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href="#World_War_I_(1914–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>World War I (1914–1918)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_I_(1914–1918)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War I (1914–1918) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_(1914–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_years_(1919–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_years_(1919–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interwar years (1919–1939)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interwar_years_(1919–1939)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interwar years (1919–1939) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interwar_years_(1919–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U-Boat_design_and_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U-Boat_design_and_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>U-Boat design and layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U-Boat_design_and_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_(1939–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_(1939–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World War II (1939–1945)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II_(1939–1945)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II (1939–1945) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_(1939–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torpedo_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torpedo_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Torpedo developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torpedo_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U-boat_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U-boat_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>U-boat developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U-boat_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–World_War_II_and_Cold_War_(after_1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–World_War_II_and_Cold_War_(after_1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post–World War II and Cold War (after 1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–World_War_II_and_Cold_War_(after_1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">U-boat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA" title="يو بوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يو بوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llong_U" title="Llong U – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llong U" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boato" title="U-boato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="U-boato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA" title="او-بوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="او-بوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterseeboot" title="Unterseeboot – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Unterseeboot" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Bh%C3%A1d" title="U-Bhád – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="U-Bhád" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%EB%B3%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="U보트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="U보트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F" title="यू-बोट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यू-बोट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="הצוללות הגרמניות במלחמות העולם הראשונה והשנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצוללות הגרמניות במלחמות העולם הראשונה והשנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F" title="यू-बोट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यू-बोट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="ယူဘုတ်ရေငုပ်သင်္ဘော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူဘုတ်ရေငုပ်သင်္ဘော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boot" title="U-boot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="U-boot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="Uボート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Uボート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="یو کشتی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یو کشتی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemieckie_okr%C4%99ty_podwodne" title="Niemieckie okręty podwodne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemieckie okręty podwodne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boot" title="U-boot – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="U-boot" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boot" title="U-boot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="U-boot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="U-boat" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="U-boat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-podmornica" title="U-podmornica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="U-podmornica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-vene" title="U-vene – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="U-vene" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="U-boat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9" title="เรืออู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรืออู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-bot" title="U-bot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="U-bot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9" title="یو بوٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یو بوٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="U-boat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%E5%9E%8B%E6%BD%9C%E8%89%87" title="U型潜艇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="U型潜艇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q428661#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/British_U-class_submarine" title="British U-class submarine">British U-class submarine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Das_U-Boot" title="Das U-Boot">Das U-Boot</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/U-boat" title="Special:EditPage/U-boat">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22U-boat%22">"U-boat"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22U-boat%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22U-boat%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22U-boat%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22U-boat%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22U-boat%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U995_2001_1_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/U995_2001_1_b.jpg/280px-U995_2001_1_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/U995_2001_1_b.jpg/420px-U995_2001_1_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/U995_2001_1_b.jpg/560px-U995_2001_1_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-995" title="German submarine U-995"><i>U-995</i></a>, a typical VIIC/41 U-boat on display at the <a href="/wiki/Laboe_Naval_Memorial" title="Laboe Naval Memorial">Laboe Naval Memorial</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>U-boats</b> were <a href="/wiki/Submarine#Military" title="Submarine">naval submarines</a> operated by Germany, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World Wars</a>. The term is an <a href="/wiki/Anglicization#Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicization">anglicized</a> version of the German word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">U-Boot</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈuːboːt]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/10\/De-U-Boot.oga\/De-U-Boot.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-U-Boot.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/De-U-Boot.oga/De-U-Boot.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-U-Boot.oga" title="File:De-U-Boot.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, a shortening of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Unterseeboot</i></span> (under-sea boat), though the German term refers to any <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian Navy</a> submarines were also known as U-boats. </p><p>U-boats are most known for their <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> in both <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a>, trying to <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">disrupt merchant traffic</a> towards the UK and force the UK out of the war. In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Germany intermittently waged unrestricted submarine warfare against the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>: a first campaign in 1915 was abandoned after strong protests from the US but in 1917 the Germans, facing deadlock on the continent, saw no other option than to resume the campaign in February 1917. The renewed campaign failed to achieve its goal mainly because of the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">convoys</a>. Instead the campaign ensured final defeat as the campaign was a contributing factor to the entry of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> in the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair10–19_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair10–19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a>, supreme commander of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i></span>'s U-boat arm (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Befehlshaber_der_Unterseeboote" class="mw-redirect" title="Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote">Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote</a>)</i></span>, was convinced the UK and its convoys could be defeated by new <a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">tactics</a>, and tried to focus on <a href="/wiki/Convoy_battles_of_World_War_II" title="Convoy battles of World War II">convoy battles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair38–39_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair38–39-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though U-boat tactics initially saw success in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>, greatly disrupting Allied shipping, improved convoy and anti-submarine tactics such as <a href="/wiki/High-frequency_direction_finding" title="High-frequency direction finding">high-frequency direction finding</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">Hedgehog anti-submarine system</a> began to take a toll on the German U-boat force. This ultimately came to a head in May 1943, known as <a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a>, in which U-boat losses began to outpace their effect on shipping. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_U-boats_(1850–1914)"><span id="Early_U-boats_.281850.E2.80.931914.29"></span>Early U-boats (1850–1914)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early U-boats (1850–1914)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SM_U_1_800px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SM_U_1_800px.jpg/220px-SM_U_1_800px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SM_U_1_800px.jpg/330px-SM_U_1_800px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SM_U_1_800px.jpg/440px-SM_U_1_800px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The first German submarine, the SM <i>U-1</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first submarine built in Germany, the three-man <i><a href="/wiki/Brandtaucher" title="Brandtaucher">Brandtaucher</a></i>, sank to the bottom of <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> Harbor on 1 February 1851 during a test dive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowell23_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowell23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaffin53_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaffin53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">Inventor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bauer" title="Wilhelm Bauer">Wilhelm Bauer</a> had designed this vessel in 1850, and <a href="/wiki/August_Howaldt" title="August Howaldt">Schweffel and Howaldt</a> constructed it in Kiel. <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">Dredging</a> operations in 1887 rediscovered <i>Brandtaucher</i>; she was later raised and put on historical display in Germany. The boats <i>Nordenfelt I</i> and <i>Nordenfelt II</i>, built to a <a href="/wiki/Nordenfelt_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordenfelt submarine">Nordenfelt</a> design, followed in 1890. In 1903, the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Krupp_Germaniawerft" title="Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft">Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft</a> dockyard in Kiel completed the first fully functional German-built submarine, <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Forel" title="Russian submarine Forel">Forelle</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowell201_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowell201-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> sold to Russia during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> in April 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowell22–29_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowell22–29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the century, the German commander of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz" title="Alfred von Tirpitz">Alfred von Tirpitz</a> was building the <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet" title="High Seas Fleet">High Seas Fleet</a> with which he intended to challenge the supremacy of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. He focused on expensive <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> and there was no role for submarines in his fleet. Only when Krupp exported its submarines to Russia, Italy, Norway and Austria-Hungary did Tirpitz order one submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/SM_U-1_(Germany)" title="SM U-1 (Germany)">SM <i>U-1</i></a> was a completely redesigned <a href="/wiki/Karp-class_submarine" title="Karp-class submarine"><i>Karp</i>-class submarine</a> and when the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a> commissioned it on 14 December 1906,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowell30_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowell30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the last major navy to adopt submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>U-1</i> had a double hull and a single torpedo tube. It used an <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> powered by batteries for submerged propulsion and a <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rting_Hannover" title="Körting Hannover">Körting</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> engine for charging the batteries and propulsion on the surface. The 50%-larger <a href="/wiki/SM_U-2_(Germany)" title="SM U-2 (Germany)">SM <i>U-2</i></a> (commissioned in 1908) had two torpedo tubes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SM_U_11_800px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SM_U_11_800px.jpg/220px-SM_U_11_800px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SM_U_11_800px.jpg/330px-SM_U_11_800px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SM_U_11_800px.jpg/440px-SM_U_11_800px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>The German submarine <i>U-14</i>, showing the kerosene vapour trail.</figcaption></figure><p>Because speed and range were severely limited underwater while running on battery power, U-boats were required to spend most of their time surfaced, running on fuel engines, diving only when attacked or for torpedo strikes. The more ship-like hull design reflects the fact that these were primarily surface vessels that could submerge when necessary. This contrasts with the cylindrical profile of modern <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear submarines</a>, which are more hydrodynamic under water (where they spend the majority of their time), but less stable on the surface. While U-boats were faster on the surface than submerged, the opposite is generally true of modern submarines. </p><p>Between 1908 and 1910 fourteen big boats with four torpedo tubes and two reload torpedoes were ordered. These boats used a kerosene engine which was safer than <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> and more powerful than <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, but the white exhaust of the kerosene betrayed the presence of the U-boats, robbing them of their primary asset, their stealth. Diesel engines did not have that disadvantage, but a powerful and reliable diesel engine was still under development. Finally the <a href="/wiki/SM_U-19_(Germany)" title="SM U-19 (Germany)"><i>U-19</i></a> class of 1912–13 had the first diesel engine installed in a German navy boat. Between 1910 and 1912 twenty-three diesel U-boats were ordered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of World War I in 1914, Germany had 48 submarines of 13 classes in service or under construction. During that war, the Imperial German Navy used SM <i>U-1</i> for training. Retired in 1919, she remains on display at the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Museum" title="Deutsches Museum">Deutsches Museum</a> in Munich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowell36–37_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowell36–37-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I_(1914–1918)"><span id="World_War_I_.281914.E2.80.931918.29"></span>World War I (1914–1918)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War I (1914–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THE_IMPERIAL_GERMAN_NAVY%27S_FLANDERS_FLOTILLA_DURING_THE_FIRST_WORLD_WAR_Q20345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/THE_IMPERIAL_GERMAN_NAVY%27S_FLANDERS_FLOTILLA_DURING_THE_FIRST_WORLD_WAR_Q20345.jpg/170px-THE_IMPERIAL_GERMAN_NAVY%27S_FLANDERS_FLOTILLA_DURING_THE_FIRST_WORLD_WAR_Q20345.