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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Genetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abnormal_iris_darker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abnormal_iris_darker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Abnormal iris darker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abnormal_iris_darker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abnormal_iris_lighter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abnormal_iris_lighter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Abnormal iris lighter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abnormal_iris_lighter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquired" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquired"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Acquired</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquired-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abnormal_iris_darker_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abnormal_iris_darker_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Abnormal iris darker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abnormal_iris_darker_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abnormal_iris_lighter_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abnormal_iris_lighter_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Abnormal iris lighter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abnormal_iris_lighter_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_heterochromia_–_different_colors_in_the_same_iris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_heterochromia_–_different_colors_in_the_same_iris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Partial heterochromia – different colors in the same iris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_heterochromia_–_different_colors_in_the_same_iris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sectoral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectoral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Sectoral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectoral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Central</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_history_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_history_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In history and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_history_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heterochromia iridum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromie" title="Heterochromie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Heterochromie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تغاير لون القزحيتين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تغاير لون القزحيتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroxromiya" title="Heteroxromiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Heteroxromiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хетерохромия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хетерохромия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterohromija" title="Heterohromija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Heterohromija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocromia" title="Heterocromia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Heterocromia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromie" title="Heterochromie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Heterochromie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokromi" title="Heterokromi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Heterokromi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris-Heterochromie" title="Iris-Heterochromie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iris-Heterochromie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokroomia" title="Heterokroomia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heterokroomia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ετεροχρωμία ίριδας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ετεροχρωμία ίριδας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocrom%C3%ADa" title="Heterocromía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Heterocromía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetero%C4%A5romio" title="Heteroĥromio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Heteroĥromio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokromia" title="Heterokromia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heterokromia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%87" title="ناهمرنگی عنبیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناهمرنگی عنبیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9t%C3%A9rochromie" title="Hétérochromie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hétérochromie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocrom%C3%ADa" title="Heterocromía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Heterocromía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%8D%EC%B1%84_%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%89%EC%A6%9D" title="홍채 이색증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홍채 이색증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%84%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հետերոքրոմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հետերոքրոմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokromija" title="Heterokromija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Heterokromija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromia_iridum" title="Heterochromia iridum – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Heterochromia iridum" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromia" title="Heterochromia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Heterochromia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eterocromia" title="Eterocromia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eterocromia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="הטרוכרומיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטרוכרומיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokrom%C3%AE" title="Heterokromî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Heterokromî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varav%C4%ABksnenes_heterohromija" title="Varavīksnenes heterohromija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Varavīksnenes heterohromija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromie" title="Heterochromie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Heterochromie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokr%C3%B3mia" title="Heterokrómia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Heterokrómia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokromia" title="Heterokromia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Heterokromia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromie" title="Heterochromie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heterochromie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%B9%E5%BD%A9%E7%95%B0%E8%89%B2%E7%97%87" title="虹彩異色症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="虹彩異色症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokromi" title="Heterokromi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heterokromi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geteroxromiya" title="Geteroxromiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Geteroxromiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCnobarwno%C5%9B%C4%87_t%C4%99cz%C3%B3wki" title="Różnobarwność tęczówki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Różnobarwność tęczówki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocromia" title="Heterocromia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Heterocromia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocromie" title="Heterocromie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Heterocromie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гетерохромия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гетерохромия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromia" title="Heterochromia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heterochromia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterohromija" title="Heterohromija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Heterohromija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokromija" title="Heterokromija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Heterokromija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokromia" title="Heterokromia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heterokromia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Difference in coloration, usually of the iris but also of hair or skin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Heterochromatin" title="Heterochromatin">Heterochromatin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dichromatic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dichromatic (disambiguation)">Dichromatic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Heterochromia</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuando_el_color_llama_la_atenci%C3%B3n.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cuando_el_color_llama_la_atenci%C3%B3n.JPG/220px-Cuando_el_color_llama_la_atenci%C3%B3n.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cuando_el_color_llama_la_atenci%C3%B3n.JPG/330px-Cuando_el_color_llama_la_atenci%C3%B3n.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cuando_el_color_llama_la_atenci%C3%B3n.JPG/440px-Cuando_el_color_llama_la_atenci%C3%B3n.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="749" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Complete heterochromia iridum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461486?