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id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-時間上限" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#時間上限"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>時間上限</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-時間上限-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-時間下限" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#時間下限"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>時間下限</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-時間下限-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-史前时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#史前时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>史前时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-史前时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-各地区的古代史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#各地区的古代史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>各地区的古代史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-各地区的古代史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关各地区的古代史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-各地区的古代史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-西亚历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#西亚历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>西亚历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-西亚历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">古代史</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。115种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altertum" title="Altertum – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Altertum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_Antiga" title="Edat Antiga – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Edat Antiga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="التاريخ القديم – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التاريخ القديم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%C3%A1_Antigua" title="Edá Antigua – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edá Antigua" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99dim_D%C3%BCnya" title="Qədim Dünya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qədim Dünya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="قدیم تاریخ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قدیم تاریخ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oitadum" title="Oitadum – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oitadum" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senuob%C4%97s_istuor%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Senuobės istuorėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Senuobės istuorėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Старажытны свет – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытны свет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_perkolotan" title="Èlmu perkolotan – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu perkolotan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Древност – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="प्राचीन इतिहास – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्राचीन इतिहास" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="প্রাচীনকালের ইতিহাস – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাচীনকালের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henamzer" title="Henamzer – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Henamzer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_vijek" title="Stari vijek – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stari vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_antiga" title="Edat antiga – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edat antiga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaang_kasaysayan" title="Karaang kasaysayan – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karaang kasaysayan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مێژووی دێرین – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژووی دێرین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk" title="Starověk – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starověk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Авалхи тĕнче – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авалхи тĕнче" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Henfyd" title="Yr Henfyd – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Henfyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altertum" title="Altertum – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altertum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarixo_Antik" title="Tarixo Antik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tarixo Antik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αρχαία Ιστορία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία Ιστορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ancient history" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikva_epoko" title="Antikva epoko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antikva epoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_Antigua" title="Edad Antigua – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edad Antigua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaaeg" title="Vanaaeg – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanaaeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinaroa" title="Antzinaroa – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinaroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاریخ باستان – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaaig" title="Vanaaig – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vanaaig" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9" title="Antiquité – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antiquité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storie_antighe" title="Storie antighe – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Storie antighe" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldheid" title="Aldheid – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aldheid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chianaois" title="An Chianaois – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chianaois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikit%C3%A9" title="Antikité – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Antikité" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_Antiga" title="Idade Antiga – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Idade Antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ra_Ymaguare" title="Ára Ymaguare – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ára Ymaguare" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="העת העתיקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העת העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="प्राचीन इतिहास – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राचीन इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_vijek" title="Stari vijek – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stari