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Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="جيرد بينيج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيرد بينيج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گرد بینینگ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گرد بینینگ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97" title="গের্ড বিনিগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গের্ড বিনিগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3" title="Герд Карл Бініг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герд Карл Бініг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Герд Биниг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Герд Биниг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Γκερτ Μπίνις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκερτ Μπίνις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گرد بینینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرد بینینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B9%84%EB%8B%88%ED%9E%88" title="게르트 비니히 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르트 비니히" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Գերդ Բինինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերդ Բինինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97" title="गर्ड बिन्निग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गर्ड बिन्निग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92" title="גרד ביניג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרד ביניג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Герд Карл Бинниг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Герд Карл Бинниг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binning" title="Gerd Binning – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gerd Binning" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhardus_Binnig" title="Gerhardus Binnig – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gerhardus Binnig" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerds_Binnigs" title="Gerds Binnigs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gerds Binnigs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Герд Биниг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Герд Биниг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6" title="गेर्ड बिनिश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गेर्ड बिनिश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="جيرد بينيج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيرد بينيج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گرد بینینگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گرد بینینگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97" title="गेर्ड बिन्निग – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गेर्ड बिन्निग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%92" title="ゲルト・ビーニッヒ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルト・ビーニッヒ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="گرڈ بینیگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گرڈ بینیگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Бинниг, Герд Карл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бинниг, Герд Карл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97" title="गेर्ड बिन्निग – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गेर्ड बिन्निग" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Герд Биниг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Герд Биниг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Герд Бинниг – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Герд Бинниг" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Биннинг, Герд Карл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Биннинг, Герд Карл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3" title="Герд Бінніг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герд Бінніг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گرڈ بنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرڈ بنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%AE%BE%E5%AE%81" title="格尔德·宾宁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格尔德·宾宁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gerd Binnig" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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searchaux" style="display:none">German physicist (born 1947)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gerd Binnig</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerd_Binnig_at_the_Memorial_Symposium_for_Heinrich_Rohrer_(cropped)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gerd_Binnig_at_the_Memorial_Symposium_for_Heinrich_Rohrer_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/220px-Gerd_Binnig_at_the_Memorial_Symposium_for_Heinrich_Rohrer_%28cropped%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gerd_Binnig_at_the_Memorial_Symposium_for_Heinrich_Rohrer_%28cropped%29_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Binnig in 2013</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1947-07-20</span>) </span>20 July 1947<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 77)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">Scanning tunneling microscope</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Scanning_probe_microscopy" title="Scanning probe microscopy">Scanning probe microscopy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic force microscope">Atomic force microscope</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klung_Wilhelmy_Science_Award" title="Klung Wilhelmy Science Award">Klung Wilhelmy Science Award</a> (1983)<br /><a href="/wiki/EPS_Europhysics_Prize" title="EPS Europhysics Prize">EPS Europhysics Prize</a> (1984)<br /><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_Prize" title="King Faisal Prize">King Faisal Prize</a> (1984)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1986)<br /><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">The Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1987) </span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Kavli_Prize" title="Kavli Prize">Kavli Prize</a> (2016)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM_Zurich_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Zurich Research Laboratory">IBM Zurich Research Laboratory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Werner Martienssen<br />Eckhardt Hoenig</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Giessibl" title="Franz Josef Giessibl">Franz Josef Giessibl</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gerd Binnig</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɡɛʁt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbɪnɪç]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/49\/De-Gerd_Binnig.ogg\/De-Gerd_Binnig.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Gerd Binnig.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/De-Gerd_Binnig.ogg/De-Gerd_Binnig.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Gerd_Binnig.ogg" title="File:De-Gerd Binnig.