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Different or partially different eye color</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Lifelong</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Iris implant surgery (controversial for cosmetic purposes)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Heterochromia</b> is a variation in <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">coloration</a> most often used to describe color differences of the <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a>, but can also be applied to color variation of <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>. Heterochromia is determined by the production, delivery, and concentration of <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a>). It may be <a href="/wiki/Biological_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological inheritance">inherited</a>, or caused by genetic <a href="/wiki/Mosaicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaicism">mosaicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimerism">chimerism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Imesch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imesch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurs in humans and certain breeds of domesticated animals. </p><p>Heterochromia of the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> is called <b>heterochromia iridum</b> or <b>heterochromia iridis</b>. It can be complete, sectoral, or central. In complete heterochromia, one iris is a different color from the other. In sectoral heterochromia, part of one iris is a different color from its remainder. In central heterochromia, there is a ring around the pupil or possibly spikes of different colors radiating from the pupil. </p><p>Though multiple causes have been posited, the scientific consensus is that a lack of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> is the primary reason behind heterochromia, at least in domestic animals. This is due to a mutation of the genes that determine melanin distribution at the 8-HTP pathway, which usually only become corrupted due to chromosomal homogeneity.<sup id="cite_ref-Loewenstein_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loewenstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though common in some breeds of cats, dogs, cattle and horses due to inbreeding, heterochromia is uncommon in humans, affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the United States, and is not associated with lack of genetic diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The affected eye may be hyperpigmented (hyperchromic) or hypopigmented (hypochromic).<sup id="cite_ref-Loewenstein_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loewenstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, an increase of melanin production in the eyes indicates <a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">hyperplasia</a> of the iris tissues, whereas a lack of melanin indicates <a href="/wiki/Hypoplasia" title="Hypoplasia">hypoplasia</a>. </p><p>The term is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἕτερος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">héteros</i></span> "different" and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χρῶμα</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">chrôma</i></span> "color".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:June_odd-eyed-cat_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/June_odd-eyed-cat_cropped.jpg/220px-June_odd-eyed-cat_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/June_odd-eyed-cat_cropped.jpg/330px-June_odd-eyed-cat_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/June_odd-eyed-cat_cropped.jpg/440px-June_odd-eyed-cat_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="1565" /></a><figcaption>Domestic cat with complete heterochromia, also referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Odd-eyed_cat" title="Odd-eyed cat">odd-eyed cat</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eye_color" title="Eye color">Eye color</a>, specifically the color of the irises, is determined primarily by the concentration and distribution of melanin. Although the processes determining eye color are not fully understood, it is known that inherited eye color is determined by multiple <a href="/wiki/Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genes">genes</a>. Environmental or acquired factors can alter these inherited traits.<sup id="cite_ref-Wielgus_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wielgus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The color of the mammalian, including human, iris is very variable. However, there are only two pigments present, <a href="/wiki/Eumelanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumelanin">eumelanin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pheomelanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheomelanin">pheomelanin</a>. The overall concentration of these pigments, the ratio between them, variation in the distribution of pigment in the layers of the stroma of the iris and the effects of light scattering all play a part in determining eye color.<sup id="cite_ref-Prota_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prota-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, July 12 is observed by some as National Different Colored Eyes Day.<sup id="cite_ref-Different_Colored_Eyes_Day_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Different_Colored_Eyes_Day-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg/290px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg/435px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg/580px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Congenital heterochromia: inherited in <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_dominant" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal dominant">autosomal dominant</a> fashion (from men or women)</figcaption></figure> <p>Heterochromia is classified primarily by onset: as either <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> or acquired. Although a distinction is frequently made between heterochromia that affects an eye completely or only partially (sectoral heterochromia), it is often classified as either genetic (due to <a href="/wiki/Mosaicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaicism">mosaicism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">congenital</a>) or acquired, with mention as to whether the affected iris or portion of the iris is darker or lighter.<sup id="cite_ref-Swann_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swann-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most cases of heterochromia are hereditary, or caused by genetic factors such as chimerism, and are entirely benign and unconnected to any pathology, however, some are associated with certain diseases and syndromes. Sometimes one eye may change color following disease or injury.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gladstone,_R.M._1969_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladstone,_R.M._1969-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic">Genetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abnormal_iris_darker">Abnormal iris darker</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abnormal iris darker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisch_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisch nodules">Lisch nodules</a> – iris <a href="/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma">hamartomas</a> seen in <a href="/wiki/Neurofibromatosis" title="Neurofibromatosis">neurofibromatosis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_melanosis" title="Ocular melanosis">Ocular melanosis</a> – a condition characterized by increased pigmentation of the <a href="/wiki/Uvea_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvea (anatomy)">uveal tract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episclera" class="mw-redirect" title="Episclera">episclera</a>, and anterior chamber angle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculodermal_melanocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oculodermal melanocytosis">Oculodermal melanocytosis</a> (nevus of Ota)<sup id="cite_ref-Loewenstein_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loewenstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment_dispersion_syndrome" title="Pigment dispersion syndrome">Pigment dispersion syndrome</a> – a condition characterized by loss of pigmentation from the posterior iris surface which is disseminated intraocularly and deposited on various intraocular structures, including the anterior surface of the iris.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (January 2016)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturge%E2%80%93Weber_syndrome" title="Sturge–Weber syndrome">Sturge–Weber syndrome</a> – a syndrome characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Port-wine_stain" title="Port-wine stain">port-wine stain</a> nevus in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve, <a href="/wiki/Ipsilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipsilateral">ipsilateral</a> leptomeningeal angiomas with intracranial calcification and neurologic signs, and angioma of the choroid, often with <a href="/wiki/Secondary_glaucoma" title="Secondary glaucoma">secondary glaucoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abnormal_iris_lighter">Abnormal iris lighter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abnormal iris lighter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heterochromia_plos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Heterochromia_plos.png/220px-Heterochromia_plos.