vijek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantikite" title="Lantikite – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lantikite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93kor" title="Ókor – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ókor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0" title="Հին աշխարհ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին աշխարհ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquitate" title="Antiquitate – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Antiquitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_kuno" title="Sejarah kuno – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A1" title="Antiquitá – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Antiquitá" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiqueso" title="Antiqueso – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antiqueso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forn%C3%B6ld" title="Fornöld – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fornöld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_antica" title="Età antica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Età antica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="古代 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D" title="ძველი მსოფლიო – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძველი მსოფლიო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taglest" title="Taglest – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taglest" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caana%CA%8A_(Antiquit%C3%A9)" title="Caanaʊ (Antiquité) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caanaʊ (Antiquité)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Ежелгі дүние – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ежелгі дүние" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="고대사 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdema_kevnare" title="Serdema kevnare – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serdema kevnare" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen-Istori" title="Hen-Istori – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hen-Istori" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD%D3%A9" title="Байыркы дүйнө – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Байыркы дүйнө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquitas" title="Antiquitas – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antiquitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9it" title="Antiquitéit – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Antiquitéit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticia" title="Anticia – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Anticia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_antica" title="Storia antica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Storia antica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_Ant%C3%ACca" title="Età Antìca – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Età Antìca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senieji_laikai" title="Senieji laikai – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senieji laikai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senie_laiki" title="Senie laiki – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senie laiki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кунардонь масторлангась – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кунардонь масторлангась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andro_Taloha" title="Andro Taloha – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andro Taloha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Стар век – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стар век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രാചീന ചരിത്രം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രാചീന ചരിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%84_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯑꯂꯤꯄ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯂꯤ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯂꯤꯄ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯂꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_purba" title="Sejarah purba – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah purba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_antica" title="Età antica – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Età antica" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="प्राचीन इतिहास – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राचीन इतिहास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudheid" title="Oudheid – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oudheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldtid" title="Oldtid – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oldtid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldtiden" title="Oldtiden – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oldtiden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquitate" title="Antiquitate – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Antiquitate" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9E%DF%98%DF%90%DF%9E%DF%98%DF%90" title="ߞߊ߬ߞߘߐߞߘߐ – 西非书面文字" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊ߬ߞߘߐߞߘߐ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="西非书面文字" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antiquitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_antiguo" title="Edat antiguo – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Edat antiguo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitchit%C3%A8" title="Antitchitè – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Antitchitè" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staro%C5%BCytno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Starożytność – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Starożytność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Παλαιόν Ιστορίαν – 旁狄希臘文" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Παλαιόν Ιστορίαν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="旁狄希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="لرغونی تاریخ – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لرغونی تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_Antiga" title="Idade Antiga – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Idade Antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antica" title="Antica – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Antica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichitatea" title="Antichitatea – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antichitatea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Древний мир – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древний мир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Старовік – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Старовік" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edade_antiga" title="Edade antiga – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Edade antiga" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auncient_history" title="Auncient history – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Auncient history" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_vijek" title="Stari vijek – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stari vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="පුරාණ ඉතිහාසය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුරාණ ඉතිහාසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ancient history" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starovek" title="Starovek – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Starovek" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_vek" title="Stari vek – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stari vek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_lasht%C3%AB" title="Historia e lashtë – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e lashtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Стари век – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стари век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="பண்டைய வரலாறு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்டைய வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="สมัยโบราณ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยโบราณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaunang_kasaysayan" title="Sinaunang kasaysayan – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sinaunang kasaysayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_%C3%87a%C4%9F" title="Antik Çağ – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Çağ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Борынгы дөнья – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борынгы дөнья" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Стародавній світ – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стародавній світ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="قدیم تاریخ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم تاریخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadimgi_dunyo_tarixi" title="Qadimgi dunyo tarixi – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qadimgi dunyo tarixi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_k%E1%BB%B3_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Thời kỳ cổ đại – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời kỳ cổ đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikit%C3%A9" title="Antikité – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Antikité" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaagi_han_kadaan" title="Kaagi han kadaan – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kaagi han kadaan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="古代史 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古代史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯვეში მოსოფელი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯვეში მოსოფელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אוראלטע היסטאריע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוראלטע היסטאריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98-t%C4%81i_le%CC%8Dk-s%C3%BA" title="Kó͘-tāi le̍k-sú – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kó͘-tāi le̍k-sú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="古代史 – 粤语" 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href="/wiki/File:Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/101px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" decoding="async" width="101" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/152px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/202px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="754" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg/80px-Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg/120px-Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg/160px-Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="5808" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg/200px-Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg/300px-Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg/400px-Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue-Augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/100px-Statue-Augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/150px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/200px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_3596-Editar_(15708757686).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/POL_3596-Editar_%2815708757686%29.jpg/124px-POL_3596-Editar_%2815708757686%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/POL_3596-Editar_%2815708757686%29.jpg/186px-POL_3596-Editar_%2815708757686%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/POL_3596-Editar_%2815708757686%29.jpg/248px-POL_3596-Editar_%2815708757686%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haniwa_-_Warrior_in_Keiko_Armor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Haniwa_-_Warrior_in_Keiko_Armor.jpg/122px-Haniwa_-_Warrior_in_Keiko_Armor.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Haniwa_-_Warrior_in_Keiko_Armor.jpg/183px-Haniwa_-_Warrior_in_Keiko_Armor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Haniwa_-_Warrior_in_Keiko_Armor.jpg/244px-Haniwa_-_Warrior_in_Keiko_Armor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="2130" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabeza_Colosal_n%C2%BA1_del_Museo_Xalapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cabeza_Colosal_n%C2%BA1_del_Museo_Xalapa.jpg/134px-Cabeza_Colosal_n%C2%BA1_del_Museo_Xalapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cabeza_Colosal_n%C2%BA1_del_Museo_Xalapa.jpg/201px-Cabeza_Colosal_n%C2%BA1_del_Museo_Xalapa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cabeza_Colosal_n%C2%BA1_del_Museo_Xalapa.jpg/268px-Cabeza_Colosal_n%C2%BA1_del_Museo_Xalapa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">数件知名古代艺术品，其中每件艺术品分别对应一个古代文明。