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/THE_IMPERIAL_GERMAN_NAVY%27S_FLANDERS_FLOTILLA_DURING_THE_FIRST_WORLD_WAR_Q20345.jpg/255px-THE_IMPERIAL_GERMAN_NAVY%27S_FLANDERS_FLOTILLA_DURING_THE_FIRST_WORLD_WAR_Q20345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/THE_IMPERIAL_GERMAN_NAVY%27S_FLANDERS_FLOTILLA_DURING_THE_FIRST_WORLD_WAR_Q20345.jpg/340px-THE_IMPERIAL_GERMAN_NAVY%27S_FLANDERS_FLOTILLA_DURING_THE_FIRST_WORLD_WAR_Q20345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Sea mines are loaded in a UC coastal submarine in the harbour of Zeebrugge</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations">Operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a></div> <p>During 1914, the U-boats operated against the British fleet: on 5 September 1914, the <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pathfinder_(1904)" title="HMS Pathfinder (1904)">HMS <i>Pathfinder</i></a> was sunk by <a href="/wiki/SM_U-21_(Germany)" title="SM U-21 (Germany)">SM <i>U-21</i></a>, the first ship to have been sunk by a submarine using a self-propelled torpedo. On <a href="/wiki/Action_of_22_September_1914" title="Action of 22 September 1914">22 September</a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-9" title="SM U-9"><i>U-9</i></a> sank the <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armoured cruisers</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Aboukir_(1900)" title="HMS Aboukir (1900)">HMS <i>Aboukir</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cressy_(1899)" title="HMS Cressy (1899)">HMS <i>Cressy</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hogue_(1900)" title="HMS Hogue (1900)">HMS <i>Hogue</i></a>. As a result, the British <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a> had to withdraw to safer waters in Northern Ireland. Against merchant ships, U-boats observed the <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Prize_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of Prize Warfare">"prize rules"</a> which meant they had to stop and inspect the ship, and take the crew off the ship before they could sink it. On 20 October 1914, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-17_(Germany)" title="SM U-17 (Germany)">SM <i>U-17</i></a> sank the first merchant ship, <a href="/wiki/SS_Glitra" title="SS Glitra">SS <i>Glitra</i></a>, off Norway. Only ten merchants were sunk in that way before policy was changed on 18 February 1915. On the continent German hopes for a quick victory were dashed and a stalemate had settled on the front. The Germans hoped to break the deadlock by starting an unrestricted submarine campaign against shipping in the waters around the British Isles. This was also cited as a retaliation for British minefields and shipping <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockades</a>. Under the instructions given to U-boat captains, they could sink merchant ships, even neutral ones, without warning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair9–11_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair9–11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only 29 U-boats were available for the campaign, and not more than seven were active around the British Isles at any time. The U-boats failed to enforce a blockade but three sinkings of liners, with loss of American lives, outraged the US so that the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a> had to stop the campaign in September 1915: on 7 May 1915 <a href="/wiki/SM_U-20_(Germany)" title="SM U-20 (Germany)">SM <i>U-20</i></a> sank <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a>; on 19 August <a href="/wiki/SM_U-24" title="SM U-24">SM <i>U-24</i></a> sank <a href="/wiki/SS_Arabic_(1902)" title="SS Arabic (1902)">SS <i>Arabic</i></a>; and on 9 September <i>SM U-20</i> sank <a href="/wiki/RMS_Hesperian" title="RMS Hesperian">RMS <i>Hesperian</i></a>. Most of the U-boats were sent to the Mediterranean. At the beginning of 1916 54 U-boats were available, and the Kaiser allowed again operations around the British Isles, but with strict rules: no attacks on liners and outside the war zone around the British Isles attacks were only allowed on armed merchant ships. But on 24 March 25 Americans were killed in the torpedoing of the ferry <a href="/wiki/SS_Sussex" title="SS Sussex">SS <i>Sussex</i></a>, which was mistaken for a troopship by <a href="/wiki/SM_UB-29" title="SM UB-29">SM <i>UB-29</i></a>. The US threatened to sever <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic ties">diplomatic ties</a>, which persuaded the Germans to fully reapply prize rules. In September 1916 120 U-boats were in service, and again some were sent to the Mediterranean. Whilst around British Isles prize rules were observed, in the Mediterranean a new unrestricted campaign was started. The renewed German campaign was effective, sinking 1.4 million tons of shipping between October 1916 and January 1917. Despite this, the deadlock situation on the continent frontlines demanded even greater results, and on 1 February 1917, Germany restarted the unrestricted submarine campaign around British Isles. Germany took the gamble that the U-boat campaign would force the UK out of the war before the US could effectively enter. On 3 February the US severed diplomatic relations with Germany and on 6 April the <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">US declared war on Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair10–13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair10–13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:left; width:200px;"> <caption>German U-boat losses by cause </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Surface warships </td> <td><div style="float:right;">55</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mines </td> <td><div style="float:right;">48</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Submarines </td> <td><div style="float:right;">18</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Q-ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-ships">Q-ships</a> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">11</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Merchant ships </td> <td><div style="float:right;">7</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft </td> <td><div style="float:right;">1</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accidents </td> <td><div style="float:right;">19</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unknown </td> <td><div style="float:right;">19</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><div style="float:right;"><b>178</b></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 was very successful, sinking more than 500,000 tons a month. With the introduction of convoys in August 1917 shipping losses declined to 300,000 a month on average, which was not sufficient to force the UK out of the war. With deteriorating conditions on the continent, all U-boats were recalled on 31 October 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair13–19_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair13–19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An armistice became effective on 11 November 1918. Under the terms of armistice, all U-boats were to immediately surrender. Those in home waters sailed to the British submarine base at <a href="/wiki/Harwich" title="Harwich">Harwich</a>, after which the vessels were studied, then scrapped or given to Allied navies. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King-Hall" title="Stephen King-Hall">Stephen King-Hall</a> wrote a detailed eyewitness account of the surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing-Hall229–242_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing-Hall229–242-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 373 German U-boats that had been built, 179 were operational or nearly operational at the end of the war. 178 were lost by enemy action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair18_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 512 officers and 4894 enlisted men were killed. Of the surviving German submarines, 14 U-boats were <a href="/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttled</a> and 122 surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter428_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter428-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sank 10 <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleships</a>, 18 heavy and light cruisers, and several smaller naval vessels. They further destroyed 5,708 merchant and fishing vessels for a total of 11,108,865 tons and the loss of about 15,000 sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter428_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter428-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a>, the highest decoration for gallantry for officers, was awarded to 29 U-boat commanders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Twelve U-boat crewmen were decorated with the <a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Cross_(Prussia)" title="Military Merit Cross (Prussia)">Goldenes Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz</a>, the highest bravery award for noncommissioned officers and enlisted men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer16_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer16-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most successful U-boat commanders of World War I were <a href="/wiki/Lothar_von_Arnauld_de_la_Peri%C3%A8re" title="Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière">Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière</a> (189 merchant vessels and two gunboats with 446,708 tons), followed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Forstmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Forstmann">Walter Forstmann</a> (149 ships with 391,607 tons), and <a href="/wiki/Max_Valentiner" title="Max Valentiner">Max Valentiner</a> (144 ships with 299,482 tons). Their records have not been surpassed in any subsequent conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classes">Classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Körting kerosene-powered boats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_1_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 1 submarine">Type U 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_2_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 2 submarine">Type U 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_3_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 3 submarine">Type U 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_5_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 5 submarine">Type U 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_9_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 9 submarine">Type U 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_13_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 13 submarine">Type U 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_16_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 16 submarine">Type U 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_17_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 17 submarine">Type U 17</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mittel-U MAN diesel boats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_19_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 19 submarine">Type U 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_23_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 23 submarine">Type U 23</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_27_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 27 submarine">Type U 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_31_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 31 submarine">Type U 31</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_43_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 43 submarine">Type U 43</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_51_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 51 submarine">Type U 51</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_57_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 57 submarine">Type U 57</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_63_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 63 submarine">Type U 63</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_66_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 66 submarine">Type U 66</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_Mittel_U_submarine" title="German Type Mittel U submarine">Type Mittel U</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U-cruisers and merchant U-boats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_139_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 139 submarine">Type U 139</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_142_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 142 submarine">Type U 142</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_U_151_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type U 151 submarine">Type U 151</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Type_UD_1_submarine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Type UD 1 submarine (page does not exist)">Type UD 1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>UB coastal torpedo attack boats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Type_UB_I_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type UB I submarine">Type UB I</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_UB_II_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type UB II submarine">Type UB II</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_UB_III_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type UB III submarine">Type UB III</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Type_UF_submarine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Type UF submarine (page does not exist)">Type UF</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Type_UGsubmarine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Type UGsubmarine (page does not exist)">Type UG</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>UC coastal minelayers </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Type_UC_I_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type UC I submarine">Type UC I</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_UC_II_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type UC II submarine">Type UC II</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_UC_III_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type UC III submarine">Type UC III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>UE ocean minelayers </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Type_UE_I_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type UE I submarine">Type UE I</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_UE_II_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type UE II submarine">Type UE II</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interwar_years_(1919–1939)"><span id="Interwar_years_.281919.E2.80.931939.29"></span>Interwar years (1919–1939)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interwar years (1919–1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vetehinen-Crichton-Vulcan-1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vetehinen-Crichton-Vulcan-1930.jpg/220px-Vetehinen-Crichton-Vulcan-1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vetehinen-Crichton-Vulcan-1930.jpg/330px-Vetehinen-Crichton-Vulcan-1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vetehinen-Crichton-Vulcan-1930.jpg/440px-Vetehinen-Crichton-Vulcan-1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>The Finnish submarine <i>Vetehinen</i> in 1930 on the slipways at the <a href="/wiki/Crichton-Vulcan" title="Crichton-Vulcan">Crichton-Vulcan</a> shipyard in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> ending World War I signed at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> in 1919 limited the surface navy of Germany's new <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> to only six <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>, six <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>, twelve <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> and twelve <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a>. The treaty also restricted the independent tonnage of ships and forbade the construction of submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumble25_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumble25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to circumvent the restrictions of the treaty, a submarine design office called <a href="/wiki/NV_Ingenieurskantoor_voor_Scheepsbouw" title="NV Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw">Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw</a> (IVS) was set up in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes26_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes26-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IVS was run by Krupp and made it possible to maintain a lead in submarine technology by designing and constructing submarines in Holland for other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair24_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair24-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IVS made designs for small 250-ton U-boats, medium 500-ton U-boats and large 750-ton U-boats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair31_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair31-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IVS constructed three 500-ton medium submarines in Finland between 1927 and 1931, known as the <a href="/wiki/Vetehinen-class_submarine" title="Vetehinen-class submarine">Vetehinen-class</a>. These ships were the prototypes for the subsequent German <a href="/wiki/Type_VII_submarine" title="Type VII submarine">Type VII</a> U-boat. In 1933 a small 250-ton submarine, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_submarine_Vesikko" title="Finnish submarine Vesikko"><i>Vesikko</i></a> was built. This submarine was nearly identical to the subsequent German <a href="/wiki/Type_II_submarine" title="Type II submarine">Type II</a> U-boat. A fifth very small 100-ton submarine, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_submarine_Saukko" title="Finnish submarine Saukko">Saukko</a> was built in 1933 as well. In Spain a large 750-ton boat was built between 1929 and 1930. After the Spanish lost interest in the U-boat, they sold it to Turkey where it entered service as <a href="/wiki/TCG_G%C3%BCr_(1936)" title="TCG Gür (1936)">Gür</a>. German sailors assisted in the trials for these submarines. These secret programs were exposed in the <a href="/wiki/Lohmann_Affair" title="Lohmann Affair">Lohmann Affair</a> and as a result the Head of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsmarine" title="Reichsmarine">Reichsmarine</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zenker" title="Hans Zenker">Hans Zenker</a> had to resign. His successor <a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a> continued the policy of secretly breaching the Versailles treaty. On 15 November 1932 a plan was approved for an expansion of the German navy which included U-boats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair31–32_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair31–32-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U-boot_E-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/U-boot_E-1.png/220px-U-boot_E-1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/U-boot_E-1.png/330px-U-boot_E-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/U-boot_E-1.png/440px-U-boot_E-1.