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class="vector-toc-link" href="#1862"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>1862</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1862-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1864–1867" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1864–1867"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>1864–1867</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1864–1867-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Civil_War_and_early_Endicott_Period_(1868–1906)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Civil_War_and_early_Endicott_Period_(1868–1906)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Post-Civil War and early Endicott Period (1868–1906)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Civil_War_and_early_Endicott_Period_(1868–1906)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>Post World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hotels_at_Fort_Monroe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hotels_at_Fort_Monroe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Hotels at Fort Monroe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hotels_at_Fort_Monroe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coast_Artillery_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coast_Artillery_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Coast Artillery School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coast_Artillery_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commandants_list" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commandants_list"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Commandants list</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commandants_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Base_Realignment_and_Closure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_Realignment_and_Closure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Base Realignment and Closure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base_Realignment_and_Closure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redevelopment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redevelopment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Redevelopment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redevelopment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_monument_and_historical_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_monument_and_historical_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>National monument and historical interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_monument_and_historical_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1619_African_Landing_and_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1619_African_Landing_and_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1619 African Landing and commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1619_African_Landing_and_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Monroe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Fort Monroe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fort Monroe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe" title="Fort Monroe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fort Monroe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benteng_Monroe" title="Benteng Monroe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benteng Monroe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe" title="Fort Monroe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fort Monroe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88" title="حصن مونرو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حصن مونرو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E7%A0%A6" title="モンロー砦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンロー砦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe" title="Fort Monroe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fort Monroe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe" title="Fort Monroe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fort Monroe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Форт Монро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Форт Монро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Monroe&params=37_00_13_N_76_18_27_W_region:US-VA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°00′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°18′27″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.00361°N 76.30750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.00361; -76.30750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Moated, six-sided, historical bastion fort in Hampton, Virginia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the historic site in California, see <a href="/wiki/Fort_Monroe_(Yosemite)" title="Fort Monroe (Yosemite)">Fort Monroe (Yosemite)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Fort Monroe</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defense_Command" title="Harbor Defense Command">Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay</a> 1896–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Headquarters, garrison fort, training center</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">Federal, State, Local</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Open to<br />the public</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Fort Monroe National Monument</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #87CEEB"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">U.S. National Historic Landmark District</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5; color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF"><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">U.S. National Monument</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #C1D1AE"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Landmarks_Register" title="Virginia Landmarks Register">Virginia Landmarks Register</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Monroe_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fort_Monroe_Aerial.jpg/250px-Fort_Monroe_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fort_Monroe_Aerial.jpg/375px-Fort_Monroe_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fort_Monroe_Aerial.jpg/500px-Fort_Monroe_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fort Monroe in 2004</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Virginia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Monroe is located in Virginia"><img alt="Fort Monroe is located in Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/USA_Virginia_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Virginia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/USA_Virginia_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Virginia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/USA_Virginia_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Virginia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="964" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.645%;left:85.309%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fort Monroe"><img alt="Fort Monroe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Virginia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Monroe is located in the United States"><img alt="Fort Monroe is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.585%;left:83.674%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fort Monroe"><img alt="Fort Monroe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Monroe&params=37_00_13_N_76_18_27_W_region:US-VA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°00′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°18′27″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.00361°N 76.30750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.00361; -76.30750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">565 acres (229 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1819–1834</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bernard" title="Simon Bernard">Simon Bernard</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">Third system fort</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/fomr/">Fort Monroe National Monument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000912">66000912</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (original)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/13000708">13000708</a> (increase)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">VLR <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">114-0002</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 15, 1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Boundary increase</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">March 9, 2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NHLD</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">December 19, 1960<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NMON</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">November 1, 2011<sup id="cite_ref-DP_NatMon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP_NatMon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated VLR</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">September 9, 1969<sup id="cite_ref-register_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-register-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In use</th><td class="infobox-data">1823–2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Materials</th><td class="infobox-data">stone, brick, earth</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fort Monroe</b> is a former military installation in <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Old_Point_Comfort" title="Old Point Comfort">Old Point Comfort</a>, the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a>, United States. It is currently managed by partnership between the Fort Monroe Authority for the Commonwealth of Virginia, the National Park Service, and the city of Hampton as the <b>Fort Monroe National Monument</b>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wool" title="Fort Wool">Fort Wool</a>, Fort Monroe originally guarded the navigation channel between the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>—the natural <a href="/wiki/Roadstead" title="Roadstead">roadstead</a> at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_River_(Virginia)" title="Elizabeth River (Virginia)">Elizabeth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nansemond_River" title="Nansemond River">Nansemond</a> and the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James</a> rivers. </p><p>Until disarmament in 1946, the areas protected by the fort were the entire Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River regions, including the water approaches to the cities of Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland, along with important shipyards and naval bases in the Hampton Roads area. Surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a>, the six-sided <a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">bastion fort</a> is the largest fort by area ever built in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II201841_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II201841-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the initial exploration by a mission headed by Captain <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Newport" title="Christopher Newport">Christopher Newport</a> in the early 1600s, the earliest days of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>, the site was identified as a strategic defensive location. Beginning by 1609, defensive fortifications were built at <a href="/wiki/Old_Point_Comfort" title="Old Point Comfort">Old Point Comfort</a> during Virginia's first two centuries. The first was a wooden stockade named Fort Algernourne, followed by other small forts.<sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsHamp1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMon1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the much more substantial facility of stone that became known as Fort Monroe (and adjacent Fort Wool on an artificial island across the channel) were completed in 1834, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">third system of U.S. fortifications</a>. The principal fort was named in honor of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Virginia became part of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, Fort Monroe remained in <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> hands throughout the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865). <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">Union General George B. McClellan</a> landed the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> at the fort during <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula campaign of 1862</a> of that conflict. The fort was notable as a historic and symbolic site of early freedom for former <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> under the provisions of <a href="/wiki/Contraband_(American_Civil_War)" title="Contraband (American Civil War)">contraband</a> policies. </p><p>For two years following the war, the former Confederate President, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, was imprisoned at the fort. His first months of confinement were spent in a cell of the <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemated</a> fort walls that is now part of its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casemate_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casemate Museum (page does not exist)">Casemate Museum</a>. </p><p>Around the turn of the 20th century, numerous gun batteries were added in and near Fort Monroe under the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Fortifications" title="Board of Fortifications">Endicott program</a>; it became the largest fort and headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defense_Command" title="Harbor Defense Command">Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMon1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th and 20th centuries it housed artillery schools, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps" title="United States Army Coast Artillery Corps">Coast Artillery School</a> (1907–1946). The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Army Command">Continental Army Command</a> (CONARC) (1955–1973) headquarters was at Fort Monroe, succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Training_and_Doctrine_Command" title="United States Army Training and Doctrine Command">United States Army Training and Doctrine Command</a> (TRADOC) following a division of CONARC into TRADOC and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_Command" title="United States Army Forces Command">United States Army Forces Command</a> (FORSCOM) in 1973. CONARC was responsible for all active Army units in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental United States">continental United States</a>. TRADOC was headquartered at the fort from 1973 until it was moved to Fort Eustis in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-TRFAQ1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRFAQ1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fort Monroe was deactivated September 15, 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-DP_Stands_Down_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP_Stands_Down-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many of its functions were transferred to nearby <a href="/wiki/Fort_Eustis" title="Fort Eustis">Fort Eustis</a>. Several re-use plans for Fort Monroe are under development in the Hampton community. On November 1, 2011, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> signed a proclamation to designate portions of Fort Monroe as a <a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">national monument</a>. This was the first time that President Obama exercised his authority under the <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a>, a 1906 law to protect sites deemed to have natural, historical or scientific significance.<sup id="cite_ref-DP_NatMon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP_NatMon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the 565 acres of Fort Monroe are 170 historic buildings and nearly 200 acres of natural resources, including 8 miles of waterfront, 3.2 miles of beaches on the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, 110 acres of submerged lands and 85 acres of wetlands. It has a 332-slip marina and shallow water inlet access to Mill Creek, suitable for small watercraft.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The land area where Fort Monroe is became part of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_City_(Virginia_Company)" title="Elizabeth City (Virginia Company)">Elizabeth Cittie</a> [sic] in 1619, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_River_Shire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth River Shire">Elizabeth River Shire</a> in 1634, and was included in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_City_County,_Virginia" title="Elizabeth City County, Virginia">Elizabeth City County</a> when it was formed in 1643. Over 300 years later, in 1952, Elizabeth City County and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Phoebus,_Virginia" title="Phoebus, Virginia">Town of Phoebus</a> agreed to consolidate with the smaller <a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">independent city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a>, which became one of the larger cities of <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Algernon" title="Fort Algernon">Fort Algernon</a></div> <p>Arriving with three ships under Captain <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Newport" title="Christopher Newport">Christopher Newport</a>, Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_of_Jamestown" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smith of Jamestown">John Smith</a> and the colonists of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company" title="Virginia Company">Virginia Company</a> established the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a> in 1607. On their initial exploration, they recognized the strategic importance of the site at <a href="/wiki/Old_Point_Comfort" title="Old Point Comfort">Old Point Comfort</a> for purposes of coastal defense. They initially built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Algernon" title="Fort Algernon">Fort Algernourne</a> (1609–1622) at the location of the present Fort Monroe. It was renamed the Point Comfort Fort in 1612.<sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsHamp1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is assumed to have been a triangular stockade, based on the fort at Jamestown. Other small forts known as Fort Henry and Fort Charles were built nearby in 1610 to protect the <a href="/wiki/Kecoughtan,_Virginia" title="Kecoughtan, Virginia">Kecoughtan</a> settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-AFNHamp2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFNHamp2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fort Algernourne fell into disuse after 1622.<sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsHamp1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1619 a British-owned Dutch-flagged <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/White_Lion_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Lion (ship)">White Lion</a></i>, appeared off Old Point Comfort. Its cargo included between 20-30 <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africans</a> captured from the slave ship <i>São João Bautista</i>. Traded for work and supplies from the English, they were the first Africans to come ashore on British-occupied land in what would become the United States. The arrival of these <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> people from <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> is considered to mark the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">slavery in colonial America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another fort, known only as "the fort at Old Point Comfort" was constructed in 1632. In 1728, <b>Fort George</b> was built on the site. Its masonry walls were destroyed by a hurricane in 1749, but the wooden buildings in the fort were used by a reduced force from circa 1755 until at least 1775. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> and French forces approached Yorktown in 1781, the British established batteries on the ruins of Fort George. Shortly afterward, during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a>, the French West Indian fleet occupied these batteries. Throughout the Colonial period, fortifications were manned at the location from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsHamp1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_and_construction">Design and construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Monroe_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fort_Monroe_Map.jpg/220px-Fort_Monroe_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fort_Monroe_Map.jpg/330px-Fort_Monroe_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fort_Monroe_Map.jpg/440px-Fort_Monroe_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>Map of Fort Monroe by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Knox_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Knox Sweden (page does not exist)">Robert Knox Sweden</a>, 1862, showing casemated water battery, redoubt, and gorge position; the redoubt was protected by a secondary moat. The outer moat shown for the water battery did not exist.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the United States realized the need to protect Hampton Roads and the inland waters from attack by sea. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">A British attack</a> on Norfolk and Portsmouth was repulsed, but they then bypassed the existing fortifications and went on to <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">burn Washington, D.C.</a>, and unsuccessfully <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">attack Baltimore</a>. In March 1819, President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> came up with a plan of building a network of coastal defenses, later called the <a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">third system of U.S. fortifications</a>. In 1822 construction began in earnest<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the stone-and-brick fort which would become the safeguard for Chesapeake Bay and the largest fort by area ever built in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsHamp1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended as the headquarters for the third system of forts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II201841,_179–186_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II201841,_179–186-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the original buildings is <a href="/wiki/Quarters_1_(Fort_Monroe)" title="Quarters 1 (Fort Monroe)">Quarters 1</a>, designed as a residence and headquarters for Fort Monroe's commanding officer.<sup id="cite_ref-VAnom1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VAnom1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work continued for nearly 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Fort_Monroe_During_the_Civil_War_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fort_Monroe_During_the_Civil_War-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fort was designed by brevet Brigadier General of engineers <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bernard" title="Simon Bernard">Simon Bernard</a>, formerly a French brigadier general of engineers and aide to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, who had been banished from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> after the latter's defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a> in 1815, moved to the United States, and later commissioned as a brigadier general in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the beginning of its construction until 1832 the fort's name was "Fortress Monroe", and it was sometimes referred to by that name subsequently.<sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsHamp1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fort Monroe was the first of the third system forts to begin construction, and was intended as a headquarters for the system as well as a fort. It is a <a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">bastion fort</a> with an irregular hexagon shape and seven bastions. The southern and longest front is divided in two fronts by a bastion in the middle; the other bastions are at the corners. The fort is surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a> and covers 63 acres (25 ha). At the time it was built, the only land access to the fort's location was via a long, narrow <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> to the north. A <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubt</a> with a secondary moat was built northeast of the fort to guard against attack from this direction; the redoubt no longer exists, but the water gate for the secondary moat remains. The fort has a continuous <a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">barbette</a> tier of cannon emplacements on the roof, but only a partial <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemated</a> tier in the fort, mainly on the southwestern and southern fronts. No positions for casemated flank <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a> exist on the northern and northwestern fronts (except two alongside the north <a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">sally port</a>); this partial tier is unusual in the third system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main channel the fort protected was to the southeast; a casemated external battery (also called a "casemated coverface" or "water battery") of forty 42-pounder <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was built just outside the moat in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increased the number of cannon in this direction compared with casemated guns in the <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a> from 28 to 40; it was accessed from the main fort via a bridge. As of 2018, only a small part of the external battery's north end remains, along with a salient <a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">place-of-arms</a> just north of it with three gun positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort's walls were up to ten feet thick and the moat was eight feet deep. The initial design provided for up to 380 guns and was later expanded to 412 guns, intended for a garrison of 600 troops in peacetime and up to 2,625 troops in wartime. However, the fort was never fully armed.