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id="articlecount"><a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">6,929,525</a> articles in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></div> </div> </div> <div id="mp-upper"> <div id="mp-left" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" class="mp-h2">From today's featured article</h2> <div id="mp-tfa" class="mp-contains-float"><div id="mp-tfa-img" style="float: left; margin: 0.5em 0.9em 0.4em 0em;"> <div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 159px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aftermath of the Brinks Hotel bombing"><img alt="Aftermath of the Brinks Hotel bombing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG/159px-1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG" decoding="async" width="159" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG/239px-1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG/318px-1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2930" data-file-height="2275" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Aftermath of the Brinks Hotel bombing</div></div> </div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing" title="1964 Brinks Hotel bombing">Brinks Hotel bombing</a></b> occurred in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Saigon</a> on December 24, 1964, during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> operatives detonated a car bomb under the hotel, which housed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> officers. The explosion killed two Americans and injured approximately 60 other people. The Viet Cong commanders had two objectives: to demonstrate their ability to strike in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> should the United States decide to launch air raids against <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, and to show the South Vietnamese that the Americans could not be relied upon for protection. The bombing prompted debate within United States president <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>'s administration. Most of his advisers favored retaliatory bombing of North Vietnam and the introduction of American combat troops, while Johnson preferred the existing strategy of training the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</a> to protect South Vietnam from the Viet Cong. In the end, Johnson decided not to take retaliatory action. (<b><a href="/wiki/1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing" title="1964 Brinks Hotel bombing">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div class="tfa-recent" style="text-align: right;"> Recently featured: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonn%E2%80%93Oberkassel_dog" title="Bonn–Oberkassel dog">Bonn–Oberkassel dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Antipope_John_XXIII" title="Tomb of Antipope John XXIII">Tomb of Antipope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang" title="Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang">Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang</a></i></li></ul> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist tfa-footer noprint" style="text-align:right;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Today%27s_featured_article/December_2024" title="Wikipedia:Today's featured article/December 2024">Archive</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/daily-article-l.lists.wikimedia.org/" class="extiw" title="mail:daily-article-l">By email</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles" title="Wikipedia:Featured articles">More featured articles</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About_Today%27s_featured_article" title="Wikipedia:About Today's featured article">About</a></b></li></ul> </div></div> <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" class="mp-h2">Did you know ...</h2> <div id="mp-dyk" class="mp-contains-float"> <div class="dyk-img" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em;"> <div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 114px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voltairine_de_Cleyre_(Age_35).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Voltairine de Cleyre"><img alt="Voltairine de Cleyre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Voltairine_de_Cleyre_%28Age_35%29.jpg/114px-Voltairine_de_Cleyre_%28Age_35%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Voltairine_de_Cleyre_%28Age_35%29.jpg/171px-Voltairine_de_Cleyre_%28Age_35%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Voltairine_de_Cleyre_%28Age_35%29.jpg/228px-Voltairine_de_Cleyre_%28Age_35%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="2695" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Voltairine de Cleyre</div></div> </div> <ul><li>... that after Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Hawley" title="Joseph R. Hawley">Joseph R. Hawley</a> offered $1,000 to shoot an anarchist, <b><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Voltairine de Cleyre</a></b> <i>(pictured)</i> publicly accepted the challenge?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Tourte_de_blettes" title="Tourte de blettes">tourte de blettes</a></b>, a sweet pie made with <a href="/wiki/Chard" title="Chard">Swiss chard</a>, is traditionally eaten in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> on Christmas Eve?</li> <li>... that <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova" title="Giacomo Casanova">Casanova</a>'s friend <b><a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Tiretta" title="Edoardo Tiretta">Edoardo Tiretta</a></b> built <a href="/wiki/Tiretta_Bazaar" title="Tiretta Bazaar">a bazaar in India</a>?</li> <li>... that <i><b><a href="/wiki/Christmas:_A_Biography" title="Christmas: A Biography">Christmas: A Biography</a></b></i> states that, despite its Christian origins, Christmas has been mostly secular since its inception in the fourth century?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Oh_Hee-ok" title="Oh Hee-ok">Oh Hee-ok</a></b> was the last surviving female <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence activist</a>?</li> <li>... that the <b><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carp" title="Christmas carp">Christmas carp</a></b> traditionally swims in a bathtub for a few days before becoming Christmas Eve dinner?</li> <li>... that Italian anti-Mafia prosecutor <b><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Gratteri" title="Nicola Gratteri">Nicola Gratteri</a></b> survived three assassination attempts within three weeks?</li> <li>... that in 2016 two thieves stole $350,000 worth of rare books in Oakland, California, and tried to sell some of them to <b><a href="/wiki/Moe%27s_Books" title="Moe's Books">Moe's Books</a></b> nearby?</li> <li>... that energy executive <b><a href="/wiki/Chris_Wright_(energy_executive)" title="Chris Wright (energy executive)">Chris Wright</a></b> once drank <a href="/wiki/Fracking_proppants" title="Fracking proppants">fracking fluid</a> to prove that it was not dangerous?</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist dyk-footer noprint" style="margin-top: 0.5em; 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word-wrap: break-word; text-align: left;">Aftermath of the Magdeburg car attack</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais_road_crash" title="Minas Gerais road crash"><b>A road crash</b></a> in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, Brazil, leaves 41 people dead on a bus.