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searchaux" style="display:none">Unintended deviation from the rules of a language variety</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">applied linguistics</a>, an <b>error</b> is an unintended deviation from the immanent rules of a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">language variety</a> made by a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> learner. Such errors result from the learner's lack of knowledge of the correct rules of the target language variety.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant distinction is generally made<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> between <i>errors</i> (systematic deviations) and <i>mistakes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Speech_error" title="Speech error">speech performance errors</a>) which are not treated the same from a linguistic viewpoint. The study of learners' errors has been the main area of investigation by linguists in the history of <a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">second-language acquisition</a> research.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescriptivist</a> contexts, the terms "error" and "mistake" are also used to describe usages that are considered <a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">non-standard</a> or otherwise discouraged normatively.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such usages, however, would not be considered true errors by the majority of linguistic scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern linguistics generally does not make such judgments about regularly occurring native speech, rejecting the idea of linguistic correctness as scientifically untenable,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or at least approaching the concept of correct usage in relative terms.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social perceptions and value claims about different <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">speech varieties</a>, although common socially, are not normally supported by linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Error_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/H._Douglas_Brown" title="H. Douglas Brown">H. Douglas Brown</a> defines linguistic errors as "a noticeable deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker, reflecting the interlanguage competence of the learner." He cites an example <i>Does John can sing?</i> where a preceding <i>do</i> auxiliary verb has been used as an error.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown205_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown205-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difference_between_error_and_mistake">Difference between error and mistake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Error_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Difference between error and mistake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In linguistics, it is considered important to distinguish errors from mistakes. A distinction is always made between errors and mistakes where the former is defined as resulting from a learner's lack of proper grammatical knowledge, whilst the latter as a failure to <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_performance" title="Linguistic performance">use</a> a known system correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown205_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown205-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown terms these mistakes as <a href="/wiki/Speech_error" title="Speech error">performance errors</a>. Mistakes of this kind are frequently made by both <a href="/wiki/Native_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Native speaker">native speakers</a> and second language learners. However, native speakers are generally able to correct themselves quickly. Such mistakes include slips of the tongue and random ungrammatical formations. On the other hand, errors are systematic in that they occur repeatedly and are not recognizable by the learner. They are a part of the learner's interlanguage, and the learner does not generally consider them as errors. They are <i>errors</i> only from the perspective of teachers and others who are aware that the learner has deviated from a grammatical norm.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, mistakes (performance errors) can be self-corrected with or without being pointed out to the speaker but systematic errors cannot be self-corrected.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_of_error">Importance of error</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Error_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Importance of error"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>S. Pit Corder was probably the first to point out and discuss the importance of errors learners make in course of their learning a second language. Soon after, the study and analysis of learners’ errors took a prominent place in applied linguistics. Brown suggests that the process of second language learning is not very different from learning a first language, and the feedback an L2 learner gets upon making errors benefits them in developing the L2 knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown205_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown205-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Error_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Error_analysis_(linguistics)" title="Error analysis (linguistics)">Error analysis (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_treatment_(linguistics)" title="Error treatment (linguistics)">Error treatment (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticality" title="Grammaticality">Grammaticality</a></li> <li>Overview table in <a href="/wiki/Homonym#Related_terms" title="Homonym">Homonym#Related terms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Error_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEllis1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rod_Ellis" title="Rod Ellis">Ellis, Rod</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3KglibyrZ5sC&pg=PA700"><i>The Study of Second Language Acquisition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 700. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-437189-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-437189-1"><bdi>0-19-437189-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Second+Language+Acquisition&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=700&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-437189-1&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3KglibyrZ5sC%26pg%3DPA700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AError+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, p.43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordquist2018" class="citation web cs1">Nordquist, Richard (2018-12-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/grammatical-error-usage-1690911">"Grammatical Error Definition and Examples"</a>. <i>Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms</i>. ThoughtCo.