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; born 20 July 1947<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a German physicist. He is most famous for having won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> jointly with <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a> in 1986 for the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">scanning tunneling microscope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelPR_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelPR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Binnig&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Binnig was born in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> and played in the ruins of the city during his childhood. His family lived partly in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> and partly in <a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a>, and he attended school in both cities. At the age of 10, he decided to become a physicist, but he soon wondered whether he had made the right choice. He concentrated more on music, playing in a band. He also started playing the violin at 15 and played in his school orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Binnig studied physics at the <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a>, gaining a bachelor's degree in 1973 and remaining there to do a PhD with in Werner Martienssen's group, supervised by Eckhardt Hoenig, and being awarded to him in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-DefiniensBiog_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DefiniensBiog-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Binnig&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978, Binnig accepted an offer from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> to join their <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a> research group, where he worked with <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Gerber" title="Christoph Gerber">Christoph Gerber</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Weibel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Weibel (page does not exist)">Edmund Weibel</a>. There they developed the <a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">scanning tunneling microscope</a> (STM), an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.<sup id="cite_ref-Binnig1982_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binnig1982-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nobel committee described the effect that the invention of the STM had on science, saying that "entirely new fields are opening up for the study of the structure of matter."<sup id="cite_ref-nobelPR_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelPR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physical principles on which the STM was based were already known before the IBM team developed the STM, but Binnig and his colleagues were the first to solve the significant experimental challenges involved in putting it into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelPR_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelPR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IBM Zurich team were soon recognized with a number of prizes: the German Physics Prize, the Otto Klung Prize, the Hewlett Packard Prize and the King Faisal Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, Binnig and Rohrer shared half of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>, the other half of the Prize was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a>. </p><p>From 1985–1988, he worked in California. He was at IBM in <a href="/wiki/Almaden_Valley,_San_Jose,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Almaden Valley, San Jose, California">Almaden Valley</a>, and was visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, Binnig invented the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy" title="Atomic force microscopy">atomic force microscope</a> (AFM)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Binnig, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Gerber" title="Christoph Gerber">Christoph Gerber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Quate" title="Calvin Quate">Calvin Quate</a> went on to develop a working version of this new microscope for insulating surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-BinnigQuate1986_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BinnigQuate1986-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987 Binnig was appointed <a href="/wiki/IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">IBM Fellow</a>. In the same year, he started the IBM Physics group Munich, working on creativity<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and atomic force microscopy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994 Professor Gerd Binnig founded <a href="/wiki/Cognition_Network_Technology#Definiens" title="Cognition Network Technology">Definiens</a> which turned in the year 2000 into a commercial enterprise. The company developed <a href="/wiki/Cognition_Network_Technology" title="Cognition Network Technology">Cognition Network Technology</a> to analyze images just like the human eye and brain are capable of doing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>in 2016, Binnig won the <a href="/wiki/Kavli_Prize" title="Kavli Prize">Kavli Prize in Nanoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters" title="Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters">Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Binnig_and_Rohrer_Nanotechnology_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center">Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center</a>, an IBM-owned research facility in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCschlikon" title="Rüschlikon">Rüschlikon</a>, Zurich is named after Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Binnig&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1969, Binnig married Lore Wagler, a psychologist, and they have a daughter born in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and a son born in California.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His hobbies include reading, swimming, and golf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Binnig&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nobelbio-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/binnig-bio.html">"Gerd Binnig – Biographical"</a>. Nobel Media AB. 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerd+Binnig+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft.pub=Nobel+Media+AB&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1986%2Fbinnig-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerd+Binnig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelPR-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobelPR_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelPR_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelPR_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 – Press Release"</a>. Nobel Media AB. 15 October 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1986+%E2%80%93+Press+Release&rft.pub=Nobel+Media+AB&rft.date=1986-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1986%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerd+Binnig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DefiniensBiog-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DefiniensBiog_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102195823/http://www.definiens.com/about-definiens/our-company/management-team.html">"Definiens Management Team – Gerd Binnig, PhD"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.definiens.com/about-definiens/our-company/management-team.html">the original</a> on 2 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definiens+Management+Team+%E2%80%93+Gerd+Binnig%2C+PhD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.definiens.com%2Fabout-definiens%2Four-company%2Fmanagement-team.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerd+Binnig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Binnig1982-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Binnig1982_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinnigRohrerGerbeWeibe1982" class="citation journal cs1">Binnig, G.; Rohrer, H.; Gerbe, Ch; Weibe, E. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.49.57">"Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>49</b> (1): 57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PhRvL..49...57B">1982PhRvL..49...57B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.49.57">10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Surface+Studies+by+Scanning+Tunneling+Microscopy&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.49.57&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982PhRvL..49...57B&rft.aulast=Binnig&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Rohrer%2C+H.&rft.au=Gerbe%2C+Ch&rft.au=Weibe%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRevLett.49.57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerd+Binnig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kavliprize.org/prizes-and-laureates/laureates/gerd-binnig">"Gerd Binnig"</a>. <i>kavliprize.org</i>. 