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id="toc-Epithets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epithets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Epithets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epithets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semitic_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semitic_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Semitic religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Semitic_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Semitic religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Semitic_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Generic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hadad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baʿal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baʿal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Baʿal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baʿal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baʿal_Hammon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baʿal_Hammon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Baʿal Hammon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baʿal_Hammon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Judaism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yahweh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yahweh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Yahweh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yahweh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baʿal_Berith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baʿal_Berith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Baʿal Berith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baʿal_Berith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beelzebub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beelzebub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Beelzebub</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beelzebub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C3%A4l" title="Baäl – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Baäl" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84" title="بعل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بعل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="বাল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84" title="بعل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بعل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2" title="বাআল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাআল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D2%93%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Бәғел – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәғел" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Баал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Баал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Баал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal" title="Baʿal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baʿal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_(Gott)" title="Baal (Gott) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baal (Gott)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CE%B1%CE%BB" title="Βάαλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάαλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalo" title="Baalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84" title="بعل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بعل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB" title="𐌱𐌰𐌰𐌻 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌰𐌰𐌻" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%95%8C" title="바알 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바알" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27al" title="Ba'al – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ba'al" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C_(%D7%90%D7%9C)" title="בעל (אל) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעל (אל)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baali" title="Baali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_(deus)" title="Baal (deus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Baal (deus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalas" title="Baalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C3%A1l" title="Baál – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baala" title="Baala – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Baala" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB" title="ബാൽ ദേവൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാൽ ദേവൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84" title="بعل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بعل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C3%A4l" title="Baäl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baäl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB" title="バアル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バアル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CA%BCl" title="Baʼl – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baʼl" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84" title="بعل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بعل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_(Gott)" title="Baal (Gott) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Baal (Gott)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Баал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Вал (божанство) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вал (божанство)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal" title="Baʿal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Baʿal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="บาอัล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บาอัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Баъл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баъл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ваал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ваал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84" title="بعل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بعل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27al" title="Ba'al – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ba'al" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal" title="Baal – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Baal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8A%9B" title="巴力 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴力" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Semitic title often used in reference to deities</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Baal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Baal (disambiguation)">Baal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #800080; color: #FFFFFF;">Baal</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasons">seasons</a>, <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailors">sailors</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg/250px-Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg/330px-Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg/500px-Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1658" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bronze figurine of a Baal, 14th–12th century BC, found at Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit) near the Phoenician coast. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">Bull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">ram</a>, thunderbolt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Halab" class="mw-redirect" title="Halab">Halab</a></li> <li>Near, around and at <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #800080; color: #FFFFFF;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagan_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagan (god)">Dagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a> (in Syria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Athirat">Athirat</a> (in some Ugaritic texts)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebat">Hebat</a> (in Syrian tradition), <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data">possibly <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Athtart" class="mw-redirect" title="Athtart">Athtart</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Offspring</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pidray" title="Pidray">Pidray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallay" title="Tallay">Tallay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsay" title="Arsay">Arsay</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #800080; color: #FFFFFF;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mesopotamian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hurrian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Egyptian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Set_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (god)">Set</a> (due to being a foreign god in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, since Set was the god of foreigners – otherwise <a href="/wiki/Baal_Zephon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal Zephon">Baal Zephon</a> equivalent with Hadad who is analogous to Ba’al, was also equated with <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1984266_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1984266-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:150%;white-space:normal;">Deities of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Ancient