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Heterochromia_plos.png/330px-Heterochromia_plos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Heterochromia_plos.png/440px-Heterochromia_plos.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Individual with <a href="/wiki/Waardenburg_syndrome" title="Waardenburg syndrome">Waardenburg Syndrome</a> Type II exhibiting complete heterochromia iridum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Simple heterochromia – a rare condition characterized by the absence of other ocular or systemic problems. The lighter eye is typically regarded as the affected eye as it usually shows iris <a href="/wiki/Hypoplasia" title="Hypoplasia">hypoplasia</a>. It may affect an iris completely or only partially.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horner%27s_syndrome" title="Horner's syndrome">Congenital Horner's syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wallis_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – sometimes inherited, although usually acquired.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waardenburg_syndrome" title="Waardenburg syndrome">Waardenburg syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wallis_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a syndrome in which heterochromia is expressed as a bilateral iris hypochromia in some cases. A Japanese review of 11 children with albinism found that the condition was present. All had sectoral/partial heterochromia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piebaldism" title="Piebaldism">Piebaldism</a> – similar to Waardenburg's syndrome, a rare disorder of melanocyte development characterized by a white forelock and multiple symmetrical hypopigmented or depigmented <a href="/wiki/Macules" class="mw-redirect" title="Macules">macules</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirschsprung%27s_disease" title="Hirschsprung's disease">Hirschsprung's disease</a> – a bowel disorder associated with heterochromia in the form of a sector hypochromia. The affected sectors have been shown to have reduced numbers of melanocytes and decreased stromal pigmentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Brazel_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazel-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti" title="Incontinentia pigmenti">Incontinentia pigmenti</a><sup id="cite_ref-Loewenstein_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loewenstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parry%E2%80%93Romberg_syndrome" title="Parry–Romberg syndrome">Parry–Romberg syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Loewenstein_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loewenstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquired">Acquired</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Acquired"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sled_dog_on_Svalbard_with_heterochromia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sled_dog_on_Svalbard_with_heterochromia.jpg/310px-Sled_dog_on_Svalbard_with_heterochromia.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sled_dog_on_Svalbard_with_heterochromia.jpg/465px-Sled_dog_on_Svalbard_with_heterochromia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sled_dog_on_Svalbard_with_heterochromia.jpg/620px-Sled_dog_on_Svalbard_with_heterochromia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5460" data-file-height="3071" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_husky" title="Alaskan husky">Alaskan husky</a> sled dog with heterochromia. Huskies are a breed known to have a high incidence of heterochromia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Acquired heterochromia is usually due to injury, inflammation, the use of certain eyedrops that damage the iris,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or tumors, both benign and malignant.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abnormal_iris_darker_2">Abnormal iris darker</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Abnormal iris darker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Deposition of material <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siderosis" title="Siderosis">Siderosis</a> – iron deposition within ocular tissues due to a penetrating injury and a retained iron-containing, intraocular foreign body.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemosiderosis" title="Hemosiderosis">Hemosiderosis</a> – long standing hyphema (blood in the anterior chamber) following blunt trauma to the eye may lead to iron deposition from blood products.</li></ul></li> <li>Certain eyedrops – <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin analogues</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">latanoprost</a>, isopropyl unoprostone, <a href="/wiki/Travoprost" title="Travoprost">travoprost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bimatoprost" title="Bimatoprost">bimatoprost</a>) are used topically to lower <a href="/wiki/Intraocular_pressure" title="Intraocular pressure">intraocular pressure</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a> patients. A concentric heterochromia has developed in some patients applying these drugs. <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">The stroma around the iris sphincter muscle becomes darker than the peripheral stroma.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable medical sources. (January 2016)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A stimulation of melanin synthesis within iris melanocytes has been postulated.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Neoplasm</a> – Nevi and melanomatous tumors.</li> <li>Iridocorneal endothelium syndrome<sup id="cite_ref-Loewenstein_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loewenstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Iris ectropion syndrome<sup id="cite_ref-Loewenstein_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loewenstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abnormal_iris_lighter_2">Abnormal iris lighter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Abnormal iris lighter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuchs_heterochromic_iridocyclitis" title="Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis">Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis</a> – a condition characterized by a low grade, asymptomatic <a href="/wiki/Uveitis" title="Uveitis">uveitis</a> in which the iris in the affected eye becomes hypochromic and has a washed-out, somewhat moth eaten appearance. The heterochromia can be very subtle, especially in patients with lighter colored irides. It is often most easily seen in daylight. The prevalence of heterochromia associated with Fuchs has been estimated in various studies<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tabbut_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabbut-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with results suggesting that there is more difficulty recognizing iris color changes in dark-eyed individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabbut_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabbut-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horner%27s_syndrome" title="Horner's syndrome">Acquired Horner's syndrome</a> – usually acquired, as in <a href="/wiki/Neuroblastoma" title="Neuroblastoma">neuroblastoma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although sometimes inherited.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Neoplasm</a> – <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanomas</a> can also be very lightly pigmented, and a lighter colored iris may be a rare manifestation of metastatic disease to the eye.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parry%E2%80%93Romberg_syndrome" title="Parry–Romberg syndrome">Parry–Romberg syndrome</a> – due to tissue loss.<sup id="cite_ref-GARD_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GARD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Heterochromia has also been observed in those with <a href="/wiki/Duane_syndrome" title="Duane syndrome">Duane syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Chronic <a href="/wiki/Iritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iritis">iritis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Loewenstein_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loewenstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Juvenile <a href="/wiki/Xanthogranuloma" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthogranuloma">xanthogranuloma</a><sup id="cite_ref-Loewenstein_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loewenstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">Leukemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a><sup id="cite_ref-Loewenstein_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loewenstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_heterochromia_–_different_colors_in_the_same_iris"><span id="Partial_heterochromia_.E2.80.93_different_colors_in_the_same_iris"></span>Partial heterochromia – different colors in the same iris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Partial heterochromia – different colors in the same iris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Partial heterochromia is most often a benign trait of genetic origins, but, like complete heterochromia, can be acquired or be related to clinical syndromes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Segmental_heterochromia_in_left_eye.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Segmental_heterochromia_in_left_eye.png/220px-Segmental_heterochromia_in_left_eye.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Segmental_heterochromia_in_left_eye.png/330px-Segmental_heterochromia_in_left_eye.