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary+of+Grammatical+and+Rhetorical+Terms&rft.atitle=Grammatical+Error+Definition+and+Examples&rft.date=2018-12-27&rft.aulast=Nordquist&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fgrammatical-error-usage-1690911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AError+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapovićStarčevićSarić2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kapović, Mate; Starčević, Anđel; Sarić, Daliborka (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bib.irb.hr/834104">"O preskripciji i preskriptivizmu u Hrvatskoj"</a>. In Kryżan-Stanojević, Barbara (ed.). <i>Jezična politika: između norme i jezičnog liberalizma</i> (in Croatian). Zagreb: Srednja Europa. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789537963477" title="Special:BookSources/9789537963477"><bdi>9789537963477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=O+preskripciji+i+preskriptivizmu+u+Hrvatskoj&rft.btitle=Jezi%C4%8Dna+politika%3A+izme%C4%91u+norme+i+jezi%C4%8Dnog+liberalizma&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Srednja+Europa&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789537963477&rft.aulast=Kapovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mate&rft.au=Star%C4%8Devi%C4%87%2C+An%C4%91el&rft.au=Sari%C4%87%2C+Daliborka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bib.irb.hr%2F834104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AError+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapović2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kapović, Mate (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/566935.SCN_2_2011_Kapovic.pdf">"Language, Ideology and Politics in Croatia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Slavia Centralis</i>. <b>IV/2</b>: <span class="nowrap">46–</span>48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavia+Centralis&rft.atitle=Language%2C+Ideology+and+Politics+in+Croatia&rft.volume=IV%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kapovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F566935.SCN_2_2011_Kapovic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AError+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill,_Peter1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Trudgill, Peter</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201051235/http://www.linse.uni-due.de/laud-downloadliste/articles/sociolinguistics-and-linguistic-value-judgements-correctness-adequacy-and-aesthetics.html"><i>Sociolinguistics and Linguistic Value Judgements: Correctness, Adequacy and Aesthetics</i></a>. Universität Duisburg-Essen. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linse.uni-due.de/laud-downloadliste/articles/sociolinguistics-and-linguistic-value-judgements-correctness-adequacy-and-aesthetics.html">the original</a> on 2018-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics+and+Linguistic+Value+Judgements%3A+Correctness%2C+Adequacy+and+Aesthetics&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4t+Duisburg-Essen&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Trudgill%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linse.uni-due.de%2Flaud-downloadliste%2Farticles%2Fsociolinguistics-and-linguistic-value-judgements-correctness-adequacy-and-aesthetics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AError+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lyons_(linguist)" title="John Lyons (linguist)">Lyons, John</a> (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagelinguist0000lyon"><i>Language and Linguistics</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagelinguist0000lyon/page/52">52</a>–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521297752" title="Special:BookSources/9780521297752"><bdi>9780521297752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=52-54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780521297752&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguagelinguist0000lyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AError+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney_O'Grady,_WilliamDobrovolsky,_MichaelKatamba,_Francis1996" class="citation book cs1">Delaney O'Grady, William; Dobrovolsky, Michael; Katamba, Francis (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=djhsAAAAIAAJ"><i>Contemporary linguistics: an introduction</i></a>. Longman. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582246911" title="Special:BookSources/9780582246911"><bdi>9780582246911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+linguistics%3A+an+introduction&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780582246911&rft.au=Delaney+O%27Grady%2C+William&rft.au=Dobrovolsky%2C+Michael&rft.au=Katamba%2C+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdjhsAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AError+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown205-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown205_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown205_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown205_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation book cs1">Brown, H. Douglas (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesoflang0003brow/page/205"><i>Principles of Language Learning and Teaching</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prentice_Hall_Regents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prentice Hall Regents (page does not exist)">Prentice Hall Regents</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesoflang0003brow/page/205">205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-191966-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-191966-0"><bdi>0-13-191966-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Language+Learning+and+Teaching&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+Regents&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-13-191966-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=H.+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesoflang0003brow%2Fpage%2F205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AError+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGassSelinker2008" class="citation book cs1">Gass, Susan M.; Selinker, Larry (2008-01-28). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondlanguageac00gass_0"><i>Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondlanguageac00gass_0/page/102">102</a>–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203932841" title="Special:BookSources/978-0203932841"><bdi>978-0203932841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+Language+Acquisition%3A+An+Introductory+Course&rft.pages=102-3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-01-28&rft.isbn=978-0203932841&rft.aulast=Gass&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rft.au=Selinker%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondlanguageac00gass_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AError+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNika_Purwati" class="citation book cs1">Nika Purwati; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcFge3z0sqkC&pg=PA307"><i>Research in English and Applied Linguistics (REAL) Vol 2</i></a>. Routledge. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/6029126237" title="Special:BookSources/6029126237"><bdi>6029126237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+in+English+and+Applied+Linguistics+%28REAL%29+Vol+2&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=6029126237&rft.au=Nika+Purwati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcFge3z0sqkC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AError+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SLA_topics" title="Template:SLA topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SLA_topics" title="Template talk:SLA topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SLA_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SLA topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second-language_acquisition372" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_second-language_acquisition" title="Outline of second-language acquisition">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_language_learning" title="List of common misconceptions about language learning">Common misconceptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_language_attrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Second language attrition">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition_classroom_research" title="Second-language acquisition classroom research">Classroom research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-language education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_language_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Second language phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_language_writing" title="Second language writing">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Learners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language_learning" title="Heritage language learning">Heritage language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-competence" title="Multi-competence">Multi-competence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Learner language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_analysis" title="Contrastive analysis">Contrastive analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_rhetoric" title="Contrastive rhetoric">Contrastive rhetoric</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Error (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_analysis_(linguistics)" title="Error analysis (linguistics)">Error analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_treatment_(linguistics)" title="Error treatment (linguistics)">Error treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlanguage" title="Interlanguage">Interlanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_period" title="Silent period">Silent period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistic factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_transfer" title="Language transfer">Language transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_universal" title="Linguistic universal">Linguistic universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_lists_by_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Word lists by frequency">Word lists by frequency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Individual_variation_in_second_language_acquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual variation in second language acquisition">Individual variation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language-learning_aptitude" title="Language-learning aptitude">Language-learning aptitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_period_hypothesis" title="Critical period hypothesis">Critical period hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation_in_second-language_learning" title="Motivation in second-language learning">Motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willingness_to_communicate" title="Willingness to communicate">Willingness to communicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language_anxiety" title="Foreign language anxiety">Foreign language anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalinguistic_awareness" title="Metalinguistic awareness">Metalinguistic awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_learning_strategies" title="Language learning strategies">Language learning strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_strategies_in_second_language_acquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication strategies in second language acquisition">Communication strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_language_learner_studies" title="Good language learner studies">Good language learner studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_second-language_acquisition" title="Theories of second-language acquisition">SLA hypotheses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competition_model" title="Competition model">Competition model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensible_output" title="Comprehensible output">Comprehensible output</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_approach_to_second_language_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic approach to second language development">Dynamic Systems Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_second-language_acquisition" title="Generative second-language acquisition">Generative second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input_hypothesis" title="Input hypothesis">Input hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_hypothesis" title="Interaction hypothesis">Interaction hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_hypothesis" title="Interface hypothesis">Interface hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_position" title="Interface position">Interface position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noticing_hypothesis" title="Noticing hypothesis">Noticing hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processability_theory" title="Processability theory">Processability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_acquisition" title="Order of acquisition">Order of acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skill-based_theories_of_second-language_acquisition" title="Skill-based theories of second-language acquisition">Skill-based theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_language_acquisition_classroom_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Second language acquisition classroom research">In the classroom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_form" title="Focus on form">Focus on form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input_enhancement" title="Input enhancement">Input enhancement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aptitude tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Aptitude_Test" title="Modern Language Aptitude Test">MLAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Language_Aptitude_Battery" title="Defense Language Aptitude Battery">DLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimsleur_Language_Aptitude_Battery" title="Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery">PLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANAL-F" title="CANAL-F">CANAL-F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alderson" title="Charles