CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.hindawi.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8ea76c4578a29c8f',cH: 'w0Ch6LTXJ8QVvJ0vWzqAluKulFvUMaxQ0ioC2afSKBA-1732933904-1.2.1.1-GxFPaxDfTlEZJu4tKvHszThswoG9UrfcT0FbcUB4OhkRkigX_s8zyAFN_.Cd55a5',cUPMDTk: "\/journals\/aess\/?__cf_chl_tk=Rmw61f6M56y5Jaw.EPfW7MUMbh8gPkcrgV.x2CkIiD8-1732933904-1.0.1.1-YzBlbSsAQa1eJEBYJZbURs1nkDeqzgu0bFbuU9JZy14",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1732933904',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/journals\/aess\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=Rmw61f6M56y5Jaw.EPfW7MUMbh8gPkcrgV.x2CkIiD8-1732933904-1.0.1.1-YzBlbSsAQa1eJEBYJZbURs1nkDeqzgu0bFbuU9JZy14",md: "XHWYfZ7FSaxFq9pVGRtIbO5pJNVnNif1NjchRftCn24-1732933904-1.2.1.1-IOfTSgFXDmKBZKrERR22CgLvIxrAGWUeTApEl9fMN6rxF48rLs2TLQV3NNHbIW_eQsGqeDWtlvXT5OlDzKbZMgUtSE.A02O4Kik7bkjw0uI7e3IVwZn4u8y2iMJlI2J0YmWEXH70gpfcI1hpeWmHWX3aM8jvJLrKme4s179DMt3I9zbI09Ur4dBqEudO.IuUem2myrmQBnpR4.LSA06KM9WRzTkR6_gLj65oj__iMRt5Ims32Jl3Fnu4Ysu2Ok31ucg6AesvzNUK8pBwZqJpvQH9slyCNgzg0El7V.LK748OLxfsWXBESMB6pcaQWvgGweqLMK0lx_7uPRNLH4_C8jcuYrK9hZijkkVICISOXFP3kJUos9JZMdRtBFtwp3PoxaKfCYatlhqjrfhpxy42ksCUaud7b3oMQ.oUpbAN4drFRcyOyrPVZjPxmlbn8opzXY3sgP4vrZNSGFr3vGE0vFjanBVJEiSfTKxWeZFYC_MKrnJKELzlmcuh5ssZ0YyE._JFNmt5fCLgz0rJDsPsD.jh.G26DXzM9wYSqmTvHgf0PLUheb_dGH9Gti3.SNXBMT_K.mdOUhhU7ExzHN0fMZ9kjIpRdIkp_DLUIp2B163jhpNyFuZ3xLweX5lUQqB4rq7YUgLfXiwhfsGuNxyUYimUKQnqDEBHuwLIalXgDvmUIApvUjVyYNtD73IJZqM4QS46ZkSQCZEYulNbEHFTNCBnp4yjJjP0RgRMYiOm35ure18vqXMJboREwsoZ6x_cc5LsocvwJjKBa7lZC8AaxGFHCYWV4q_tlsm9mP2MQKUPO_ZRqdPdNX8xAcG03C8NVQl6co4dXGcq9qvIts8JBJ54cUNKKZdNb7iFaHMVEQCmQ8UjNCk.7.4E.MmnuJvC8SgJFRjTL9ss21ldO8swK71KclPw6LUX.qxCkmy3RQr4.dEJGJNPnn6bNtYv4ki5DwFVFmieNseUAnOUv_ykgggUwwO_DBPW8.YeYxRJOYBr14P4N7qbfZdbU_ts6L9Xsfe22HNLNrKn_RFxPC_2zGFIbkgjJrl5Lqf1sqrtVk_DA7UMLExdR7m8S7qX8Is5V4msZ2SLP4syTz3ZxdODpaEJ7Wa6VTbD9osevHGeDrbyohAdeSAs1HeSk5H2kzxAK3at9gl3EdUzjqSTfp_RUS33yOV231QFc_DVVX7uQyajxvkFyX3z1rzC8nBtlqUCJH.YwS9tjAj1B9RQq0_XokuPNP8fT4gF12Qrj9nN8jBOk4K0Cze2BkO6iEvHpxfo925Gy1t0K.ZVawc3brU5iJC7z8KmIID2KON_FgMGb.Xt_3A3ZI3HxVhJKT9GQwRSbFJWM2KOtodO_7a9Gb0rzHJVdbR40xtHYQwl6rvrqFgriIg2RNu7WuGevAvL9kpMzcqLTMcic2yWF7wwmB6fidPVIw8wHRC34C3U0jd4jxmHJGzdbBe8_trN9LQySB3DaBBbqXvRPhRUijrlNjTgthnTX0fBwFopIC68I2B.cdlgpZWYkbT.ENa41tUjzAeNhKv95fp.KCe_InXxiHUN2egOh310C2wtaH8LPF_FCxZ.wzRoipk7MHdV7qzrlbQotd2Fm5sUyEy88oWxccKoY0oSaLpb.xo0jf6oI6YkLsRbWEsDLskVDUKRfqcInSTS60fCkYXuvDGRub2nROsjyqK7_okTgK0nvs67K1c6p3sAmszYnFfISYuRpQG5eeRS9JMZyJ_s5_yc.1jsoZrpV92oM44llbTxsCX7i8nTgxPsr6iFmSZ_oL0lJ8hSJnU3QsH0aenXzwbThpKggjWBPhdX3Xi48HJRkCmI_iw3VKRUdfI0k.2FBfS4uoEck4hnwl8lTwmsE7VEBffDHO42dyURrYbKc4m5vemzzOQFaohtebhV8LFibXUP.eGVOaamZicNDlEutB9868QYbDoqqSeFezP5K98w8k7qIm0yrNleHvSz_bXHFBTFfynInjgUH96jk8m8hSi2YYT2lnsg5RJ02NH9bo0qEBCu0hhKX8lQLE9KD4sKDNhkqkWgJz9_ULGIyZaNGVHDEGPt3j0IyDuBSkXpNCuadBDLvikzjOwMCEpws3gD3F7nz3WBx1wsWDNOZBfT8UjrlHNjJMvKOcAT0Eu992IXT6rTNs2gK9l8bk71Ov1AvMB7PSFAN9mubxxhqnOQdukFrVMpQeeaGQQUSojHFtobmgDUaWYVdypYCbt9TS_TOfpPqbU0BPTFl2ETbalRZHY65WLfXDjmCa3PXPzGyHJkA.oE1n7H_85qYaRsmFZpW0QxVx8FiAmgifJo2Rj2GaV6l8moynQG3Z6GQfN0o9OEqpqyb.DFEbOdWfmdaG76Txta_WQf8LxE8T3YCGCLLpgizEGA5b7Mmx_XlDtQrdmYk5p_kjU1RlDAAwsv2RyyQXay4qmqu8DVlKaD_2hYnrx5h7FEJthHWTQDE_EUBt5E.2pM6ou0YE1_dXi4t9XUJjO4qTKEIUuc30VFdnMOtrdpTlGM4zUHPiWNtsS51b5WtAVvkKHZjw2Ns9JE2Y10AgP8kgFHEoUs9uu0u6G25UBb6MqSNGZgE1c.udgFUhhSEWnxWBawnQbI7nJbhanuTnziu9hfBqCtbx4BLtYV0hfIOz2zAuXfQxbeO.z.GKQpATrFWR3hnBKa5_ZXa85phEE_ejjr2W2Xr0JWp7C79mUo6rnD2A1Inv4ZKI42ZjpuDrDVChyFgHO9yhKQyxT5h5tMqai12Grc947PL_Hb2afm_gA4BZjF.eXL00AmUPo1osFRNMFoxZyzjszluwfiRju5Lh4w9RWuCuM0eDzt.I5s7fgo_gPanNJSAe0P4vC7aVlnCbLf7GhCkccE0AKznyGbwAva_8oXOJ5EGksols810juLD4xkGLYapIDwq7HmUe3is6MujauN.5CDy4usAwE9JLW_JWTs",mdrd: "BlQqW1Umc7niJZiRHkAqv5YPpAOFq5F_MDbzzpA.dck-1732933904-1.2.1.1-AKxX0MH48VfPpWcj32wxsCe0q4Azs6lN7COF9xoyOxi_ZCNKE1pQRxPCpfIHmRIlfrqDUbUqK97YaqiJ9lltlPxb7BRBbDkHEA2SFZucJeRChvyxoJ4LFK_3bwWjK9Ecb6sE8khXribfzZpXuXkR1VQ_RkvGSRf0swSbnTg_2L.nzTawWNW6AXXtn1Nh9Ie7J0FYkggATVkzRh4XPYxoHzfjnr.TJfeuLR2boFi1Ta2KY2dB1tsJvvtfg8MQdHl6KPwsn3fveKMfxfNRnhTGbdV_ZndjtYbZFpn_bONnC_4.vBPMQv5vR6t2Ps1ru7NyfWMCc1prfn9dlR0jBqXSYrHB94rXqLAt94H7lUpyuHKv3dxfHEwg7Qtkawc8pupR70h35nZJB1mYcqZavAU.y8180gmXb5vnpUXmZstIhaBfufEXcCELLBpVvMlAiW_nz_BqVEPEux4gsiPSmSbPZ_HOpO9AjZaKeFHK3QP3uhSU0Y4ToZtoVk4FVdOUcPMfpGOtOYl851xfBGcSwTZeliRIeM_WWYw2xEcjhY2fpw8fmnwJIxIZgZV_jRZwVdN9y4VHjQxh8skD.in1c0m4G4rG38FJF49bowxkDydctv4imkbzJzBxDfPQcnLKNmisMyIAiopyHtbUNcuCiR6ZhVYWMJOQR5NEzdbfGyb1jiKB93gJHVkoKBHGD0e0lT2CtfAKRgLG9j2nk.jHmEY8WAt_jXNDuxxPZOQwohIoHG.VrFPXvF76jv9UGeVSFz_Po.erHKKUCUiUy7ARG77pBhjjLdREwTSLdSE_WR00C2LMX8XsdmiiBdD88mFc4iWGLAqWy1Bkp9nLaUVydvI_G0owknfvBm0jDph8V5SYBbndzEqVw7SgpMoioCL2Y6hnXji5KgMdcHoBUfisQTmTKJWhrrMjNAV7AR7bYm6EiFcI.b.vE_aMZ.9_8tT613oBGSSUxsDhhp_kwNuiJLPCQs_jh.xUJXSZ8URZ2KTkzyHY0pu0gdYmWQfrxnPxwk9thhW8e4FfDBwZ_X9EVJRgY.hs9KVfpGp3P1kiE8UpOstQ.arOB8Lb9azUqev4lkNCvYv7.1FSaZXhUdeJVsgoIQxE0KgHk436ZSDAw439ycuBb4WKUis3R.yBHqz54yo_a8mriQwQ7UgHuZVUvBeOhTM.c5cnvTZVeF2IeK4dslQ8nR87tDaN_EnZFkElFjOPti5pSvzlrlcABuLZx8d7rHtBp0yZyT096jeTuEltGbmsa01BqiIuOUJ8HgWM0ZYZs6qqbDbps5eC_J0GGFOAhdCCyKmJtJSK6iy2DHEsyQ3mCD5r_yKM.p8AY2BzPH43WXumvPaaaSMWqv5eN.JBlNzPJ7zQLMyhg5MHLIY2COIuh2Zgx.lTXrKcNBKGbYfiARjU_SrB2Wvd.7RaByfKlVkygwRyTbEY6MiR738I.8b1jM2ZdBEB6Hv2rr1kGbK1TW5nZzNL.OlrdulsX9_oO4mEkdzmOe5phVrf0z.1QRWqjJQInG8QCdVRl_eABsQFMnkgrOUcSZMMKTe7A2.kO3Iboq.mH9erbbl9Z3KtpoC5zYGgBWK8Kr43APT7KR0kYdknD6MPvN_CG9NAf2h6V82y9mWJTSz5D9DFAF.RJk2m3lbnLVSWaqV8MiN2VXMwiXt5HVQnLcpY7.W0QHt3ccz1FZ3MORT55CPXdwTzddyAFNrERheNDGtlIqgWAa4hH4ir7xfbL1.Uhfls4mk6MwJPEDjIphWoUSmF_Z942sbcXg_i48zjWZo9z.oO8UBVeh_hS2JlwhhyKTTbk.0Gcxe2rFmkvN2YFbH.d.PcVXPIAAm1uSayK2FuLreKcL4UKaAx3l6bFktG8pAXQRwAreGTisFhQ05mOsbZE3BtW4ioaAuaTNMh_y43UmuWBTD6x7WMHyTX6c6wLpHtQavh0Oupw8d2KF6GcQ5KyPQZ5_Mgc.1XFlBcChI5atHb.2kc"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8ea76c4578a29c8f';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/journals\/aess\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=Rmw61f6M56y5Jaw.EPfW7MUMbh8gPkcrgV.x2CkIiD8-1732933904-1.0.1.1-YzBlbSsAQa1eJEBYJZbURs1nkDeqzgu0bFbuU9JZy14" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>