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Segmental_heterochromia_in_left_eye.png/440px-Segmental_heterochromia_in_left_eye.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>Sectoral heterochromia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sectoral">Sectoral</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sectoral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In sectoral heterochromia, areas of the same iris contain two different colors, the contrasting colors being demarcated in a radial, or sectoral, manner. Sectoral heterochromia may affect one or both eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown how rare sectoral heterochromia is in humans, but it is considered to be less common than complete heterochromia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central">Central</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_eyes_with_brown_central_heterochromia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Green_eyes_with_brown_central_heterochromia.jpg/220px-Green_eyes_with_brown_central_heterochromia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Green_eyes_with_brown_central_heterochromia.jpg/330px-Green_eyes_with_brown_central_heterochromia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Green_eyes_with_brown_central_heterochromia.jpg/440px-Green_eyes_with_brown_central_heterochromia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Central heterochromia, green with brown</figcaption></figure> <p>Central heterochromia is also an eye condition where there are two colors in the same iris; but the arrangement is concentric, rather than sectoral. The central (pupillary) zone of the iris is a different color than the mid-peripheral (ciliary) zone. Central heterochromia is more noticeable in irises containing low amounts of <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_history_and_culture">In history and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In history and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heterochromia of the eye was first described as a human condition by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, who termed it <i>heteroglaucos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gladstone,_R.M._1969_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladstone,_R.M._1969-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable historical figures thought to have heterochromia include the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius the First</a>, dubbed <i>dikoros</i> (Greek for 'having two pupils'). "His right eye was light blue, while the left was black, nevertheless his eyes were most attractive", is the description of the historian <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent example is the German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe">Johann Wolfgang Goethe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></i>, an early literary treatment of the life of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, attributes heterochromia to him. In it he is described as having one eye light and one eye dark. However, no ancient historical source mentions this. It is used to emphasise the otherworldly and heroic qualities of Alexander.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a>, the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> describes the witch Dipsas as having 'double pupils'. Kirby Flower Smith suggested that this could be understood as heterochromia, though other scholars have disagreed. The Roman jurist and writer <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> also mentions the same feature of 'double pupils' as being found in some <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic</a> women. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> related this feature to the concept of 'the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The twelfth-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathius</a>, in his commentary on the Iliad, reports a tradition in which the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> <a href="/wiki/Thamyris" title="Thamyris">Thamyris</a> (son of the nymph <a href="/wiki/Argiope_(mythology)" title="Argiope (mythology)">Argiope</a>), who was famed for his musical abilities, had one eye that was grey, whilst the other was black. W. B. McDaniel suggests that this should be interpreted as heterochromia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_animals">In other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Odd-eyed_cat" title="Odd-eyed cat">Odd-eyed cat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angoraturco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Angoraturco.jpg/220px-Angoraturco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Angoraturco.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Van_cat" title="Van cat">Van cat</a> with complete heterochromia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although infrequently seen in humans, complete heterochromia is more frequently observed in species of domesticated mammals. The blue eye occurs within a white spot, where melanin is absent from the skin and hair (see <a href="/wiki/Leucism" title="Leucism">Leucism</a>). These species include the <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cat</a>, particularly breeds such as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Van" title="Turkish Van">Turkish Van</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khao_Manee" title="Khao Manee">Khao Manee</a> and (rarely) <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Bobtail" title="Japanese Bobtail">Japanese Bobtail</a>. These so-called <a href="/wiki/Odd-eyed_cat" title="Odd-eyed cat">odd-eyed cats</a> are white, or mostly white, with one normal eye (copper, orange, yellow, green), and one blue eye. Among <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, complete heterochromia is seen often in the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Husky" title="Siberian Husky">Siberian Husky</a> and few other breeds, usually <a href="/wiki/Australian_Shepherd" title="Australian Shepherd">Australian Shepherd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catahoula_Cur" class="mw-redirect" title="Catahoula Cur">Catahoula Leopard Dog</a> and rarely in <a href="/wiki/Shih_Tzu" title="Shih Tzu">Shih Tzu</a>. Horses with complete heterochromia have one brown and one white, gray, or blue eye—complete heterochromia is more common in horses with <a href="/wiki/Pinto_horse" title="Pinto horse">pinto</a> coloring. Complete heterochromia occurs also in <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Domestic_Asian_Water_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic Asian Water Buffalo">water buffalo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be seen in ferrets with <a href="/wiki/Waardenburg_syndrome" title="Waardenburg syndrome">Waardenburg syndrome</a>, although it can be very hard to tell at times as the eye color is often a midnight blue. </p><p>Sectoral heterochromia, usually sectoral hypochromia, is often seen in <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, specifically in breeds with <a href="/wiki/Merle_(coat_color_in_dogs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merle (coat color in dogs)">merle</a> coats. These breeds include the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Shepherd" title="Australian Shepherd">Australian Shepherd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Collie" title="Border Collie">Border Collie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collie" title="Collie">Collie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Sheepdog" title="Shetland Sheepdog">Shetland Sheepdog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Corgi" title="Welsh Corgi">Welsh Corgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrenean Shepherd">Pyrenean Shepherd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudi" title="Mudi">Mudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beauceron" title="Beauceron">Beauceron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catahoula_Cur" class="mw-redirect" title="Catahoula Cur">Catahoula Cur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunker" title="Dunker">Dunker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Dane" title="Great Dane">Great Dane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dachshund" title="Dachshund">Dachshund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chihuahua (dog)">Chihuahua</a>. It also occurs in certain breeds that do not carry the merle trait, such as the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Husky" title="Siberian Husky">Siberian Husky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_dog" title="Dalmatian dog">Dalmatian</a>, and rarely, <a href="/wiki/Shih_Tzu" title="Shih Tzu">Shih Tzu</a>. There are examples of cat breeds that have the condition such as <a href="/wiki/Van_cat" title="Van cat">Van cat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turkish_Van_Cats_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkish_Van_Cats-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brushfield_spots" title="Brushfield spots">Brushfield spots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloboma" title="Coloboma">Coloboma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrism" title="Erythrism">Erythrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_heterochromia" title="List of people with heterochromia">List of people with heterochromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systemic_diseases_with_ocular_manifestations" title="List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations">List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKumar_P2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar P (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5380409">"Focal Scalp Hair Heterochromia in an Infant"</a>. <i>Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (1): e116–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18295%2Fsqumj.2016.17.01.022">10.18295/squmj.2016.17.01.