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>The Spanish submarine E-1 in Cadiz</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U534.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U534.jpg/220px-U534.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U534.jpg/330px-U534.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U534.jpg/440px-U534.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-534" title="German submarine U-534"><i>U-534</i></a>, a type IX U-boat at Birkenhead Docks, Merseyside, England</figcaption></figure><p>In 1935, Britain sought to control the increasingly apparent breaches of the Versailles Treaty and it concluded in 1935 the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a>. This ended officially the limitation of the Versailles Treaty and allowed Germany to build ships in a 100:35 tonnage ratio to the British fleet. For submarines the Germans obtained a parity in tonnage, but promised a 45 percent limit unless special circumstances arose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes28_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes28-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed 24,000 tons for U-boat building. Only one week after the signature of the agreement, the first of six Type II U-boats, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1" title="German submarine U-1"><i>U-1</i></a> was commissioned in the German Navy, which changed name from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsmarine</i></span> (Imperial Navy) to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i></span> (War Navy).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair34–35_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair34–35-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the year, the Germans commissioned a total of 36 U-boats for a total of 12,500 tons:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair40_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair40-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li>Twenty-four small 250-ton Type II U-boats</li> <li>Ten medium 500-ton Type VII U-boats</li> <li>Two large 750-ton <a href="/wiki/German_Type_I_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type I submarine">Type I</a> U-boats, based on the design of the Spanish submarine</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> was appointed as head of the submarine section of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriegsmarine</i></span>. He believed firmly that in spite of the Anglo-German Naval agreement and Hitler's policy of avoiding conflict with Britain, the next war would be with Britain. Based on these views he requested that the remaining 11,500 tons be used for building twenty-three medium submarines, which were in his opinion the ideal type for the commerce war against British convoys. Raeder however did not share these beliefs and opinions and opted for a more balanced expansion of the submarine fleet:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair40_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair40-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Eight small 250-ton improved type II U-boats</li> <li>Seven medium 500-ton U-boats. The type VII was designed with a single rudder and this had two drawbacks: as the rudder was not in the wash of the two propellers, the rudder response was not good. The stern torpedo tube had also to be mounted externally as the rudder obstructed the exit of an internal tube. As a consequence, this tube could not be reloaded. Hence the type VII was upgraded to type VIIB with dual rudders to improve maneuverability and to fit an internal stern tube with a reload.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterson2003x-xi_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterson2003x-xi-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eight large 750-ton U-boats. The Type I was found to be unsatisfactory: not only had it the same single rudder maneuverability problems of the type VII, but it also had a very poor diving time. The gravity center of the U-boat was too forward, so when surfaced the Type I had its propellers exposed when pitching. Whilst submerged there were problems with depth keeping and stability as air bubbles in the fuel tanks wobbled back and forth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterson2003x-xi_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterson2003x-xi-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence a new <a href="/wiki/German_Type_IX_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type IX submarine">Type IX</a> design for a large U-boat was made</li></ul> <p>Twenty-one of these twenty-three U-boats were commissioned before the start of World War II. In 1937, Britain announced it would expand its submarine fleet from 52,700 to 70,000 tons. Again, Raeder decided that the extra 7,785 tons would be divided between medium and large U-boats:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair45_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair45-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Seven medium 500-ton type VIIB U-boats</li> <li>Five large 750-ton of the improved type IXB U-boats</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80-G-700007_Battle_of_the_Atlantic._German_Submarine_U-233_sinking_after_being_rammed_by_USS_Thomas_(DE_102).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/80-G-700007_Battle_of_the_Atlantic._German_Submarine_U-233_sinking_after_being_rammed_by_USS_Thomas_%28DE_102%29.jpg/220px-80-G-700007_Battle_of_the_Atlantic._German_Submarine_U-233_sinking_after_being_rammed_by_USS_Thomas_%28DE_102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/80-G-700007_Battle_of_the_Atlantic._German_Submarine_U-233_sinking_after_being_rammed_by_USS_Thomas_%28DE_102%29.jpg/330px-80-G-700007_Battle_of_the_Atlantic._German_Submarine_U-233_sinking_after_being_rammed_by_USS_Thomas_%28DE_102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/80-G-700007_Battle_of_the_Atlantic._German_Submarine_U-233_sinking_after_being_rammed_by_USS_Thomas_%28DE_102%29.jpg/440px-80-G-700007_Battle_of_the_Atlantic._German_Submarine_U-233_sinking_after_being_rammed_by_USS_Thomas_%28DE_102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>A type XB submarine sinking in the Atlantic. On the foredeck the vertical mineshafts are visible.</figcaption></figure> <p>During 1938, Hitler changed his attitude towards Britain. Whilst he still hoped that Britain would not interfere in his foreign policy, it became clear to him that he needed a Navy that could act as a deterrent. Hitler wanted to invoke the escape clause of the naval agreement and to have 70,000 tons of submarines. Between May 1938 and January 1939, Raeder ordered 52 more U-boats to be completed by 1942:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair46–47_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair46–47-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Twenty-one medium 500-ton type VIIB U-boats</li> <li>Eleven large 750-ton type IXB U-boats</li> <li>Three very large type XB minelaying U-Boats</li> <li>Four huge type XI U-cruisers</li></ul> <p>In 1939, the ambitious <a href="/wiki/Plan_Z" title="Plan Z">Plan Z</a> was launched. It called for the construction of a German Navy capable of challenging the Royal Navy. The plan included 249 U-boats for a total of 200,000 tons. But when World War II broke out only months after the plan was announced, only a handful of the planned U-boats ended up being built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair46–47_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair46–47-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When World War II started, Germany had 56 U-boats commissioned, of which 46 were operational and only 22 had enough range for Atlantic operations, the other 24 were limited to operations on the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason23_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason23-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments">Developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-5536-01,_Wilhelmshaven,_U-Boot,_Torpedo-%C3%9Cbernahme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-5536-01%2C_Wilhelmshaven%2C_U-Boot%2C_Torpedo-%C3%9Cbernahme.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-5536-01%2C_Wilhelmshaven%2C_U-Boot%2C_Torpedo-%C3%9Cbernahme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-5536-01%2C_Wilhelmshaven%2C_U-Boot%2C_Torpedo-%C3%9Cbernahme.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-5536-01%2C_Wilhelmshaven%2C_U-Boot%2C_Torpedo-%C3%9Cbernahme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-5536-01%2C_Wilhelmshaven%2C_U-Boot%2C_Torpedo-%C3%9Cbernahme.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-5536-01%2C_Wilhelmshaven%2C_U-Boot%2C_Torpedo-%C3%9Cbernahme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>A torpedo is loaded into a U-Boat through a torpedo hatch.</figcaption></figure> <p>Compared to their World War I equivalents, the German U-boat designs of World War II were greatly improved. By using a new steel alloy and by <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">riveting</a>, they had stronger hulls and could dive deeper. The diving time was decreased to thirty seconds for a medium U-boat. The power of diesel engines was increased, so U-boats had a greater surface speed. Range was increased by installing fuel <a href="/wiki/Saddle_tank_(submarine)" title="Saddle tank (submarine)">saddle tanks</a>, which were on open to the sea on the bottom in order to balance pressure, with the diesel fuel floating freely on the seawater within the saddle tank. Also, a technique was developed for economical cruising where only one of the two diesel engines would be run and would drive the two propeller shafts through a coupling with the two electro engines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair37_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair37-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another vast improvement was the introduction of new torpedo types for the U-boats: the classic <a href="/wiki/G7a_torpedo" title="G7a torpedo">G7a torpedo</a> propelled by compressed air had a much larger warhead than its WWI equivalent, but more important was the introduction of the electric <a href="/wiki/G7e_torpedo" title="G7e torpedo">G7e torpedo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBekker129_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekker129-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This torpedo was slower and had less range but it left no telltale bubble wake and was, hence, ideally suited for daylight attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair37_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair37-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During WWI the Germans had briefly experimented with <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_pistol" title="Magnetic pistol">magnetic pistols</a> and these were further developed now as the standard pistol for torpedoes. The classic contact pistol required a torpedo to detonate against the ship's hull, whilst a magnetic torpedo could detonate below a ship, resulting in a much more damaging explosion. Thus, it was hoped that one torpedo would suffice to break the back of a ship, and a U-boat could sink many more ships with its supply of torpedoes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair38_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair38-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBekker120_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekker120-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All U-boats were now also equipped with long- and short-wave transmitters, which enabled them to communicate with bases ashore and with fellow U-boats at sea. This allowed for better operational information and guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair38_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair38-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U-Boat_design_and_layout">U-Boat design and layout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: U-Boat design and layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VIIC_uboat_shaded.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/VIIC_uboat_shaded.svg/400px-VIIC_uboat_shaded.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/VIIC_uboat_shaded.svg/600px-VIIC_uboat_shaded.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/VIIC_uboat_shaded.svg/800px-VIIC_uboat_shaded.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of a Type VII U-boat</figcaption></figure> <p>From bow to stern, A typical U-boat design comprised these sections: </p> <ul><li>Bow torpedo room. The torpedo tubes were loaded but torpedoes needed maintenance so there was space to unload the tubes. Below the floor plates four spare torpedoes were stored. Two more spares were stored above the floorplates where they occupied much of the available space. The crew responsible for the torpedo maintenance and launching had their sleeping bunks in this compartment, along with the lowest ratings on board. As long as the two spare torpedoes above the floorplates were not launched, living conditions were very cramped here. Once launched, space for extra bunks became available but, anyway, there were not enough sleeping bunks for all the crew, and these were 'hot bunks' which switched occupants as they went on or off duty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterson55–56_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterson55–56-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Crew quarters for <a href="/wiki/Officer" title="Officer">officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_petty_officer" title="Chief petty officer">chief petty officers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGannon34_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGannon34-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a battery compartment below decks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The captain had a curtained bunk which faced 2 small rooms: the radio room and the hydrophone room.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGannon34_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGannon34-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Control room. The main large <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscope</a>, for general use, was located here. The rudder, <a href="/wiki/Diving_planes" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving planes">diving planes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballast_tank" title="Ballast tank">ballast</a> and trim tanks were operated here with valves and buttons. Below decks, there was space to retract the periscope and to store ammunition for the deck gun. A cylindrical tube with a ladder led to the <a href="/wiki/Conning_tower" title="Conning tower">conning tower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Conning tower. This space protruded from the cylindrical hull but was still within the pressure hull. Here, the angle and depth settings for the torpedoes were calculated with an analogue data solver. During submerged attacks the captain was on station here, operating the second, smaller attack periscope, which generated less wake at the surface. Above the conning tower was the bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aft crew quarters for <a href="/wiki/Petty_officer" title="Petty officer">petty officers</a>, with another battery compartment below decks. The galley and toilet were also located here.