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2024_Magdeburg_car_attack" title="2024 Magdeburg car attack">A car attack</a></b> <i>(aftermath pictured)</i> at a Christmas market in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, Germany, kills five people and injures more than two hundred others.</li> <li>In France, Dominique Pelicot and 49 other men are convicted of <b><a href="/wiki/Mazan_rapes" title="Mazan rapes">the serial rape</a></b> of his then-wife <a href="/wiki/Gis%C3%A8le_Pelicot" title="Gisèle Pelicot">Gisèle Pelicot</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2024_Port_Vila_earthquake" title="2024 Port Vila earthquake">A 7.3-magnitude earthquake</a></b> hits Vanuatu's capital, <a href="/wiki/Port_Vila" title="Port Vila">Port Vila</a>, leaving at least sixteen people dead.</li></ul> <div class="itn-footer" style="margin-top: 0.5em;"> <div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Ongoing</a></b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon">Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_August_2024_%E2%80%93_present)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 August 2024 – present)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024)">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> <div><b><a href="/wiki/Deaths_in_2024" title="Deaths in 2024">Recent deaths</a></b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Malone_Jr." title="James E. Malone Jr.">James E. Malone Jr.</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickey_Henderson" title="Rickey Henderson">Rickey Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)" title="Zakir Hussain (musician)">Zakir Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Kehl" title="Sigrid Kehl">Sigrid Kehl</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perry_J._Dahl" title="Perry J. Dahl">Perry J. Dahl</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Chia" title="Nicholas Chia">Nicholas Chia</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist itn-footer noprint" style="text-align:right;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:In_the_news/Candidates" title="Wikipedia:In the news/Candidates">Nominate an article</a></b></li></ul> </div></div> <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" class="mp-h2">On this day</h2> <div id="mp-otd" class="mp-contains-float"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a></b> </p> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;" id="mp-otd-img"> <div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; color: inherit; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 157px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiritimati-EO.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christmas Island (Kiritimati)"><img alt="Christmas Island (Kiritimati)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kiritimati-EO.jpg/157px-Kiritimati-EO.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kiritimati-EO.jpg/236px-Kiritimati-EO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kiritimati-EO.jpg/314px-Kiritimati-EO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1389" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Christmas Island (Kiritimati)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/759" title="759">759</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang-dynasty</a> poet <b><a href="/wiki/Du_Fu" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a></b> departed for <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, where he lived for the next five years and composed poems about life in <a href="/wiki/Du_Fu_Thatched_Cottage" title="Du Fu Thatched Cottage">his thatched cottage</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1777" title="1777">1777</a> – An expedition led by English explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> reached <b><a href="/wiki/Kiritimati" title="Kiritimati">Christmas Island</a></b> <i>(pictured)</i>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">coral atoll</a> in the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a> – The United Kingdom and the United States signed <b><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">a peace treaty</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, present-day Belgium, ending the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a> – The Soviet government deployed troops in Afghanistan, starting the <b><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></b>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadists</a> linked to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> hijacked <b><a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_814" title="Indian Airlines Flight 814">Indian Airlines Flight 814</a></b> to force the release of Islamist figures held in prison in India.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="margin-top: 0.5em;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Maslama_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik">Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik</a></b> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 738)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/George_Crabbe" title="George Crabbe">George Crabbe</a></b> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1754)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Adam_Exner" title="Adam Exner">Adam Exner</a></b> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1928)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Turid_Birkeland" title="Turid Birkeland">Turid Birkeland</a></b> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 2015)</li></ul></div> <div style="margin-top:0.5em;"> More anniversaries: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_23" title="December 23">December 23</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a></li></ul> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist otd-footer noprint" style="text-align:right;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Selected_anniversaries/December" title="Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December">Archive</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/daily-article-l.lists.wikimedia.org/" class="extiw" title="mail:daily-article-l">By email</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_days_of_the_year" title="List of days of the year">List of days of the year</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Selected_anniversaries" title="Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries">About</a></b></li></ul> </div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mp-lower" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" class="mp-h2">Today's featured picture</h2> <div id="mp-tfp"> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0 3px 3px; width:100%; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0.9em"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm/500px-seek%3D3240-20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="500" height="371" data-durationhint="5153" data-mwtitle="20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_(1916).