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Van+Cats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcats.animal-world.com%2FNatural-Breeds%2FTurkishVanCat.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeterochromia+iridum" class="Z3988"></span> <small>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tertiary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tertiary sources">tertiary source</a> reuses information from other sources but does not name them.</small> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterochromia_iridum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461486" class="extiw" title="d:Q461486">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Q13.2">Q13.2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/H20.8">H20.8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/L67.1">L67.1</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=364.53">364.53</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/142500">142500</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=C538115,">C538115 C538115, C538115</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb31289.htm">31289</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003319.htm">003319</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_human_eye" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_pathology" title="Template:Eye pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eye_pathology" title="Template talk:Eye pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eye_pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eye pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_human_eye" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Diseases of the human eye</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adnexa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_visual_structures" title="Accessory visual structures">Adnexa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inflammation" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inflammation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stye" title="Stye">Stye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalazion" title="Chalazion">Chalazion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharitis" title="Blepharitis">Blepharitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meibomian_gland_dysfunction" title="Meibomian gland dysfunction">Meibomian gland dysfunction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entropion" title="Entropion">Entropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectropion" title="Ectropion">Ectropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagophthalmos" title="Lagophthalmos">Lagophthalmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharochalasis" title="Blepharochalasis">Blepharochalasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptosis_(eyelid)" title="Ptosis (eyelid)">Ptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharophimosis" title="Blepharophimosis">Blepharophimosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthelasma" title="Xanthelasma">Xanthelasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankyloblepharon" title="Ankyloblepharon">Ankyloblepharon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eyelash" title="Eyelash">Eyelash</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichiasis" title="Trichiasis">Trichiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madarosis" title="Madarosis">Madarosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distichiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Distichiasis">Distichiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichomegaly" title="Trichomegaly">Trichomegaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_apparatus" title="Lacrimal apparatus">Lacrimal apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacryoadenitis" title="Dacryoadenitis">Dacryoadenitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphora_(medicine)" title="Epiphora (medicine)">Epiphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacryocystitis" title="Dacryocystitis">Dacryocystitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerophthalmia" title="Xerophthalmia">Xerophthalmia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">Orbit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exophthalmos" title="Exophthalmos">Exophthalmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enophthalmos" title="Enophthalmos">Enophthalmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_cellulitis" title="Orbital cellulitis">Orbital cellulitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_lymphoma" title="Orbital lymphoma">Orbital lymphoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periorbital_cellulitis" title="Periorbital cellulitis">Periorbital cellulitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">Conjunctiva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemosis" title="Chemosis">Chemosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">Conjunctivitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">allergic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygium_(conjunctiva)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterygium (conjunctiva)">Pterygium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudopterygium" title="Pseudopterygium">Pseudopterygium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinguecula" title="Pinguecula">Pinguecula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subconjunctival_bleeding" title="Subconjunctival bleeding">Subconjunctival hemorrhage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Globe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Globe_(human_eye)" title="Globe (human eye)">Globe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball" title="Fibrous tunic of eyeball">Fibrous tunic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">Sclera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scleritis" title="Scleritis">Scleritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcleritis" title="Episcleritis">Episcleritis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">Cornea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratitis" title="Keratitis">Keratitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpetic_keratitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpetic keratitis">herpetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthamoeba_keratitis" title="Acanthamoeba keratitis">acanthamoebic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_keratitis" title="Fungal keratitis">fungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_keratitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure keratitis">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photokeratitis" title="Photokeratitis">Photokeratitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_ulcer" title="Corneal ulcer">Corneal ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thygeson%27s_superficial_punctate_keratopathy" title="Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy">Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_dystrophy" title="Corneal dystrophy">Corneal dystrophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuchs%27_dystrophy" title="Fuchs' dystrophy">Fuchs'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meesmann_corneal_dystrophy" title="Meesmann corneal dystrophy">Meesmann</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_ectatic_disorders" title="Corneal ectatic disorders">Corneal ectasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratoconus" title="Keratoconus">Keratoconus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellucid_marginal_degeneration" title="Pellucid marginal degeneration">Pellucid marginal degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratoglobus" title="Keratoglobus">Keratoglobus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrien%27s_marginal_degeneration" title="Terrien's marginal degeneration">Terrien's marginal degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-LASIK_ectasia" title="Post-LASIK ectasia">Post-LASIK ectasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratoconjunctivitis" title="Keratoconjunctivitis">Keratoconjunctivitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratoconjunctivitis_sicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratoconjunctivitis sicca">sicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_opacity" title="Corneal opacity">Corneal opacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_neovascularization" title="Corneal neovascularization">Corneal neovascularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayser%E2%80%93Fleischer_ring" title="Kayser–Fleischer ring">Kayser–Fleischer ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27s_striae" title="Haab's striae">Haab's striae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_senilis" title="Arcus senilis">Arcus senilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_keratopathy" title="Band keratopathy">Band keratopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uvea" title="Uvea">Vascular tunic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uveitis" title="Uveitis">Uveitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_uveitis" title="Intermediate uveitis">Intermediate uveitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphema" title="Hyphema">Hyphema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubeosis_iridis" title="Rubeosis iridis">Rubeosis iridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_pupillary_membrane" title="Persistent pupillary