自左至右、从上到下分别为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔">苏美尔</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乌尔军旗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Standard of Ur"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="烏爾軍旗">乌尔军旗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_Ur" class="extiw" title="en:Standard of Ur"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Standard of Ur</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%9D%A6%E5%8D%A1%E9%96%80%E9%9D%A2%E5%85%B7" title="圖坦卡門面具">圖坦卡門面具</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="印度河流域文明">印度河流域文明</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Priest-King (sculpture)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Priest-King (sculpture)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest-King_(sculpture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priest-King (sculpture)（页面不存在）">Priest-King</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest-King_(sculpture)" class="extiw" title="en:Priest-King (sculpture)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Priest-King (sculpture)</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%B4%9B%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF" title="米洛的维纳斯">米洛的维纳斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%8E%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="伊特拉斯坎文明">伊特拉斯坎文明</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Sarcophagus of the Spouses" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sarcophagus of the Spouses"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarcophagus of the Spouses（页面不存在）">Sarcophagus of the Spouses</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses" class="extiw" title="en:Sarcophagus of the Spouses"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sarcophagus of the Spouses</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="古罗马">古罗马</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%97%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD%E5%83%8F" title="第一门的奥古斯都像">第一门的奥古斯都像</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="古中国">古中国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%85%B5%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91" title="秦始皇兵马俑">秦始皇兵马俑</a>之一、身着Keiko装甲的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古日本">古日本</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B4%E8%BD%AE" title="埴轮">埴轮</a>武士和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="奥尔梅克文明">奥尔梅克文明</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Olmec colossal heads" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Olmec colossal heads"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olmec colossal heads（页面不存在）">colossal head</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec_colossal_heads" class="extiw" title="en:Olmec colossal heads"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Olmec colossal heads</span></a></span>）</span></span>之一。</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>「<b>古代</b>」重定向至此。关于其他用法，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="古代 (消歧义)">古代 (消歧义)</a></b>」。</div> <p><b>古代史</b>是指从文字和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="人類歷史">人类历史</a>记录的开端到<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="晚期古代">晚期古代</a>的时间段。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B2" title="信史">信史</a>的跨度大约有5000年，从<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔">苏美尔</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%94%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="楔形文字">楔形文字</a>的发明，一直到晚期古代<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰</a>扩张为止。古代史涵盖了公元前3000年到公元500年期间人类居住的所有大陆。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="三時代系統">三时代系统</a>将古代历史分为<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代">石器时代</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="青铜时代">青铜时代</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="铁器时代">铁器时代</a>，信史通常被认为是从青铜时代开始的。三个时代的起点和终点在世界各地都有所不同。在许多地区，青铜时代通常被认为始于公元前3000年之前的几个世纪，而铁器时代的结束在某些地区被认为是公元前第一个千年初期，而其他地区则是公元后第一个千年末期。 </p><p>在古代史的这段时间里，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="世界人口">世界人口</a>因为<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="新石器革命">新石器革命</a>的全面推进已经呈<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%B7" title="指數增長">指数性增长</a>。在公元前10,000年的世界人口为200万，到了公元前3000年增长至4500万。到了公元前1000年的铁器时代时世界人口增加至7200万。当到了古代时期结束的公元500年时，世界人口被认为已达到2.09亿。在这10,500年间，世界人口增长了100倍。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="時間上限"><span id=".E6.99.82.E9.96.93.E4.B8.8A.E9.99.90"></span>時間上限</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：時間上限"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>其所指稱的歷史時期依各文明發展情況快慢而有所不同，但就其上限而言，一般是以出現文字作為古代史與史前史之分界。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="時間下限"><span id=".E6.99.82.E9.96.93.E4.B8.8B.E9.99.90"></span>時間下限</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：時間下限"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古代史之下限，則各文明不同。 </p><p>就<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中國歷史">中國歷史</a>而言，依照<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>的官方史學，稱呼1840年以前的全部中國歷史為「中國古代史」。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣">台灣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西方國家">西方國家</a>，「古代史」可能為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6" title="先秦">先秦</a>的同義語（此時又稱「<b>上古史</b>」）<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；以<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%97%A4%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97" title="內藤湖南">內藤湖南</a>為代表的多數<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>史學家則以<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="東漢">東漢</a>滅亡為中國古代史的下限（如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%B7%E5%B7%9D%E9%81%93%E9%9B%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="谷川道雄（页面不存在）">谷川道雄</a>《世界帝國的形成》）。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲歷史">歐洲歷史</a>通常以<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a>滅亡（476年）為下限<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；也有以610年為下限。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="日本歷史">日本歷史</a>通常以1192年<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%8C%E5%80%89%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="鎌倉幕府">鎌倉幕府</a>建立，或者是1160年代<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B8%85%E7%9B%9B" title="平清盛">平清盛</a>建立第一個武家政權為從古代到中世的下限。 </p><p>古代史後之歷史時期，一般稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>」或「中古」；但如採用1840年以前為「中國古代史」這種說法時，之後就直接銜接「中國近代史」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="史前时期"><span id=".E5.8F.B2.E5.89.8D.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>史前时期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：史前时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="史前時代">史前時代</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="新石器革命">新石器革命</a></div> <p>史前时期是指有文字记录之前的时期。我们对那个时期的大部分了解都来自于考古学家的研究。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>史前时期通常被称为石器时代，分为<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="旧石器时代">旧石器时代</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="中石器時代">中石器时代</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="新石器时代">新石器时代</a>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="旧石器时代晚期">旧石器时代晚期</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="早期人類遷徙">早期人类迁徙</a>中，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E7%AB%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="直立人">直立人</a>（<i>Homo erectus</i>）在180万年前扩散到<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="歐亞大陸">欧亚大陆</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>人类使用火的证据最早可追溯到180万年前，但这一个日期存在许多争议，而普遍接受使用火的证据则可以追溯到78万年前。人们实际使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%90%E7%81%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="爐灶">炉灶</a>的证据首次出现于40万年前。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="智人">智人</a>（现代人类）的出现日期大约在25万<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>到16万年前<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而这些不同的日期是分别参考了<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">DNA</a>研究和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>研究。