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="648" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="970" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1456" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1456" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="194" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="324" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm/20%2C000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_%281916%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /></video></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.9em; text-align:left;"> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_(1916_film)" title="20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film)">20,000 Leagues Under the Sea</a></b></i> is an American <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Paton" title="Stuart Paton">Stuart Paton</a> and released on December 24, 1916. Based primarily on the 1870 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Seas" title="Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas">Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>, the film also incorporates elements from Verne's 1875 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Island" title="The Mysterious Island">The Mysterious Island</a></i>. This was the first motion picture filmed underwater. Actual underwater cameras were not used, but a system of watertight tubes and mirrors allowed the camera to shoot reflected images of underwater scenes staged in shallow sunlit waters in the Bahamas. For the scene featuring a battle with an octopus, cinematographer <a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_Williamson" title="John Ernest Williamson">John Ernest Williamson</a> devised a viewing chamber called the "photosphere", a 6-by-10-foot (1.8-by-3.0-metre) steel globe in which a cameraman could be placed. The film was made by the Universal Film Manufacturing Company (now <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a>), not then known as a major motion picture studio, and took two years to make, at the cost of $500,000. </p> <p style="text-align:center;"><small>Film credit: <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Paton" title="Stuart Paton">Stuart Paton</a></small></p> <div class="potd-recent" style="text-align:right;"> Recently featured: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2024-12-23" title="Template:POTD/2024-12-23">George N. Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2024-12-22" title="Template:POTD/2024-12-22">Common starling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2024-12-21" title="Template:POTD/2024-12-21">Cholatse</a></li></ul> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist potd-footer noprint" style="text-align:right;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_of_the_day/Archive" title="Wikipedia:Picture of the day/Archive">Archive</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Featured pictures">More featured pictures</a></b></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div id="mp-bottom" class="mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-other" class="mp-h2">Other areas of Wikipedia</h2> <div id="mp-other-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="Wikipedia:Community portal">Community portal</a></b> – The central hub for editors, with resources, links, tasks, and announcements.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Village pump</a></b> – Forum for discussions about Wikipedia itself, including policies and technical issues.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:News" title="Wikipedia:News">Site news</a></b> – Sources of news about Wikipedia and the broader Wikimedia movement.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></b> – Ask basic questions about using or editing Wikipedia.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></b> – Ask questions about using or editing Wikipedia.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desk</a></b> – Ask research questions about encyclopedic topics.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Content portals</a></b> – A unique way to navigate the encyclopedia.</li></ul> </div> <h2 id="mp-sister" class="mp-h2">Wikipedia's sister projects</h2> <div id="mp-sister-content"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>Wikipedia is written by volunteer editors and hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other volunteer <a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/" class="extiw" title="foundationsite:our-work/wikimedia-projects/">projects</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="c:">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/" title="MediaWiki"><img alt="MediaWiki logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/35px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/53px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/70px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mw:">MediaWiki</a></span><br />Wiki software development</div> </li> <li> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Meta-Wiki"><img alt="Meta-Wiki logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/35px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/53px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/70px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a></span><br />Wikimedia project coordination</div> </li> <li> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" title="Wikibooks"><img alt="Wikibooks logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="b:">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wikidata logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="d:">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/" title="Wikinews"><img alt="Wikinews logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="n:">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Wikiquote"><img alt="Wikiquote logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="s:">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Wikispecies"><img alt="Wikispecies logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/53px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/70px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="species:">Wikispecies</a></span><br />Directory of species</div> </li> <li> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" title="Wikiversity"><img alt="Wikiversity logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" title="Wikivoyage"><img alt="Wikivoyage logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/35px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/53px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/70px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a></span><br />Free travel guide</div> </li> <li> <div><span class="sister-projects-wikt-icon-light"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Wiktionary"><img alt="Wiktionary logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></span><span class="sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Wiktionary"><img alt="Wiktionary logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/62px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/82px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></span></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div></div> <h2 id="mp-lang" class="mp-h2">Wikipedia languages</h2> <div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r997272951">.