membrane">Persistent pupillary membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridodialysis" title="Iridodialysis">Iridodialysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synechia_(eye)" title="Synechia (eye)">Synechia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choroideremia" title="Choroideremia">Choroideremia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroiditis" class="mw-redirect" title="Choroiditis">Choroiditis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorioretinitis" title="Chorioretinitis">Chorioretinitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_choroidal_excavation" title="Focal choroidal excavation">Focal choroidal excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypoidal_choroidal_vasculopathy" title="Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy">Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">Lens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">Cataract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_cataract" title="Congenital cataract">Congenital cataract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_cataract" title="Childhood cataract">Childhood cataract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphakia" title="Aphakia">Aphakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopia_lentis" title="Ectopia lentis">Ectopia lentis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retinal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinal disease">Retina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinitis" title="Retinitis">Retinitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorioretinitis" title="Chorioretinitis">Chorioretinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_retinitis" title="Cytomegalovirus retinitis">Cytomegalovirus retinitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_detachment" title="Retinal detachment">Retinal detachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_vitreous_detachment" title="Posterior vitreous detachment">Posterior vitreous detachment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoschisis" title="Retinoschisis">Retinoschisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_ischemic_syndrome" title="Ocular ischemic syndrome">Ocular ischemic syndrome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Central_retinal_vein_occlusion" title="Central retinal vein occlusion">Central retinal vein occlusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_retinal_artery_occlusion" title="Central retinal artery occlusion">Central retinal artery occlusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_retinal_artery_occlusion" title="Branch retinal artery occlusion">Branch retinal artery occlusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinopathy" title="Retinopathy">Retinopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy" title="Diabetic retinopathy">diabetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_retinopathy" title="Hypertensive retinopathy">hypertensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purtscher%27s_retinopathy" title="Purtscher's retinopathy">Purtscher's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinopathy_of_prematurity" title="Retinopathy of prematurity">of prematurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bietti%27s_crystalline_dystrophy" title="Bietti's crystalline dystrophy">Bietti's crystalline dystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coats%27_disease" title="Coats' disease">Coats' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_retinopathy" title="Sickle cell retinopathy">Sickle cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_retinopathy" title="Photic retinopathy">photic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">Macular degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinitis_pigmentosa" title="Retinitis pigmentosa">Retinitis pigmentosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_haemorrhage" title="Retinal haemorrhage">Retinal haemorrhage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_serous_retinopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Central serous retinopathy">Central serous retinopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macular_edema" title="Macular edema">Macular edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiretinal_membrane" title="Epiretinal membrane">Epiretinal membrane</a> (Macular pucker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitelliform_macular_dystrophy" title="Vitelliform macular dystrophy">Vitelliform macular dystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leber%27s_congenital_amaurosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Leber's congenital amaurosis">Leber's congenital amaurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdshot_chorioretinopathy" title="Birdshot chorioretinopathy">Birdshot chorioretinopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">Glaucoma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ocular_hypertension" title="Ocular hypertension">Ocular hypertension</a> / <a href="/wiki/Primary_juvenile_glaucoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary juvenile glaucoma">Primary juvenile glaucoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floater" title="Floater">Floater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leber%27s_hereditary_optic_neuropathy" title="Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy">Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_hypotony" title="Ocular hypotony">Ocular hypotony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_eye_(medicine)" title="Red eye (medicine)">Red eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_rupture" title="Globe rupture">Globe rupture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_keratitis" title="Fungal keratitis">Keratomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthisis_bulbi" title="Phthisis bulbi">Phthisis bulbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_fetal_vasculature" title="Persistent fetal vasculature">Persistent fetal vasculature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_tunica_vasculosa_lentis" title="Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis">Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_exudative_vitreoretinopathy" title="Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy">Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease">Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pathways" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Pathways</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic nerve</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">Optic disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_neuritis" title="Optic neuritis">Optic neuritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_papillitis" title="Optic papillitis">optic papillitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilledema" title="Papilledema">Papilledema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Kennedy_syndrome" title="Foster Kennedy syndrome">Foster Kennedy syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic atrophy">Optic atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_disc_drusen" title="Optic disc drusen">Optic disc drusen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optic_neuropathy" title="Optic neuropathy">Optic neuropathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Ischemic optic neuropathy">Ischemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy">anterior (AION)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy">posterior (PION)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteritic_anterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy">arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-arteritic_anterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy">non-arteritic anterior (NAION)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjer%27s_optic_neuropathy" title="Kjer's optic neuropathy">Kjer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leber%27s_hereditary_optic_neuropathy" title="Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy">Leber's hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_and_nutritional_optic_neuropathy" title="Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy">Toxic and nutritional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">Strabismus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">Extraocular muscles</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">Binocular vision</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">Accommodation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Paralytic_strabismus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strabismus#Paralytic_strabismus" title="Strabismus">Paralytic strabismus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmoparesis" title="Ophthalmoparesis">Ophthalmoparesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_progressive_external_ophthalmoplegia" title="Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia">Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearns%E2%80%93Sayre_syndrome" title="Kearns–Sayre syndrome">Kearns–Sayre syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_disease" title="Cranial nerve disease">palsies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve_palsy" title="Oculomotor nerve palsy">Oculomotor (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_nerve_palsy" title="Fourth nerve palsy">Fourth-nerve (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_nerve_palsy" title="Sixth nerve palsy">Sixth-nerve (VI)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strabismus#Other_strabismus" title="Strabismus">Other