大约5万年前，智人开始从<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>迁徙出来。他们大约在4.5万年前到达<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>，差不多同一时间到达西南欧，大约在4万年前到达东南欧和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="西伯利亚">西伯利亚</a>，并在大约3万年前到达<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>。人类大约在1.5万年前迁徙到<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="美洲">美洲</a>。 </p><p>在公元前9000年，有关<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">农业</a>出现的证据在现今的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>东部被发现，并通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%88%E6%B2%83%E5%9C%9F" title="新月沃土">新月沃地</a>传播。人类在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%9B%E7%9F%B3%E9%98%B5" title="哥贝克力石阵">哥貝克力山丘</a>（Göbekli Tepe）的定居可以追朔到公元前9500年，那里可能拥有世界上最古老的神庙。考古学家们在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3%E8%B0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="尼罗河谷">尼罗河谷</a>发掘证据显示<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%B2%B1" title="高粱">高粱</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%B1%B3" title="小米">小米</a>的种植始于公元前8000年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" title="西非">西非</a>地区的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%97%A5" title="山藥">山药</a>种植或许也可以追溯到同一时期。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a>小米、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%A8%BB" title="水稻">水稻</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E7%B1%BB" title="豆类">豆类</a>的种植开始于公元前7000年。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="新几内亚">新几内亚</a>的芋头种植也可追溯到大约公元前7000年，与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="中美洲">中美洲</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%93%9C" title="南瓜">南瓜</a>种植或许共享同一日期。在15,000或更早年前，人类开始驯化<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC" title="犬">狗</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%BF%E7%BE%8A" title="綿羊">绵羊</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%8A" title="家山羊">山羊</a>大约在公元前9000年于新月沃地被驯化，与最早的农业证据相伴而生。其他的动物如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E8%B1%AC" title="家豬">猪</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%A6%BD" title="家禽">家禽</a>则在后来被驯化并作为人类的食物来源。<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%97%8F" title="牛族">牛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%89%9B" title="水牛">水牛</a>大约在公元前7000年被驯化，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC" title="马">马</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%B4" title="驴">驴</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%86%E9%A9%BC" title="骆驼">骆驼</a>则大约在公元前4000年被驯化。这些动物不仅被用作食物的来源，还用于运载和拉动人类或货物，大大提高了人类的劳动能力。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%81" title="犁">犁</a>的发明在公元前6000年进一步提高了农业的生产效率。 </p><p>在公元前6000年左右，考古学家在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="西亚">西亚</a>发现了<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C%E7%9F%BF" title="铜矿">铜矿石</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E7%82%BC" title="冶炼">冶炼</a>技术，而在公元前2000年之前，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A" title="东亚">东亚</a>也独立发展了这一项技术。然而在此之前，人类就已经使用锤打来制作铜制品。<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">黄金</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%93%B6" class="mw-disambig" title="白银">白银</a>的使用可以被追溯到公元前6000年至5000年之间。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a>技术大约始于公元前3500年的美索不达米亚的青铜冶炼，并在公元前2000年左右在中国独立发展。<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E5%99%A8" title="陶器">陶器</a>的制作在世界各地独立发展，最早的烧制陶器出现在日本的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%A9%E7%B4%8B%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="繩紋時代">绳纹文化</a>和西非的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="马里">马里</a>地区。大约在公元前5000年至4000年之间，<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E8%BC%AA" title="陶輪">陶轮</a>被发明出来。到了公元前3000年左右，陶盘被改进和使用在为带<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA" title="輪">轮</a>的车辆，使人类能够更轻松地靠人力或动物运载货物。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>的出现在历史上分别在五个不同的地方独立发展：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="美索不达米亚">美索不达米亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="中美洲">中美洲</a>。到了公元前3400年，“原始文字”<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%94%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="楔形文字">楔形文字</a>在中东传播开来。大约在公元前3200年，埃及发展出了自己的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="象形文字">象形文字</a>系统。到了公元前2800年，印度河流域文明发展出了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="印度河文字">印度河文字</a>，这种文字至今尚未被解读。中国的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="汉字">汉字</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87" title="甲骨文">甲骨文</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商朝</a>时期独立发展，时间大约在公元前1600年至公元前1100年之间。中美洲的文字可以追溯到公元前600年，由<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="薩波特克文明">萨波特克文明</a>创造。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="各地区的古代史"><span id=".E5.90.84.E5.9C.B0.E5.8C.BA.E7.9A.84.E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3.E5.8F.B2"></span>各地区的古代史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：各地区的古代史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="西亚历史"><span id=".E8.A5.BF.E4.BA.9A.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>西亚历史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：西亚历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%BF%91%E6%9D%B1" title="古代近東">古代近東</a></div> <p>古代近东被认为是人类<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E6%91%87%E7%AF%AE" title="文明摇篮">文明的摇篮</a>。它是最早实行全年密集农业的地区；古代近东的人们创造了最早的书写系统之一，发明了陶轮和车轮，建立了最早的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="中央政府">中央政府</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a>法规和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="帝国">帝国</a>，同时创造了<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" title="社會階層">社会分层</a>、奴隶制和有组织的战争。古代近东的人们还开始研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Egypt_and_Mesopotamia_c._1450_BC_af.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ancient_Egypt_and_Mesopotamia_c._1450_BC_af.png/220px-Ancient_Egypt_and_Mesopotamia_c._1450_BC_af.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ancient_Egypt_and_Mesopotamia_c._1450_BC_af.png/330px-Ancient_Egypt_and_Mesopotamia_c._1450_BC_af.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ancient_Egypt_and_Mesopotamia_c._1450_BC_af.png/440px-Ancient_Egypt_and_Mesopotamia_c._1450_BC_af.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption>公元前15世纪位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="巴比倫尼亞">巴比伦尼亚</a>上游的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0" title="亚述">亚述</a>领土，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC" title="米坦尼">米坦尼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%A2%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="赫梯帝國">赫梯帝国</a>的下游，其主要城市是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E" title="亚述古城">亚述古城</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%AE" title="尼尼微">尼尼微</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>美索不达米亚</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="美索不达米亚">美索不达米亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="伊拉克历史">伊拉克历史</a></div> <p>美索不达米亚是世界上最早的已知<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明">文明</a>发源地之一。