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-complete{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages>ul{list-style:none;text-align:center;clear:both}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count-container{width:90%;display:flex;justify-content:center;padding-top:1em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-prettybars{width:100%;height:1px;margin:0.5em 0;background-color:#c8ccd1;flex-shrink:1;align-self:center}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count{padding:0 1em;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="wikipedia-languages nourlexpansion"> <p>This Wikipedia is written in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Many <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" class="extiw" title="meta:List of Wikipedias">other Wikipedias are available</a>; some of the largest are listed below. </p> <ul class="plainlinks"> <li> <div class="wikipedia-languages-count-container"> <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div> <div role="heading" aria-level="3" class="wikipedia-languages-count">1,000,000+ articles</div> <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist wikipedia-languages-langs inline"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Arabic (ar:)" lang="ar">العربية</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="German (de:)" lang="de">Deutsch</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Spanish (es:)" lang="es">Español</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Persian (fa:)" lang="fa">فارسی</span></a>‎</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="French (fr:)" lang="fr">Français</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Italian (it:)" lang="it">Italiano</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Dutch (nl:)" lang="nl">Nederlands</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Japanese (ja:)" lang="ja">日本語</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Polish (pl:)" lang="pl">Polski</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Portuguese (pt:)" lang="pt">Português</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Russian (ru:)" lang="ru">Русский</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Swedish (sv:)" lang="sv">Svenska</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Ukrainian (uk:)" lang="uk">Українська</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Vietnamese (vi:)" lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Chinese (zh:)" lang="zh">中文</span></a></li></ul> </div> </li> <li> <div class="wikipedia-languages-count-container"> <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div> <div role="heading" aria-level="3" class="wikipedia-languages-count">250,000+ articles</div> <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist wikipedia-languages-langs inline"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Indonesian (id:)" lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Malay (ms:)" lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Minnan (nan:)" lang="nan">閩南語</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Bulgarian (bg:)" lang="bg">Български</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Catalan (ca:)" lang="ca">Català</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Czech (cs:)" lang="cs">Čeština</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Danish (da:)" lang="da">Dansk</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Esperanto (eo:)" lang="eo">Esperanto</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Basque (eu:)" lang="eu">Euskara</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Hebrew (he:)" lang="he">עברית</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Armenian (hy:)" lang="hy">Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Korean (ko:)" lang="ko">한국어</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Hungarian (hu:)" lang="hu">Magyar</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Norwegian (no:)" lang="no">Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Romanian (ro:)" lang="ro">Română</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Simple English (simple:)" lang="en">Simple English</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Slovak (sk:)" lang="sk">Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Serbian (sr:)" lang="sr">Srpski</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Serbo-Croatian (sh:)" lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Finnish (fi:)" lang="fi">Suomi</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Turkish (tr:)" lang="tr">Türkçe</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Uzbek (uz:)" lang="uz">Oʻzbekcha</span></a></li></ul> </div> </li> <li> <div class="wikipedia-languages-count-container"> <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div> <div role="heading" aria-level="3" class="wikipedia-languages-count">50,000+ articles</div> <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist wikipedia-languages-langs inline"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Asturian (ast:)" lang="ast">Asturianu</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Azerbaijani (az:)" lang="az">Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Bangla (bn:)" lang="bn">বাংলা</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Bosnian (bs:)" lang="bs">Bosanski</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Central Kurdish (ckb:)" lang="ckb">کوردی</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Estonian (et:)" lang="et">Eesti</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Greek (el:)" lang="el">Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Western Frisian (fy:)" lang="fy">Frysk</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Irish (ga:)" lang="ga">Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Galician (gl:)" lang="gl">Galego</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Croatian (hr:)" lang="hr">Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Georgian (ka:)" lang="ka">ქართული</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Kurdish (ku:)" lang="ku">Kurdî</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Latvian (lv:)" lang="lv">Latviešu</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Lithuanian (lt:)" lang="lt">Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Malayalam (ml:)" lang="ml">മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Macedonian (mk:)" lang="mk">Македонски</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Burmese (my:)" lang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Norwegian Nynorsk (nn:)" lang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Punjabi (pa:)" lang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Albanian (sq:)" lang="sq">Shqip</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Slovenian (sl:)" lang="sl">Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Thai (th:)" lang="th">ไทย</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Telugu (te:)" lang="te">తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Urdu (ur:)" lang="ur">اردو</span></a></li></ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> <div 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