Egyptian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Islamic_Arabian_deities" title="List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities">Arabian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglibol" title="Aglibol">Aglibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Abgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">al-Lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaum" title="Al-Qaum">al-Qaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-‘Uzzá">al-‘Uzzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Dhul_Khalasa" title="Demolition of Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(deity)" title="Gad (deity)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakbel" title="Malakbel">Malakbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaf_(deity)" title="Manaf (deity)">Manaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha_(deity)" title="Nuha (deity)">Nuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotalt" title="Orotalt">Orotalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_(deity)" title="Ruda (deity)">Ruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theandrios" title="Theandrios">Theandrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Ya'uq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarhibol" title="Yarhibol">Yarhibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatha" title="Yatha">Yatha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Religion" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamma_(goddess)" title="Adamma (goddess)">Adamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Aštabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadabal" title="Hadabal">Hadabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAalabatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫalabatu">Ḫalabatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_(deity)" title="Kura (deity)">Kura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkarrak" title="Ninkarrak">Ninkarrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saggar_(god)" title="Saggar (god)">Saggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elam#Religion" title="Elam">Elamite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humban" title="Humban">Humban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmekarab" title="Ishmekarab">Ishmekarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabru" title="Jabru">Jabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiririsha" title="Kiririsha">Kiririsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagamal" title="Lagamal">Lagamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahhunte" title="Nahhunte">Nahhunte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narundi" title="Narundi">Narundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napir" title="Napir">Napir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napirisha" title="Napirisha">Napirisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhurater" title="Ruhurater">Ruhurater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hurrian_deities" title="List of Hurrian deities">Hurrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allani" title="Allani">Allani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Aštabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Hayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAepat" title="Ḫepat">Ḫepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutena_and_Hutellura" title="Hutena and Hutellura">Hutena and Hutellura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubaba_(goddess)" title="Kubaba (goddess)">Kubaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarbi" title="Kumarbi">Kumarbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%A1u%E1%B8%AB" title="Kušuḫ">Kušuḫ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelluri" title="Lelluri">Lelluri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> dynastic deities (<a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitra" title="Mitra">Mitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabarbi" title="Nabarbi">Nabarbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninatta_and_Kulitta" title="Ninatta and Kulitta">Ninatta and Kulitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupatik" title="Nupatik">Nupatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinikir#In_Syria_and_Anatolia" title="Pinikir">Pirengir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0arruma" title="Šarruma">Šarruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0au%C5%A1ka" title="Šauška">Šauška</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0imige" title="Šimige">Šimige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Šuwala">Šuwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takitu" title="Takitu">Takitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%A1mi%C5%A1u" title="Tašmišu">Tašmišu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilla_(deity)" title="Tilla (deity)">Tilla</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Levantine<br />(<a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion#Beliefs" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ugaritic_deities" title="List of Ugaritic deities">Ugaritic</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsay" title="Arsay">Arsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashima" title="Ashima">Ashima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baʿal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marqod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqod">Baʿal Marqod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baʿal Ṣapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baʿalshamem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baʿalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Haddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotharat" title="Kotharat">Kotharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misor" title="Misor">Misor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot_(god)" title="Mot (god)">Mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkal" title="Nikkal">Nikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qedesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qos_(deity)" title="Qos (deity)">Qos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakkun" title="Sakkun">Sakkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrafa" title="Shadrafa">Shadrafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahar_(god)" title="Shahar (god)">Shahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapshu" title="Shapshu">Shapshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydyk" title="Sydyk">Sydyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Mesopotamian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Adad/Ishkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An/Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaruludu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaruludu">Asarluhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aya_(goddess)" title="Aya (goddess)">Aya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belet_Nagar" title="Belet Nagar">Belet Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki/Ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1taran" title="Ištaran">Ishtaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manungal" title="Manungal">Manungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umugan" title="Šumugan">Šumugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabilsa%C4%9D" title="Pabilsaĝ">Pabilsag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papsukkal" title="Papsukkal">Papsukkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebitti" title="Sebitti">Sebitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tishpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wer_(god)" title="Wer (god)">Wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa" title="Zababa">Zababa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#decd87;;padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian religion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#decd87;;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion"><span class="nowrap">Ancient Egyptian</span> religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eye of Horus"><img alt="Eye of Horus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/120px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/250px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Kheru" title="Maa Kheru">Maa Kheru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Egyptian_mythology" title="Numbers in Egyptian mythology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">Canopic jars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus" title="The Ritual of Embalming Papyrus">Embalming ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">Offering formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony" title="Opening of the mouth ceremony">Opening of the mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pantheon">Deities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities" title="List of Egyptian deities">list</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amunet" title="Amunet">Amunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh and Hauhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_(mythology)" title="Kek (mythology)">Kek and Kauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu and Naunet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triad_(religion)" title="Triad (religion)">Triads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantine#Elephantine_triad" title="Elephantine">Elephantine