大约公元前8000年，随着<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="哈拉夫文化">哈拉夫文化</a>的发展，农业社区也在该地区出现，并延续到大约公元前6000年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E8%B4%9D%E5%BE%B7%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="欧贝德时期">欧贝德时期</a>。各大城市在<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E9%AD%AF%E5%85%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="烏魯克時期">乌鲁克时期</a>（公元前4000年–3100年）开始形成，并在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%A7%86%E8%BF%AD%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%82%A3%E8%89%B2%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="捷姆迭特·那色时期">捷姆迭特·那色时期</a>（公元前3100年–2900年）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="美索不達米亞早期王朝時期">美索不达米亚早王朝时期</a>（公元前2900年–2350年）得到了更进一步的发展。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>由于当时的经济模式能够生产出多余的、可以长期储存的食物，人们不再需要像以前那样不断地迁徙以寻找新的作物和牧群，而是可以定居在一个固定的地点。这也使得当地人口密度大大增加，这反而需要更庞大的劳动力和劳动分工。随着社会组织的复杂化和人们定居生活的出现，记录和管理各种信息变得越来越重要。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="巴比倫尼亞">巴比伦尼亚</a>是位于美索不达米亚南部（现代<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>南部）的一个<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%91%A9%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="亞摩利人">亚摩利</a>城邦，首都是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6" title="巴比伦">巴比伦</a>。巴比伦尼亚的形成是因为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%B0%9F%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="汉谟拉比">汉谟拉比</a>将前<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔">苏美尔</a>王国和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿卡德帝国">阿卡德帝国</a>的领土统一成一个帝国。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="新巴比倫帝國">新巴比伦帝国</a>（或称<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%95" title="迦勒底">迦勒底</a>），是公元前7世纪和6世纪的巴比伦尼亚。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E7%94%B2%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="尼布甲尼撒二世">尼布甲尼撒二世</a>的统治下，该帝国征服了<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="耶路撒冷">耶路撒冷</a>。这个帝国还建造了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E8%8A%B1%E5%9B%AD" title="巴比伦空中花园">巴比伦空中花园</a>和至今仍保存的被作为首都巴比伦的建筑装饰<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%BB%80%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%8E%E9%97%A8" title="伊什塔尔城门">伊什塔尔城门</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7_(%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82)" title="阿卡德 (城市)">阿卡德</a>成为了阿卡德帝国的首都。尽管考古学家进行了广泛的搜索，但精确的遗址至今仍未被找到。在阿卡德王<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="萨尔贡大帝">萨尔贡大帝</a>征服了该地区后，阿卡德在公元前2330年至2150年间达到了其权力的巅峰。随着萨尔贡帝国的扩张，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="阿卡德語">阿卡德语</a>（即以阿卡德城市命名的亚卡底语）迅速在该地区传播开来，并取代了美索不达米亚的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="苏美尔语">苏美尔语</a>，到公元前1450年时阿卡德语已经成为近东地区主要的外交语言。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>亚述最初只是位于上<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="底格里斯河">底格里斯河的</a>一个地区，但是在公元前19世纪，亚述在这个地区建立了一个小规模的国家。亚述以首都亚述城来作为这个国家的名字。随着亚述成为一个国家和帝国，它的领土扩展到了整个美索不达米亚新月沃地地区、埃及以及大部分<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%B4%8D%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="安納托利亞">安纳托利亚</a>。在这个背景下，“真正的亚述”指的是美索不达米亚的大致北半部分（南半部分则是巴比伦尼亚），其首都为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%AE" title="尼尼微">尼尼微</a>。亚述国王在历史上曾在三个不同的时期统治了一个大王国。这些时期被称为古亚述（公元前20至18世纪）、中亚述（公元前14至11世纪）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="新亚述帝国">新亚述</a>（公元前9至7世纪）王国或时期。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC" title="米坦尼">米坦尼</a>是公元前1500年左右在北美索不达米亚建立的一个胡里安帝国。米坦尼人征服并控制了亚述，直到公元前14世纪，同时与埃及争夺现代叙利亚部分地区的控制权。其首都为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瓦舒卡尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Waššukanni"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E8%88%92%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦舒卡尼（页面不存在）">瓦舒卡尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%C5%A1%C5%A1ukanni" class="extiw" title="en:Waššukanni"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Waššukanni</span></a></span>）</span></span>，其确切位置尚未被考古学家确定。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weller, R. Charles. Periodization in World History: Challenges and Opportunities. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. 2017. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-319-62077-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-319-62077-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-319-62077-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.aufirst=R.+Charles&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.btitle=Periodization+in+World+History%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-319-62077-0&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Klein Goldewijk, Kees; Beusen, Arthur; Janssen, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683609356587">Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way: HYDE 3.1</a>. The Holocene. 2010-03-22, <b>20</b> (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6836"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0959-6836</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959683609356587"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1177/0959683609356587</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.atitle=Long-term+dynamic+modeling+of+global+population+and+built-up+area+in+a+spatially+explicit+way%3A+HYDE+3.1&rft.au=Beusen%2C+Arthur&rft.au=Janssen%2C+Peter&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft.aulast=Klein+Goldewijk&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0959-6836&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+Holocene&rft.volume=20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F0959683609356587&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959683609356587&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster, S. (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKU1ifOwMcUC">Adventure Guide. China</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160503171941/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKU1ifOwMcUC">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i>. Hunter travel guides. Edison, NJ: Hunter Publishing. p. 6-7 (cf., "Qin is perceived as 'China's first dynasty' and [... developed] writing.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gernet, J. (1996). <i>A History of Chinese Civilization</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clare, I. S. (1906). Library of universal history: containing a record of the human race from the earliest historical period to the present time; embracing a general survey of the progress of mankind in national and social life, civil government, religion, literature, science and art. New York: Union Book. Page 1519 (cf., Ancient history, as we have already seen, ended with the fall of the Western Roman Empire; [...])