strabismus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esotropia" title="Esotropia">Esotropia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Exotropia" title="Exotropia">Exotropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertropia" title="Hypertropia">Hypertropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterophoria" title="Heterophoria">Heterophoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophoria" title="Esophoria">Esophoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exophoria" title="Exophoria">Exophoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotropia" title="Cyclotropia">Cyclotropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown%27s_syndrome" title="Brown's syndrome">Brown's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_syndrome" title="Duane syndrome">Duane syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other binocular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_gaze_palsy" title="Conjugate gaze palsy">Conjugate gaze palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_insufficiency" title="Convergence insufficiency">Convergence insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internuclear_ophthalmoplegia" title="Internuclear ophthalmoplegia">Internuclear ophthalmoplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_and_a_half_syndrome" title="One and a half syndrome">One and a half syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">Refraction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refractive_error" title="Refractive error">Refractive error</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-sightedness">Hyperopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-sightedness">Myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astigmatism" title="Astigmatism">Astigmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisometropia" title="Anisometropia">Anisometropia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aniseikonia" title="Aniseikonia">Aniseikonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyopia" title="Presbyopia">Presbyopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vision_disorder" title="Vision disorder">Vision disorders</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">Blindness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amblyopia" title="Amblyopia">Amblyopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leber%27s_congenital_amaurosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Leber's congenital amaurosis">Leber's congenital amaurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">Diplopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotoma" title="Scotoma">Scotoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochromacy" title="Monochromacy">Monochromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctalopia" title="Nyctalopia">Nyctalopia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oguchi_disease" title="Oguchi disease">Oguchi disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">Blindness</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vision_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision loss">Vision loss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anopsia" title="Anopsia">Anopsia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemianopsia" title="Hemianopsia">Hemianopsia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binasal_hemianopsia" title="Binasal hemianopsia">binasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitemporal_hemianopsia" title="Bitemporal hemianopsia">bitemporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonymous_hemianopsia" title="Homonymous hemianopsia">homonymous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrantanopia" title="Quadrantanopia">Quadrantanopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">subjective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asthenopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenopia">Asthenopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemeralopia" title="Hemeralopia">Hemeralopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">Photophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintillating_scotoma" title="Scintillating scotoma">Scintillating scotoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">Pupil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisocoria" title="Anisocoria">Anisocoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_Robertson_pupil" title="Argyll Robertson pupil">Argyll Robertson pupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Gunn_pupil" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Gunn pupil">Marcus Gunn pupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adie_syndrome" title="Adie syndrome">Adie syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miosis" title="Miosis">Miosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">Mydriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloplegia" title="Cycloplegia">Cycloplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinaud%27s_syndrome" title="Parinaud's syndrome">Parinaud's syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nystagmus" title="Nystagmus">Nystagmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_blindness" title="Childhood blindness">Childhood blindness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Infections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Infections</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">Trachoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pigmentation_disorders/Dyschromia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pigmentation_disorders" title="Template:Pigmentation disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pigmentation_disorders" title="Template talk:Pigmentation disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pigmentation_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pigmentation disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pigmentation_disorders/Dyschromia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pigmentation_disorder" title="Pigmentation disorder">Pigmentation disorders</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dyschromia" title="Dyschromia">Dyschromia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypopigmentation" title="Hypopigmentation">Hypo-</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Leucism" title="Leucism">leucism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loss of<br /><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte" title="Melanocyte">melanocytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitiligo" title="Vitiligo">Vitiligo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadrichrome_vitiligo" title="Quadrichrome vitiligo">Quadrichrome vitiligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitiligo_ponctu%C3%A9" title="Vitiligo ponctué">Vitiligo ponctué</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syndromic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alezzandrini_syndrome" title="Alezzandrini syndrome">Alezzandrini syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogt%E2%80%93Koyanagi%E2%80%93Harada_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome">Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Melanocyte<br />development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piebaldism" title="Piebaldism">Piebaldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waardenburg_syndrome" title="Waardenburg syndrome">Waardenburg syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tietz_syndrome" title="Tietz syndrome">Tietz syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loss of <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Amelanism" title="Amelanism">amelanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">Albinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculocutaneous_albinism" title="Oculocutaneous albinism">Oculocutaneous albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_albinism" title="Ocular albinism">Ocular albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albinism_in_humans" title="Albinism in humans">in humans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melanosome" title="Melanosome">Melanosome</a><br />transfer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermansky%E2%80%93Pudlak_syndrome" title="Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome">Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9diak%E2%80%93Higashi_syndrome" title="Chédiak–Higashi syndrome">Chédiak–Higashi syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griscelli_syndrome" title="Griscelli syndrome">Griscelli syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elejalde_syndrome" title="Elejalde syndrome">Elejalde syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griscelli_syndrome_type_2" title="Griscelli syndrome type 2">Griscelli syndrome type 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griscelli_syndrome_type_3" title="Griscelli syndrome type 3">Griscelli syndrome type 3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_syndrome" title="Cross syndrome">Cross syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABCD_syndrome" title="ABCD syndrome">ABCD syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albinism%E2%80%93deafness_syndrome" title="Albinism–deafness syndrome">Albinism–deafness syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_guttate_hypomelanosis" title="Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis">Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloid_hypomelanosis" title="Phylloid hypomelanosis">Phylloid hypomelanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_macular_hypomelanosis" title="Progressive macular hypomelanosis">Progressive macular hypomelanosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leukoderma" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukoderma">Leukoderma</a> w/o<br />hypomelanosis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasospastic_macule" title="Vasospastic