2 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kavliprize.org&rft.atitle=Gerd+Binnig&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kavliprize.org%2Fprizes-and-laureates%2Flaureates%2Fgerd-binnig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerd+Binnig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Binnig, "Atomic force microscope and method for imaging surfaces with atomic resolution", US Patent US4724318 (priority date 25 November 1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BinnigQuate1986-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BinnigQuate1986_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinnigQuate1986" class="citation journal cs1">Binnig, G.; Quate, C. F. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.56.930">"Atomic Force Microscope"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>56</b> (9): 930–933. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PhRvL..56..930B">1986PhRvL..56..930B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.56.930">10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.930</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9007">0031-9007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10033323">10033323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Atomic+Force+Microscope&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=930-933&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.56.930&rft.issn=0031-9007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10033323&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986PhRvL..56..930B&rft.aulast=Binnig&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Quate%2C+C.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRevLett.56.930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerd+Binnig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Binnig, "Aus dem Nichts. Über die Kreativität von Natur und Mensch", Piper (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiessiblGerberBinnig1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Giessibl" title="Franz Josef Giessibl">Giessibl, F. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Gerber" title="Christoph Gerber">Gerber, Christoph</a>; Binnig, G. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/33834/1/A%20low%E2%80%90temperature%20atomic%20force%20.pdf">"A low-temperature atomic force/scanning tunneling microscope for ultrahigh vacuum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures</i>. <b>9</b> (2). American Vacuum Society: 984–988. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JVSTB...9..984G">1991JVSTB...9..984G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1116%2F1.585441">10.1116/1.585441</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0734-211X">0734-211X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vacuum+Science+%26+Technology+B%3A+Microelectronics+and+Nanometer+Structures&rft.atitle=A+low-temperature+atomic+force%2Fscanning+tunneling+microscope+for+ultrahigh+vacuum&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=984-988&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0734-211X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1116%2F1.585441&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991JVSTB...9..984G&rft.aulast=Giessibl&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft.au=Gerber%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Binnig%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepub.uni-regensburg.de%2F33834%2F1%2FA%2520low%25E2%2580%2590temperature%2520atomic%2520force%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerd+Binnig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealth" class="citation web cs1">Health, Audacity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605013558/http://www.definiens.com/company/team">"Team | Definiens"</a>. <i>www.definiens.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.definiens.com/company/team">the original</a> on 5 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.definiens.com&rft.atitle=Team+%7C+Definiens&rft.aulast=Health&rft.aufirst=Audacity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.definiens.com%2Fcompany%2Fteam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerd+Binnig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kavliprize.org/prizes-and-laureates/prizes/2016-kavli-prize-nanoscience">"2016 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience | www.kavliprize.org"</a>. <i>www.kavliprize.org</i>. 2 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kavliprize.org&rft.atitle=2016+Kavli+Prize+in+Nanoscience+%7C+www.kavliprize.org&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kavliprize.org%2Fprizes-and-laureates%2Fprizes%2F2016-kavli-prize-nanoscience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerd+Binnig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.dnva.no/c40134/artikkel/vis.html?tid=40149">"Artikkel: Group 2: Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics"</a>. <i>The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Norwegian+Academy+of+Science+and+Letters&rft.atitle=Artikkel%3A+Group+2%3A+Astronomy%2C+Physics+and+Geophysics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.dnva.no%2Fc40134%2Fartikkel%2Fvis.html%3Ftid%3D40149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerd+Binnig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Binnig&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Gerd_Binnig" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-magnetism/pioneers/gerd-binnig">Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism – Gerd Binnig</a> National High Magnetic Field Laboratory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/128">Gerd Binnig</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76766#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1986 <i>Scanning Tunneling Microscopy – From Birth to Adolescence</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrazeneca.com/Media/Press-releases/Article/20141126--medimmune-completes-acquisition-of-definiens">Astra Zeneca acquires Definiens</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1986_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1986_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1986 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1986_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1986 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1986_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1986 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1986_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1986 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1986_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1986 Nobel Prize in Literature">1986</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a> (Nigeria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerd Binnig</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a> (United States/Italy)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1981_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1981 Nobel Prize winners">1981</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1982_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1982 Nobel Prize winners">1982</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1983_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1983 Nobel Prize winners">1983</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1984 Nobel Prize winners">1984</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1985_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1985 Nobel Prize winners">1985</a></dd> <dd><b>1986 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1987_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1987 Nobel Prize winners">1987</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1988 Nobel Prize winners">1988</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1989 Nobel Prize