CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.alumni.upenn.edu",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e97f295091d4a29',cH: 'GL9FMu6yo6VyNbcZSA0QP7nVw_MfY0qVGE_uE7YXOfc-1732771633-1.2.1.1-1RwSXxqX7ls_WH4uSUcAueAKFcI_Lo9ftq2_pL9Ikzf75rmop541UKv.3J5SfReo',cUPMDTk: "\/?__cf_chl_tk=CbSwv97OTkZnCr5YGwK_DqAtTbkkrs8rcgzpH9EBJk0-1732771633-1.0.1.1-J0nMBYTApCBqiGFRhNiEc9dK7XoOrWiD2.nYvg7LPHQ",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1732771633',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=CbSwv97OTkZnCr5YGwK_DqAtTbkkrs8rcgzpH9EBJk0-1732771633-1.0.1.1-J0nMBYTApCBqiGFRhNiEc9dK7XoOrWiD2.nYvg7LPHQ",md: "aCRAQTg3JIN8BRQvEOsawJ7ZG.xBsm2vJlEJgsAt.Uo-1732771633-1.2.1.1-jtcNPtXICdp.7FfipgBubMZ4Jv_SI08aqTZjzRzyKrBdm2VreyUpQJG0Empn6XHvcTl340InpsL4dbnDMxg0GiBAynkVllK65yWsXw1731vABPx_bj_N201dxG38GeZ.Tc4UEnYSSHSBTgkfJ.o.PePy9TAJZC_3I4oNfTj_4HnN_PHNvKYaWVmKnwa.376o6VfrwNFhWWyum3sMwST988wuzGwZL97ofHnvh5zF2gcyf.U.9oK9l8XahGAMX8.3Yja7hEYAbdfoITaEMoI16UCk_TRYF.jLIPrJh2t7kMeYnMuzZnKzNj_MIqz2ssIlSaIAjUx6ux.PTNb5bpJMVE6lghdYBiWzMLHZ4qsoFj1Re2YdloewFC_jB.KR0d4OLhGblSfXey7y07OBPDI2uI0MBQGmAC0DzmMLrxDuANHVz.jEE7E54iLpEMgoqYaKdVndC6PMTqLh51sueMbYMJ5J.J7R2GTgrW.lIN0Ss2ruF6uk2kgXTFg6swEtgEdcaTRx7WlpGQkzuna122EtFSDNPUPd8d3ijrHvqTCcoaKTBPF5gafA37S5gWR65vitciM9qb5u2rkKCAh92oUPLQdy71SFXReE_QpiaogvMmVFpjK6PzO6UtYswbv9Valv1ar5Z7QUCFHy8zyLdEgInZ7EkquQS9Uz3dj6GHwDxe7LdDB1XXhEhVFNX9EVYw3enCd8oK.a.FDY1bbeAyH1rcq0FFfJPDw7J94j_ivrxZHEErDsUieezUCD5EN1YxFOQA4Ise_r4LHc4Mgq.o0Zx1ztbAtvxGb0Ajt_V9UV1QpcwWng9J9EnpEXYkOctSd1OJEvquI9Mkb6kH6hcymXOwJKxAw6RJI7l31xicf4hjBdg.Qlgx.JTPC.1wM.ecH4jJv_e0CSlkPibcgryp2lap3qY7GJ93KtiRdWGpCcL9dvE9K1GFiWXL.fAluMA.iRU.Q3xXGvJ5QYYv5JSm07sng00iA2V_UDnv5n5Zyaynid5.CzgOAGnjzgsaWWeDl65y.csNRh8HugQyVXVcHrRN0cY.CPCVMlOTXWUHjr.hPfsjK.NTkodfWnMOVV503b4Lp2WohVGU5Fpw89i62W0x1zjgU2SBEUmjntvGCShA7CdC_UyunlkwRpmhbORu4Mgrwc9F_21a708UQ5qhQ4MZ_oeZNXebjU9EMQQe9teHHB8TyivhfI6p2IlBxke6YwcjMofxNEAPuc344WA5QC43Lj8X2mPPYNmjLYHhj7F4OaX0Es35cSGipQLDz6SmrKE5CjLcD6ebCIQ8qwrh8JodqEOLrvEFaI5vOKySKFS0Of4unTFdtfPuU.SPluMUgsH.38WAUAXrxagTXl1yjig_LS6wdnfH2k74kxCJJLBdznRM1Qp0CIsCDK52cg5ilm5xOEvoYE37bUgFh_pIPbor_3YeOupqce0fl8mpZxP0su2KhJt4N26jppwoeJJZ4L6GBUjzznaEa8BEE3XfLtVkbg0zGnycjXOBK7cYxFZqZ9.qQz0_MeoI0Mm3euhTxDzQTKbPulofQoxH8GMdheMrkpuD9PQ7JyCrJrsDC34Nr77.qHyan2loeFV4eDKXTw4Zrl5Evmp0Q.r.Y_AYTJ7BsuCDFCwVsZm82EmrhB7qLAsfKXAL7k7MQgsx0BErVF1qmPK7thSBM4BfBH9gyfs9iTwTgqT8Y2EP1.gMZMDgy5uWOyCcEkWHrMypaKa6iS39VEciAq3KsZ19QgjX7lXgsSu2bYFNiubDOfMuRDYpBvTgTb_aOVUOWvm6FhYb.JOS887asIvUGu4xes2Fki1aau0tGtYGyoPMVrx1WAQSyUYqtpk6pp5vag051t79_VbkejpzylFvT4c1oEbFs5Vaj5NqYEeYu0sb.0hCpm5XvNsCCAfd3TQFg8ij4krxJmamAFAYmB7tLYkGzxVnxRnk_WhnsaTbfDx.HgeJ9aSFlVvHHCSo0YKm9PcjQqeUJryo7M_yG_TNz9Z2H13_saMgtV2XYyX0fzRnCPcCiLILrObu5HL7ZMDZxtxeromIHI4u8MqLtYyt6nczmoUXagY1VaAtOga7gR1rsjFvWGJjk9VPvfVUH7cCvX5M4HWaZLk6o0M.wP_4fkNzcg.RWFIC9r._D_GaOkAiSOzNN6mOltXUGIwjkZq0vw2_cJs3ozzkMj_rTpQ_hZ9jyHM50mlwfEZLInzTjrqgjF_GIoi6My7x5.KIl797t6lSBp4G6N5VV_brOe5Jd2vtUXpBBFVkkMfU452wN8fAWM4dwxZ2Fm7ME0H0ibQekA9ydQeq1zxzG4_Tw4sl39qm.bH1vVIuQxtEdEm8.6hbXQLttjMEKkfhPNerkLIKF83qFdHCjlBSdJP6vqzRw36VNxgyuXEHxXM7lT2ePH7g7249c7bHth6O.mX_IuWoGkOAwCcDqKJ.USP3f7ZKr7WU1xV7hb7DlqiscFsA8UW2iqyw5rzRs6IzqKd1Jrl71873wNaJBJwYj3zatgfjtIkfyayJs_86.qmSThOPOzIt_IldDiS6wBerh.iMrnQtQt6L5N5efA.TMYR2bY06qWJkeRgCAQYRllib_np5lwgnmbMijLYG0B00zbeJyb0tf01aAmttwBpEG9ZKJAk7ecyFxkvWpszaAPXqf.OdP7qcKa6_OojQJjvpcx_FV9ZzrRcTB7a_tvq21Sr1iM2ydihmBMG_gYsQsvyzOM2aVLkm9gom7Xry0.9ATcLJHFq5m80vH6Otg3sFP3AxKaoYJtfcoWKPesoGfm6HALjz2kg3QlkU2T3KDb_zcmcPUxYsztYviarLMOi50T95sU7FBne0pMjCQDlgVXy5t8q4AEC61loEVefx2POm85nnIyM_LsnaMZcMHD",mdrd: "OD5Ct2IoMECYBVlY_soMkn8XjS6S0_oVSsQOIq46ChM-1732771633-1.2.1.1-YjEsO6nUGjAPrkQBGyz83S8GdddVoO3iR4h5B59tdRUcBvaQaltiUuaOF2E3fha.e1aL69VODkd2X6RS0MQjSuN0p9Rl20AWubk4d0bdoy8P4t.YwySu1c0CxPIEH8gb6aufN.OkDRwMetYkkF7RD4bKAkj_gjFxM5jOTDz1D9bMRrI3tvI6CL3G8uU9GKNR5HvS2ZdYxDcYGe3AKnpauhTxto_5EMkxzeAd_ruhph3ePuEATv.RnCljsY7n9jDB26qUjsJFm_OeM0HnPVIwLCnzCyu1yCeneqCktQZENhTwfiFJY4dB3e_QeWvzNFrNIe.KpJe26L5IV11xEW2QAGfgqzH.BA_LLuWFfcYgdcaLQpQupBjzXzKtGQmX3KCF_M6wqrstfX1guWyQFfFutzCTknqVA72Qyklz1x7RYWNQS7MYiYUnwf8yxreFgEYdQhOvhmu34vBJzSgxOlhP1eNVb7KXuxrJz5LnUe0hIf4FvS4iqzcmkSDY2HbDvxvaaXZ9.n0Ci2yDHZRd212E178btGkfND9joXEZVh14udUYSV7S1YAoBU_kL8sfzN4V8aHqPg6T9L1yTc_2oRw9bE09QFkyZI3P9Y._3iTrwgSUhBBgXMc4_OQpWad31xGgUw1qxLKQNYE6RSWeM5kPG5k2_OHX41ekoJ0RY8oLHsFUZR3Py23II3RfZ9Ltw46gdC_UrLdcunU60GKrBbwPt7Fqq72x8el5qjCDtMosOThKzLGYz__0a8gJNXbtENTrCasz4eegGIFNQ9xC8ofNHo2aqHVN1AILxBtHc9WIrzH_qN0giBaMIZdUOCVnQiphYD25GuWzUOnDRBSfbwjDVyYmwLns6GmTklv5tk5aCFsZlMgSLOsfemIpQJK12HF9WtpGxWjTLYjdCePNZIwq2KSZVeW9ioxdmusXw3dm2kAKU5fKdhroXkUC_G1T_ZBnf4dC.uJGy8dKmeS6O.Nu3tQLRdpMr_wqRp.iYGdsr9SHA_LasujFccz1MXj.Hi9wSHR_eiI8BMkvU_FOdnPf7QFyTRFcH3FUjcvU1q7dmId81vfYzGUGWYW5WVheRhnB7gxK2u3dIOBeURQXEgwUvgFuJ8vWi.IFF20v2AJ1GPevAe4WidzDJm9g6JXkI7yzBmNAejhYGBamFnK_7_NRFfWdxJXQt6iTzABXl_HIp1WV9Y1Znur0kO2gsXSrTAceKEWDjnHs_Kk8lBqQ7wUWPKQI_fTQQTDTqSbiMJmTlTgktemodZHjsnpZJKmoa1i2.hw_sJYzyZaZOPZmpsmmnQpiHsyeBTYuyEGA0DFPvKk8a7OZz3dqJ6FxDHQA50UWzLuoP1cr.2DLSRF7llGRuuJWEH5LmfLuVwuhtsTGYC952alKUMqlJdMvESc.YMpcJ3IhQY8aR4LoLtVv0lzpxMfqYbJz5UrgK5Th6yXDeFdrXAxc3u.X_k3WRBr9MRvRzUDDFmwBQXocRKkIvgfVHJo5t49_ehCdTrd_0wu_ufGIdmn0YJ9VWWHkF8SCtXoGNSCsLJ0.ofBCIDh.JBrrz4qc.TFOkdshCoB9nUkGa0kbnGLQe8eVny4ZJd5IsZuaB5PJRi.RKYJRC.2P4.wLdq1lWovMfJ5gnGYvtqNWtgMzpiEC1XQ4ZgcWynPWqx5gGNIP5q9WrR.BjhmZ5Bcm2nmazqPgAChREJVrZ8sMzoFjzqnfWILBPL4s5tX1GPagXPS74TpvJlA4ghKfBhFjN8v1i46pdnHUOQ_qwQjFCYb7CL5_cP6TPAkXD2.B7arF3Ahtl1E19JsGahQ4zzfNjfpNkFjk78z2CmDcTR456yMnJy_Gy90y.H9HXvGXw5rUDFtOQysLsGGG7Y.CkIiSZvlSXtEREG3SV1fvthKRM.KFowHxJPdDfaSDVNwTZBwlTgLPHs4UT2iPFwG4VURYTjUzj7Y4SyN1ZlNxuQQfyOFNGpPX4.UYOvASXyw4l1RT"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e97f295091d4a29';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=CbSwv97OTkZnCr5YGwK_DqAtTbkkrs8rcgzpH9EBJk0-1732771633-1.0.1.1-J0nMBYTApCBqiGFRhNiEc9dK7XoOrWiD2.nYvg7LPHQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>