macule">Vasospastic macule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woronoff%27s_ring" title="Woronoff's ring">Woronoff's ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_anemicus" title="Nevus anemicus">Nevus anemicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_depigmentosus" title="Nevus depigmentosus">Nevus depigmentosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postinflammatory_hypopigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hypopigmentation">Postinflammatory hypopigmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_alba" title="Pityriasis alba">Pityriasis alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagabond%27s_leukomelanoderma" title="Vagabond's leukomelanoderma">Vagabond's leukomelanoderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_deaf-blind_hypopigmentation_syndrome" title="Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome">Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wende%E2%80%93Bauckus_syndrome" title="Wende–Bauckus syndrome">Wende–Bauckus syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hyperpigmentation" title="Hyperpigmentation">Hyper-</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Melanosis" title="Melanosis">Melanosis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Melanism" title="Melanism">Melanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reticulated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatopathia_pigmentosa_reticularis" title="Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis">Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigmentatio_reticularis_faciei_et_colli" title="Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli">Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulate_acropigmentation_of_Kitamura" title="Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura">Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_pigmented_anomaly_of_the_flexures" title="Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures">Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naegeli%E2%80%93Franceschetti%E2%80%93Jadassohn_syndrome" title="Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome">Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyskeratosis_congenita" title="Dyskeratosis congenita">Dyskeratosis congenita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_reticulate_pigmentary_disorder" title="X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder">X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galli%E2%80%93Galli_disease" title="Galli–Galli disease">Galli–Galli disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revesz_syndrome" title="Revesz syndrome">Revesz syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diffuse/<br />circumscribed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo" title="Lentigo">Lentigo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lentiginosis" title="Lentiginosis">Lentiginosis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lentigo_simplex" title="Lentigo simplex">Lentigo simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_spot" title="Liver spot">Liver spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrofacial_lentiginosis" title="Centrofacial lentiginosis">Centrofacial lentiginosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_lentiginosis" title="Generalized lentiginosis">Generalized lentiginosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherited_patterned_lentiginosis_in_black_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons">Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_spot_lentigo" title="Ink spot lentigo">Ink spot lentigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo_maligna" title="Lentigo maligna">Lentigo maligna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucosal_lentigines" title="Mucosal lentigines">Mucosal lentigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_unilateral_lentiginosis" title="Partial unilateral lentiginosis">Partial unilateral lentiginosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PUVA_lentigines" title="PUVA lentigines">PUVA lentigines</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melasma" title="Melasma">Melasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_dyschromicum_perstans" title="Erythema dyschromicum perstans">Erythema dyschromicum perstans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus_pigmentosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichen planus pigmentosus">Lichen planus pigmentosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait_spot" title="Café au lait spot">Café au lait spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poikiloderma" title="Poikiloderma">Poikiloderma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poikiloderma_of_Civatte" title="Poikiloderma of Civatte">Poikiloderma of Civatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poikiloderma_vasculare_atrophicans" title="Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans">Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riehl_melanosis" title="Riehl melanosis">Riehl melanosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti" title="Incontinentia pigmenti">Incontinentia pigmenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_dermatitis" title="Scratch dermatitis">Scratch dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiitake_mushroom_dermatitis" title="Shiitake mushroom dermatitis">Shiitake mushroom dermatitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/<br />ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans" title="Acanthosis nigricans">Acanthosis nigricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freckle" title="Freckle">Freckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_progressive_hyperpigmentation" title="Familial progressive hyperpigmentation">Familial progressive hyperpigmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallister%E2%80%93Killian_syndrome" title="Pallister–Killian syndrome">Pallister–Killian syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periorbital_hyperpigmentation" title="Periorbital hyperpigmentation">Periorbital hyperpigmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoleukomelanodermatitis_of_Kobori" title="Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori">Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postinflammatory_hyperpigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation">Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_neonatal_pustular_melanosis" title="Transient neonatal pustular melanosis">Transient neonatal pustular melanosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />pigments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_overload" title="Iron overload">Hemochromatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallic_discoloration" title="Iron metallic discoloration">Iron metallic discoloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigmented_purpuric_dermatosis" title="Pigmented purpuric dermatosis">Pigmented purpuric dermatosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schamberg_disease" title="Schamberg disease">Schamberg disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majocchi%27s_disease" title="Majocchi's disease">Majocchi's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gougerot%E2%80%93Blum_syndrome" title="Gougerot–Blum syndrome">Gougerot–Blum syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doucas_and_Kapetanakis_pigmented_purpura" title="Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura">Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eczematid-like_purpura_of_Doucas_and_Kapetanakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis">Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_aureus" title="Lichen aureus">Lichen aureus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioma_serpiginosum" title="Angioma serpiginosum">Angioma serpiginosum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin_hyperpigmentation" title="Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation">Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyria" title="Argyria">Argyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiasis" title="Chrysiasis">Chrysiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenic poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_metallic_discoloration" title="Titanium metallic discoloration">Titanium metallic discoloration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carotenosis" title="Carotenosis">Carotenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_melanosis" title="Tar melanosis">Tar melanosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dyschromia" title="Dyschromia">Dyschromia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyschromatosis_symmetrica_hereditaria" title="Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria">Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyschromatosis_universalis_hereditaria" title="Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria">Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin color">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">Skin whitening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_tanning" title="Sun tanning">Tanning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunless_tanning" title="Sunless tanning">Sunless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">Tattoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo_removal" title="Tattoo removal">removal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depigmentation" title="Depigmentation">Depigmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> 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href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> 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