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Engine (diesel) room. The diesel engines needed air, which was supplied through a pipe outside the pressure hull from the bridge, as high as possible from sea level. There was no exhaust pipe; in order to reduce smoke the exhaust was mixed with sea water. The diesel engine could drive an air compressor in order to feed air tanks needed for venting the ballast tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair62_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair62-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VII_C_U-Boot_E-Maschine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/VII_C_U-Boot_E-Maschine.jpg/170px-VII_C_U-Boot_E-Maschine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/VII_C_U-Boot_E-Maschine.jpg/255px-VII_C_U-Boot_E-Maschine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/VII_C_U-Boot_E-Maschine.jpg/340px-VII_C_U-Boot_E-Maschine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The electrical room</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Electrical or motor room. The electric motors were driven by the batteries. Alternatively, when driven by the diesel engines, the motors acted as generators for recharging the batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair62_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair62-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aft torpedo room. Only bigger type IX U-boats had such a compartment. Smaller U-boats did not have aft torpedo tubes at all, or had a single torpedo tube installed in the motor room, with a spare torpedo stored below decks between the engines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair62_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair62-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_(1939–1945)"><span id="World_War_II_.281939.E2.80.931945.29"></span>World War II (1939–1945)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II (1939–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations_2">Operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></div> <p>During World War II, U-boat warfare was the major component of the Battle of the Atlantic, which began in 1939 and ended with Germany's surrender in 1945. British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> later wrote "The only thing that really frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill529_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill529-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cross-Atlantic trade in war supplies and food was extensive and critical for Britain's survival. The continuous action surrounding Allied shipping became known as the Battle of the Atlantic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Base_ssmarin_stnazaire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Base_ssmarin_stnazaire.jpg/220px-Base_ssmarin_stnazaire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Base_ssmarin_stnazaire.jpg/330px-Base_ssmarin_stnazaire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Base_ssmarin_stnazaire.jpg/440px-Base_ssmarin_stnazaire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">U-boat pens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p>As convoying had been key in the defeat of German submarines during World War I, the British began organizing convoys at once in September 1939. The most common U-boat attack against convoys during the early years of the war was conducted on the surface and at night. During 1939 the Germans made a few attempts to attack convoys with their new 'wolfpack' tactic, but these were not successful. The <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">invasion of Norway</a> in April 1940 halted temporarily all U-boat operations against merchant shipping. During the invasion many technical problems with the German torpedoes were exposed and only in August 1940 could the campaign against convoys be revived. There were now fewer U-boats operational than at the beginning of the war, but thanks to the new bases in France and Norway U-boats could reach their operation grounds far more easily. During the following months the U-boats put their 'wolfpack' tactic against convoy in practice with spectacular results. This period, before the Allied forces developed truly effective antisubmarine warfare tactics, was referred to by German submariners as "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">die glückliche Zeit</i></span>" or the <a href="/wiki/First_Happy_Time" title="First Happy Time">First Happy Time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-milHisOnline_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milHisOnline-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the beginning of 1941 British countermeasures began to take effect: in March 1941 the three leading U-boat aces were sunk during convoy battles. In May 1941 the British were able to <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">break</a> into German secret naval <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma</a> communications and could henceforth reroute convoys around U-boat concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes154–155_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes154–155-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When American warships started to escort Atlantic convoys, the U-boats were restricted in their operations as Hitler wanted to avoid possible conflict with the US.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes165_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes165-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign against merchant shipping received further impediments when Hitler interfered on two occasions: first he insisted that a small force of U-boats be kept on station in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> as a precaution against a possible Allied invasion in Norway<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair357–358_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair357–358-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason68_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason68-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and next he ordered a substantial force of U-boats to operate in the Mediterranean in order to support the Italians and <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Rommel's</a> <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason54_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason54-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the US entered war, the focus of U-boat operations shifted to the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada, where no convoys were organized and anti-submarine measures were inadequate. There followed a <a href="/wiki/Second_Happy_Time" title="Second Happy Time">Second Happy Time</a> when U-boats could extend their successful operation to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason72–73_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason72–73-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid 1942 an adequate defense was organized in these regions and then U-boats returned to their original and crucial hunting grounds on the North Atlantic convoy lanes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair654_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair654-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The renewed offensive against convoys reached its climax in March 1943, when two thirds of all ships sunk, were ships sailing in convoys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason108_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason108-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the Allies put effective countermeasures into effect and only two months later on 24 May Dönitz had to stop the campaign due to heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohwer252_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohwer252-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U-boats operated also off the southern African coasts and even as far east as the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. </p><p>By the end of the war, almost 3,000 Allied ships (175 warships; 2,825 merchant ships) had been sunk by U-boat torpedoes.<sup id="cite_ref-Tread_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tread-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total 1131 U-boats entered service before the German surrender, of which 863 have executed war patrols, and 785 were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskell14_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskell14-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook327_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook327-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 154 U-boats surrendered, 121 were scuttled in deep water off <a href="/wiki/Londonderry_Port" title="Londonderry Port">Lisahally</a>, Northern Ireland, or <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ryan" title="Loch Ryan">Loch Ryan</a>, Scotland, in late 1945 and early 1946 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Deadlight" title="Operation Deadlight">Operation Deadlight</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torpedo_developments">Torpedo developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Torpedo developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The U-boats' main weapon was the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Sea_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea mine">mines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deck_gun" title="Deck gun">deck guns</a> (while surfaced) were also used. Early German World War II torpedoes were fitted with one of two types of pistol triggers – impact, which detonated the warhead upon contact with a solid object, and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_pistol" title="Magnetic pistol">magnetic</a>, which detonated upon sensing a change in the magnetic field within a few meters. Initially, the depth-keeping equipment and magnetic and contact exploders were notoriously unreliable. During the first eight months of the war, torpedoes often ran at an improper depth, detonated prematurely, or failed to explode altogether – sometimes bouncing harmlessly off the hull of the target ship. This was most evident in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Operation Weserübung</a>, the invasion of Norway, where various skilled U-boat commanders failed to inflict damage on British transports and warships because of faulty torpedoes. The faults were largely due to a lack of testing. The magnetic detonator was sensitive to mechanical oscillations during the torpedo run, and to fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field at high latitudes. These early magnetic detonators were eventually phased out. The depth-keeping problem remained problematic, not until January 1942 was the last fault discovered by accident: when ventilating the onboard torpedoes during maintenance, it was possible that the excess internal air-pressure in the U-boat offset the depth setting mechanism in the balance chamber of the torpedo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDönitz482_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDönitz482-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair485_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair485-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flachenabsuchender_Torpedo_type_I-firing_positions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flachenabsuchender_Torpedo_type_I-firing_positions.svg/220px-Flachenabsuchender_Torpedo_type_I-firing_positions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flachenabsuchender_Torpedo_type_I-firing_positions.svg/330px-Flachenabsuchender_Torpedo_type_I-firing_positions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flachenabsuchender_Torpedo_type_I-firing_positions.svg/440px-Flachenabsuchender_Torpedo_type_I-firing_positions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>The pattern running of a FAT torpedo</figcaption></figure> <p>In order to give U-boats better opportunities against well-defended convoys, several types of "pattern-running" torpedoes were developed. The FAT (<b>Flächen-Absuch-Torpedo</b> or <b>Federapparat-Torpedo</b>) and LUT (<b>LageUnabhängiger</b> Torpedo) was an electric torpedo which ran straight out to a preset distance, then traveled in either a circular or ladder-like pattern through the convoy lanes. This increased the probability of a hit. The torpedo had one setting to regulate the length of the prerun, after which one of four other possible settings kicked in and made the torpedo zigzag towards either left or right and either on short (1200 m) or long (1900 m) legs. When fired, the firing U-boat sent out a warning to the other U-boats in the vicinity so these could dive to avoid being hit by the random running torpedo. The FAT torpedo became available end of 1942 and was in regular use during the convoy battles of March 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook170–171_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook170–171-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennecke1984389–391_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennecke1984389–391-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany also developed acoustic homing torpedoes. In February 1943 the first acoustic torpedo, the T4 "Falke", was tested on a small scale with moderate success, but this torpedo could only be used against large, slow ships. The acoustic torpedo ran straight to an arming distance of 1000 m and then turned toward the loudest noise detected. Its successor, the <a href="/wiki/G7es_torpedo" title="G7es torpedo">T5 "Zaunkönig</a>", was designed to combat small and fast warships, and entered service in September 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennecke1984391–394_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennecke1984391–394-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies countered acoustic torpedoes with noisemaker decoys such as <i><a href="/wiki/Foxer" title="Foxer">Foxer</a></i>, <i>FXR</i>, <i>CAT</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Fanfare_(decoy)" title="Fanfare (decoy)"><i>Fanfare</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U-boat_developments">U-boat developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: U-boat developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_XXI_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Type_XXI_section.jpg/220px-Type_XXI_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Type_XXI_section.jpg/330px-Type_XXI_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Type_XXI_section.jpg/440px-Type_XXI_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5416" data-file-height="3437" /></a><figcaption>A prefabricated segment of a Type XXI U-boat. The cross-section shows clearly the '8'-shaped hull, where the lower part was used to store large batteries hence the name of 'ElektroBoot'</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1940 the Germans made successful tests with the <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_V-80" title="German submarine V-80">V-80</a> experimental submarine featuring a new type of propulsion: on the surface it used the classic Diesel engines but submerged it used a revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Air-independent_propulsion" title="Air-independent propulsion">air-independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide#Propellant" title="Hydrogen peroxide">propellant</a> system designed by <a href="/wiki/Hellmuth_Walter" title="Hellmuth Walter">Hellmuth Walter</a>. With this Walter-turbine a U-boat could achieve underwater speeds of more than 20 knots, much more than the 4 knot cruising and 6 knot maximum speed of electrical engines powered by batteries. Four more experimental <a href="/wiki/German_Type_XVIIB_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type XVIIB submarine">Type XVIIA</a> U-boats with Walter turbines were built and tested, but the Germans could not put this design in use for a big frontline U-boat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair_Vol210–11_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair_Vol210–11-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes284–285_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes284–285-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike a classic U-boat that could recharge its batteries with the diesel engines, once a Walter U-boat had consumed its hydrogen peroxide propellant it could not submerge anymore. The Germans did not possess the resources and plants to produce sufficient hydrogen peroxide to operate a fleet of Walter submarines. Despite these limitations, 24 frontline Type XVIIB coastal submarines were ordered, but only three were built and none were operational before the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair_Vol2312_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair_Vol2312-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Walter U-boats had very large hulls in order to store the fuel for submerged propulsion. Once it became clear these Walter U-boats would not be operational in time, the Walter U-boat hull design was reused with a different approach: the space for the hydrogen peroxide tanks was used to store much larger batteries. With the much increased battery power U-boats were also able to reach much higher speeds and endurance when submerged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer7–13_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreyer7–13-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the design of an Atlantic Walter U-boat, the <a href="/wiki/German_Type_XXI_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type XXI submarine">Type XXI</a> "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Elektroboot</i></span>" was designed to boost submerged performance. Smaller <a href="/wiki/German_Type_XXIII_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type XXIII submarine">Type XXIII</a> coastal <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Elektroboote</i></span> were also taken into production. These <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Elektroboote</i></span> were mass-produced, with prefabricated segments constructed at different sites and then assembled at the bigger shipyards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair_Vol2312–313_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair_Vol2312–313-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes285–287_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes285–287-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submarine_snorkel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Submarine_snorkel.png/220px-Submarine_snorkel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Submarine_snorkel.png/330px-Submarine_snorkel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Submarine_snorkel.png/440px-Submarine_snorkel.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schnorkel</i></span> mast and air flows</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a> in 1940 the Germans captured some Dutch submarines equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_snorkel" title="Submarine snorkel"><i>Schnorchel</i></a> (snorkel), but saw no need for them until 1943. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schnorchel</i></span> was a retractable pipe that supplied air to the diesel engines while submerged at <a href="/wiki/Periscope_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Periscope depth">periscope depth</a>, allowing the boats to cruise submerged on diesel engines and recharge their batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer8_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreyer8-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was far from a perfect solution: problems occurred with the device's valve sticking shut or closing as it dunked in rough weather; since the system used the entire pressure hull as a buffer, the diesels would instantaneously suck huge volumes of air from the boat's compartments, and the crew often suffered painful ear injuries. Speed was limited to 8 knots (15 km/h), lest the device snap from stress. Whilst running submerged with the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schnorchel</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Gruppenhorchger%C3%A4t" title="Gruppenhorchgerät">Gruppenhorchgerät</a> was useless because of interference with the noisy diesel engines. But the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schnorchel</i></span> allowed the old Type VII and IX U-boats to operate in waters which were previously denied to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes284_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes284-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Allied radar eventually became sufficiently advanced that the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schnorchel</i></span> mast could be detected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classes_2">Classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Type_I_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type I submarine">Type I</a>: first design for a large 750-ton U-boat. Only 2 built as the design was not very successful.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_submarine" title="Type II submarine">Type II</a>: small coastal submarines used mainly for training purposes. The latest subtype IID had saddle tanks which gave it a range to operate in the Atlantic, which it did until 1941</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type VII submarine">Type VII</a>: the "workhorse" of the U-boats with 709 completed in World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Type_IX_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type IX submarine">Type IX</a>: these long-range U-boats operated as far as the Indian Ocean with the Japanese (<a href="/wiki/Monsun_Gruppe" title="Monsun Gruppe">Monsun Gruppe</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Type_X_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type X submarine">Type X</a>: long-range minelayers but mainly used to resupply other U-boats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Type_XIV_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type XIV submarine">Type XIV</a>: unarmed U-boat, used to resupply other U-boats; nicknamed the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Milchkuh</i></span> ("Milk Cow")</li> <li>Type XVII: small experimental coastal submarines powered by experimental hydrogen peroxide propulsion systems, not put into service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Type_XXI_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type XXI submarine">Type XXI</a>: known as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Elektroboot</i></span>. The design was taken into mass production, but only two set out for a war patrol before the end of the war</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Type_XXIII_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type XXIII submarine">Type XXIII</a>: smaller version of the XXI used for coastal operations. operated on a small scale during 1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">Midget submarines</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Biber_(submarine)" title="Biber (submarine)"><i>Biber</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Hai_(midget_submarine)" title="Hai (midget submarine)"><i>Hai</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Molch" title="Molch">Molch</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Seehund" title="Seehund">Seehund</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompleted_U-boat_projects" title="Uncompleted U-boat projects">Uncompleted U-boat projects</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-submarine warfare</a></div> <p>Throughout the war, an <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> evolved between the Allies and the Kriegsmarine. <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> (ASDIC in Britain) allowed Allied warships to detect submerged U-boats, but was not effective against a surfaced vessel; thus, early in the war, a U-boat at night or in bad weather was actually safer on the surface. Advancements in radar became deadly for the U-boat crews, especially once aircraft-mounted units were developed. As a countermeasure, U-boats were fitted with radar warning receivers, to give them ample time to dive before the enemy closed in, as well as more antiaircraft guns, but by early to mid-1943, the Allies switched to <a href="/wiki/Radar_in_World_War_II#Centimetric" title="Radar in World War II">centimetric radar</a> (unknown to Germany), which rendered the radar detectors ineffective. U-boat radar systems were also developed, but many captains chose not to use them for fear of broadcasting their position to the enemy. Against ASDIC the Germans developed <i><a href="/wiki/Bold_(decoy)" title="Bold (decoy)">Bold</a>,</i> a chemical bubble-making decoy. </p><p> Advances in convoy tactics, <a href="/wiki/High-frequency_direction_finding" title="High-frequency direction finding">high-frequency direction finding</a>, referred to as "Huff-Duff", radar, sonar, <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_weapon" title="Anti-submarine weapon">anti-submarine</a> weapons such as "<a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">Hedgehog</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Mark_24_mine" title="Mark 24 mine">FIDO</a>", the intermittent cracking of the German Naval <a href="/wiki/Enigma_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigma code">Enigma code</a>, the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Light" title="Leigh Light">Leigh Light</a>, long range patrol aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a> and the enormous US shipbuilding capacity, all turned the tide against the U-boats. At the same time, the Allies targeted the U-boat shipyards and their bases with <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_German_U-boats_outside_their_pen_at_Trondheim_in_Norway,_19_May_1945._BU6382.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Captured_German_U-boats_outside_their_pen_at_Trondheim_in_Norway%2C_19_May_1945._BU6382.jpg/200px-Captured_German_U-boats_outside_their_pen_at_Trondheim_in_Norway%2C_19_May_1945._BU6382.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Captured_German_U-boats_outside_their_pen_at_Trondheim_in_Norway%2C_19_May_1945._BU6382.jpg/300px-Captured_German_U-boats_outside_their_pen_at_Trondheim_in_Norway%2C_19_May_1945._BU6382.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Captured_German_U-boats_outside_their_pen_at_Trondheim_in_Norway%2C_19_May_1945._BU6382.jpg/400px-Captured_German_U-boats_outside_their_pen_at_Trondheim_in_Norway%2C_19_May_1945._BU6382.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1774" /></a><figcaption>Captured <a href="/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type VII submarine">Type VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Type_IX_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type IX submarine">Type IX</a> U-boats outside their pen in <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>, Norway, 19 May 1945</figcaption></figure><p> In May 1941 code books, an <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a> and its settings were captured from the <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-110_(1940)" title="German submarine U-110 (1940)"><i>U-110</i></a> which could be boarded before she sank. A team including <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> used special-purpose "<a href="/wiki/Bombe" title="Bombe">Bombes</a>" and early <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> to break new German codes as they were introduced. The speedy decoding of messages allowed rerouting convoys around U-boat patrol lines. In February 1942 the naval Enigma machines were altered and this advantage was lost until the new code was broken in October 1942, when <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-559" title="German submarine U-559"><i>U-559</i></a> was boarded as she was sinking, and crucial code books were salvaged. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post–World_War_II_and_Cold_War_(after_1945)"><span id="Post.E2.80.93World_War_II_and_Cold_War_.28after_1945.29"></span>Post–World War II and Cold War (after 1945)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post–World War II and Cold War (after 1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submarines_S194_and_S196.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Submarines_S194_and_S196.jpg/220px-Submarines_S194_and_S196.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Submarines_S194_and_S196.jpg/330px-Submarines_S194_and_S196.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Submarines_S194_and_S196.jpg/440px-Submarines_S194_and_S196.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><i>U-15</i> and <i>U-17</i>, <a href="/wiki/Type_206_submarine" title="Type 206 submarine">Type 206 submarines</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From 1955, the West German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundesmarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesmarine">Bundesmarine</a></i></span> was allowed to have a small navy. Initially, two sunken Type XXIIIs and a Type XXI were raised and repaired. In the 1960s, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) restarted building submarines. Because West Germany was initially restricted to a 450-tonne displacement limit, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesmarine</i></span> focused on small <a href="/wiki/Coastal_submarine" title="Coastal submarine">coastal submarines</a> to protect against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> threat in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. The Germans sought to use advanced technologies to offset the small displacement, such as <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">amagnetic</a> steel to protect against <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_anomaly_detector" title="Magnetic anomaly detector">magnetic anomaly detectors</a>. </p><p>The initial <a href="/wiki/Type_201_submarine" title="Type 201 submarine">Type 201</a> was a failure because of hull cracking; the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Type_205_submarine" title="Type 205 submarine">Type 205</a>, first commissioned in 1967, was a success, so 12 were built for the German navy. To continue the U-boat tradition, the new boats received the classic "U" designation starting with the <i>U-1</i>. </p><p>With the Danish government's purchase of two Type 205 boats, the West German government realized the potential for the submarine as an export, developing a customized version <a href="/wiki/Kobben-class_submarine" title="Kobben-class submarine">Type 207</a>. Small and agile submarines were built during the Cold War to operate in the shallow Baltic Sea, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Type_206_submarine" title="Type 206 submarine">Type 206</a>. Three of the improved Type 206 boats were later sold to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Navy" title="Israeli Navy">Israeli Navy</a>, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Gal-class_submarine" title="Gal-class submarine">Type 540</a>. The German <a href="/wiki/Type_209_submarine" title="Type 209 submarine">Type 209</a> diesel-electric submarine was the most popular export-sales submarine in the world from the late 1960s into the first years of the 21st century. With a larger 1,000–1,500 tonne displacement, the class was very customizable and has seen service with 14 navies, with 51 examples being built as of 2006. Germany continued to reap successes with derivations or on the basis of the successful type 209, as are the <a href="/wiki/Dolphin-class_submarine" title="Dolphin-class submarine">Type 800</a> sold to Israel and the <a href="/wiki/TR-1700-class_submarine" title="TR-1700-class submarine">TR-1700</a> sold to Argentina. </p><p>Germany continued to succeed as an exporter of submarines as the <a href="/wiki/Ula-class_submarine" title="Ula-class submarine">Klasse 210</a> sold to Norway, considered the most silent and maneuverable submarines in the world. This demonstrated its capacity and put its export seal on the world. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U_Boot_212_HDW_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/U_Boot_212_HDW_1.jpg/220px-U_Boot_212_HDW_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/U_Boot_212_HDW_1.jpg/330px-U_Boot_212_HDW_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/U_Boot_212_HDW_1.jpg/440px-U_Boot_212_HDW_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2009" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Type_212_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 212 submarine">Type 212 submarine</a> with air-independent propulsion of the <a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a> in dock at <a href="/wiki/Howaldtswerke" class="mw-redirect" title="Howaldtswerke">HDW</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Germany has brought the U-boat name into the 21st century with the new <a href="/wiki/Type_212_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 212 submarine">Type 212</a>; it features an air-independent propulsion system using <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a>. This system is safer than previous closed-cycle diesel engines and steam turbines, cheaper than a nuclear reactor, and quieter than either. While the Type 212 is also being purchased by Italy<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Norway,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerg_Bentzrød_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerg_Bentzrød-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Type_214_submarine" title="Type 214 submarine">Type 214</a> has been designed as the follow-on export model and has been sold to Greece, South Korea, and Turkey, and based on it would get the <a href="/wiki/Tridente-class_submarine" title="Tridente-class submarine">Type U 209PN</a> sold to Portugal. </p><p>In recent years Germany introduced new models such as the <a href="/wiki/Type_216_submarine" title="Type 216 submarine">Type 216</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Invincible-class_submarine" title="Invincible-class submarine">Type 218</a>, the latter being sold to Singapore. </p><p>In 2016, Germany commissioned its newest U-boat, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-36_(S186)" title="German submarine U-36 (S186)">the <i>U-36</i>, a Type 212</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boats_never_deployed" title="List of U-boats never deployed">List of U-boats never deployed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_successful_U-boats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of successful U-boats">List of successful U-boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boats_of_Germany" title="List of U-boats of Germany">List of U-boats of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-boat" class="mw-redirect" title="I-boat">I-boat</a>, Japanese equivalent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Knight%27s_Cross_recipients_of_the_U-boat_service" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Knight's Cross recipients of the U-boat service">List of Knight's Cross recipients of the U-boat service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bold_(decoy)" title="Bold (decoy)">Bold (decoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieglinde_(decoy)" title="Sieglinde (decoy)">Sieglinde (decoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Wireless_Museum" title="Orkney Wireless Museum">Orkney Wireless Museum</a> contains an example of a U-boat radio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ltenort_U-Boat_Memorial" title="Möltenort U-Boat Memorial">Möltenort U-Boat Memorial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Boot" title="Das Boot">Das Boot</a></i>, 1981 German U-boat film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Boot_(2018_TV_series)" title="Das Boot (2018 TV series)"><i>Das Boot</i></a>, 2018 television series</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aces_of_the_Deep" title="Aces of the Deep">Aces of the Deep</a></i>, 1994 U-boat simulator <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Hunter_II" title="Silent Hunter II">Silent Hunter II</a></i>, second of a series</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Hunter_III" title="Silent Hunter III">Silent Hunter III</a></i>, third of a series</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uboat_(video_game)" title="Uboat (video game)"><i>Uboat</i></a>, 2024 U-boat simulator</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair10–19-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair10–19_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, pp. 10–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair38–39-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair38–39_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowell23-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowell23_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShowell">Showell</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaffin53-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaffin53_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaffin">Chaffin</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowell201-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowell201_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShowell">Showell</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowell22–29-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowell22–29_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShowell">Showell</a>, pp. 