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMon1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_19th_century">Early 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lighthouse_at_Fort_Monroe_-_Stierch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lighthouse_at_Fort_Monroe_-_Stierch.jpg/220px-Lighthouse_at_Fort_Monroe_-_Stierch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lighthouse_at_Fort_Monroe_-_Stierch.jpg/330px-Lighthouse_at_Fort_Monroe_-_Stierch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lighthouse_at_Fort_Monroe_-_Stierch.jpg/440px-Lighthouse_at_Fort_Monroe_-_Stierch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Point_Comfort_Light" title="Old Point Comfort Light">Old Point Comfort Light</a> at Fort Monroe, built in 1802</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_American_Soldier_1827-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_American_Soldier_1827-2.png/220px-The_American_Soldier_1827-2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_American_Soldier_1827-2.png/330px-The_American_Soldier_1827-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_American_Soldier_1827-2.png/440px-The_American_Soldier_1827-2.png 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery_School_of_Practice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artillery School of Practice (page does not exist)">Artillery School of Practice</a> was organized at Fort Monroe in 1824</figcaption></figure> <p>The site of Fort Monroe was first garrisoned in June 1823 by Battery G of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Air_Defense_Artillery_Regiment" title="3rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment">3rd U.S. Artillery Regiment</a><sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMon1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commanded by Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mann_P._Lomax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mann P. Lomax (page does not exist)">Mann P. Lomax</a>. </p><p>As a young first lieutenant and engineer in the U.S. Army, <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> was stationed at the fort from 1831 to 1834 and played a major role in its final construction and its opposite, Fort Calhoun (renamed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wool" title="Fort Wool">Fort Wool</a> in 1862). He resided at <a href="/wiki/Quarters_17_(Fort_Monroe)" title="Quarters 17 (Fort Monroe)">Quarters 17</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VAnom2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VAnom2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fort Calhoun was built on a <a href="/wiki/Man-made_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-made island">man-made island</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Rip_Raps" title="Rip Raps">Rip Raps</a> across the navigation channel from <a href="/wiki/Old_Point_Comfort" title="Old Point Comfort">Old Point Comfort</a> in the middle of the mouth of Hampton Roads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018186–190_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018186–190-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army briefly detained the Native American chieftain <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hawk (chief)">Black Hawk</a> at Fort Monroe, following the 1832 Black Hawk War. </p><p>When construction was completed in 1834, Fort Monroe was referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> of Chesapeake Bay." The fort mounted an impressive complement of powerful artillery: 42-pounder <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> with a range of over one mile. In conjunction with Fort Calhoun (later Fort Wool), this was just enough range to cover the main shipping channel into the area. (Decommissioned after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the former Fort Wool on <a href="/wiki/Rip_Raps" title="Rip Raps">Rip Raps</a> is now adjacent to the southern man-made island of the <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Bridge-Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel">Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel</a>, first completed in 1957.) </p><p>From 1824 to 1946 Fort Monroe was the site of a series of schools of artillery. The first was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery_School_of_Practice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artillery School of Practice (page does not exist)">Artillery School of Practice</a>. The school was closed in 1834 but was revived during the period 1858–61. It was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Artillery_School" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Artillery School">Artillery School of the U.S. Army</a>, which existed from 1867 until its redesignation in 1907 as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Army_Coast_Artillery_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Army Coast Artillery School (page does not exist)">Coast Artillery School</a>. Fort Monroe also hosted the Old Point Comfort Proving Ground for testing artillery and ammunition from the 1830s to 1861; after the Civil War this function relocated to the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Proving_Ground" title="Sandy Hook Proving Ground">Sandy Hook Proving Ground</a> in New Jersey.<sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsHamp1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1860–61"><span id="1860.E2.80.9361"></span>1860–61</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1860–61"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fort Monroe played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. On December 20, 1860, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> became the first state to secede from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>. Four months later, on April 12, 1861, troops of that state opened fire on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> Harbor. Five days later, Virginia's legislature passed (subject to voters' ratification) the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">Ordinance of Secession</a> of Virginia to withdraw from the Union and join the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. On 23 May 1861, voters of Virginia ratified the state's secession from the union. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> had Fort Monroe quickly reinforced so that it would not fall to Confederate forces. It was held by Union forces throughout the Civil War, which launched several sea and land expeditions from there. </p><p>A few weeks after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a> in 1861, U.S. Army General-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> proposed to President Abraham Lincoln a plan to bring the states back into the Union: Cut the Confederacy off from the rest of the world instead of attacking its army in Virginia. His <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a> was to <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> or occupy the Confederacy's coastline to limit the activity of <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">blockade runners</a>, and control the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> valley with gunboats. In cooperation with the Navy, troops from Fort Monroe extended Union control along the coasts of <a href="/wiki/The_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carolinas">the Carolinas</a> as Lincoln ordered a blockade of the southern seaboard from the South Carolina line to the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> on April 19 and, on April 27, extended it to include the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and Virginia coasts. </p><p>On April 20 the Union Navy burned and evacuated the <a href="/wiki/Gosport_Navy_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosport Navy Yard">Gosport Navy Yard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a>, destroying nine ships in the process, keeping Fort Monroe at Old Point Comfort as the last bastion of the United States in <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_region_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater region of Virginia">Tidewater Virginia</a>. The Confederacy's occupation of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a> gave it a major shipyard and thousands of heavy guns, but they held it for only one year. Confederate Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gwynn" title="Walter Gwynn">Walter Gwynn</a>, who commanded the Confederate defenses around Norfolk, erected batteries at <a href="/wiki/Sewell%27s_Point" title="Sewell's Point">Sewell's Point</a>, to protect Norfolk and to control Hampton Roads. </p><p>The Union dispatched a fleet to Hampton Roads to enforce the blockade. On May 18–19, 1861, Federal gunboats based at Fort Monroe exchanged fire with the Confederate batteries at Sewell's Point. The little-known <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sewell%27s_Point" title="Battle of Sewell's Point">Battle of Sewell's Point</a> resulted in minor damage to both sides. Several land operations against Confederate forces were mounted from the fort, notably the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Bethel" title="Battle of Big Bethel">Battle of Big Bethel</a> in June 1861. </p><p>On May 27, 1861, Major General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a> made his famous "<a href="/wiki/Contraband_(American_Civil_War)" title="Contraband (American Civil War)">contraband</a>" decision, or "<a href="/wiki/Fort_Monroe_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Monroe Doctrine">Fort Monroe Doctrine</a>", determining that the enslaved men who reached Union lines would be considered "contraband of war" (captured enemy property) and not be returned to bondage. Prior to this, the Union had generally enforced the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a>, returning escaped slaves to their owners. The order resulted in thousands of slaves fleeing to Union lines around Fort Monroe, which was Butler's headquarters in Virginia. Fort Monroe became called "Freedom's Fortress", as any self-emancipating person reaching it would be free. In the Summer of 1861 Harry Jarvis made his way to Fort Monroe and insisted General Butler let him enlist. Butler refused because he believed "it wasn't a black man's war." Jarvis replied, "It would be a black man's war," due to the presence of the incoming of thousands of runaway slaves. This marked a sudden shift in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1862 Congress passed <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_the_Return_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting the Return of Slaves">a law formalizing this policy</a>. By the fall, the Army had built the <a href="/wiki/Great_Contraband_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Contraband Camp">Great Contraband Camp</a> in Hampton to house the families. It was the first of more than 100 that would be established by war's end, and the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Colony_of_Roanoke_Island" title="Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony</a> (1863–1867), which started as a contraband camp. Many contrabands were employed by the Union Army in support roles such as cooks, wagon drivers, and laborers. Beginning in January 1863, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a> were formed, with many contrabands enlisting; these units were composed primarily of white officers and African-American enlisted men, and eventually numbered nearly 180,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mary_S._Peake" title="Mary S. Peake">Mary S. Peake</a> was teaching the children of freedmen to read and write near Fort Monroe. She was the first black teacher hired by the <a href="/wiki/American_Missionary_Association" title="American Missionary Association">American Missionary Association</a> (AMA), a northern missionary group led by black and white ministers from the <a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> denominations, who strongly supported education of freedmen. Soon she was teaching children during the day and adults at night. The AMA sponsored hundreds of northern teachers and hired local teachers in the south; it founded more than 500 local schools and 11 colleges for freedmen and their children. </p><p>During the Civil War Fort Monroe was the site of a military <a href="/wiki/Balloon" title="Balloon">balloon</a> camp under the flight direction of aeronaut <a href="/wiki/John_LaMountain" title="John LaMountain">John LaMountain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">Union Army Balloon Corps</a> was being developed at Fort Corcoran near Arlington under the presidentially appointed Prof. <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_S._C._Lowe" title="Thaddeus S. C. Lowe">Thaddeus S. C. Lowe</a>. At the same time, LaMountain, who was vying for position as Chief Aeronaut, had gained the confidence of Butler in using his balloon <i>Atlantic</i> for aerial observations. LaMountain is credited with having made the first successful report from an aerial station that was of practical <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a>. LaMountain was later reassigned to Lowe's balloon corps, but after a period of in-fighting with Lowe, he was released from military service. Lowe eventually assigned regular military balloons to Fort Monroe. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lincoln_gun_LCCN2012646299.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Lincoln_gun_LCCN2012646299.tif/lossy-page1-250px-The_Lincoln_gun_LCCN2012646299.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Lincoln_gun_LCCN2012646299.tif/lossy-page1-375px-The_Lincoln_gun_LCCN2012646299.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Lincoln_gun_LCCN2012646299.tif/lossy-page1-500px-The_Lincoln_gun_LCCN2012646299.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="2797" /></a><figcaption>15-inch prototype Rodman gun (nicknamed the "Lincoln gun") at Fort Monroe during 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1861 the prototype 15-inch <a href="/wiki/Rodman_gun" title="Rodman gun">Rodman gun</a> was delivered to Fort Monroe and was subsequently fired 350 times in testing. This weapon (Fort Pitt Foundry No. 1 of 1861) is displayed at the fort as of 2018; a plaque states that it was test fired for President Lincoln and was nicknamed the "Lincoln gun". This type of weapon was deployed for coastal defense during the war (an 1862 map shows an external battery of them at Fort Monroe) and more widely deployed following the war.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1862">1862</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1862"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_monroe_wounded_leslie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fort_monroe_wounded_leslie.jpg/250px-Fort_monroe_wounded_leslie.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fort_monroe_wounded_leslie.jpg/375px-Fort_monroe_wounded_leslie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fort_monroe_wounded_leslie.jpg/500px-Fort_monroe_wounded_leslie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption>Receiving wounded at Fort Monroe as illustrated in Frank Leslie's paper, August 16, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1862, the naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Battle of Hampton Roads</a> took place off Sewell's Point between two early <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warships</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia">CSS <i>Virginia</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a>. While the outcome was inconclusive, the battle marked a change in naval warfare and the end to wooden fighting ships. </p><p>Later that spring, the continuing presence of the Union Navy based at Fort Monroe enabled federal water transports from Washington, D.C., to land unmolested to support Major General <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a>. Formed at Fort Monroe, McClellan's troops moved up the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a> during the spring of 1862, reaching within a few miles of the gates of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> about 80 miles to the west by June 1. For the next 30 days, they laid siege to Richmond. Then, during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a>, McClellan fell back to the James River well below Richmond, ending the campaign. Fortunately for McClellan, during this time, Union troops regained control of Norfolk, Hampton Roads, and the James River below <a href="/wiki/Drewry%27s_Bluff" title="Drewry's Bluff">Drewry's Bluff</a> (a strategic point about 8 miles south of Richmond). </p><p>Beginning in 1862 Fort Monroe was also used as a transfer point for mail exchange. Mail sent from states in the Confederacy addressed to locations in the Union had to be sent by flag-of-truce and could only pass through at Fort Monroe where the mail was opened, inspected, resealed, marked and sent on. <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Prisoner_of_war_mail" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">Prisoner of war mail</a> from Union soldiers in Confederate prisons was required to be passed through this point for inspection.<sup id="cite_ref-Civilian_Flag-of-Truce_Covers_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Civilian_Flag-of-Truce_Covers-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prisoner_of_war_mail_exchange_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prisoner_of_war_mail_exchange-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1864–1867"><span id="1864.E2.80.931867"></span>1864–1867</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1864–1867"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson_davis_fort_monroe_capture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jefferson_davis_fort_monroe_capture.jpg/220px-Jefferson_davis_fort_monroe_capture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jefferson_davis_fort_monroe_capture.jpg/330px-Jefferson_davis_fort_monroe_capture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jefferson_davis_fort_monroe_capture.jpg/440px-Jefferson_davis_fort_monroe_capture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Sketch by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_R._Waud" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred R. Waud">Alfred R. Waud</a> of Jefferson Davis imprisoned in the casemate (1865)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1864, the Union <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_James" title="Army of the James">Army of the James</a> under Major General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a> was formed at Fort Monroe. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Regiment,_United_States_Colored_Cavalry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Regiment, United States Colored Cavalry (page does not exist)">2nd Regiment, United States Colored Cavalry</a>, mustered in at Fort Monroe on December 22, 1864,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Regiment,_United_States_Colored_Cavalry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Regiment, United States Colored Cavalry (page does not exist)">1st Regiment, United States Colored Cavalry</a> mustered in the same day at nearby Camp Hamilton.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a> during 1864 and 1865 was supported on the James River from a base at <a href="/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia" title="City Point, Virginia">City Point</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Virginia" title="Hopewell, Virginia">Hopewell, Virginia</a>). Maintaining the control of Hampton Roads at Fort Monroe and Fort Wool was crucial to the naval support Grant required for the successful Union campaign to take Petersburg, which was the key to the fall of the Confederate capital at Richmond. As Petersburg fell, Richmond was evacuated in 1865 on the night of April 2–3. That night, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Confederate States">Confederate President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> and his cabinet escaped Richmond, taking the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_and_Danville_Railroad" title="Richmond and Danville Railroad">Richmond and Danville Railroad</a> to move first to <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia">Danville</a> and then <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. However, the cause was lost, and Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered what was left of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> to Grant at <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Courthouse,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia">Appomattox Court House</a> the following week. </p><p>After the last Confederate cabinet meeting was held on April 26, 1865, at <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, Jefferson Davis was captured at <a href="/wiki/Irwinville" class="mw-redirect" title="Irwinville">Irwinville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and placed under arrest. Davis was confined for two years at Fort Monroe, beginning on May 22, 1865. For a few days he was confined in irons; newspaper accounts of this beginning on May 27 aroused sympathy for him, even in the North, and Union <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">secretary of war</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a> soon ordered the irons removed. At the fort, Union surgeon John J. Craven had already recommended this, and continued to recommend better quarters, access to tobacco, and freedom of movement for Davis.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In poor health, Davis was released in May, 1867, on bail, which was posted by prominent citizens of both Northern and Southern states, including <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a>, who had become convinced he was being treated unfairly. The federal government proceeded no further in its prosecution due to the constitutional concerns of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>. Davis died in 1889. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Civil_War_and_early_Endicott_Period_(1868–1906)"><span id="Post-Civil_War_and_early_Endicott_Period_.281868.E2.80.931906.29"></span>Post-Civil War and early Endicott Period (1868–1906)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-Civil War and early Endicott Period (1868–1906)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Greble,_R.I._(4515412788).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fort_Greble%2C_R.I._%284515412788%29.jpg/220px-Fort_Greble%2C_R.I._%284515412788%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fort_Greble%2C_R.I._%284515412788%29.jpg/330px-Fort_Greble%2C_R.I._%284515412788%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fort_Greble%2C_R.I._%284515412788%29.jpg/440px-Fort_Greble%2C_R.I._%284515412788%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1031" /></a><figcaption>12-inch (305 mm) mortars, similar to those at Fort Monroe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coast_artillery_practice,_Fortress_Monroe,_Va._12_inch_mortar_detachment_loading_-_cropped_-_NARA_-_55179673.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coast_artillery_practice%2C_Fortress_Monroe%2C_Va._12_inch_mortar_detachment_loading_-_cropped_-_NARA_-_55179673.jpg/220px-Coast_artillery_practice%2C_Fortress_Monroe%2C_Va._12_inch_mortar_detachment_loading_-_cropped_-_NARA_-_55179673.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coast_artillery_practice%2C_Fortress_Monroe%2C_Va._12_inch_mortar_detachment_loading_-_cropped_-_NARA_-_55179673.jpg/330px-Coast_artillery_practice%2C_Fortress_Monroe%2C_Va._12_inch_mortar_detachment_loading_-_cropped_-_NARA_-_55179673.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coast_artillery_practice%2C_Fortress_Monroe%2C_Va._12_inch_mortar_detachment_loading_-_cropped_-_NARA_-_55179673.jpg/440px-Coast_artillery_practice%2C_Fortress_Monroe%2C_Va._12_inch_mortar_detachment_loading_-_cropped_-_NARA_-_55179673.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3980" data-file-height="2804" /></a><figcaption>1918 photo of a pit of 12-inch mortars at Fort Monroe; one mortar tube has been removed for conversion to railway artillery</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seacoast-Battery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Seacoast-Battery.jpg/220px-Seacoast-Battery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Seacoast-Battery.jpg/330px-Seacoast-Battery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Seacoast-Battery.jpg/440px-Seacoast-Battery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Endicott Program battery with two guns on disappearing carriages, similar to several at Fort Monroe</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_United_States_Artillery" title="Journal of the United States Artillery">Journal of the United States Artillery</a></i> was founded at Fort Monroe in 1892 by First Lieutenant (later General) <a href="/wiki/General_John_Wilson_Ruckman" class="mw-redirect" title="General John Wilson Ruckman">John Wilson Ruckman</a> and four other officers of the Artillery School.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruckman served as the editor of the <i>Journal</i> for four years (July 1892 to January 1896) and published several articles therein afterward. One publication by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> notes Ruckman's "guidance" and "first-rate quality" work were obvious as the <i>Journal</i> "rose to high rank among the service papers of the world". The <i>Journal</i> was renamed the <i>Coast Artillery Journal</i> in 1922<sup id="cite_ref-SillCAJ1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SillCAJ1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Antiaircraft Journal</i> in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Fortifications" title="Board of Fortifications">Board of Fortifications</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/William_C._Endicott" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Endicott">William C. Endicott</a> and often called the Endicott board, met in 1885 to consider the future of U.S. coast defenses. In 1886 the board's report recommended an across-the-board improvement program, often called the Endicott program. This included replacing all existing weapons with modern breech-loading guns and mortars in <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> batteries with earth cover and providing <a href="/wiki/Submarine_mines_in_United_States_harbor_defense" title="Submarine mines in United States harbor defense">controlled minefields</a> in ship channels.<sup id="cite_ref-EndTaftCDSG1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EndTaftCDSG1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fort Monroe was to be one of the largest installations of this program, and in 1896 construction began on new gun batteries there. The fort was the headquarters and main fort of the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Defense Command">Coast Defenses of Chesapeake Bay</a>, which was organized circa 1896 as an artillery district and redesignated in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMon1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CACOrg421_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACOrg421-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1906 the following batteries were completed:<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMon1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>No. of guns </th> <th>Gun type </th> <th>Carriage type </th> <th>Years active </th> <th>Condition in 2015 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></td> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/12-inch_coast_defense_mortar" title="12-inch coast defense mortar">12-inch (305 mm) mortar</a> M1890</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">barbette</a> M1896</td> <td>1898–1943</td> <td>intact </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_D._Ruggles" title="George D. Ruggles">Ruggles</a></td> <td>8</td> <td>12-inch (305 mm) mortar M1890</td> <td>barbette M1896</td> <td>1898–1943</td> <td>intact </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Edward_De_Russy" title="René Edward De Russy">De Russy</a></td> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1895" title="12-inch gun M1895">12-inch (305 mm) gun M1895</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">disappearing</a> M1897</td> <td>1904–1944</td> <td>intact, earth <a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">glacis</a> removed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Parker_Parrott" title="Robert Parker Parrott">Parrott</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>12-inch (305 mm) gun M1900</td> <td>disappearing M1901</td> <td>1906–1943</td> <td>intact, 90 mm gun in place </td></tr> <tr> <td>Humphreys</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/10-inch_gun_M1888" class="mw-redirect" title="10-inch gun M1888">10-inch (254 mm) gun M1888</a></td> <td>disappearing M1894</td> <td>1897–1910</td> <td>demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Eustis" title="Abraham Eustis">Eustis</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>10-inch (254 mm) gun M1888</td> <td>disappearing M1896</td> <td>1901–1942</td> <td>demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td>Church</td> <td>2</td> <td>10-inch (254 mm) gun M1895</td> <td>disappearing M1896</td> <td>1901–1942</td> <td>intact, earth glacis removed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Bomford" title="George Bomford">Bomford</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>10-inch (254 mm) gun M1888</td> <td>disappearing M1894</td> <td>1897–1942</td> <td>demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northeast bastion (experimental)</td> <td>1</td> <td>10-inch (254 mm) gun M1896</td> <td>disappearing M1894</td> <td>1900–1908</td> <td>intact </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barber</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/8-inch_gun_M1888" title="8-inch gun M1888">8-inch (203 mm) gun M1888</a></td> <td>barbette M1892</td> <td>1898–1913</td> <td>demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parapet</td> <td>2</td> <td>8-inch (203 mm) gun M1888</td> <td>barbette M1892</td> <td>1898–1915</td> <td>mostly buried </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_P._Montgomery" title="Lemuel P. Montgomery">Montgomery</a></td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1900" class="mw-redirect" title="6-inch gun M1900">6-inch (152 mm) gun M1900</a></td> <td>pedestal M1900</td> <td>1904–1948</td> <td>demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Gatewood" title="Charles B. Gatewood">Gatewood</a></td> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/QF_4.7-inch_Gun_Mk_I%E2%80%93IV#United_States_service" class="mw-redirect" title="QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV">4.72-inch Armstrong gun</a></td> <td>pedestal</td> <td>1898–1914</td> <td>mostly buried </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irwin</td> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/3-inch_gun_M1898" class="mw-redirect" title="3-inch gun M1898">3-inch (76 mm) gun M1898</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masking_parapet" class="mw-redirect" title="Masking parapet">masking parapet</a> M1898</td> <td>1903–1920</td> <td>intact, two <a href="/wiki/3-inch_M1902_seacoast_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="3-inch M1902 seacoast gun">3-inch M1902 guns</a> in place </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Battery Gatewood and the northeast bastion battery were built on the roof of the old fort's southeastern front and bastion; the parapet battery was on the roof of the eastern half of the old fort's southern side. The parapet battery had four emplacements, but only two of these had guns.