Alderson">Alderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles" title="Alexander Argüelles">Argüelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Bialystok" title="Ellen Bialystok">Bialystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bissell_Carroll" title="John Bissell Carroll">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Crossley" title="Scott Crossley">Crossley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_Csiz%C3%A9r" title="Kata Csizér">Csizér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alister_Cumming" title="Alister Cumming">Cumming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_de_Bot" title="Kees de Bot">de Bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Douglas_Brown" title="H. Douglas Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bygate" title="Martin Bygate">Bygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_Corder" title="Pit Corder">Corder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijn_van_Dijk" title="Marijn van Dijk">van Dijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_D%C3%B6rnyei" title="Zoltán Dörnyei">Dörnyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Ellis" title="Nick Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Ellis" title="Rod Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Ervin-Tripp" title="Susan M. Ervin-Tripp">Ervin-Tripp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Flynn" title="Suzanne Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Gass" title="Susan Gass">Gass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_van_Geert" title="Paul van Geert">van Geert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Green_(psychologist)" title="David W. Green (psychologist)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Grosjean" title="François Grosjean">Grosjean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Guardado" title="Martin Guardado">Guardado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Harding" title="Luke Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Jarvis" title="Scott Jarvis">Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Johnson_(applied_linguist)" title="Keith Johnson (applied linguist)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judit_Kormos" title="Judit Kormos">Kormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Krashen" title="Stephen Krashen">Krashen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_F._Kroll" title="Judith F. Kroll">Kroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Larsen-Freeman" title="Diane Larsen-Freeman">Larsen-Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_Li_(psychologist)" title="Ping Li (psychologist)">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Long_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Long (academic)">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wander_Lowie" title="Wander Lowie">Lowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Mackey" title="Alison Mackey">Mackey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_MacWhinney" title="Brian MacWhinney">MacWhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Manch%C3%B3n" title="Rosa Manchón">Manchón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viorica_Marian" title="Viorica Marian">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kei_Matsuda" title="Paul Kei Matsuda">Matsuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Matthews_(linguist)" title="Stephen Matthews (linguist)">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurgen_M._Meisel" title="Jurgen M. Meisel">Meisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Myers-Scotton" title="Carol Myers-Scotton">Myers-Scotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nation" title="Paul Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourdes_Ortega" title="Lourdes Ortega">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_P._Pica" title="Teresa P. Pica">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Polio" title="Charlene Polio">Polio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Pimsleur" title="Paul Pimsleur">Pimsleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilga_Rivers" title="Wilga Rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schmidt_(linguist)" title="Richard Schmidt (linguist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Schmitt" title="Norbert Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Silva-Corvalan" title="Carmen Silva-Corvalan">Silva-Corvalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Slobin" title="Dan Slobin">Slobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomy_Storch" title="Neomy Storch">Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Swain" title="Merrill Swain">Swain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_D._Terrell" title="Tracy D. Terrell">Terrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._Ullman" title="Michael T. Ullman">Ullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotsna_Vaid" title="Jyotsna Vaid">Vaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_VanPatten" title="Bill VanPatten">VanPatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjolijn_Verspoor" title="Marjolijn Verspoor">Verspoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_White" title="Lydia White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Wray" title="Alison Wray">Wray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Yip" title="Virginia Yip">Yip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_the_Teaching_of_Academic_Writing" title="European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing">European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Second_Language_Association" title="European Second Language Association">EUROSLA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computational tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coh-Metrix" title="Coh-Metrix">Coh-Metrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L2_Syntactic_Complexity_Analyzer" title="L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer">L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Linguistics_(journal)" title="Applied Linguistics (journal)">Applied Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingualism:_Language_and_Cognition" title="Bilingualism: Language and Cognition">Bilingualism: Language and Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Learning_(journal)" title="Language Learning (journal)">Language Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Testing" title="Language Testing">Language Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Second_Language_Writing" title="Journal of Second Language Writing">Journal of Second Language Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_(journal)" title="System (journal)">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TESOL_Journal" title="TESOL Journal">TESOL Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TESOL_Quarterly" title="TESOL Quarterly">TESOL Quarterly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Language_Journal" title="The Modern Language Journal">The Modern Language Journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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