22–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair6_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair6_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowell30-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowell30_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShowell">Showell</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair7-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair7_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowell36–37-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowell36–37_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShowell">Showell</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair9–11-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair9–11_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, pp. 9–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair10–13-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair10–13_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, pp. 10–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair13–19-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair13–19_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, pp. 13–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing-Hall229–242-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing-Hall229–242_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing-Hall">King-Hall</a>, pp. 229–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair18-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair18_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter428-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter428_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter428_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter">Clodfelter</a>, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer16-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer16_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer">Fischer</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumble25-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumble25_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumble">Humble</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes26-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes26_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCostello_&_Hughes">Costello & Hughes</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair24-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair24_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair31-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair31_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair31–32-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair31–32_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes28-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes28_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCostello_&_Hughes">Costello & Hughes</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair34–35-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair34–35_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair40-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair40_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair40_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterson2003x-xi-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterson2003x-xi_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterson2003x-xi_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaterson2003">Paterson 2003</a>, p. x-xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair45-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair45_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair46–47-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair46–47_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair46–47_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason23-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason23_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason">Mason</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair37-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair37_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair37_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekker129-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBekker129_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBekker">Bekker</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair38-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair38_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair38_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekker120-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBekker120_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBekker">Bekker</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair57–59_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, pp. 57–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterson55–56-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterson55–56_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaterson">Paterson</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGannon34-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGannon34_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGannon34_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGannon">Gannon</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair62-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair62_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair62_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair62_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill529-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill529_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurchill">Churchill</a>, p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-milHisOnline-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-milHisOnline_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/atlantic/uboatwar.aspx">"Military History Online"</a>. <i>www.militaryhistoryonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.militaryhistoryonline.com&rft.atitle=Military+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryhistoryonline.com%2Fwwii%2Fatlantic%2Fuboatwar.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes154–155-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes154–155_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCostello_&_Hughes">Costello & Hughes</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes165-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes165_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCostello_&_Hughes">Costello & Hughes</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair357–358-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair357–358_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, pp. 357–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason68-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason68_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason">Mason</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason54-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason54_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason">Mason</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason72–73-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason72–73_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason">Mason</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair654-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair654_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 654.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason108-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason108_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason">Mason</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERohwer252-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohwer252_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRohwer">Rohwer</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tread-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tread_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocker_III2006" class="citation book cs1">Crocker III, H. W. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/310"><i>Don't Tread on Me</i></a></span>. New York: Crown Forum. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/310">310</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5363-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5363-6"><bdi>978-1-4000-5363-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Tread+on+Me&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Crown+Forum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5363-6&rft.aulast=Crocker+III&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdonttreadonme40000croc%2Fpage%2F310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskell14-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskell14_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaskell">Haskell</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook327-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook327_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrook">Middlebrook</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDönitz482-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDönitz482_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDönitz">Dönitz</a>, p. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair485-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair485_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook170–171-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook170–171_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrook">Middlebrook</a>, pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennecke1984389–391-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennecke1984389–391_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennecke1984">Brennecke 1984</a>, pp. 389–391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennecke1984391–394-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennecke1984391–394_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennecke1984">Brennecke 1984</a>, pp. 391–394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair_Vol210–11-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair_Vol210–11_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair_Vol2">Blair Vol2</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes284–285-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes284–285_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCostello_&_Hughes">Costello & Hughes</a>, pp. 284–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair_Vol2312-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair_Vol2312_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair_Vol2">Blair Vol2</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreyer7–13-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer7–13_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreyer">Breyer</a>, pp. 7–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair_Vol2312–313-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair_Vol2312–313_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair_Vol2">Blair Vol2</a>, pp. 312–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes285–287-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes285–287_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCostello_&_Hughes">Costello & Hughes</a>, pp. 285–287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreyer8-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer8_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreyer">Breyer</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes284-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello_&_Hughes284_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCostello_&_Hughes">Costello & Hughes</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/u212a-todaro-class-submarines/">"Naval Technology on the Todaro class"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naval+Technology+on+the+Todaro+class&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fu212a-todaro-class-submarines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerg_Bentzrød-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerg_Bentzrød_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerg_Bentzrød">Berg Bentzrød</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekker" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bekker, Cajus (1971). <i>Verdammte See</i> (in German). Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-548-03057-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-548-03057-2"><bdi>3-548-03057-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdammte+See&rft.place=Oldenburg&rft.pub=Gerhard+Stalling+Verlag&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=3-548-03057-2&rft.aulast=Bekker&rft.aufirst=Cajus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg_Bentzrød" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berg Bentzrød, Sveinung (3 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/norge/Forsvaret-kjoper-nye-ubater-fra-Tyskland-614432b.html">"Forsvaret kjøper nye ubåter fra Tyskland"</a> [The Armed Forces are purchasing new submarines from Germany]. <i><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a></i> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>: Aftenposten AS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=Forsvaret+kj%C3%B8per+nye+ub%C3%A5ter+fra+Tyskland&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft.aulast=Berg+Bentzr%C3%B8d&rft.aufirst=Sveinung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fnorge%2FForsvaret-kjoper-nye-ubater-fra-Tyskland-614432b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Clay (1998). <i>Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942</i>. Vol. 1. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35260-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35260-8"><bdi>0-304-35260-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+U-Boat+War%3A+The+Hunters+1939%E2%80%931942&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-304-35260-8&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair_Vol2" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Clay (1998). <i>Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942–1945</i>. Vol. 2. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35261-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35261-6"><bdi>0-304-35261-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+U-Boat+War%3A+The+Hunted+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-304-35261-6&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Breyer, Siegfried (1996). <i>Wunderwaffe Elektro-Uboot Typ XXI</i> (in German). Podzun-Pallas-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7909-0587-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-7909-0587-9"><bdi>3-7909-0587-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wunderwaffe+Elektro-Uboot+Typ+XXI&rft.pub=Podzun-Pallas-Verlag&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-7909-0587-9&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennecke1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brennecke, Jochen (1984). <i>Die Wende im U-Boot Krieg. Ursachen und Folgen 1939–1943</i> (in German) (2nd ed.). München: Wilhelm Heyne Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-453-03667-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-453-03667-0"><bdi>3-453-03667-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Wende+im+U-Boot+Krieg.+Ursachen+und+Folgen+1939%E2%80%931943&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wilhelm+Heyne+Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3-453-03667-0&rft.aulast=Brennecke&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaffin" class="citation book cs1">Chaffin, Tom (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQcjlDMjXFoC"><i>The H. L. Hunley: The Secret Hope of the Confederacy</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1429990356" title="Special:BookSources/978-1429990356"><bdi>978-1429990356</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2016</span>. <q>Bauer's boat made a promising start, diving in tests in the Baltic Sea's Bay of Kiel to depths of more than 50 feet. In 1855, during one of those tests, the boat malfunctioned. The <i>Brandtaucher</i> plunged 54 vertical feet and refused to ascend from the seafloor. Bauer and his crew – leaving their craft on the bottom – barely escaped with their crewmates' lives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+H.+L.+Hunley%3A+The+Secret+Hope+of+the+Confederacy&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1429990356&rft.aulast=Chaffin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQcjlDMjXFoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Winston (1948). <i>The Second World War, Volume 2: Their Finest Hour</i>. Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%2C+Volume+2%3A+Their+Finest+Hour.&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (4th ed.). McFarland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello_&_Hughes" class="citation book cs1">Costello, John; Hughes, Terry (1977). <i>The Battle of the Atlantic</i>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-635325-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-635325-8"><bdi>0-00-635325-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Atlantic&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-00-635325-8&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDönitz" class="citation book cs1">Dönitz, Karl (1990). <i>Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days</i>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-780-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-780-1"><bdi>0-87021-780-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs%3A+Ten+Years+and+Twenty+Days&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87021-780-1&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6nitz&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fischer, Bruno (1960). <i>Ehrenbuch des Orden vom Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz e.V. und die Geschichte der Ordens-Gemeinschaft, Die Ordens-Sammlung</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ehrenbuch+des+Orden+vom+Milit%C3%A4r-Verdienst-Kreuz+e.V.+und+die+Geschichte+der+Ordens-Gemeinschaft%2C+Die+Ordens-Sammlung&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon" class="citation book cs1">Gannon, Michael (1998). <i>Black May. The epic story of the Allies' defeat of the German U-boats in May 1943</i>. Aurum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85410-588-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85410-588-4"><bdi>1-85410-588-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+May.