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batteries Bomford and Barber were north of the old fort. Battery Humphreys was immediately northeast of the old fort and oriented southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batteries Irwin and Parrott were in front of the old fort's southern side. The remaining batteries were on the isthmus extending north from the old fort in this order: Eustis, De Russy, Montgomery, Church, Anderson/Ruggles. Batteries Anderson and Ruggles were a line of four open-back mortar pits, originally with four mortars in each pit. Battery Anderson was the southern pair of pits and Battery Ruggles was the northern pair. Originally all four pits were named Anderson, but they were divided into two batteries in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMon1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Battery_Anderson_at_FortWiki.com_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battery_Anderson_at_FortWiki.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Battery Gatewood and the parapet battery were among a number of batteries begun after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in 1898. Most of the Endicott batteries were years from completion, and most existing defenses still had muzzle-loading weapons. It was feared that the Spanish fleet might bombard U.S. <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">east coast</a> ports. Modern quick-firing guns were acquired from the United Kingdom and installed in new batteries. Battery Gatewood had four 4.72-inch/50 <a href="/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)" title="Caliber (artillery)">caliber</a> guns while the parapet battery had four platforms for 8-inch M1888 guns with only two guns mounted.<sup id="cite_ref-guncards1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guncards1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northeast bastion battery was built to test an experimental 10-inch M1896 "depressing gun"; the battery was disarmed in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Battery Humphreys was disarmed in 1910; batteries Barber, Gatewood, and the parapet battery were disarmed in 1913–1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMon1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control towers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Coast_Artillery_fire_control_system" title="Coast Artillery fire control system">direct the use of guns and mines</a> were also built at the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsHamp1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMon1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Spanish–American War Fort Monroe also hosted the Camp Josiah Simpson Army General Hospital, including the post hospital and a tent camp on the old fort's parade ground.<sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsHamp1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Exposition" title="Jamestown Exposition">Jamestown Exposition</a>, held in 1907 at <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>, featured an extensive <a href="/wiki/Naval_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval review">naval review</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a>. Beginning in 1917, the former exposition site at <a href="/wiki/Sewell%27s_Point" title="Sewell's Point">Sewell's Point</a> became a major base of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. Currently, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk" title="Naval Station Norfolk">Naval Station Norfolk</a> is the base supporting naval forces operating in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. As of 2018, it is the world's largest naval station by number of military members supported. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guns_at_Fort_Monroe,_Va.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Guns_at_Fort_Monroe%2C_Va.jpg/220px-Guns_at_Fort_Monroe%2C_Va.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Guns_at_Fort_Monroe%2C_Va.jpg/330px-Guns_at_Fort_Monroe%2C_Va.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Guns_at_Fort_Monroe%2C_Va.jpg/440px-Guns_at_Fort_Monroe%2C_Va.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>Color image of <a href="/wiki/155_mm_gun_M1918" class="mw-redirect" title="155 mm gun M1918">155 mm GPF-type guns</a> at Fort Monroe, circa 1930-1945</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Fort Monroe and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wool" title="Fort Wool">Fort Wool</a> were used to protect Hampton Roads and the important inland military and civilian resources of the Chesapeake Bay area as part of the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Defense Command">Coast Defenses of Chesapeake Bay</a>. The fort installed the first <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_net" title="Anti-submarine net">anti-submarine net</a> in America in February 1917 stretching to Fort Wool. Although many guns were removed from coast defenses in World War I for potential service as <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railway_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway artillery">railway artillery</a>, this did not happen with most weapons at Fort Monroe due to its strategic importance. However, eight mortars were removed from Battery Anderson-Ruggles for potential overseas service and to improve the rate of fire of the remaining weapons; five of the removed mortars became railway artillery in France; it is unclear if they were used in action.<sup id="cite_ref-Battery_Anderson_at_FortWiki.com_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battery_Anderson_at_FortWiki.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Battery Montgomery's pair of pedestal-mounted <a href="/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1900" class="mw-redirect" title="6-inch gun M1900">6-inch (152 mm) guns</a> were relocated to a temporary battery at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Henry" title="Cape Henry">Cape Henry</a> in 1917; they were replaced with weapons of the same type in February 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fort Monroe was also important as a mobilization and training center; the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps" title="United States Army Coast Artillery Corps">Coast Artillery Corps</a> operated the weapons removed from forts along with most other US-manned heavy and railway artillery on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918 <a href="/wiki/Camp_Eustis" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Eustis">Camp Eustis</a> (now Fort Eustis) was established near Newport News as a coast artillery replacement center to relieve overcrowding at Fort Monroe.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War I the authorized strength of the Coast Defenses of Chesapeake Bay was 17 companies, including five from the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Army_National_Guard" title="Virginia Army National Guard">Virginia National Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1922 Fort Monroe's importance in defending Chesapeake Bay was somewhat reduced with the establishment of a battery of four <a href="/wiki/16-inch_howitzer_M1920" title="16-inch howitzer M1920">16-inch (406 mm) howitzers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Story" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Story">Fort Story</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Henry" title="Cape Henry">Cape Henry</a>, at the entrance to the bay. With the improved weapon location and a range advantage over Fort Monroe's 12-inch guns of 24,500 yards (22,400 m) versus 18,400 yards (16,800 m), the 16-inch weapons could engage attacking warships long before they could come within range of Fort Monroe.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerhow201561_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerhow201561-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920 Battery Irwin's four 3-inch (76 mm) guns were removed as part of a general removal from service of M1898 3-inch guns; they were not replaced until 1946, when the battery became a saluting battery.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924 the Coast Artillery Corps' harbor defense garrisons transitioned from a company-based organization to a regimental organization. The Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay (as renamed in 1925) were garrisoned by the <a href="/wiki/12th_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" title="12th Coast Artillery (United States)">12th Coast Artillery Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">regular army</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/246th_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="246th Coast Artillery (United States)">246th Coast Artillery Regiment</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Army_National_Guard" title="Virginia Army National Guard">Virginia National Guard</a> component.<sup id="cite_ref-CDSGNGReg_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDSGNGReg-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932 the 12th Coast Artillery was effectively redesignated as the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Coast Artillery (United States)">2nd Coast Artillery</a>, continuing as the garrison of Chesapeake Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Fort Monroe continued as headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defense_Command" title="Harbor Defense Command">Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay</a>. However, during the war new <a href="/wiki/16%22/50_caliber_Mark_2_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="16"/50 caliber Mark 2 gun">16-inch (406 mm) gun</a> batteries were built at Fort Story and at <a href="/wiki/Fort_John_Custis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort John Custis">Fort John Custis</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Charles,_Virginia" title="Cape Charles, Virginia">Cape Charles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rendered Fort Monroe's heavy guns obsolete, and between 1942 and 1944 all of the fort's 10-inch (254 mm) and 12-inch (305 mm) guns and mortars were scrapped. However, the two rapid-fire 6-inch (152 mm) guns of Battery Montgomery remained until 1948. A 16-inch (406 mm) gun battery of two guns (Battery 124) was proposed for Fort Monroe but not built. A new Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) battery (AMTB 23) was built in 1943, with two fixed, dual-purpose (anti-surface and anti-aircraft) <a href="/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3" class="mw-redirect" title="90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3">90 mm guns</a> at the old Battery Parrott, which was partly rebuilt to accommodate them.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMon1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of battery was usually authorized two fixed and two mobile 90 mm guns and two 37 mm or 40 mm guns, but it is unclear where the additional weapons were located. In addition, submarine barriers and underwater mine fields continued to be controlled from Fort Monroe. But by the end of the Second World War, the vast array of armaments guarding the Chesapeake was made largely obsolete due to the development of the long-range bomber and the refinement of naval aviation. Essentially all of the United States' coast defense guns were scrapped by the end of 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1979132_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1979132-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post_World_War_II">Post World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since World War II, Fort Monroe has been a major Army training headquarters. However, in 1946 the Coast Artillery School relocated to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Winfield_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Winfield Scott">Fort Winfield Scott</a> in San Francisco, where it was disestablished in 1949; the remnant of the Coast Artillery Corps was also disestablished a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsHamp1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1946 Battery Irwin became a saluting battery with two <a href="/wiki/3-inch_M1902_seacoast_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="3-inch M1902 seacoast gun">3-inch M1902 guns</a> relocated from Fort Wool, which are still in place.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMon1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort also hosted some <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> antiaircraft defenses in the 1950s; a battery of four 90 mm guns 1953–55 (site N-03) and a <a href="/wiki/Nike_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike missile">Nike missile</a> battery headquarters 1955–60 (site N-08).<sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsHamp1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Army Command">Continental Army Command</a> (CONARC) headquarters was at Fort Monroe throughout its existence from 1955 to 1973. CONARC was responsible for all active Army units in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental United States">continental United States</a>, and in 1973 was split into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_Command" title="United States Army Forces Command">United States Army Forces Command</a> (FORSCOM) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Training_and_Doctrine_Command" title="United States Army Training and Doctrine Command">United States Army Training and Doctrine Command</a> (TRADOC). The latter command was headquartered at the fort from 1973 until the fort's decommissioning in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-TRFAQ1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRFAQ1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the turn of the 21st century, Fort Monroe supported a work population of some 3,000, including 1,000 people in uniform.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hotels_at_Fort_Monroe">Hotels at Fort Monroe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hotels at Fort Monroe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1822 the Hygeia Hotel was built to accommodate some of the fort's builders. It eventually expanded to 200 rooms. In 1862 it was torn down by orders of the Secretary of War to limit civilian access to the post in wartime. It was replaced with a hotel of the same name after the war, and in 1874 became managed by <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Phoebus" title="Harrison Phoebus">Harrison Phoebus</a>, for whom the city of <a href="/wiki/Phoebus,_Virginia" title="Phoebus, Virginia">Phoebus</a> was named following his death in 1886. The second Hygeia Hotel was torn down in 1902 to make room for the fort's expansion under <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Fortifications" title="Board of Fortifications">a new fortifications program</a>. By this time the <a href="/wiki/The_Chamberlin" title="The Chamberlin">Chamberlin Hotel</a> (built 1896) was in business; this building burned down and was replaced with the current building in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It now serves as a retirement community for those 55 years and older. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coast_Artillery_School">Coast Artillery School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Coast Artillery School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coast_Artillery_School.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coast_Artillery_School.png/220px-Coast_Artillery_School.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coast_Artillery_School.png/330px-Coast_Artillery_School.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coast_Artillery_School.png/440px-Coast_Artillery_School.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Coast Artillery School coat of arms</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1907 the Coast Artillery School was established along with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps">U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps</a>. New buildings were constructed for classrooms and barracks, with the library and school buildings completed in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the school's responsibility the <i>Journal of the United States Artillery</i> (renamed <i><a href="/wiki/Coast_Artillery_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Artillery Journal">Coast Artillery Journal</a></i> in 1922) was published under the supervision of the commandant.<sup id="cite_ref-SillCAJ1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SillCAJ1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school operated until 1946 when most of the coast artillery was disbanded, and the school was moved to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Winfield_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Winfield Scott">Fort Winfield Scott</a> in San Francisco. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Monroe,_Virginia_(1907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fort_Monroe%2C_Virginia_%281907%29.jpg/220px-Fort_Monroe%2C_Virginia_%281907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fort_Monroe%2C_Virginia_%281907%29.jpg/330px-Fort_Monroe%2C_Virginia_%281907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fort_Monroe%2C_Virginia_%281907%29.jpg/440px-Fort_Monroe%2C_Virginia_%281907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>Fort Monroe, 1907</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Monroe_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fort_Monroe_1934.jpg/220px-Fort_Monroe_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fort_Monroe_1934.jpg/330px-Fort_Monroe_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Fort_Monroe_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Artillery School Behind the Hotel Chamberlain</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commandants_list">Commandants list</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Commandants list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Image</th> <th class="unsortable">Rank</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Begin Date</th> <th>End Date</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramsay_D._Potts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ramsay_D._Potts.jpg/50px-Ramsay_D._Potts.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ramsay_D._Potts.jpg/75px-Ramsay_D._Potts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ramsay_D._Potts.jpg/100px-Ramsay_D._Potts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="442" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant colonel</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Ramsay D. Potts</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_D._Potts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramsay D. Potts (page does not exist)">Ramsay D. Potts</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1904-02-22</span>22 February 1904</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1906-08-11</span>11 August 1906</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_F._E._Harrison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/George_F._E._Harrison.jpg/50px-George_F._E._Harrison.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/George_F._E._Harrison.jpg/75px-George_F._E._Harrison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/George_F._E._Harrison.jpg/100px-George_F._E._Harrison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant colonel</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">George F. E. Harrison</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_F._E._Harrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George F. E. Harrison (page does not exist)">George F. E. Harrison</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1906-10-24</span>24 October 1906</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1909-1-14</span>14 January 1909</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarence_P.Townsley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Clarence_P.Townsley.jpg/50px-Clarence_P.Townsley.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Clarence_P.Townsley.jpg/75px-Clarence_P.Townsley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Clarence_P.Townsley.jpg/100px-Clarence_P.Townsley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant colonel</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Clarence P. Townsley</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Page_Townsley" title="Clarence Page Townsley">Clarence Page Townsley</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1909-02-06</span>6 February 1909</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1911-09-07</span>7 September 1911</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_S._Strong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Frederick_S._Strong.jpg/50px-Frederick_S._Strong.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Frederick_S._Strong.jpg/75px-Frederick_S._Strong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Frederick_S._Strong.jpg/100px-Frederick_S._Strong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="369" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant colonel</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Frederick S. Strong</span><a href="/wiki/Frederick_S._Strong" title="Frederick S. Strong">Frederick S. Strong</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1911-09-08</span>8 September 1911</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1913-02-27</span>27 February 1913</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ira_A._Haynes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ira_A._Haynes.jpg/50px-Ira_A._Haynes.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ira_A._Haynes.jpg/75px-Ira_A._Haynes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ira_A._Haynes.jpg/100px-Ira_A._Haynes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Ira A. Haynes</span><a href="/wiki/Ira_Allen_Haynes" title="Ira Allen Haynes">Ira A. Haynes</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1913-02-18</span>18 February 1913</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1916-10-16</span>16 October 1916</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_M._Foote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Stephen_M._Foote.jpg/50px-Stephen_M._Foote.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Stephen_M._Foote.jpg/75px-Stephen_M._Foote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Stephen_M._Foote.jpg/100px-Stephen_M._Foote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="534" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Stephen M. Foote</span><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_Foote" title="Stephen Miller Foote">Stephen M. Foote</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1916-10-01</span>1 October 1916</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1917-08-23</span>23 August 1917</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_A._Lundeen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/John_A._Lundeen.jpg/50px-John_A._Lundeen.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/John_A._Lundeen.jpg/75px-John_A._Lundeen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/John_A._Lundeen.jpg/100px-John_A._Lundeen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">John A. Lundeen</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Lundeen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. Lundeen (page does not exist)">John A. Lundeen</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1917-08-23</span>23 August 1917</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1918-03-30</span>30 March 1918</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_K._Fergusson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Frank_K._Fergusson.jpg/50px-Frank_K._Fergusson.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Frank_K._Fergusson.jpg/75px-Frank_K._Fergusson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Frank_K._Fergusson.jpg/100px-Frank_K._Fergusson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Frank K. Fergusson</span><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kerby_Fergusson" title="Frank Kerby Fergusson">Frank K. Fergusson</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1918-03-30</span>30 March 1918</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1918-09-11</span>11 September 1918</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_R._Welshimer_commandant_Coast_Artillery_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Robert_R._Welshimer_commandant_Coast_Artillery_School.jpg/50px-Robert_R._Welshimer_commandant_Coast_Artillery_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Robert_R._Welshimer_commandant_Coast_Artillery_School.jpg/75px-Robert_R._Welshimer_commandant_Coast_Artillery_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Robert_R._Welshimer_commandant_Coast_Artillery_School.jpg/100px-Robert_R._Welshimer_commandant_Coast_Artillery_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="487" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Robert R. Welshimer</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_R._Welshimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert R. Welshimer (page does not exist)">Robert R. Welshimer</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1918-09-08</span>8 September 1918</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1919-01-29</span>29 January 1919</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugene_Reybold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Eugene_Reybold.jpg/50px-Eugene_Reybold.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Eugene_Reybold.jpg/75px-Eugene_Reybold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Eugene_Reybold.jpg/100px-Eugene_Reybold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="310" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Eugene Reybold</span><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Reybold" title="Eugene Reybold">Eugene Reybold</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1919-01-29</span>29 January 1919</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1920-01-19</span>19 January 1920</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Jacob C. Johnson</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_C._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob C. Johnson (page does not exist)">Jacob C. Johnson</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1920-01-19</span>19 January 1920</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1920-11-03</span>3 November 1920</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richmond_P._Davis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Richmond_P._Davis.jpg/50px-Richmond_P._Davis.