universities in Scotland award the degree of <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Letters" title="Master of Letters">Master of Letters</a> (MLitt) to students in the <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divinity_(academic_discipline)" title="Divinity (academic discipline)">divinity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxford,_Cambridge,_Dublin_(conferred)"><span id="Oxford.2C_Cambridge.2C_Dublin_.28conferred.29"></span>Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin (conferred)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin (conferred)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)</a></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dublin" title="University of Dublin">University of Dublin</a>, the title of Master of Arts is conferred <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">after a certain number of years</a>, without further examination, to those who have graduated as <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> and who have the requisite years' standing as members of the university or as graduates. This happens, in England, only at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, four years after completing a bachelor's degree, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, six years after the first term of study. It is also the case at the University of Dublin. The abbreviated name of the university (Oxon, Cantab or Dubl) is therefore almost always appended in parentheses to the initials "MA" in the same way that it is to higher degrees, e.g. "John Smith, MA (Cantab), PhD (Lond)", principally so that it is clear (to those who are aware of the system) that these are nominal and unexamined degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MLitt is a research degree at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy" title="Master of Philosophy">Master of Philosophy</a> (MPhil) is the name given to the standard one-year taught degree with a unique research element, in contrast to the use of MPhil at other institutions for a research degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Confusion">Confusion</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Confusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research in 2000 by the universities watchdog, the <a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_Agency_for_Higher_Education" title="Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education">Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education</a>, showed that two-thirds of employers were unaware that the Oxford and Cambridge MA did not represent any kind of post-graduate achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2011, the Labour Member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/Chris_Leslie_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Leslie (politician)">Chris Leslie</a> sponsored a <a href="/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill" title="Private member's bill">private member's bill</a> in Parliament, the master's degrees (Minimum Standards) Bill, to "prohibit universities awarding master's degrees unless certain standards of study and assessment are met". The bill's supporters described the practice as a "historical anachronism" and argued that "unearned qualifications" should be discontinued to preserve the academic integrity of the taught MA. Further, they warned that the title gave Oxbridge graduates an unfair advantage in the job market. On 21 October 2011, the bill received its second reading, but it failed to complete its passage through Parliament before the end of the session, meaning it fell.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxford,_Cambridge_(earned)"><span id="Oxford.2C_Cambridge_.28earned.29"></span>Oxford, Cambridge (earned)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Oxford, Cambridge (earned)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of different master's degrees may be earned at Oxford and Cambridge. The most common, the Master of Philosophy degree (MPhil), is a two-year research degree. To prepare to graduate as a Master of Science (MSc) or a Master of Studies (MSt) takes only one year, both courses often combining some coursework with research. A Master of Letters (MLitt) is the holder of a pure research master's degree. In comparison to the LLM at Cambridge, Oxford offers two master's degrees in law depending on the jurisdictional background of the student. The degree of <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">Bachelor of Civil Law</a> (BCL) is for those from a common law background, whilst the more recent Magister Juris is for those from civil law jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, Oxford and Cambridge offer the degree of Master of Business Administration. Master's degrees are generally offered without classification, although the top five percent may be deemed worthy of Distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both universities also offer a variety of four-year undergraduate integrated master's degrees such as <a href="/wiki/MEng" class="mw-redirect" title="MEng">MEng</a> or <a href="/wiki/MMath" class="mw-redirect" title="MMath">MMath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_master%27s_degrees_in_North_America" title="List of master's degrees in North America">List of master's degrees in North America</a></div> <p>In Canada and the United States, the Master of Arts (<i>Magister Artium</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> (<i>Magister Scientiæ</i>) are the basic graduate-level degrees in most subjects and may be course-based, research-based, or, more typically, a combination of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Admission to a master's program is normally contingent upon holding a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>. Some programs provide for a joint bachelor's and master's after about five years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some universities use the Latin degree names, such as <i>Artium Magister</i> (AM) or <i>Scientiæ Magister</i> (SM). For example, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> use the abbreviations AM and SM for some of their master's degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Master of Arts may be given in a scientific discipline, common at <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League universities</a>. </p><p>Many universities offer Master of Arts programs, which are differentiated either as Thesis or Non-Thesis programs. Usually, the duration for a Non-Thesis option is one to two years of full-time study. The period for a Thesis option may last longer, depending also on the required level of courses and complexity of the <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a>. Sometimes, qualified students who are admitted to a "very high research" Master of Arts might have to earn credits also at the PhD level, and they may need to complete their program in about three years of full-time candidature, e.g. at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> in the United States and <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a> in Canada. </p><p>A thesis must be a distinct contribution to knowledge. It must demonstrate ability to plan and carry out research, organize results, and defend the approach and conclusions in a scholarly manner. The research presented must meet current standards of the discipline. Finally, the thesis must clearly demonstrate how the research advances knowledge in the field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Mar 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Law+%26%23124%3B+Graduate+courses+%26%23124%3B+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fadmissions%2Fgraduate%2Fcourses%2Fsocial-sciences%2Flaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/graduate/courses/courses-a-z-listing">"Graduate courses A-Z listing | University of Oxford"</a>. <i>www.ox.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Mar 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Graduate+courses+A-Z+listing+%26%23124%3B+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fadmissions%2Fgraduate%2Fcourses%2Fcourses-a-z-listing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/camdata/tripos.html">"The structure of undergraduate courses at the University of Cambridge"</a>. University of Cambridge. 10 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+structure+of+undergraduate+courses+at+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.cam.ac.uk%2Funiv%2Fcamdata%2Ftripos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/courses-listing/mathematics?wssl=1">"Mathematics"</a>. University of Oxford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mathematics&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fadmissions%2Fundergraduate%2Fcourses-listing%2Fmathematics%3Fwssl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/courses-listing/engineering-science?wssl=1">"Engineering Science"</a>. University of Oxford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineering+Science&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fadmissions%2Fundergraduate%2Fcourses-listing%2Fengineering-science%3Fwssl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/master.doc"><i>Structure of the U.S. Education System: Master's Degrees</i></a>, International Affairs Office, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a>, February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-25</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structure+of+the+U.S.+Education+System%3A+Master%27s+Degrees&rft.pub=International+Affairs+Office%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Education&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ed.gov%2Fabout%2Foffices%2Flist%2Fous%2Finternational%2Fusnei%2Fus%2Fmaster.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgu.edu/pages/623.asp">the program</a> run by <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Graduate_University" title="Claremont Graduate University">Claremont Graduate University</a> for graduates of the <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Colleges" title="Claremont Colleges">Claremont Colleges</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/programs_of_study/degree_programs.php">"Degree Programs – The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"</a>. Harvard University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Degree+Programs+%E2%80%93+The+Graduate+School+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsas.harvard.edu%2Fprograms_of_study%2Fdegree_programs.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030081032/http://www.harvard.edu/on-campus/commencement/degree-abbreviations">"Degree Abbreviations – Harvard University"</a>. Harvard University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harvard.edu/on-campus/commencement/degree-abbreviations">the original</a> on 30 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Degree+Abbreviations+%E2%80%93+Harvard+University&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvard.edu%2Fon-campus%2Fcommencement%2Fdegree-abbreviations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Levels_of_academic_degree" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_degrees" title="Template:Academic degrees"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_degrees" title="Template talk:Academic degrees"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_degrees" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic degrees"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Levels_of_academic_degree" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Levels of <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degree</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">Undergraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">Associate degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">Foundation degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diploma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_Higher_Education" title="Diploma of Higher Education">Diploma of Higher Education</a> / <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Higher_Education" title="Certificate of Higher Education">Certificate of Higher Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">Honours degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_diploma" title="Postgraduate diploma">Postgraduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_certificate" title="Postgraduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences" title="Candidate of Sciences">Candidate of Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Postdoctoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher doctorate">Higher doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sciences" title="Doctor of Sciences">Doctor of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docent#Northern_Europe" title="Docent">Docent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No dominant<br />classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_certificate" title="Academic certificate">Academic certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_diploma" title="Artist diploma">Artist diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_degree" title="External degree">External degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurea" title="Laurea">Laurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">Licentiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_degree" title="Magister degree">Magister degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdegree" title="Microdegree">Microdegree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Professional degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_diploma" title="Graduate diploma">Graduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_diploma" title="Higher diploma">Higher diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_degree" title="Specialist degree">Specialist degree</a>/<a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia#Traditional_model" title="Education in Russia">diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_degree" title="Terminal degree">Terminal degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unearned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_eundem_degree" title="Ad eundem degree"><i>Ad eundem</i> degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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