winners">1989</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1990_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1990 Nobel Prize winners">1990</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1991_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1991 Nobel Prize winners">1991</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kavli_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eedd82;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kavli_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Kavli Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kavli_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Kavli Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kavli_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kavli Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kavli_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kavli_Prize" title="Kavli Prize">Kavli Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eedd82;">Astrophysics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maarten_Schmidt" title="Maarten Schmidt">Maarten Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Lynden-Bell" title="Donald Lynden-Bell">Donald Lynden-Bell</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nelson_(astronomer)" title="Jerry Nelson (astronomer)">Jerry E. Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Wilson_(physicist)" title="Raymond Wilson (physicist)">Raymond N. Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Angel" title="Roger Angel">Roger Angel</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Jewitt" title="David C. Jewitt">David C. Jewitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Luu" title="Jane Luu">Jane Luu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Michael E. Brown</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Alan Guth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Linde" title="Andrei Linde">Andrei Linde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Starobinsky" title="Alexei Starobinsky">Alexei Starobinsky</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Drever" title="Ronald Drever">Ronald Drever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewine_van_Dishoeck" title="Ewine van Dishoeck">Ewine van Dishoeck</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fabian" title="Andrew Fabian">Andrew Fabian</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Ulrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Ulrich (page does not exist)">Roger Ulrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Christensen-Dalsgaard" title="Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard">Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conny_Aerts" title="Conny Aerts">Conny Aerts</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Seager" title="Sara Seager">Sara Seager</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Charbonneau" title="David Charbonneau">David Charbonneau</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eedd82;">Nanoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumio_Iijima" title="Sumio Iijima">Sumio Iijima</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Eigler" title="Don Eigler">Donald Eigler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadrian_Seeman" title="Nadrian Seeman">Nadrian Seeman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ebbesen" title="Thomas Ebbesen">Thomas Ebbesen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pendry" title="John Pendry">John Pendry</a> (2014)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerd Binnig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Gerber" title="Christoph Gerber">Christoph Gerber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Quate" title="Calvin Quate">Calvin Quate</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginijus_%C5%A0ik%C5%A1nys" title="Virginijus Šikšnys">Virginijus Šikšnys</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knut_Urban" title="Knut Urban">Knut Urban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ondrej_Krivanek" title="Ondrej Krivanek">Ondrej Krivanek</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Sagiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Sagiv (page does not exist)">Jacob Sagiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_G._Nuzzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph G. Nuzzo">Ralph G. Nuzzo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_L._Allara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David L. Allara (page does not exist)">David L. Allara</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Paul_Alivisatos" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Paul Alivisatos">Armand Paul Alivisatos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad_A._Mirkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad A. Mirkin">Chad A. Mirkin</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eedd82;">Neuroscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sten_Grillner" title="Sten Grillner">Sten Grillner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jessell" title="Thomas Jessell">Thomas Jessell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasko_Rakic" title="Pasko Rakic">Pasko Rakic</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Scheller" title="Richard Scheller">Richard Scheller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Bargmann" title="Cornelia Bargmann">Cornelia Bargmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winfried_Denk" title="Winfried Denk">Winfried Denk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner">Brenda Milner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Raichle" title="Marcus Raichle">Marcus Raichle</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_Marder" title="Eve Marder">Eve Marder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Merzenich" title="Michael Merzenich">Michael Merzenich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carla_J._Shatz" title="Carla J. Shatz">Carla J. Shatz</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._James_Hudspeth" title="A. James Hudspeth">A. James Hudspeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fettiplace" title="Robert Fettiplace">Robert Fettiplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Petit" title="Christine Petit">Christine Petit</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Mandel" title="Jean-Louis Mandel">Jean-Louis Mandel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_T._Orr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry T. Orr (page does not exist)">Harry T. Orr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Walsh" title="Christopher A. Walsh">Christopher A. Walsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huda_Zoghbi" title="Huda Zoghbi">Huda Zoghbi</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kanwisher" title="Nancy Kanwisher">Nancy Kanwisher</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winrich_Freiwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winrich Freiwald (page does not exist)">Winrich Freiwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Ying_Tsao" class="mw-redirect" title="Doris Ying Tsao">Doris Ying Tsao</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76766#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114472904">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/69058814">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmdvYDRd4b4gpRTPQ9MT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/109583469">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008074963">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12873612n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12873612n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153197&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=22970196300">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/b/GerdKBinnig">DBLP</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd109583469.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/109583469">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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