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Richmond_P._Davis.jpg/75px-Richmond_P._Davis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Richmond_P._Davis.jpg/100px-Richmond_P._Davis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Richmond P. Davis</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richmond_P._Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richmond P. Davis (page does not exist)">Richmond P. Davis</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1921-04-28</span>28 April 1921</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1922-12-28</span>28 December 1922</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_R._Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_R._Smith.jpg/50px-William_R._Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_R._Smith.jpg/75px-William_R._Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_R._Smith.jpg/100px-William_R._Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">William Ruthven Smith</span><a href="/wiki/William_Ruthven_Smith" title="William Ruthven Smith">William Ruthven Smith</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1923-01-11</span>11 January 1923</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1924-12-20</span>20 December 1924</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_E._Callan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Robert_E._Callan.jpg/50px-Robert_E._Callan.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Robert_E._Callan.jpg/75px-Robert_E._Callan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Robert_E._Callan.jpg/100px-Robert_E._Callan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Robert Emmet Callan</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Emmet_Callan" title="Robert Emmet Callan">Robert Emmet Callan</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1924-12-20</span>20 December 1924</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1929-06-03</span>3 June 1929</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_D.Todd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Henry_D.Todd.jpg/50px-Henry_D.Todd.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Henry_D.Todd.jpg/75px-Henry_D.Todd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Henry_D.Todd.jpg/100px-Henry_D.Todd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Henry D. Todd Jr.</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Todd_Jr." title="Henry D. Todd Jr.">Henry D. Todd Jr.</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1929-08-28</span>28 August 1929</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1930-08-31</span>31 August 1930</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Dunbar_Embick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stanley_Dunbar_Embick.jpg/50px-Stanley_Dunbar_Embick.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stanley_Dunbar_Embick.jpg/75px-Stanley_Dunbar_Embick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stanley_Dunbar_Embick.jpg/100px-Stanley_Dunbar_Embick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="321" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Stanley Dunbar Embick</span><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Dunbar_Embick" title="Stanley Dunbar Embick">Stanley Dunbar Embick</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1930-10-01</span>1 October 1930</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1932-04-25</span>25 April 1932</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_P.Tracy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Joseph_P.Tracy.jpg/50px-Joseph_P.Tracy.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Joseph_P.Tracy.jpg/75px-Joseph_P.Tracy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Joseph_P.Tracy.jpg/100px-Joseph_P.Tracy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Joseph P. Tracy</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Tracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph P. Tracy (page does not exist)">Joseph P. Tracy</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1932-08-31</span>31 August 1932</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1936-12-01</span>1 December 1936</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_W._Gulick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/John_W._Gulick.jpg/50px-John_W._Gulick.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/John_W._Gulick.jpg/75px-John_W._Gulick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/John_W._Gulick.jpg/100px-John_W._Gulick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="441" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">John W, Gulick</span><a href="/wiki/John_W._Gulick" title="John W. Gulick">John W. Gulick</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1937-01-03</span>3 January 1937</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1938-10-12</span>12 October 1938</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Frederick H. Smith</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_H._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick H. Smith (page does not exist)">Frederick H. Smith</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1938-11-21</span>21 November 1938</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1940-10-01</span>1 October 1940</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Frank S. Clark</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_S._Clark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank S. Clark (page does not exist)">Frank S. Clark</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1940-10-10</span>10 October 1940</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1942-01-15</span>15 January 1942</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Lawrence B. Weeks</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_B._Weeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence B. Weeks (page does not exist)">Lawrence B. Weeks</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1943-02-18</span>15 January 1942</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">19445-10-01</span>1 October 1945</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_t_Frederick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Robert_t_Frederick.jpg/50px-Robert_t_Frederick.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Robert_t_Frederick.jpg/75px-Robert_t_Frederick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Robert_t_Frederick.jpg/100px-Robert_t_Frederick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">Robert T. Frederick</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Frederick" title="Robert T. Frederick">Robert T. Frederick</a></td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1945-11-01</span>1 November 1945</td> <td align="center"><span style="display:none">1947-08-19</span>19 August 1947</td> <td><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Base_Realignment_and_Closure">Base Realignment and Closure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Base Realignment and Closure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2005_Base_Realignment_and_Closure_Commission" title="2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission">2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> released a list on 13 May 2005 of military installations recommended for closure or realignment, among which was Fort Monroe. The list was approved by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> on 15 September 2005 and submitted to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. Congress failed to act within 45 legislative days to disapprove the list in its entirety, and the BRAC recommendations subsequently became law. Installations on the BRAC list were required by law to close within six years, and Fort Monroe ceased to be an Army post in 2011. Many of its functions were transferred to nearby <a href="/wiki/Fort_Eustis" title="Fort Eustis">Fort Eustis</a>, which was named for Fort Monroe's first commander, General <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Eustis" title="Abraham Eustis">Abraham Eustis</a>, a noted <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> expert. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation">Preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fort Monroe has become a popular historical site. The Casemate Museum, opened in 1951, depicts the history of Fort Monroe and Old Point Comfort, with special emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> period. It offers a view of Confederate President <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>' prison cell. Also shown are the quarters occupied by 1st Lt. <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> in 1831–34, and the quarters where President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was a guest in May 1862. Most of the other historic officers' quarters and other buildings are also preserved. A uniform of the renowned American writer <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, who was stationed there in 1828 serving as an artillery regimental command sergeant major, is also on display. </p><p>Several historic weapons were preserved at the fort as of 2005. The 15-inch <a href="/wiki/Rodman_gun" title="Rodman gun">Rodman</a> prototype "Lincoln gun" was on the parade. A <a href="/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3" class="mw-redirect" title="90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3">90 mm gun</a> on a dual-purpose coast defense mount remained at Battery Parrott, and two <a href="/wiki/3-inch_M1902_seacoast_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="3-inch M1902 seacoast gun">3-inch M1902 seacoast guns</a> remained at Battery Irwin as of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerhow2015240–241_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerhow2015240–241-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/75_mm_Gun_M1897" class="mw-redirect" title="75 mm Gun M1897">75 mm gun</a> (nicknamed a "French 75" and used by the field artillery in World War I through early World War II) was at the new officers' club in the northern part of the reservation in 2005. The fort's last <a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">fire control tower</a> was demolished in late 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFortsHamp1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batteries Irwin, Parrott, De Russy, the northeast bastion battery, and Battery Anderson/Ruggles are intact as of 2018, though the seaward earth cover has been removed from some of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWikiMon1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Redevelopment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quarters_No._1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Quarters_No._1.jpg/220px-Quarters_No._1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Quarters_No._1.jpg/330px-Quarters_No._1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Quarters_No._1.jpg/440px-Quarters_No._1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Quarters No. 1</figcaption></figure> <p>The Fort Monroe Federal Area Development Authority (FMFADA) (renamed the Fort Monroe Authority as of 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established in 2007 by legislative action of the Virginia General Assembly as a public body corporate and as a political subdivision of the Commonwealth of Virginia, to serve as the official Local Redevelopment Authority (LRA) recognized by the Department of Defense. The task of the FMFADA commission was to study, plan, and recommend the best use of the resources that remain when the Army closed the fort in September 2011. The Fort Monroe Reuse Plan was officially adopted August 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FMFADA relies on the expertise of national consultants in the areas of BRAC law, environmental engineering, historic architecture and preservation planning, structural engineering, housing market analysis, commercial/retail analysis, public relations/marketing, and tourism planning. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Historic_Resources" title="Virginia Department of Historic Resources">Virginia Department of Historic Resources</a> and the Department of Environmental Quality have major regulatory authority that influences the work. The state took a lead role in planning because most of the land that Fort Monroe occupies will revert to the Commonwealth when the Army closes the fort. The effort was guided by three priorities — keep Fort Monroe open to the public, respect the rich history, and advance economic sustainability. </p><p>The Authority is an 18-member body consisting of appointees from the city of Hampton, the Virginia House of Delegates and Senate and the Virginia governor's cabinet, with two specialists in historic preservation and heritage tourism. </p><p>Virginia historically has given local government strong consideration in determining disposition at that point, such as occurred at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pickett" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Pickett">Fort Pickett</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nottoway_County,_Virginia" title="Nottoway County, Virginia">Nottoway County</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Blackstone,_Virginia" title="Blackstone, Virginia">Blackstone</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Southside_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southside Virginia">Southside region</a>. Given the historic significance of the post, the decommissioned fort will be a good candidate for heritage tourism along with many other historical sites throughout the greater <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> area. Redevelopment to help offset the economic loss of a base closure is a priority. </p><p>Fort Monroe is a National Historic Landmark and the moated fort and the 190 historic buildings on Old Point Comfort will be protected with historic preservation design guidelines for reuse. Old Point Comfort is prime development property and some mixed used new construction will be allowed within strict guidelines. For example, before the Army left, the historic Chamberlin Hotel had already been beautifully renovated as a community of <a href="/wiki/The_Chamberlin" title="The Chamberlin">retirement apartments</a>. </p><p>The National Park Service and the Fort Monroe FADA have been communicating to identify the best way to achieve a partnership and the park service presented several options.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Governor <a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonnell" title="Bob McDonnell">Bob McDonnell</a> approved a new master plan to revitalize the site and the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Historic_Preservation" title="National Trust for Historic Preservation">National Trust for Historic Preservation</a> cited the site as one of ten historic sites saved that year.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By August 2014 only two businesses had moved in.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fort Monroe Authority operates leases for commercial properties and residences at the former post. Currently, homes are only available to lease. </p><p>There are several businesses now operating at Fort Monroe, including Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), a YMCA, three restaurants and a brewery. The Fort Monroe Authority also oversees event rentals to the public at the Commander General's house and the bandstand. </p><p>The beaches are open to the public. The main general parking is located at Outlook Beach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_monument_and_historical_interpretation">National monument and historical interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: National monument and historical interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 1, 2011, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> signed a proclamation to designate portions of Fort Monroe as a <a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">national monument</a>. This was the first time that President Obama exercised his authority under the <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a>, a 1906 law to protect sites deemed to have natural, historical or scientific significance.<sup id="cite_ref-DP_NatMon_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP_NatMon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fort Monroe National Monument released its finalized foundation document in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Park Service works with the Fort Monroe Authority on programming and maintenance. </p><p>Eola Lewis Dance is the Acting Superintendent,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supported by Ranger Aaron Firth. Terry E. Brown (2016–2020) and Kirsten Talken-Spaulding (2011–2016) also have served as Fort Monroe Superintendents. </p><p>A Visitors and Education Center<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been developed in the former Coast Artillery School Library, and is located at 30 Ingalls Road, next to the former Post Office that houses the offices for the Fort Monroe Authority. The building was designed by architect Francis B. Wheaton. </p><p>The building had a soft opening in 2019 and opened, briefly, to the public in 2020. Its grand opening has been put on hold during the pandemic. The center houses exhibits that focus on the history of the fort. It also features public restrooms, a bookstore and, on the second level, archives. </p><p>New walking tour markers and a brochure have been developed to help visitors better navigate the inner and outer fort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1619_African_Landing_and_commemoration">1619 African Landing and commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1619 African Landing and commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia" title="First Africans in Virginia">First Africans in Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chesapeake_Bay_from_Fort_Monroe_seawall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Chesapeake_Bay_from_Fort_Monroe_seawall.jpg/220px-Chesapeake_Bay_from_Fort_Monroe_seawall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Chesapeake_Bay_from_Fort_Monroe_seawall.jpg/330px-Chesapeake_Bay_from_Fort_Monroe_seawall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Chesapeake_Bay_from_Fort_Monroe_seawall.jpg/440px-Chesapeake_Bay_from_Fort_Monroe_seawall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Chesapeake Bay from Fort Monroe seawall</figcaption></figure> <p>Fort Monroe is noted as the location of the arrival of the first Africans to English-speaking North America. It was recorded "20 and odd" enslaved Africans were brought to Point Comfort, Virginia, in August 1619 on the White Lion. The enslaved were traded for provisions and marked the beginning of slavery in the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Fort Monroe hosted multiple programs associated with commemorating African arrival in 1619.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 400th anniversary was marked by a Day of Healing and Nationwide Bell Ringing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of the lives focused on during the commemoration was that of <a href="/wiki/Angela_(enslaved_woman)" title="Angela (enslaved woman)">Angela</a>, an enslaved woman owned by William Peirce.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A memorial to the African Landing is currently being designed by the Fort Monroe Authority. </p><p>Fort Monroe was designated as a Site of Memory with UNESCO's Slave Route Project in February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen Climate Classification">Köppen Climate Classification</a> system, Fort Monroe has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a>, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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title="Quarters 17 (Fort Monroe)">Quarters 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">Seacoast defense in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coastal_fortifications_of_the_United_States" title="List of coastal fortifications of the United States">List of coastal fortifications of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Underground_Railroad_sites" title="List of Underground Railroad sites">List of Underground Railroad sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Virginia" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia">List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hampton,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampton, Virginia">National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampton, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_the_United_States" title="List of national monuments of the United States">List of national monuments of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. January 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2007-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II2018179–186_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeaver_II2018">Weaver II 2018</a>, pp. 179–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-register-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-register_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm">"Virginia Landmarks Register"</a>. Virginia Department of Historic Resources<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virginia+Landmarks+Register&rft.pub=Virginia+Department+of+Historic+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhr.virginia.gov%2Fregisters%2Fregister_counties_cities.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlsum-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071229081945/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=691&ResourceType=District">"Fort Monroe"</a>. <i>National Historic Landmark summary listing</i>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=691&ResourceType=District">the original</a> on 2007-12-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Landmark+summary+listing&rft.atitle=Fort+Monroe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D691%26ResourceType%3DDistrict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DP_NatMon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DP_NatMon_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DP_NatMon_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DP_NatMon_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacauley2011" class="citation news cs1">Macauley, David (1 Nov 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypress.com/news/hampton/dp-nws-cp-fort-monroe-proclamation-20111101,0,6400748.story">"It's Official - President Obama confirms Fort Monroe park designation"</a>. <i>Daily Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Press&rft.atitle=It%27s+Official+-+President+Obama+confirms+Fort+Monroe+park+designation&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.aulast=Macauley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypress.com%2Fnews%2Fhampton%2Fdp-nws-cp-fort-monroe-proclamation-20111101%2C0%2C6400748.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II201841-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II201841_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeaver_II2018">Weaver II 2018</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAFortsHamp1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAFortsHamp1_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northamericanforts.com/East/varoads.html#hampton">Hampton Roads forts at American Forts Network</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWikiMon1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWikiMon1_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Monroe">Fort Monroe at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannett,_Henry1905" class="citation book cs1">Gannett, Henry (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States</i></a>. Govt. Print. Off. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n128">129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Certain+Place+Names+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Govt.+Print.+Off.&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Gannett%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRFAQ1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TRFAQ1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRFAQ1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tradoc.army.mil/Organizations/TRADOC-Staff/Command-History/Frequently-Asked-Questions/">FAQ at TRADOC.army.mil</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DP_Stands_Down-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DP_Stands_Down_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypress.com/2011/09/15/fort-monroe-stands-down-after-188-years-of-army-service/">"Fort Monroe Stands Down After 188 Years of Army Service"</a>. <i>The Daily Press</i>. 15 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403011859/http://articles.dailypress.com/2011-09-15/news/dp-nws-monroe-deactivation-20110915_1_fort-algernourne-fort-monroe-authority-doctrine-command">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Fort+Monroe+Stands+Down+After+188+Years+of+Army+Service&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypress.com%2F2011%2F09%2F15%2Ffort-monroe-stands-down-after-188-years-of-army-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110308164455/http://www.fmauthority.com/about/fact-sheet.php">"Archived copy of Fort Monroe Authority description"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmauthority.com/about/fact-sheet.php">the original</a> on 2011-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy+of+Fort+Monroe+Authority+description&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmauthority.com%2Fabout%2Ffact-sheet.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFNHamp2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFNHamp2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northamericanforts.com/East/varoads.html#hampton2">"Hampton Roads Area - Early Hampton Forts"</a>. American Forts Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hampton+Roads+Area+-+Early+Hampton+Forts&rft.pub=American+Forts+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northamericanforts.com%2FEast%2Fvaroads.html%23hampton2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Waxman, Olivia B. (August 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5653369/august-1619-jamestown-history/">"Where the Landing of the First Africans in English North America Really Fits in the History of Slavery"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Where+the+Landing+of+the+First+Africans+in+English+North+America+Really+Fits+in+the+History+of+Slavery&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft.aulast=Waxman&rft.aufirst=Olivia+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5653369%2Faugust-1619-jamestown-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, Angus & Spedaliere, Donato: <i>American Civil War Fortifications (1): Coastal brick and stone forts</i>, p.19; Osprey Publishing, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II201841,_179–186-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver_II201841,_179–186_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeaver_II2018">Weaver II 2018</a>, pp. 41, 179–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VAnom1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VAnom1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_D._Klepper2009" class="citation web cs1">Katherine D. Klepper (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Hampton/114-0002-0004_Quarters-1_Fort_Monroe_2010_nomination_FINAL.pdf">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Quarters 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Virginia Department of Historic Resources.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory%2FNomination%3A+Quarters+1&rft.pub=Virginia+Department+of+Historic+Resources&rft.date=2009-12&rft.au=Katherine+D.+Klepper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhr.virginia.gov%2Fregisters%2FCities%2FHampton%2F114-0002-0004_Quarters-1_Fort_Monroe_2010_nomination_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fort_Monroe_During_the_Civil_War-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fort_Monroe_During_the_Civil_War_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Fort_Monroe_During_the_Civil_War">"Fort Monroe During the Civil War"</a>. Kenmore Stamp Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Monroe+During+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Kenmore+Stamp+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2FFort_Monroe_During_the_Civil_War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver_II2018" class="citation book cs1">Weaver II, John R. (2018). <i>A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed</i>. 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Charleston, S.C.: The Battery Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12668104">12668104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artillery+and+Ammunition+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Charleston%2C+S.C.