</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Center for Research and Training in History. (1973). Bulgarian historical review. Sofia: Pub. House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]. Page 43. (cf. ... in the history of Europe, which marks both the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages, is the fall of the Western Roman Empire.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Parker, Philip. World history: from the ancient world to the information age. Revised edition. New York, New York: DK <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/973795223">https://www.worldcat.org/title/973795223</a>. 2017. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-241-28932-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-241-28932-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-241-28932-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/973795223"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 973795223</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.atitle=World+history%3A+from+the+ancient+world+to+the+information+age&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.date=2017&rft.edition=Revised+edition&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-241-28932-7&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=DK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F973795223&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973795223&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">缺少或<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>为空 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#citation_missing_title" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hart-Davis, Adam (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/663952835">History: The Definitive Visual Guide.</a>. New York: DK Pub. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7566-7609-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7566-7609-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7566-7609-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/663952835"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 663952835</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.aulast=Hart-Davis&rft.btitle=History%3A+The+Definitive+Visual+Guide.&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-7609-4&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=DK+Pub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F663952835&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F663952835&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. Concise History of the World.. Cambridge concise histories. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2015. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-107-02837-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-107-02837-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-107-02837-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.aufirst=Merry+E.&rft.aulast=Wiesner-Hanks&rft.btitle=Concise+History+of+the+World.&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02837-1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.series=Cambridge+concise+histories&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Parker, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/973795223">World history: from the ancient world to the information age</a> Revised edition. New York, New York: DK. 2017. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-241-28932-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-241-28932-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-241-28932-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/973795223"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 973795223</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.btitle=World+history%3A+from+the+ancient+world+to+the+information+age&rft.date=2017&rft.edition=Revised+edition&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-241-28932-7&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=DK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F973795223&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973795223&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hart-Davis, Adam (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/663952835">History: The Definitive Visual Guide.</a>. New York: DK Pub. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7566-7609-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7566-7609-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7566-7609-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/663952835"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 663952835</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.aulast=Hart-Davis&rft.btitle=History%3A+The+Definitive+Visual+Guide.&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-7609-4&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=DK+Pub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F663952835&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F663952835&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">The Cambridge world history. The Cambridge World History: Volume III: Early Cities in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2014. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-76333-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-76333-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-76333-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.atitle=The+Cambridge+world+history&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History%3A+Volume+III%3A+Early+Cities+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76333-2&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bentley, Jerry H. Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past Volume I: From the Beginning to 1500 (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-07-299827-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-07-299827-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-07-299827-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.aufirst=Jerry+H&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.btitle=Traditions+%26+Encounters%3A+A+Global+Perspective+on+the+Past+Volume+I%3A+From+the+Beginning+to+1500+%283rd+ed.%29&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-07-299827-6&rft.place=Boston%3A+McGraw+Hill.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bertman, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein0000bert">Handbook to life in ancient Mesopotamia</a> 1. paperback ed. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-518364-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-518364-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-518364-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Bertman&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+life+in+ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=1.+paperback+ed&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518364-1&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbooktolifein0000bert&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading 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