+The+epic+story+of+the+Allies%27+defeat+of+the+German+U-boats+in+May+1943&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85410-588-4&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskell" class="citation book cs1">Haskell, Winthrop A. (1998). <i>Shadows on the Horizon. The battle of Convoy HX-233</i>. London: Chatham Publishin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-081-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86176-081-7"><bdi>1-86176-081-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+on+the+Horizon.+The+battle+of+Convoy+HX-233&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatham+Publishin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-86176-081-7&rft.aulast=Haskell&rft.aufirst=Winthrop+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumble" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Humble, Richard (1974). <i>De Duitse Kriegsmarine</i> (in Dutch) (2nd ed.). Antwerp: Standaard Uitgeverij. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-02-12787-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-02-12787-1"><bdi>90-02-12787-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Duitse+Kriegsmarine&rft.place=Antwerp&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Standaard+Uitgeverij&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=90-02-12787-1&rft.aulast=Humble&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing-Hall" class="citation web cs1">King-Hall, Stephen (19 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/northseadiary00kingiala">"A North Sea diary, 1914–1918 / Commander Stephen King-Hall"</a>. London: Newnes – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+North+Sea+diary%2C+1914%E2%80%931918+%2F+Commander+Stephen+King-Hall&rft.pub=London%3A+Newnes&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft.aulast=King-Hall&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthseadiary00kingiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mason, David (1994). <i>Duikbootoorlog. Onderzeeboten tegen konvooien</i> (in Dutch). Antwerp: Standaard Uitgeverij. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-02-18166-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-02-18166-3"><bdi>90-02-18166-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duikbootoorlog.+Onderzeeboten+tegen+konvooien&rft.place=Antwerp&rft.pub=Standaard+Uitgeverij&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=90-02-18166-3&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlebrook" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Middlebrook" title="Martin Middlebrook">Middlebrook, Martin</a> (1976). <i>Convoy</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-016695-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-016695-5"><bdi>0-14-016695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convoy&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-14-016695-5&rft.aulast=Middlebrook&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paterson, Lawrence (2005). <i>U-564 auf Feindfahrt – 70 Tage an Bord</i> (in German) (3rd ed.). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-548-26664-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-548-26664-0"><bdi>978-3-548-26664-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U-564+auf+Feindfahrt+%E2%80%93+70+Tage+an+Bord&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Motorbuch+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-548-26664-0&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2003" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, Lawrence (2003). <i>Second U-Boat Flottila</i>. Leo Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-917-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85052-917-4"><bdi>0-85052-917-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+U-Boat+Flottila&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-85052-917-4&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohwer" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rohwer" title="Jürgen Rohwer">Rohwer, Jürgen</a> (2005). <i>Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two</i>. Annapolis: US Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-119-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-119-8"><bdi>978-1-59114-119-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+War+at+Sea%2C+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Naval+History+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=US+Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-119-8&rft.aulast=Rohwer&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowell" class="citation book cs1">Showell, Jak Mallmann (2006). <i>The U-boat Century: German Submarine Warfare, 1906–2006</i>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-892-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-892-8"><bdi>1-59114-892-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U-boat+Century%3A+German+Submarine+Warfare%2C+1906%E2%80%932006&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59114-892-8&rft.aulast=Showell&rft.aufirst=Jak+Mallmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-boat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abbatiello, John (2005) <i>Anti-Submarine Warfare in World War I: British Naval Aviation and the Defeat of the U-Boats</i></li> <li>Buchheim, Lothar-Günther. <i>Das Boot</i> (original German edition 1973, eventually translated into English and many other Western languages). <a href="/wiki/Das_Boot" title="Das Boot">Movie adaptation</a> in 1981, directed by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Petersen" title="Wolfgang Petersen">Wolfgang Petersen</a></li> <li>Gannon, Michael (1990) <i>Operation Drumbeat</i>. Naval Institute Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-302-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-302-4">978-1-59114-302-4</a></li> <li>Gray, Edwyn A. (1994) <i>The U-Boat War, 1914–1918</i></li> <li>Hans Joachim Koerver (2010) <i>German Submarine Warfare 1914–1918 in the Eyes of British Intelligence</i>, LIS Reinisch, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902433-79-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902433-79-4">978-3-902433-79-4</a></li> <li>Kurson, Robert (2004) <i>Shadow Divers: The True Adventure of Two Americans Who Risked Everything to Solve One of the Last Mysteries of World War II</i>. Random House Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50858-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50858-9">0-375-50858-9</a></li> <li>Möller, Eberhard and Werner Brack (2006) <i>The Encyclopedia of U-Boats: From 1904 to the Present</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-623-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-623-3">1-85367-623-3</a></li> <li>O'Connor, Jerome M. (June 2000) "Inside the Grey Wolves' Den". <i>Naval History</i>. The US Naval Institute Author of the Year feature describes the building and operation of the German U-boat bases in France.</li> <li>Preston, Antony (2005) <i>The World's Greatest Submarines</i>.</li> <li>Stern, Robert C. (1999) <i>Battle Beneath the Waves: U-boats at war</i>. Arms and Armor/Sterling Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-200-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-200-6">1-85409-200-6</a>.</li> <li>van der Vat, Dan (1988) <i>The Atlantic Campaign</i>. Harper & Row. Connects submarine and antisubmarine operations between World War I and World War II, and suggests a continuous war.</li> <li>Von Scheck, Karl. <i>U122: The Diary of a U-boat Commander</i>. Diggory Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84685-049-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84685-049-3">978-1-84685-049-3</a></li> <li>Georg von Trapp and Elizabeth M. Campbell (2007) <i>To the Last Salute: Memories of an Austrian U-Boat Commander</i></li> <li>Westwood, David (2005) <i>U-Boat War: Doenitz and the evolution of the German Submarine Service 1935–1945</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932033-43-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-932033-43-2">1-932033-43-2</a></li> <li>Werner, Herbert. <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Coffins" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Coffins">Iron Coffins: A Personal Account of the German U-Boat Battles of World War II</a></i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35330-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35330-9">978-0-304-35330-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-boat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/U-boat" class="extiw" title="commons:U-boat"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">U-boat</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1917">U-112 and U-53 Submarine Collection</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U-boats" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uboat" title="Template:Uboat"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uboat" title="Template talk:Uboat"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uboat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uboat"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U-boats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U-boats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Mediterranean U-boat campaign of World War I">Mediterranean (World War I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean U-boat campaign of World War II">Mediterranean (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Regenbogen_(U-boat)" title="Operation Regenbogen (U-boat)">Operation <i>Regenbogen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deadlight" title="Operation Deadlight">Operation <i>Deadlight</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_U-boats" title="Lists of U-boats">U-boat lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_U-boats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German U-boats">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boat_types" title="List of U-boat types">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_successful_German_U-boats" title="List of most successful German U-boats">Most successful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_U-boats" title="Foreign U-boats">Foreign captured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boats_never_deployed" title="List of U-boats never deployed">Never deployed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompleted_U-boat_projects" title="Uncompleted U-boat projects">Uncompleted projects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austro-Hungarian_U-boats" title="List of Austro-Hungarian U-boats">Austro-Hungarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_U-boat_classes" title="Austro-Hungarian U-boat classes">Classes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Befehlshaber_der_U-Boote" title="Befehlshaber der U-Boote">BdU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_der_Unterseeboote" title="Führer der Unterseeboote">FdU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_U-boat_commanders" title="List of World War I U-boat commanders">World War I commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_U-boat_commanders" title="List of World War II U-boat commanders">World War II commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_recipients_of_the_U-boat_service" title="List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the U-boat service">Knight's Cross recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">Wolfpacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wolfpacks_of_World_War_II" title="List of wolfpacks of World War II">List of wolfpacks of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Wolfpack Blücher"><i>Blücher</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Borkum" title="Wolfpack Borkum"><i>Borkum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Delphin_II" title="Wolfpack Delphin II"><i>Delphin II</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Dr%C3%A4nger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfpack Dränger"><i>Dränger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Eisb%C3%A4r" title="Wolfpack Eisbär"><i>Eisbär</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Eisteufel" title="Wolfpack Eisteufel"><i>Eisteufel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Endrass" title="Wolfpack Endrass"><i>Endrass</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Hai" title="Wolfpack Hai"><i>Hai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann%27s_wolfpack" title="Hartmann's wolfpack"><i>Hartmann</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Hecht" title="Wolfpack Hecht"><i>Hecht</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kiebitz" title="Operation Kiebitz"><i>Kiebitz</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Kreuzotter" title="Wolfpack Kreuzotter"><i>Kreuzotter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Leuthen" title="Wolfpack Leuthen"><i>Leuthen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Lohs" title="Wolfpack Lohs"><i>Lohs</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Pfadfinder" title="Wolfpack Pfadfinder"><i>Pfadfinder</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Pfeil" title="Wolfpack Pfeil"><i>Pfeil</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Prien" title="Wolfpack Prien"><i>Prien</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Raubgraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfpack Raubgraf"><i>Raubgraf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6sing%27s_wolfpack" title="Rösing's wolfpack"><i>Rösing</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Rossbach" title="Wolfpack Rossbach"><i>Rossbach</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Schill" title="Wolfpack Schill"><i>Schill</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Schlieffen" title="Wolfpack Schlieffen"><i>Schlieffen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Seewolf" title="Wolfpack Seewolf"><i>Seewolf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Steinbrinck" title="Wolfpack Steinbrinck"><i>Steinbrinck</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Siegfried" title="Wolfpack Siegfried"><i>Siegfried</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Streitaxt" title="Wolfpack Streitaxt"><i>Streitaxt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_T%C3%BCmmler" title="Wolfpack Tümmler"><i>Tümmler</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Vorw%C3%A4rts" title="Wolfpack Vorwärts"><i>Vorwärts</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Weddigen" title="Wolfpack Weddigen"><i>Weddigen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_West" title="Wolfpack West"><i>West</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Wolf" title="Wolfpack Wolf"><i>Wolf</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_7" title="Convoy SC 7">Convoy SC 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_PQ_17" title="Convoy PQ 17">Convoy PQ 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ONS_5" title="Convoy ONS 5">Convoy ONS 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_battle_of_the_battleship_Bismarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Last battle of the battleship Bismarck"><i>Bismarck</i> chase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boat_flotillas" title="List of U-boat flotillas">U-boat flotillas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_Flottille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I Flottille (page does not exist)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=II_Flottille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="II Flottille (page does not exist)">II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=III_Flottille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="III Flottille (page does not exist)">III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IV_Flottille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IV Flottille (page does not exist)">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanders_U-boat_flotillas" title="Flanders U-boat flotillas">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurland_Flotilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurland Flotilla (page does not exist)">Kurland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pola_Flotilla" title="Pola Flotilla">Pola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Flotilla" title="Constantinople Flotilla">Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boat_regions" title="List of U-boat regions">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_U-boat_Flotilla" title="1st U-boat Flotilla">1.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="2nd U-boat Flotilla">2.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="3rd U-boat Flotilla">3.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="4th U-boat Flotilla">4.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="5th U-boat Flotilla">5.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="6th U-boat Flotilla">6.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="7th U-boat Flotilla">7.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="8th U-boat Flotilla">8.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="9th U-boat Flotilla">9.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="10th U-boat Flotilla">10.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="11th U-boat Flotilla">11.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="12th U-boat Flotilla">12.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="13th U-boat Flotilla">13.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="14th U-boat Flotilla">14.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="18th U-boat Flotilla">18.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="19th U-boat Flotilla">19.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="20th U-boat Flotilla">20.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_U-boat_Flotilla" title="21st U-boat Flotilla">21.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="22nd U-boat Flotilla">22.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="23rd U-boat Flotilla">23.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="24th U-boat Flotilla">24.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="25th U-boat Flotilla">25.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="26th U-boat Flotilla">26.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="27th U-boat Flotilla">27.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="29th U-boat Flotilla">29.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="30th U-boat Flotilla">30.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_U-boat_Flotilla" title="31st U-boat Flotilla">31.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="32nd U-boat Flotilla">32.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33rd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="33rd U-boat Flotilla">33.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">Capital ships</a> sunk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Britannia_(1904)" title="HMS Britannia (1904)">HMS <i>Britannia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Cornwallis_(1901)" title="HMS Cornwallis (1901)">HMS <i>Cornwallis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Danton" title="French battleship Danton">French battleship <i>Danton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Formidable_(1898)" title="HMS Formidable (1898)">HMS <i>Formidable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Gaulois" title="French battleship Gaulois"><i>Gaulois</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Peresvet" title="Russian battleship Peresvet">Russian battleship <i>Peresvet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Majestic_(1895)" title="HMS Majestic (1895)">HMS <i>Majestic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Regina_Margherita" title="Italian battleship Regina Margherita">Italian battleship <i>Regina Margherita</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Russell_(1901)" title="HMS Russell (1901)">HMS <i>Russell</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Suffren" title="French battleship Suffren">French battleship <i>Suffren</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Triumph_(1903)" title="HMS Triumph (1903)">HMS <i>Triumph</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(91)" title="HMS Ark Royal (91)">HMS <i>Ark Royal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Barham_(04)" title="HMS Barham (04)">HMS <i>Barham</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Courageous_(50)" title="HMS Courageous (50)">HMS <i>Courageous</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Eagle_(1918)" title="HMS Eagle (1918)">HMS <i>Eagle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_Oak_(08)" title="HMS Royal Oak (08)">HMS <i>Royal Oak</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anechoic_tile" title="Anechoic tile">Anechoic tile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektroboot" title="Elektroboot">Elektroboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FuG_200_Hohentwiel" title="FuG 200 Hohentwiel">FuG 200 Hohentwiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">Hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Leigh light">Leigh light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_24_mine" title="Mark 24 mine">Mark 24 mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metox_radar_detector" title="Metox radar detector">Metox radar detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousetrap_(weapon)" title="Mousetrap (weapon)">Mousetrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bold_(decoy)" title="Bold (decoy)">Pillenwerfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieglinde_(decoy)" title="Sieglinde (decoy)">Sieglinde (decoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_snorkel" title="Submarine snorkel">Snorkel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">Unrestricted submarine warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_U-boat" title="Rocket U-boat">Rocket U-boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Bases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="World_War_II" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorient_Submarine_Base" title="Lorient Submarine Base">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_submarine_base" title="Saint-Nazaire submarine base">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_submarine_pens" title="Valentin submarine pens">Valentin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_U-boat_bases_in_occupied_Norway" title="German U-boat bases in occupied Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dora_I" title="Dora I">Dora I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_II" title="Dora II">Dora II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Naval_ships_and_warships_in_19th_and_20th_centuries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template talk:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Naval_ships_and_warships_in_19th_and_20th_centuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naval_ship" title="Naval ship">Naval ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> in 19th and 20th centuries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_ship_classes_in_service" title="List of naval ship classes in service">Naval ship classes in service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_classes_in_service" title="List of submarine classes in service">submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auxiliary_ship_classes_in_service" title="List of auxiliary ship classes in service">auxiliary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_geography" title="Maritime geography">Operational zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown-water navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gun placement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">Broadside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_battery_ship" title="Central battery ship">Central battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Turrets</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">Amphibious assault ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare_carrier" title="Anti-submarine warfare carrier">Anti-submarine warfare carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_carrier" title="Balloon carrier">Balloon carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlecarrier" title="Battlecarrier">Battlecarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAM_ship" title="CAM ship">CAM ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">Escort carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_catapult_ship" title="Fighter catapult ship">Fighter catapult ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">Fleet carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_deck_cruiser" title="Flight deck cruiser">Flight deck cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_carrier" title="Helicopter carrier">Helicopter carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdiction_Assault_Ship" title="Interdiction Assault Ship">Interdiction Assault Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">Light aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_aircraft_carrier" title="Merchant aircraft carrier">Merchant aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">Seaplane tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercarrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercarrier">Supercarrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">Battleships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_ship" title="Coastal defence ship">Coastal defence ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_battleship" title="Fast battleship">Fast battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">Pre-dreadnought battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought#Super-dreadnoughts" title="Dreadnought">Super-dreadnought</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard-type_battleship" title="Standard-type battleship">Standard-type battleship</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_battleship" title="Treaty battleship">Treaty battleship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">Cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cruiser" title="Aircraft cruiser">Aircraft cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">Armored cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">Battlecruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_missile_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile cruiser">Guided missile cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">Heavy cruiser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschland-class_cruiser" title="Deutschland-class cruiser">Pocket battleship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">Light cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_raider" title="Merchant raider">Merchant raider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">Protected cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_cruiser" title="Scout cruiser">Scout cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_cruiser" title="Strike cruiser">Strike cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_cruiser" title="Torpedo cruiser">Torpedo cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unprotected_cruiser" title="Unprotected cruiser">Unprotected cruiser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escort</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviso" title="Aviso">Aviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_rescue_ship" title="Convoy rescue ship">Convoy rescue ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">Destroyer escort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_leader" title="Destroyer leader">Destroyer leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_destroyer" title="Escort destroyer">Escort destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escorteur" title="Escorteur">Escorteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided-missile_destroyer" title="Guided-missile destroyer">Guided-missile destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaib%C5%8Dkan" title="Kaibōkan">Kaibōkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_picket" title="Radar picket">Radar picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_transport_dock" title="Amphibious transport dock">Amphibious transport dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare_ship" title="Amphibious warfare ship">Amphibious warfare ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_transport" title="Attack transport">Attack transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock_landing_ship" title="Dock landing ship">Dock landing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft_carrier" title="Landing craft carrier">Landing craft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Support" title="Landing Craft Support">Landing Craft Support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Heavy" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Heavy">Landing Ship Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_ship,_infantry" title="Landing ship, infantry">Landing ship, infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Logistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Logistics">Landing Ship Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Medium" title="Landing Ship Medium">Landing Ship Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank" title="Landing Ship, Tank">Landing Ship, Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Vehicle">Landing Ship Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troopship" title="Troopship">Troopship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patrol craft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_boarding_steamer" title="Armed boarding steamer">Armed boarding steamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_yacht" title="Armed yacht">Armed yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_motor_boat" title="Coastal motor boat">Coastal motor boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">Gunboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_defence_motor_launch" title="Harbour defence motor launch">Harbour defence motor launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_launch_(naval)" title="Motor launch (naval)">Motor launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_drifter" title="Naval drifter">Naval drifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_trawler" title="Naval trawler">Naval trawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_boarding_vessel" title="Ocean boarding vessel">Ocean boarding vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_gun_boat" title="Steam gun boat">Steam gun boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_chaser" title="Submarine chaser">Submarine chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">Torpedo boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fast_attack_craft" title="Fast attack craft">Fast attack craft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-boat" title="E-boat">E-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS_(motorboat)" title="MAS (motorboat)">MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_gunboat" title="Motor gunboat">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_boat" title="Missile boat">Missile boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat" title="Motor torpedo boat">MTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_explosive_motorboat" title="MT explosive motorboat">MTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSM_motor_torpedo_boat" title="MTSM motor torpedo boat">MTSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27y%C5%8D-class_suicide_motorboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin'yō-class suicide motorboat">Shin'yō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mine warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danlayer" title="Danlayer">Danlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_minesweeper" title="Destroyer minesweeper">Destroyer minesweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_countermeasures_vessel" title="Mine countermeasures vessel">Mine countermeasures vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_planter" title="Mine planter">Mine planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minehunter" title="Minehunter">Minehunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">Minelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">Minesweeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Command and support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenities_ship" title="Amenities ship">Amenities ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_ship" title="Ammunition ship">Ammunition ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_repair_dock" title="Auxiliary repair dock">Auxiliary repair dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_stores_ship" title="Combat stores ship">Combat stores ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_ship" title="Command ship">Command ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depot_ship" title="Depot ship">Depot ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_tender" title="Destroyer tender">Destroyer tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispatch_boat" title="Dispatch boat">Dispatch boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_combat_support_ship" title="Fast combat support ship">Fast combat support ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_stores_issue_ship" title="General stores issue ship">General stores issue ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">Hospital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_support_ship" title="Joint support ship">Joint support ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Naval tugboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_laying_ship" title="Net laying ship">Net laying ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repair_ship" title="Repair ship">Repair ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replenishment_oiler" title="Replenishment oiler">Replenishment oiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_tender" title="Submarine tender">Submarine tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_submarine" title="Attack submarine">Attack submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">Ballistic missile submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_submarine" title="Coastal submarine">Coastal submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missile submarine">Cruise missile submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_submarine" title="Cruiser submarine">Cruiser submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">DSRV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_submarine" title="Fleet submarine">Fleet submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">Midget submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_aircraft_carrier" title="Submarine aircraft carrier">Submarine aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantman" title="Armed merchantman">Armed merchantman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_ship" title="Arsenal ship">Arsenal ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_ship" title="Barracks ship">Barracks ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_monitor" title="Breastwork monitor">Breastwork monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">Capital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_carrier" title="Drone carrier">Drone carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">Flagship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_battery" title="Floating battery">Floating battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_ship" title="Guard ship">Guard ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral combat ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_ship" title="Mother ship">Mother ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_monitor" title="River monitor">River monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_ship" title="Training ship">Training ship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ship_types" title="Template:Ship types">Ship types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template:Sailing vessels and 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