&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=The+Battery+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12668104&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Civilian_Flag-of-Truce_Covers-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Civilian_Flag-of-Truce_Covers_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2028296">"Civilian Flag-of-Truce Covers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Museum" title="National Postal Museum">Smithsonian National Postal Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civilian+Flag-of-Truce+Covers&rft.pub=Smithsonian+National+Postal+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farago.si.edu%2Findex.asp%3Fcon%3D1%26cmd%3D1%26tid%3D2028296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prisoner_of_war_mail_exchange-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prisoner_of_war_mail_exchange_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=1&tid=2027694">"Prisoner mail exchange"</a>. Prisoner of War mail, Smithsonian National Postal Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Norfolk, VA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Civil+War+150%3A+Jefferson+Davis+begins+imprisonment+at+Fort+Monroe&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Mark+St.+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypress.com%2Fhistory%2Fdp-nws-jefferson-davis-fort-monroe-20150521-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalunitedst13vagoog/page/n6"><i>Journal of the United States Artillery</i>, vol. XX, 1903</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SillCAJ1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SillCAJ1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SillCAJ1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223307/http://sill-www.army.mil/ada-online/coast-artillery-journal/">"<i>Coast Artillery Journal</i> at sill-www.army.mil"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sill-www.army.mil/ada-online/coast-artillery-journal/">the original</a> on 2018-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coast+Artillery+Journal+at+sill-www.army.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsill-www.army.mil%2Fada-online%2Fcoast-artillery-journal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208070633/http://sill-www.army.mil/ada-online/antiaircraft-journal/">"<i>Antiaircraft Journal</i> at sill-www.army.mil"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sill-www.army.mil/ada-online/antiaircraft-journal/">the original</a> on 2019-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antiaircraft+Journal+at+sill-www.army.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsill-www.army.mil%2Fada-online%2Fantiaircraft-journal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EndTaftCDSG1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EndTaftCDSG1_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdsg.org/modern-u-s-harbor-defense-construction-1886-191-the-endicott-and-taft-boards/">"U.S. Seacoast Defense 1781-1948: A Brief History"</a>. Coast Defense Study Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Seacoast+Defense+1781-1948%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pub=Coast+Defense+Study+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdsg.org%2Fmodern-u-s-harbor-defense-construction-1886-191-the-endicott-and-taft-boards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CACOrg421-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CACOrg421_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsg.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/FORTS/CACunits/CACorg2011.pdf">"Coast Artillery Organization, A Brief Overview, p. 421"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Coast Defense Study Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coast+Artillery+Organization%2C+A+Brief+Overview%2C+p.+421&rft.pub=Coast+Defense+Study+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdsg.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpdfs%2FFORTS%2FCACunits%2FCACorg2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerhow2015" class="citation book cs1">Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015). <i>American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide</i> (Third ed.). McLean, Virginia: CDSG Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9748167-3-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9748167-3-9"><bdi>978-0-9748167-3-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Seacoast+Defenses%2C+A+Reference+Guide&rft.place=McLean%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=212&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=CDSG+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9748167-3-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Battery_Parapet">Battery Parapet at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Battery_Humphreys_(3)">Battery Humphreys at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdsg.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/CDSG/CDSG%20WEBSITE%20UPDATES/CDSG%20Downloads/AMERICAN%20SEACOAST%20DEFENSES%20FORTS,%20MILITARY%20RESERVATIONS%20and%20BATTERIES%201794-1945/matlan/HDCB1921.pdf">1921 maps of Fort Monroe at CDSG.org (PDF file)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battery_Anderson_at_FortWiki.com-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Battery_Anderson_at_FortWiki.com_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battery_Anderson_at_FortWiki.com_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Battery_Anderson">Battery Anderson at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guncards1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guncards1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gun and Carriage cards, <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>, Record Group 156, Records of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Ordnance" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Ordnance">Chief of Ordnance</a>, Entry 712</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIn_The_War_With_Spain1900" class="citation web cs1">In The War With Spain, United States. Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Dept (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUtZAAAAIAAJ&q=submarine+mine+kennebec&pg=PA3780">"Congressional serial set, 1900, <i>Report of the Commission on the Conduct of the War with Spain</i>, Vol. 7, pp. 3778-3780, Washington: Government Printing Office"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502190809/https://books.google.com/books?id=RUtZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3780&lpg=PA3780&dq=submarine+mine+kennebec&source=bl&ots=4xAi23wWH6&sig=dWoH11emgzCGV43fUkYyNlaVEDM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4r5Hc167JAhUUXWMKHQZJAI8Q6AEIOjAI#v=onepage&q=submarine%20mine%20kennebec&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+serial+set%2C+1900%2C+Report+of+the+Commission+on+the+Conduct+of+the+War+with+Spain%2C+Vol.+7%2C+pp.+3778-3780%2C+Washington%3A+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=In+The+War+With+Spain&rft.aufirst=United+States.+Commission+Appointed+by+the+President+to+Investigate+the+Conduct+of+the+War+Dept&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRUtZAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsubmarine%2Bmine%2Bkennebec%26pg%3DPA3780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Northeast_Bastion_Battery">Northeast bastion battery at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~cacunithistories/military/Railway%20Artillery.html">US Army Railway Artillery, WWI at Rootsweb.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Battery_Montgomery_(2)">Battery Montgomery (2) at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~cacunithistories/military/defeating_the_hun.htm">History of the Coast Artillery Corps in World War I at Rootsweb.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Eustis">Fort Eustis at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinaldi2004" class="citation book cs1">Rinaldi, Richard A. (2004). <i>The U. S. Army in World War I: Orders of Battle</i>. General Data LLC. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9720296-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9720296-4-8"><bdi>0-9720296-4-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.+S.+Army+in+World+War+I%3A+Orders+of+Battle&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=General+Data+LLC&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9720296-4-8&rft.aulast=Rinaldi&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Story">Fort Story at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerhow201561-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerhow201561_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerhow2015">Berhow 2015</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Battery_Irwin">Battery Irwin at FortWiki.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsg.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/FORTS/CACunits/CACreg1.pdf">Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, Regular Army regiments, 1917-1950, <i>Coast Defense Journal</i>, vol. 23, issue 2, p. 10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDSGNGReg-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDSGNGReg_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsg.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/FORTS/CACunits/CAregNG.pdf">National Guard Coast Artillery regiment histories at the Coast Defense Study Group</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsg.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/FORTS/CACunits/CACreg1.pdf">Gaines regular army, p. 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdsg.org/the-harbor-defenses-of-chesapeake-bay/">The Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay at CDSG.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1979132-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1979132_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1979">Lewis 1979</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginiaplaces.org/parktour/pointcomforthotel.html">Hotels at Point Comfort/Fort Monroe at VirginiaPlaces.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GuDlAAAAMAAJ&dq=Commandant+of+the+coast+artillery+school+1909&pg=PA32">Annual Report of the Commandant, Coast Artillery School, 1916, Appendix C, pp. 31–32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerhow2015240–241-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerhow2015240–241_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerhow2015">Berhow 2015</a>, pp. 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortmonroe.org">Fort Monroe Authority website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310091653/http://www.fmfada.com/">"Fort Monroe Federal Area Development Authority"</a>. n.d. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmfada.com">the original</a> on 2010-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Monroe+Federal+Area+Development+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmfada.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hamptonroads.com/2009/01/making-case-fort-monroe">"Making the case for Fort Monroe"</a>. <i>Hamptonroads.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Virginian_Pilot" class="mw-redirect" title="The Virginian Pilot">The Virginian Pilot</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hamptonroads.com&rft.atitle=Making+the+case+for+Fort+Monroe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhamptonroads.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fmaking-case-fort-monroe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://savingplaces.org/stories/fort-monroe-master-plan-approved">Fort Monroe Master Plan Approved at National Trust for Historic Preservation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Brauchle" class="citation news cs1">Robert Brauchle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypress.com/2014/08/25/businesses-slow-to-move-to-fort-monroe/">"Businesses slow to move to Fort Monroe"</a>. <i>Daily Press</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915053908/http://articles.dailypress.com/2014-08-25/news/dp-nws-fort-monroe-rental-space-20140826_1_fort-monroe-authority-oder-property">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Businesses+slow+to+move+to+Fort+Monroe&rft.au=Robert+Brauchle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypress.com%2F2014%2F08%2F25%2Fbusinesses-slow-to-move-to-fort-monroe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/fomr/learn/management/upload/FOMR_OV_2015.pdf">"Fort Monroe National Monument Foundation Document Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Monroe+National+Monument+Foundation+Document+Overview&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffomr%2Flearn%2Fmanagement%2Fupload%2FFOMR_OV_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroeUs" class="citation web cs1">Monroe, Mailing Address: 41 Bernard Road Building #17 Fort; Us, VA 23651-1001 Phone: 757-722-FORTContact. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/fomr/learn/management/index.htm">"Park Management - Fort Monroe National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Park+Management+-+Fort+Monroe+National+Monument+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=Mailing+Address%3A+41+Bernard+Road+Building+%2317+Fort&rft.au=Us%2C+VA+23651-1001+Phone%3A+757-722-FORTContact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffomr%2Flearn%2Fmanagement%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/places/fort-monroe-visitor-and-education-center.htm">"Fort Monroe Visitor and Education Center (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Fort+Monroe+Visitor+and+Education+Center+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fplaces%2Ffort-monroe-visitor-and-education-center.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroeUs" class="citation web cs1">Monroe, Mailing Address: 41 Bernard Road Building #17 Fort; Us, VA 23651-1001 Phone: 757-722-FORTContact. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/fomr/learn/historyculture/index.htm">"History & Culture - Fort Monroe National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=History+%26+Culture+-+Fort+Monroe+National+Monument+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=Mailing+Address%3A+41+Bernard+Road+Building+%2317+Fort&rft.au=Us%2C+VA+23651-1001+Phone%3A+757-722-FORTContact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffomr%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2021" class="citation journal cs1">Reid, L. Chardé (2021-02-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-021-00593-9">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"It's Not About Us": Exploring White-Public Heritage Space, Community, and Commemoration on Jamestown Island, Virginia"</a>. <i>International Journal of Historical Archaeology</i>. <b>26</b>: 22–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10761-021-00593-9">10.1007/s10761-021-00593-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-7748">1573-7748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233964297">233964297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=%22It%27s+Not+About+Us%22%3A+Exploring+White-Public+Heritage+Space%2C+Community%2C+and+Commemoration+on+Jamestown+Island%2C+Virginia&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=22-52&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233964297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-7748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10761-021-00593-9&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=L.+Chard%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10761-021-00593-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528202138/https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/angela-fl-1619-1625/">"Angela (fl. 1619–1625) – Encyclopedia Virginia"</a>. 2021-05-28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/angela-fl-1619-1625/">the original</a> on 2021-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angela+%28fl.+1619%E2%80%931625%29+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.date=2021-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Fangela-fl-1619-1625%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/local/mycity/hampton/fort-monroe-receives-unesco-recognition/291-74252db9-b007-4fb2-a1ef-acb6f8133ea7">"Fort Monroe receives global recognition"</a>. <i>13newsnow.com</i>. 20 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=13newsnow.com&rft.atitle=Fort+Monroe+receives+global+recognition&rft.date=2021-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.13newsnow.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmycity%2Fhampton%2Ffort-monroe-receives-unesco-recognition%2F291-74252db9-b007-4fb2-a1ef-acb6f8133ea7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Monroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=27444&cityname=Fort+Monroe%2C+Virginia%2C+United+States+of+America&units=">Climate Summary for Fort Monroe</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Monroe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fort_Monroe,_Virginia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fort Monroe, Virginia">Fort Monroe, Virginia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a 1921 <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a></i> article about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Monroe,_Fort" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Monroe, Fort">Fort Monroe</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/fomr/">Fort Monroe National Monument</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortmonroe.org/visit/casemate-museum/">Fort Monroe Casemate Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortmonroe.org">Fort Monroe Authority website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Category:Harbor_Defense_of_Chesapeake_Bay">Map of HD Chesapeake Bay at FortWiki.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northamericanforts.com/">American Forts Network, lists forts in the US, former US territories, Canada, and Central America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsg.org/fort-and-battery-list/">List of all US coastal forts and batteries</a> at the Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colorado.journey.googlepages.com/FortMonroe.kml">Google Earth KML File</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/magazine/mag-03CivilWar-t.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all">"How Slavery Really Ended in America" by Adam Goodheart, <i>The New York Times</i>, April 1, 2011</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sill-www.army.mil/ada-online/coast-artillery-journal/_docs/1942/3-4/Mar-Apr%201942.pdf">Reese, Franklin W., "U.S. Hotel Chamberlin", <i>Coast Artillery Journal</i>, March-April 1942, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 52–54</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031224741/https://sill-www.army.mil/ada-online/coast-artillery-journal/_docs/1942/3-4/Mar-Apr%201942.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Archival Records</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginiamemory.com/blogs/out_of_the_box/2011/09/22/fort-monroe-records-at-the-library-of-virginia/">"Fort Monroe Records at the Library of Virginia"</a>, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginiamemory.com/">Virginia Memory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criticalpast.com/stock-footage-video/fort-monroe">Fort Monroe film clips at CriticalPast.com</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.2569617"><i>Big Picture: Historic Fort Monroe</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/va1659/">Fort Monroe, Hampton, Hampton, VA</a>: 71 photos, 7 measured drawings, 37 data pages, and 4 photo caption pages at <a href="/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic American Buildings Survey">Historic American Buildings Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/va1665/">Fort Monroe, Fortress, Hampton, Hampton, VA</a>: 57 photos, 5 color transparencies, and 6 photo caption pages at Historic American Buildings Survey</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Hampton,_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hampton,_Virginia" title="Template:Hampton, Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hampton,_Virginia" title="Template talk:Hampton, Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hampton,_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hampton, Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Hampton,_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">City of Hampton, Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Town_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Town (Virginia)">Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoebus,_Virginia" title="Phoebus, Virginia">Phoebus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckroe_Beach,_Hampton,_Virginia" title="Buckroe Beach, Hampton, Virginia">Buckroe Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Point_Comfort" title="Old Point Comfort">Old Point Comfort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Gardens_(Hampton,_Virginia)" title="Aberdeen Gardens (Hampton, Virginia)">Aberdeen Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckroe_Beach,_Hampton,_Virginia" title="Buckroe Beach, Hampton, Virginia">Buckroe Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Hill,_Virginia" title="Fox Hill, Virginia">Fox Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Langley Field">Langley Field</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wythe_(Hampton,_Virginia)" title="Wythe (Hampton, Virginia)">Wythe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hampton,_Virginia" title="Timeline of Hampton, Virginia">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_City_Schools" title="Hampton City Schools">School District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_High_School_(Virginia)" title="Bethel High School (Virginia)">Bethel HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_High_School_(Virginia)" title="Hampton High School (Virginia)">Hampton HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kecoughtan_High_School" title="Kecoughtan High School">Kecoughtan HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebus_High_School" title="Phoebus High School">Phoebus HS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Nelson Community College">Thomas Nelson Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_University" title="Hampton University">Hampton University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hampton_University" title="Template:Hampton University">template</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fort Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Air_Force_Base" title="Langley Air Force Base">Langley Air Force Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Speedway_(Virginia)" title="Langley Speedway (Virginia)">Langley Speedway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_England_Chapel" title="Little England Chapel">Little England Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Hampton,_Virginia)" title="St. John's Episcopal Church (Hampton, Virginia)">St. John's Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Air_and_Space_Science_Center" title="Virginia Air and Space Science Center">Virginia Air and Space Science Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county-equivalent or county-equivalents</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Template:Battle of Hampton Roads"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Template talk:Battle of Hampton Roads"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Battle of Hampton Roads"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Battle of Hampton Roads</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lorimer_Worden" title="John Lorimer Worden">John Lorimer Worden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Greene_(naval_officer)" title="Samuel Greene (naval officer)">Samuel Dana Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Franklin Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catesby_ap_Roger_Jones" title="Catesby ap Roger Jones">Catesby ap Roger Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Fox" title="Gustavus Fox">Gustavus Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Stephen Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forrest" title="French Forrest">French Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_N._Stodder" title="Louis N. Stodder">Louis N. Stodder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor"><b>USS <i>Monitor</i></b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia"><b>CSS <i>Virginia</i></b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Congress_(1841)" title="USS Congress (1841)">USS <i>Congress</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cumberland_(1842)" title="USS Cumberland (1842)">USS <i>Cumberland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Zouave_(1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Zouave (1861)">USS <i>Zouave</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Roanoke_(1855)" title="USS Roanoke (1855)">USS <i>Roanoke</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Minnesota_(1855)" title="USS Minnesota (1855)">USS <i>Minnesota</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_St._Lawrence_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS St. Lawrence (1848)">USS <i>St. Lawrence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Beaufort" title="CSS Beaufort">CSS <i>Beaufort</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Raleigh_(1861)" title="CSS Raleigh (1861)">CSS <i>Raleigh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Patrick_Henry" title="CSS Patrick Henry">CSS <i>Patrick Henry</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Jamestown" title="CSS Jamestown">CSS <i>Jamestown</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater region">Tidewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_River_(Virginia)" title="Elizabeth River (Virginia)">Elizabeth River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fort Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewell%27s_Point" title="Sewell's Point">Sewell's Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Virginia" title="Template:Protected areas of Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Virginia" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park" title="Shenandoah National Park">Shenandoah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Historical Parks,<br />Historic Sites & Monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox Court House NHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial" title="Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial">Arlington House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_National_Monument" title="Booker T. Washington National Monument">Booker T. Washington NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Creek_and_Belle_Grove_National_Historical_Park" title="Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National Historical Park">Cedar Creek and Belle Grove NHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Moore_Colonial_Farm" title="Claude Moore Colonial Farm">Claude Moore Colonial Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_National_Historical_Park" title="Colonial National Historical Park">Colonial NHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap_National_Historical_Park" title="Cumberland Gap National Historical Park">Cumberland Gap NHP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fort Monroe NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument" title="George Washington Birthplace National Monument">George Washington Birthplace NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park" title="Harpers Ferry National Historical Park">Harpers Ferry NHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_L._Walker_National_Historic_Site" title="Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site">Maggie L. Walker NHS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Military Parks,<br />Battlefields & Battlefield Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg_and_Spotsylvania_National_Military_Park" title="Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park">Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania NMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manassas_National_Battlefield_Park" title="Manassas National Battlefield Park">Manassas NBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersburg_National_Battlefield" title="Petersburg National Battlefield">Petersburg NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_National_Battlefield_Park" title="Richmond National Battlefield Park">Richmond NBP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Cemetery_System" title="United States National Cemetery System">National Cemeteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_National_Cemetery_(Virginia)" title="Alexandria National Cemetery (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball%27s_Bluff_Battlefield_and_National_Cemetery" title="Ball's Bluff Battlefield and National Cemetery">Balls Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Point_National_Cemetery" title="City Point National Cemetery">City Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Harbor_National_Cemetery" title="Cold Harbor National Cemetery">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culpeper_National_Cemetery" title="Culpeper National Cemetery">Culpeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danville_National_Cemetery_(Virginia)" title="Danville National Cemetery (Virginia)">Danville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Harrison_National_Cemetery" title="Fort Harrison National Cemetery">Fort Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg_and_Spotsylvania_National_Military_Park" title="Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale_National_Cemetery" title="Glendale National Cemetery">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_National_Cemetery" title="Hampton National Cemetery">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_VAMC_National_Cemetery" title="Hampton VAMC National Cemetery">Hampton VAMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Grove_National_Cemetery" title="Poplar Grove National Cemetery">Poplar Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantico_National_Cemetery" title="Quantico National Cemetery">Quantico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_National_Cemetery" title="Richmond National Cemetery">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Pines_National_Cemetery" title="Seven Pines National Cemetery">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton_National_Cemetery" title="Staunton National Cemetery">Staunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_National_Cemetery" title="Winchester National Cemetery">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_National_Historical_Park" title="Colonial National Historical Park">Yorktown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Parkway" title="National Parkway">National Parkways</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Parkway" title="Blue Ridge Parkway">Blue Ridge Parkway</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Music_Center" title="Blue Ridge Music Center">Blue Ridge Music Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabry_Mill" title="Mabry Mill">Mabry Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaks_of_Otter" title="Peaks of Otter">Peaks of Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Knob_Recreation_Area" title="Rocky Knob Recreation Area">Rocky Knob Recreation Area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Parkway" title="George Washington Memorial Parkway">George Washington Memorial Parkway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Trails_System" title="National Trails System">National Trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Trail" title="Appalachian Trail">Appalachian Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_John_Smith_Chesapeake_National_Historic_Trail" title="Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail">Captain John Smith Chesapeake NHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmountain_Victory_National_Historic_Trail" title="Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail">Overmountain Victory NHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_Heritage_Trail" title="Potomac Heritage Trail">Potomac Heritage Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner_National_Historic_Trail" title="Star-Spangled Banner National Historic Trail">Star-Spangled Banner NHT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Wildlife_Refuges#Virginia" title="List of National Wildlife Refuges">National<br />Wildlife Refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge">Back Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincoteague_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge">Chincoteague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge">Eastern Shore of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Hartwell_Mason_Neck_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Elizabeth Hartwell Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge">Mason Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featherstone_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Featherstone National Wildlife Refuge">Featherstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman_Island_(Virginia)" title="Fisherman Island (Virginia)">Fisherman Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Martin_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Glenn Martin National Wildlife Refuge">Glenn Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge">Great Dismal Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="James River National Wildlife Refuge">James River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansemond_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Nansemond National Wildlife Refuge">Nansemond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occoquan_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge">Occoquan Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Tree_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Plum Tree Island National Wildlife Refuge">Plum Tree Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presquile_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Presquile National Wildlife Refuge">Presquile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River_Valley_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Rappahannock River Valley National Wildlife Refuge">Rappahannock River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Wallops Island National Wildlife Refuge">Wallops Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_forests_of_the_United_States#Virginia" title="List of national forests of the United States">National Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">George Washington and Jefferson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_recreation_area" title="National recreation area">USFS National Recreation Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rogers_National_Recreation_Area" title="Mount Rogers National Recreation Area">Mount Rogers National Recreation Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">Other NPS Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assateague_Island_National_Seashore" title="Assateague Island National Seashore">Assateague Island National Seashore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Gateways_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network">Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Forest_Park" title="Prince William Forest Park">Prince William Forest Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Trap_National_Park_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts">Wolf Trap NP for the Performing Arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">Wilderness Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbours_Creek_Wilderness" title="Barbours Creek Wilderness">Barbours Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River_Face_Wilderness" title="James River Face Wilderness">James River Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Lake_Wilderness" title="Mountain Lake Wilderness">Mountain Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest_Wilderness" title="Priest Wilderness">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey%27s_Draft_Wilderness" title="Ramsey's Draft Wilderness">Ramsey's Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Hole_Wilderness" title="Rich Hole Wilderness">Rich Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Mountain_Wilderness" title="Rough Mountain Wilderness">Rough Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_Wilderness" title="Saint Mary's Wilderness">Saint Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ridges_Wilderness" title="Three Ridges Wilderness">Three Ridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="National Estuarine Research Reserve">National Estuarine<br />Research Reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve_(Virginia)" title="Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (Virginia)">Chesapeake Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Virginia" title="Government of Virginia">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_parks" title="List of Virginia state parks">State parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Creek_Lake_State_Park" title="Bear Creek Lake State Park">Bear Creek Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Isle_State_Park_(Virginia)" title="Belle Isle State Park (Virginia)">Belle Isle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaks_Interstate_Park" title="Breaks Interstate Park">Breaks Interstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledon_State_Park" title="Caledon State Park">Caledon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippokes_State_Park" title="Chippokes State Park">Chippokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claytor_Lake_State_Park" title="Claytor Lake State Park">Claytor Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_River_State_Park" title="Clinch River State Park">Clinch River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culpeper_Battlefields_State_Park" title="Culpeper Battlefields State Park">Culpeper Battlefields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douthat_State_Park" title="Douthat State Park">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Stone_State_Park" title="Fairy Stone State Park">Fairy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_Cape_State_Park" title="False Cape State Park">False Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Landing_State_Park" title="First Landing State Park">First Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayson_Highlands_State_Park" title="Grayson Highlands State Park">Grayson Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Bridge_Trail_State_Park" title="High Bridge Trail State Park">High Bridge Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holliday_Lake_State_Park" title="Holliday Lake State Park">Holliday Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_Mother_State_Park" title="Hungry Mother State Park">Hungry Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River_State_Park" title="James River State Park">James River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiptopeke_State_Park" title="Kiptopeke State Park">Kiptopeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Anna_State_Park" title="Lake Anna State Park">Lake Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leesylvania_State_Park" title="Leesylvania State Park">Leesylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machicomoco_State_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machicomoco State Park (page does not exist)">Machicomoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Neck_State_Park" title="Mason Neck State Park">Mason Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_River_State_Park_(Virginia)" title="Mayo River State Park (Virginia)">Mayo River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Peninsula_State_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Peninsula State Park (page does not exist)">Middle Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Bridge_(Virginia)" title="Natural Bridge (Virginia)">Natural Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Tunnel_State_Park" title="Natural Tunnel State Park">Natural Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_River_Trail_State_Park" title="New River Trail State Park">New River Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occoneechee_State_Park" title="Occoneechee State Park">Occoneechee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_State_Park" title="Pocahontas State Park">Pocahontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_State_Park" title="Powhatan State Park">Powhatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creek_Battlefield_Historical_State_Park" title="Sailor's Creek Battlefield Historical State Park">Sailor's Creek Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Bends_State_Park" title="Seven Bends State Park">Seven Bends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_Tower_Historical_State_Park" title="Shot Tower Historical State Park">Shot Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_River_Raymond_R._%22Andy%22_Guest_Jr._State_Park" title="Shenandoah River Raymond R. "Andy" Guest Jr. State Park">Shenandoah River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Meadows_State_Park" title="Sky Meadows State Park">Sky Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Mountain_Lake_State_Park" title="Smith Mountain Lake State Park">Smith Mountain Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Virginia_Museum_Historical_State_Park" title="Southwest Virginia Museum Historical State Park">Southwest Virginia Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton_River_State_Park" title="Staunton River State Park">Staunton River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton_River_Battlefield_State_Park" title="Staunton River Battlefield State Park">Staunton River Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Run_State_Park" title="Sweet Run State Park">Sweet Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabb_Monument" title="Tabb Monument">Tabb Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Lakes_State_Park_(Virginia)" title="Twin Lakes State Park (Virginia)">Twin Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_State_Park" title="Westmoreland State Park">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widewater_State_Park" title="Widewater State Park">Widewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road_State_Park" title="Wilderness Road State Park">Wilderness Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_River_State_Park" title="York River State Park">York River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_forests" title="List of Virginia state forests">State forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox-Buckingham_State_Forest" title="Appomattox-Buckingham State Forest">Appomattox-Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Woods_State_Forest" title="Big Woods State Forest">Big Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourassa_State_Forest" title="Bourassa State Forest">Bourassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browne_State_Forest" title="Browne State Forest">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channels_State_Forest" title="Channels State Forest">Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_State_Forest" title="Charlotte State Forest">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_State_Forest" title="Chesterfield State Forest">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilton_Woods_State_Forest" title="Chilton Woods State Forest">Chilton Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Robinson_State_Forest" title="Conway Robinson State Forest">Conway Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawfords_State_Forest" title="Crawfords State Forest">Crawfords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_State_Forest" title="Cumberland State Forest">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Backbone_State_Forest" title="Devil's Backbone State Forest">Devil's Backbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Run_State_Forest" title="Dragon Run State Forest">Dragon Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mountain_State_Forest" title="First Mountain State Forest">First Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawks_State_Forest" title="Hawks State Forest">Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesesne_State_Forest" title="Lesesne State Forest">Lesesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthews_State_Forest" title="Matthews State Forest">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Creek_State_Forest" title="Moore's Creek State Forest">Moore's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niday_Place_State_Forest" title="Niday Place State Forest">Niday Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Flat_State_Forest" title="Old Flat State Forest">Old Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_State_Forest" title="Paul State Forest">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward-Gallion_State_Forest" title="Prince Edward-Gallion State Forest">Prince Edward-Gallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Point_State_Forest" title="Sandy Point State Forest">Sandy Point</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Quay_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Quay State Forest (page does not exist)">South Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_State_Forest" title="Whitney State Forest">Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoar_State_Forest" title="Zoar State Forest">Zoar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Natural_Area_Preserve_System" title="Virginia Natural Area Preserve System">Natural Area<br /> Preserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_Pines_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Antioch Pines Natural Area Preserve">Antioch Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bald_Knob_Natural_Area_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bald Knob Natural Area Preserve (page does not exist)">Bald Knob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Beach_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Bethel Beach Natural Area Preserve">Bethel Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Spring_Bog_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Big Spring Bog Natural Area Preserve">Big Spring Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_Ecological_Preserve" title="Blackwater Ecological Preserve">Blackwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Mountain_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Buffalo Mountain Natural Area Preserve">Buffalo Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Run_Mountains_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Bull Run Mountains Natural Area Preserve">Bull Run Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Mill_Stream_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Bush Mill Stream Natural Area Preserve">Bush Mill Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Branch_Wetlands_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Camp Branch Wetlands Natural Area Preserve">Camp Branch Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Charles_Coastal_Habitat_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Cape Charles Coastal Habitat Natural Area Preserve">Cape Charles Coastal Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_Hill_Natural_Area_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cave Hill Natural Area Preserve (page does not exist)">Cave Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cedars_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="The Cedars Natural Area Preserve">The Cedars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Channels_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="The Channels Natural Area Preserve">The Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Orchard_Bog_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Cherry Orchard Bog Natural Area Preserve">Cherry Orchard Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Creek_Wetlands_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Chestnut Creek Wetlands Natural Area Preserve">Chestnut Creek Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Ridge_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Chestnut Ridge Natural Area Preserve">Chestnut Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chotank_Creek_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Chotank Creek Natural Area Preserve">Chotank Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chub_Sandhill_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Chub Sandhill Natural Area Preserve">Chub Sandhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Barrens_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Cleveland Barrens Natural Area Preserve">Cleveland Barrens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clover_Hollow_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Clover Hollow Natural Area Preserve">Clover Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbane_Prairie_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Cowbane Prairie Natural Area Preserve">Cowbane Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crawford%27s_Knob_Natural_Area_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crawford's Knob Natural Area Preserve (page does not exist)">Crawford's Knob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow%27s_Nest_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Crow's Nest Natural Area Preserve">Crow's Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Marsh_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Cumberland Marsh Natural Area Preserve">Cumberland Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dameron_Marsh_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Dameron Marsh Natural Area Preserve">Dameron Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Run_Ponds_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Deep Run Ponds Natural Area Preserve">Deep Run Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendron_Swamp_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Dendron Swamp Natural Area Preserve">Dendron Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difficult_Creek_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Difficult Creek Natural Area Preserve">Difficult Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elklick_Woodlands_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Elklick Woodlands Natural Area Preserve">Elklick Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_Cape_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="False Cape Natural Area Preserve">False Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folly_Mills_Creek_Fen_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Folly Mills Creek Fen Natural Area Preserve">Folly Mills Creek Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen_Pass_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Goshen Pass Natural Area Preserve">Goshen Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_Ponds_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Grafton Ponds Natural Area Preserve">Grafton Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassy_Hill_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Grassy Hill Natural Area Preserve">Grassy Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayson_Glades_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Grayson Glades Natural Area Preserve">Grayson Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hollow_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Hickory Hollow Natural Area Preserve">Hickory Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughlett_Point_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Hughlett Point Natural Area Preserve">Hughlett Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnsons_Creek_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Johnsons Creek Natural Area Preserve">Johnsons Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyndhurst_Ponds_Natural_Area_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyndhurst Ponds Natural Area Preserve (page does not exist)">Lyndhurst Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magothy_Bay_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Magothy Bay Natural Area Preserve">Magothy Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark%27s_and_Jack%27s_Island_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Mark's and Jack's Island Natural Area Preserve">Mark's and Jack's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Joy_Pond_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Mount Joy Pond Natural Area Preserve">Mount Joy Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutton_Hunk_Fen_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Mutton Hunk Fen Natural Area Preserve">Mutton Hunk Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_Mountain_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Naked Mountain Natural Area Preserve">Naked Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Point_Comfort_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="New Point Comfort Natural Area Preserve">New Point Comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Landing_River_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="North Landing River Natural Area Preserve">North Landing River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_River_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Northwest River Natural Area Preserve">Northwest River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogdens_Cave_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Ogdens Cave Natural Area Preserve">Ogdens Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkers_Marsh_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Parkers Marsh Natural Area Preserve">Parkers Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parramore_Island_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Parramore Island Natural Area Preserve">Parramore Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedlar_Hills_Glades_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Pedlar Hills Glades Natural Area Preserve">Pedlar Hills Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piney_Grove_Flatwoods_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Piney Grove Flatwoods Natural Area Preserve">Piney Grove Flatwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Pinnacle Natural Area Preserve">Pinnacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Mountain_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Poor Mountain Natural Area Preserve">Poor Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redrock_Mountain_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Redrock Mountain Natural Area Preserve">Redrock Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Neck_Dunes_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Savage Neck Dunes Natural Area Preserve">Savage Neck Dunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unthanks_Cave_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Unthanks Cave Natural Area Preserve">Unthanks Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Trower_Bayshore_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="William B. Trower Bayshore Natural Area Preserve">William B. Trower Bayshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_Island_Natural_Area_Preserve" title="Wreck Island Natural Area Preserve">Wreck Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Wildlife_Management_Areas" title="Virginia Wildlife Management Areas">Wildlife<br />Management Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Amelia Wildlife Management Area">Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Survey_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Big Survey Wildlife Management Area">Big Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Woods_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Big Woods Wildlife Management Area">Big Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briery_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Briery Creek Wildlife Management Area">Briery Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_F._Phelps_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Chester F. Phelps Wildlife Management Area">Chester F. Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Cavalier Wildlife Management Area">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Chickahominy Wildlife Management Area">Chickahominy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_Mountain_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Clinch Mountain Wildlife Management Area">Clinch Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooked_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Crooked Creek Wildlife Management Area">Crooked Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cross_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Dick Cross Wildlife Management Area">Dick Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doe_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doe Creek Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Doe Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairystone_Farms_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Fairystone Farms Wildlife Management Area">Fairystone Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featherfin_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Featherfin Wildlife Management Area">Featherfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Richard_Thompson_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="G. Richard Thompson Wildlife Management Area">G. Richard Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Farm_Marsh_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Game Farm Marsh Wildlife Management Area">Game Farm Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen_and_Little_North_Mountain_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Goshen and Little North Mountain Wildlife Management Area">Goshen and Little North Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_River_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Hardware River Wildlife Management Area">Hardware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havens_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Havens Wildlife Management Area">Havens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Valley_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Hidden Valley Wildlife Management Area">Hidden Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Highland Wildlife Management Area">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hog_Island_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Hog Island Wildlife Management Area">Hog Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepen_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Horsepen Lake Wildlife Management Area">Horsepen Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="James River Wildlife Management Area">James River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land%27s_End_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Land's End Wildlife Management Area">Land's End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattaponi_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Mattaponi Wildlife Management Area">Mattaponi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mattaponi_Bluffs_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mattaponi Bluffs Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Mattaponi Bluffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimac_Farm_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Merrimac Farm Wildlife Management Area">Merrimac Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockhorn_Island_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Mockhorn Island Wildlife Management Area">Mockhorn Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oakley_Forest_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oakley Forest Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Oakley Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettigrew_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Pettigrew Wildlife Management Area">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Powhatan Wildlife Management Area">Powhatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Princess Anne Wildlife Management Area">Princess Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragged_Island_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Ragged Island Wildlife Management Area">Ragged Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidan_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Rapidan Wildlife Management Area">Rapidan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_W._Duncan_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert W. Duncan Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Robert W. Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxis_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Saxis Wildlife Management Area">Saxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Hills_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Short Hills Wildlife Management Area">Short Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Mountain_Cooperative_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Smith Mountain Cooperative Wildlife Management Area">Smith Mountain Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewarts_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Stewarts Creek Wildlife Management Area">Stewarts Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._M._Gathright_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="T. M. Gathright Wildlife Management Area">T. M. Gathright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkeycock_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Turkeycock Wildlife Management Area">Turkeycock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ware_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ware Creek Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Ware Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Weston Wildlife Management Area">Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Oak_Mountain_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="White Oak Mountain Wildlife Management Area">White Oak Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Registered_Historic_Places_in_Virginia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">Registered Historic<br /> Places in Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Landmarks_Register" title="Virginia Landmarks Register">Virginia Landmarks Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia">National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Virginia" title="List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Virginia" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia">National Historic Landmarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;font-style:italic;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Conservation_and_Recreation" title="Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation">Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Forestry" title="Virginia Department of Forestry">Virginia Department of Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Historic_Resources" title="Virginia Department of Historic Resources">Virginia Department of Historic Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Wildlife_Resources" title="Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources">Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_monuments_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Monuments_of_the_United_States" title="Template:National Monuments of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Monuments_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:National Monuments of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Monuments_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Monuments of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_monuments_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">National monuments of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Burial_Ground_National_Monument" title="African Burial Ground National Monument">African Burial Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agate_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" title="Agate Fossil Beds National Monument">Agate Fossil Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alibates_Flint_Quarries_National_Monument" title="Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument">Alibates Flint Quarries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniakchak_National_Monument_and_Preserve" title="Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve">Aniakchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Aztec Ruins National Monument">Aztec Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont-Paul Women's Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_National_Monument" title="Booker T. Washington National Monument">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_Island_Reef_National_Monument" title="Buck Island Reef National Monument">Buck Island Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrillo_National_Monument" title="Cabrillo National Monument">Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Nelson_National_Monument" title="Camp Nelson National Monument">Camp Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument" title="Canyon de Chelly National Monument">Canyon de Chelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Krusenstern_National_Monument" title="Cape Krusenstern National Monument">Cape Krusenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capulin_Volcano_National_Monument" title="Capulin Volcano National Monument">Capulin Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Marcos" title="Castillo de San Marcos">Castillo de San Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Mountains_National_Monument" title="Castle Mountains National Monument">Castle Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Breaks_National_Monument" title="Cedar Breaks National Monument">Cedar Breaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_E._Ch%C3%A1vez_National_Monument" title="César E. Chávez National Monument">César E. Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_Buffalo_Soldiers_National_Monument" title="Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument">Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_National_Monument" title="Chiricahua National Monument">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_National_Monument" title="Colorado National Monument">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craters_of_the_Moon_National_Monument_and_Preserve" title="Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve">Craters of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_Postpile_National_Monument" title="Devils Postpile National Monument">Devils Postpile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monument" title="Dinosaur National Monument">Dinosaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Malpais_National_Monument" title="El Malpais National Monument">El Malpais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Morro_National_Monument" title="El Morro National Monument">El Morro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florissant_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument">Florissant Fossil Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Frederica_National_Monument" title="Fort Frederica National Monument">Fort Frederica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Matanzas_National_Monument" title="Fort Matanzas National Monument">Fort Matanzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McHenry" title="Fort McHenry">Fort McHenry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fort Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pulaski_National_Monument" title="Fort Pulaski National Monument">Fort Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Stanwix" title="Fort Stanwix">Fort Stanwix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_National_Monument" title="Fort Union National Monument">Fort Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Butte_National_Monument" title="Fossil Butte National Monument">Fossil Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument" title="George Washington Birthplace National Monument">George Washington Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver_National_Monument" title="George Washington Carver National Monument">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_Island_National_Monument" title="Governors Island National Monument">Governors Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon%E2%80%93Parashant_National_Monument" title="Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument">Grand Canyon–Parashant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_National_Monument" title="Grand Portage National Monument">Grand Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagerman_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" title="Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument">Hagerman Fossil Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam_Pima_National_Monument" title="Hohokam Pima National Monument">Hohokam Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovenweep_National_Monument" title="Hovenweep National Monument">Hovenweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Cave_National_Monument" title="Jewel Cave National Monument">Jewel Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Day_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" title="John Day Fossil Beds National Monument">John Day Fossil Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katahdin_Woods_and_Waters_National_Monument" title="Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument">Katahdin Woods and Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_Beds_National_Monument" title="Lava Beds National Monument">Lava Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Bighorn_Battlefield_National_Monument" title="Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument">Little Bighorn Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Springs_Battlefield_National_Monument" title="Mill Springs Battlefield National Monument">Mill Springs Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montezuma_Castle_National_Monument" title="Montezuma Castle National Monument">Montezuma Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muir_Woods_National_Monument" title="Muir Woods National Monument">Muir Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Bridges_National_Monument" title="Natural Bridges National Monument">Natural Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_National_Monument" title="Navajo National Monument">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Caves_National_Monument_and_Preserve" title="Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve">Oregon Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_Pipe_Cactus_National_Monument" title="Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument">Organ Pipe Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph_National_Monument" title="Petroglyph National Monument">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_Spring_National_Monument" title="Pipe Spring National Monument">Pipe Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipestone_National_Monument" title="Pipestone National Monument">Pipestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Bridge_National_Monument" title="Rainbow Bridge National Monument">Rainbow Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinas_Pueblo_Missions_National_Monument" title="Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument">Salinas Pueblo Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument" title="Scotts Bluff National Monument">Scotts Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_1908_Race_Riot_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield 1908 Race Riot National Monument">Springfield 1908 Race Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_National_Monument" title="Statue of Liberty National Monument">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_National_Monument" title="Stonewall National Monument">Stonewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Crater" title="Sunset Crater">Sunset Crater Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpanogos_Cave_National_Monument" title="Timpanogos Cave National Monument">Timpanogos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_National_Monument" title="Tonto National Monument">Tonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Lake_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule Lake National Monument">Tule Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Springs_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" title="Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument">Tule Springs Fossil Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzigoot_National_Monument" title="Tuzigoot National Monument">Tuzigoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands_Coral_Reef_National_Monument" title="Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument">Virgin Islands Coral Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_Mammoth_National_Monument" title="Waco Mammoth National Monument">Waco Mammoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Walnut Canyon National Monument">Walnut Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucca_House_National_Monument" title="Yucca House National Monument">Yucca House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US Forest Service">US Forest Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Island_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty Island National Monument">Admiralty Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baaj_Nwaavjo_I%27tah_Kukveni_%E2%80%93_Ancestral_Footprints_of_the_Grand_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument">Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bears_Ears_National_Monument" title="Bears Ears National Monument">Bears Ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berryessa_Snow_Mountain_National_Monument" title="Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument">Berryessa Snow Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browns_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Browns Canyon National Monument">Browns Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Hale" title="Camp Hale">Camp Hale – Continental Divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_Rock_National_Monument" title="Chimney Rock National Monument">Chimney Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Sequoia_National_Monument" title="Giant Sequoia National Monument">Giant Sequoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misty_Fjords_National_Monument" title="Misty Fjords National Monument">Misty Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens_National_Volcanic_Monument" title="Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument">Mount St. Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newberry_National_Volcanic_Monument" title="Newberry National Volcanic Monument">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Dam_Disaster_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Monument">Saint Francis Dam Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Mountains_National_Monument" title="San Gabriel Mountains National Monument">San Gabriel Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_to_Snow_National_Monument" title="Sand to Snow National Monument">Sand to Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_and_San_Jacinto_Mountains_National_Monument" title="Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument">Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of<br />Land Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agua_Fria_National_Monument" title="Agua Fria National Monument">Agua Fria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Kwa_Ame_National_Monument" title="Avi Kwa Ame National Monument">Avi Kwa Ame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baaj_Nwaavjo_I%27tah_Kukveni_%E2%80%93_Ancestral_Footprints_of_the_Grand_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument">Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_National_Monument" title="Basin and Range National Monument">Basin and Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bears_Ears_National_Monument" title="Bears Ears National Monument">Bears Ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berryessa_Snow_Mountain_National_Monument" title="Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument">Berryessa Snow Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browns_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Browns Canyon National Monument">Browns Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coastal_National_Monument" title="California Coastal National Monument">California Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyons_of_the_Ancients_National_Monument" title="Canyons of the Ancients National Monument">Canyons of the Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrizo_Plain" title="Carrizo Plain">Carrizo Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade%E2%80%93Siskiyou_National_Monument" title="Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument">Cascade–Siskiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craters_of_the_Moon_National_Monument_and_Preserve" title="Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve">Craters of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ord_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ord National Monument">Fort Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Butte_National_Monument" title="Gold Butte National Monument">Gold Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon%E2%80%93Parashant_National_Monument" title="Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument">Grand Canyon–Parashant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Staircase%E2%80%93Escalante_National_Monument" title="Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument">Grand Staircase–Escalante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironwood_Forest_National_Monument" title="Ironwood Forest National Monument">Ironwood Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_National_Monument" title="Jurassic National Monument">Jurassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasha-Katuwe_Tent_Rocks_National_Monument" title="Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument">Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Trails_National_Monument" title="Mojave Trails National Monument">Mojave Trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_Mountains%E2%80%93Desert_Peaks_National_Monument" title="Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks National Monument">Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeys_Pillar_National_Monument" title="Pompeys Pillar National Monument">Pompeys Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Trackways_National_Monument" title="Prehistoric Trackways National Monument">Prehistoric Trackways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_del_Norte_National_Monument" title="Rio Grande del Norte National Monument">Río Grande del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islands_National_Monument" title="San Juan Islands National Monument">San Juan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_to_Snow_National_Monument" title="Sand to Snow National Monument">Sand to Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_and_San_Jacinto_Mountains_National_Monument" title="Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument">Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert_National_Monument" title="Sonoran Desert National Monument">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Missouri_River_Breaks_National_Monument" title="Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument">Upper Missouri River Breaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Cliffs_National_Monument" title="Vermilion Cliffs National Monument">Vermilion Cliffs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Other (<a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish and Wildlife Service">FWS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Energy">DOE</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Retirement_Home" title="Armed Forces Retirement Home">AFRH</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_World_War_II_National_Monument" title="Aleutian Islands World War II National Monument">Aleutian Islands World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castner_Range_National_Monument" title="Castner Range National Monument">Castner Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Reach_National_Monument" title="Hanford Reach National Monument">Hanford Reach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Monument">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianas_Trench_Marine_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas Trench Marine National Monument">Marianas Trench Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Working_Dog_Teams_National_Monument" title="Military Working Dog Teams National Monument">Military Working Dog Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Canyons_and_Seamounts_Marine_National_Monument" title="Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument">Northeast Canyons and Seamounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Remote_Islands_Marine_National_Monument" title="Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument">Pacific Remote Islands Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_Cottage_at_the_Soldiers%27_Home" title="President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home">President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Atoll_Marine_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Atoll Marine National Monument">Rose Atoll Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Lake_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule Lake National Monument">Tule Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Monuments_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Monuments of the United States">Full Detailed List</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underground_Railroad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Underground_Railroad" title="Template talk:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underground_Railroad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_people" title="Category:Underground Railroad people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Brinkley_(Underground_Railroad)" title="William Brinkley (Underground Railroad)">William Brinkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Burris" title="Samuel Burris">Samuel Burris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dillingham" title="Richard Dillingham">Richard Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Fairbank" title="Calvin Fairbank">Calvin Fairbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_S._Flint" title="Isaac S. Flint">Isaac S. Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garrett" title="Thomas Garrett">Thomas Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Smith_Haviland" title="Laura Smith Haviland">Laura Smith Haviland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hudson_(pioneer)" title="David Hudson (pioneer)">David Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hughes_(underground_railroad)" title="Daniel Hughes (underground railroad)">Daniel Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Leg_Joe" title="Peg Leg Joe">Peg Leg Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_Nell" title="William Cooper Nell">William Cooper Nell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Forten_Purvis" title="Harriet Forten Purvis">Harriet Forten Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Purvis" title="Robert Purvis">Robert Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_(abolitionist)" title="John Rankin (abolitionist)">John Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Reckless" title="Hetty Reckless">Hetty Reckless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Still" title="William Still">William Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ellis_Stowe" title="Calvin Ellis Stowe">Calvin Ellis Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Torrey" title="Charles Turner Torrey">Charles Turner Torrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Webster" title="Delia Webster">Delia Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursa_major_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/110px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/165px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/220px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_locations" title="Category:Underground Railroad locations">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Underground_Railroad_sites" title="List of Underground Railroad sites">List of Underground Railroad sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Houses_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Houses on the Underground Railroad">houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Churches on the Underground Railroad">churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_in_Indiana" title="Underground Railroad in Indiana">Underground Railroad in Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_Salem_Chapel" title="British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel">British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeline_and_Samuel_Hawkins" title="Emeline and Samuel Hawkins">Emeline and Samuel Hawkins</a> flight (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_incident" title="Pearl incident"><i>Pearl</i> incident</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_raid_in_Cass_County_(1847)" title="Kentucky raid in Cass County (1847)">Kentucky raid in Cass County</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Modlin#The_South_Bend_Fugitive_Slave_Case" title="Wright Modlin">The South Bend Fugitive Slave Case</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiana_Riot" title="Christiana Riot">Christiana Riot</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rescue" title="Jerry Rescue">Jerry Rescue</a> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Glover" title="Joshua Glover">Joshua Glover rescue</a> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Eight" title="Dover Eight">Dover Eight</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin%E2%80%93Wellington_Rescue" title="Oberlin–Wellington Rescue">Oberlin–Wellington Rescue</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilly_Escape" title="Tilly Escape">Tilly Escape</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Maria_Jackson" title="Ann Maria Jackson">Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">opponents of slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists" title="List of African-American abolitionists">African-American opponents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism#Abolitionist_publications" title="Abolitionism">publications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slave laws">Fugitive slave laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">1850</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilts_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Quilts of the Underground Railroad">Quilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Underground_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse Underground Railroad">Reverse Underground Railroad</a></li> <li>Signals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_jockey" title="Lawn jockey">lawn jockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)"><i>The Underground Railroad Records</i></a> (1872 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Underground_Railroad_Freedom_Center" title="National Underground Railroad Freedom Center">National Underground Railroad Freedom Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Memorial_(Boston)" title="Harriet Tubman Memorial (Boston)"><i>Harriet Tubman Memorial</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_National_Historical_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_State_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_Visitor_Center" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center">visitor center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Underground_Railroad_Heritage_Center" title="Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center">Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_Bicycle_Route" title="Underground Railroad Bicycle Route">Underground Railroad Bicycle Route</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Railroad_to_Freedom:_A_Story_of_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War">The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War</a></i> (1932 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_Called_Moses" title="A Woman Called Moses">A Woman Called Moses</a></i> (1978 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Resistance:_The_Story_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Roots of Resistance: The Story of the Underground Railroad">Roots of Resistance</a></i> (1989 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Freedom" title="The Quest for Freedom">The Quest for Freedom</a></i> (1992 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom:_The_Underground_Railroad" title="Freedom: The Underground Railroad">Freedom: The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2013 board game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(2016_film)" title="The North Star (2016 film)">The North Star</a></i> (2016 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(TV_series)" title="Underground (TV series)">Underground</a></i> (2016 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harriet_(film)" title="Harriet (film)">Harriet</a></i> (2019 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(miniseries)" title="The Underground Railroad (miniseries)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2021 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery in Canada</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Virginia" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places in Virginia"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Virginia" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places in Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places in Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a> in <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia">Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists<br />by county</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Accomack_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Accomack County, Virginia">Accomack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Albemarle_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Albemarle County, Virginia">Albemarle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alleghany_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alleghany County, Virginia">Alleghany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Amelia_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Amelia County, Virginia">Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Amherst_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Amherst County, Virginia">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Appomattox_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Appomattox County, Virginia">Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Augusta_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Augusta County, Virginia">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bath_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bath County, Virginia">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bedford_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bedford County, Virginia">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bland_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bland County, Virginia">Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Botetourt_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Botetourt County, Virginia">Botetourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brunswick_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Brunswick County, Virginia">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Buchanan_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Buchanan County, Virginia">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Buckingham_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Buckingham County, Virginia">Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Campbell_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Campbell County, Virginia">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Caroline_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Caroline County, Virginia">Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Carroll_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Carroll County, Virginia">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Charles_City_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Charles City County, Virginia">Charles City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Charlotte_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Charlotte County, Virginia">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chesterfield_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chesterfield County, Virginia">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Clarke_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Clarke County, Virginia">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Craig_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Craig County, Virginia">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Culpeper_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Culpeper County, Virginia">Culpeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cumberland_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cumberland County, Virginia">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dickenson_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dickenson County, Virginia">Dickenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dinwiddie_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dinwiddie County, Virginia">Dinwiddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Essex_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Virginia">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fauquier_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fauquier County, Virginia">Fauquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Floyd_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Floyd County, Virginia">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fluvanna_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fluvanna County, Virginia">Fluvanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Franklin_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Virginia">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Frederick_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Frederick County, Virginia">Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Giles_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Giles County, Virginia">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Gloucester_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Gloucester County, Virginia">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Goochland_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Goochland County, Virginia">Goochland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Grayson_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Grayson County, Virginia">Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greene_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Greene County, Virginia">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greensville_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Greensville County, Virginia">Greensville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Halifax_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Halifax County, Virginia">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hanover_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hanover County, Virginia">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Henrico_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Henrico County, Virginia">Henrico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Henry_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Henry County, Virginia">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Highland_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Highland County, Virginia">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Isle_of_Wight_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia">Isle Of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_James_City_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in James City County, Virginia">James City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_King_and_Queen_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in King and Queen County, Virginia">King and Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_King_George_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in King George County, Virginia">King George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_King_William_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in King William County, Virginia">King William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lancaster_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lancaster County, Virginia">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lee_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lee County, Virginia">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Loudoun_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Loudoun County, Virginia">Loudoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Louisa_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisa County, Virginia">Louisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lunenburg_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lunenburg County, Virginia">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Madison_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison County, Virginia">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mathews_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mathews County, Virginia">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mecklenburg_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mecklenburg County, Virginia">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Middlesex_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Virginia">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montgomery_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montgomery County, Virginia">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nelson_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nelson County, Virginia">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Kent_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Kent County, Virginia">New Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Northampton_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Northampton County, Virginia">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Northumberland_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Northumberland County, Virginia">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nottoway_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nottoway County, Virginia">Nottoway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orange_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, Virginia">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Page_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Page County, Virginia">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Patrick_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Patrick County, Virginia">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pittsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pittsylvania County, Virginia">Pittsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Powhatan_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Powhatan County, Virginia">Powhatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Prince_Edward_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Prince Edward County, Virginia">Prince Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Prince_George_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Prince George County, Virginia">Prince George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Prince William County, Virginia">Prince William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pulaski_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pulaski County, Virginia">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rappahannock_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rappahannock County, Virginia">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Richmond_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Roanoke_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Roanoke County, Virginia">Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rockbridge_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockbridge County, Virginia">Rockbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rockingham_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, Virginia">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Russell_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Russell County, Virginia">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Scott_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Virginia">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Shenandoah_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Shenandoah County, Virginia">Shenandoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Smyth_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Smyth County, Virginia">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Southampton_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Southampton County, Virginia">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Spotsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Spotsylvania County, Virginia">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Stafford_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Stafford County, Virginia">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Surry_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Surry County, Virginia">Surry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sussex_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Sussex County, Virginia">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tazewell_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tazewell County, Virginia">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Warren_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Warren County, Virginia">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Virginia">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Westmoreland_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Westmoreland County, Virginia">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wise_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wise County, Virginia">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wythe_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wythe County, Virginia">Wythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_York_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in York County, Virginia">York</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/50px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/75px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/100px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_VA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_USA_VA.svg/100px-Map_of_USA_VA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_USA_VA.svg/151px-Map_of_USA_VA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_USA_VA.svg/200px-Map_of_USA_VA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="186" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists<br />by city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alexandria,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bristol,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bristol, Virginia">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Buena_Vista,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Buena Vista, Virginia">Buena Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colonial_Heights,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colonial Heights, Virginia">Colonial Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Covington,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Covington, Virginia">Covington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Danville,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Danville, Virginia">Danville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Emporia,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Emporia, Virginia">Emporia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fairfax,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Falls_Church,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Falls Church, Virginia">Falls Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Franklin,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin, Virginia">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Galax,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Galax, Virginia">Galax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hampton,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Harrisonburg,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Harrisonburg, Virginia">Harrisonburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hopewell,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hopewell, Virginia">Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lexington,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lexington, Virginia">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manassas,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manassas, Virginia">Manassas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manassas_Park,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manassas Park, Virginia">Manassas Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Martinsville,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Martinsville, Virginia">Martinsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Newport_News,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Norfolk,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Norton,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Norton, Virginia">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Petersburg,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a></li> <li>Poquoson (no listings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Radford,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Radford, Virginia">Radford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Richmond,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Roanoke,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Salem,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Salem, Virginia">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Staunton,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Staunton, Virginia">Staunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Suffolk,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Suffolk, Virginia">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Waynesboro,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Waynesboro, Virginia">Waynesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Winchester,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Winchester, Virginia">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Virginia" title="List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Virginia" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia">National Historic Landmarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_Monroe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Monroe" title="Template:James Monroe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Monroe" title="Template talk:James Monroe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Monroe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Monroe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Monroe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">5th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1817–1825)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">5th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1811–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> (1814–1815)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">12th and 16th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1799–1802, 1811)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom</a> (1803–1808)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">U.S. Minister to France</a> (1794–1796)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">U.S. Senator from Virginia</a> (1790–1794)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1783–1786)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Monroe" title="First inauguration of James Monroe">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Monroe" title="Second inauguration of James Monroe">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Florida Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1824" title="Tariff of 1824">Tariff of 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1824 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Administration_and_cabinet" title="James Monroe">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Monroe" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Monroe">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplisments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe%E2%80%93Pinkney_Treaty" title="Monroe–Pinkney Treaty">Monroe–Pinkney Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Early_life" title="James Monroe">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Family_Home_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="James Monroe Family Home Site">Birthplace and boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Military_service_in_the_Revolutionary_War_and_serious_wounding" title="James Monroe">Revolutionary War service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_College_at_Monroe_Hill#Activities_and_history" title="Brown College at Monroe Hill">Monroe Hill home and office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Law_Office" title="James Monroe Law Office">James Monroe Law Office, Museum, and Memorial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_(James_Monroe_house)" title="Highland (James Monroe house)">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Hill_(James_Monroe_house)" title="Oak Hill (James Monroe house)">Oak Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Tomb" title="James Monroe Tomb">James Monroe Tomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_and_1791_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections">1790 and 1791 U.S. Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_and_1793_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia election, 1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election, 1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_James_Monroe" title="Bibliography of James Monroe">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Monroe" title="List of memorials to James Monroe">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia, capital of Liberia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fort Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Michigan" title="Monroe, Michigan">Monroe, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_New_York" title="Monroe, New York">Monroe, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Georgia" title="Monroe, Georgia">Monroe, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Kentucky" title="Monroe County, Kentucky">Monroe County, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe County, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey">Monroe Township, (Northern) New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Gloucester_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey">Monroe Township, (Southern) New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Monroe" title="Mount Monroe">Mount Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Park" title="Monroe Park">Monroe Park</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton,_December_26,_1776" title="The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776">The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_(1851_paintings)" title="Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings)">Washington Crossing the Delaware</a></i> (1851 paintings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Hill" title="Monroe Hill"><i>Monroe Hill</i></a> (2015 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#James_Monroe" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine_Centennial_half_dollar" title="Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar">Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_Monroe_(AP-104)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS President Monroe (AP-104)">USS <i>President Monroe</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_James_Monroe_(SSBN-622)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS James Monroe (SSBN-622)">USS <i>James Monroe</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Slavery" title="James Monroe">Monroe on slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_(Keswick,_Virginia)" title="Limestone (Keswick, Virginia)">Limestone plantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Monroe" title="Elizabeth Monroe">Elizabeth Kortright</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hay_(Virginia_judge)" title="George Hay (Virginia judge)">George Hay</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Gouverneur" title="Samuel L. Gouverneur">Samuel L. Gouverneur</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">← James Madison</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_Monroe" title="Category:James Monroe">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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