Triad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>A</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aani" title="Aani">Aani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aati" title="Aati">Aati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaset" title="Abaset">Abaset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose-Nefertari#Death_and_deification" title="Ahmose-Nefertari">Ahmose-Nefertari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhty_(deity)" title="Akhty (deity)">Akhty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu#Legacy" title="Amenhotep, son of Hapu">Amenhotep, son of Hapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am-heh" title="Am-heh">Am-heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu-Aa" title="Amu-Aa">Amu-Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjety" title="Andjety">Andjety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anput" title="Anput">Anput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apesh" title="Apesh">Apesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqen" title="Aqen">Aqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors of Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li></ul> <p><b>B</b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba-Pef" title="Ba-Pef">Ba-Pef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_(god)" title="Bata (god)">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beset" class="mw-redirect" title="Beset">Beset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li></ul> <p><b>C</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Cavern deities of the underworld">Cavern deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Ferryman" title="Celestial Ferryman">Celestial Ferrymana</a></li></ul> <p><b>D</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus-Osiris" title="Dionysus-Osiris">Dionysus-Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefhor" title="Djedefhor">Djedefhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duamutef" class="mw-redirect" title="Duamutef">Duamutef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duau_(god)" title="Duau (god)">Duau</a></li></ul> <p><b>G</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gate_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Gate deities of the underworld">Gate deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengen-Wer" title="Gengen-Wer">Gengen-Wer</a></li></ul> <p><b>H</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(mythology)" title="Ha (mythology)">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">Hapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmachis" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmachis">Harmachis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsomtus" title="Harsomtus">Harsomtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauron" title="Hauron">Hauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedetet" title="Hedetet">Hedetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjhotep" title="Hedjhotep">Hedjhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsut" title="Hemsut">Hemsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henet" title="Henet">Henet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henkhisesui" title="Henkhisesui">Henkhisesui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqaib#Legacy" title="Heqaib">Heqaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heru-ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Heru-ur">Heru-ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heryshaf" title="Heryshaf">Heryshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesat" title="Hesat">Hesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(mythology)" title="Hu (mythology)">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchai" title="Hutchai">Hutchai</a></li></ul> <p><b>I</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iabet" title="Iabet">Iabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iat" title="Iat">Iat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igai_(deity)" title="Igai (deity)">Igai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhemu-sek" title="Ikhemu-sek">Ikhemu-sek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imentet" title="Imentet">Imentet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep#Deification" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imsety" class="mw-redirect" title="Imsety">Imsety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(goddess)" title="Ipy (goddess)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irer" title="Irer">Irer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iunit" title="Iunit">Iunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iusaaset" title="Iusaaset">Iusaaset</a></li></ul> <p><b>J</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Ammon">Jupiter Ammon</a></li></ul> <p><b>K</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kagemni_I" title="Kagemni I">Kagemni I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebechet" title="Kebechet">Kebechet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensit" title="Khensit">Khensit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-Amentiu" title="Khenti-Amentiu">Khenti-Amentiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-kheti" title="Khenti-kheti">Khenti-kheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereduankh" title="Khereduankh">Khereduankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherty" title="Kherty">Kherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolanthes" title="Kolanthes">Kolanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li></ul> <p><b>M</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed" title="Medjed">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehen" title="Mehen">Mehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehet-Weret" title="Mehet-Weret">Mehet-Weret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret" title="Meret">Meret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></li></ul> <p><b>N</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nebethetepet" title="Nebethetepet">Nebethetepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtuwi" title="Nebtuwi">Nebtuwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehmetawy" title="Nehmetawy">Nehmetawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemty" title="Nemty">Nemty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Nepit</a></li></ul> <p><b>P</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perit_(goddess)" title="Perit (goddess)">Perit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petbe" title="Petbe">Petbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahhotep" title="Ptahhotep">Ptahhotep</a></li></ul> <p><b>Q</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qebehsenuef" class="mw-redirect" title="Qebehsenuef">Qebehsenuef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebui" title="Qebui">Qebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qed-her" title="Qed-her">Qed-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li></ul> <p><b>R</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raet-Tawy" title="Raet-Tawy">Raet-Tawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhyt#Deity" title="Rekhyt">Rekhyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(mythology)" title="Rem (mythology)">Rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet" title="Renpet">Renpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpetneferet" title="Renpetneferet">Renpetneferet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repyt" title="Repyt">Repyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li></ul> <p><b>S</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sah_(god)" title="Sah (god)">Sah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sebiumeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjem" title="Sedjem">Sedjem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Seker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehbui" title="Shehbui">Shehbui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesmetet" title="Shesmetet">Shesmetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezmu" title="Shezmu">Shezmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdet" title="Sopdet">Sopdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">Souls of Pe and Nekhen</a></li></ul> <p><b>T</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Bitjet" title="Ta-Bitjet">Ta-Bitjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatenen" title="Tatenen">Tatenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayt" title="Tayt">Tayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teka-her" title="Teka-her">Teka-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjenenyet" title="Tjenenyet">Tjenenyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Tutu (Egyptian god)">Tutu</a></li></ul> <p><b>U</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unut" title="Unut">Unut</a></li></ul> <p><b>W</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadj-wer" title="Wadj-wer">Wadj-wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(Egyptian_deity)" title="Weneg (Egyptian deity)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepset" title="Wepset">Wepset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawet" title="Wepwawet">Wepwawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werethekau" title="Werethekau">Werethekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></li></ul> <p><b>Y</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Egyptian legendary creatures">Creatures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhekh" title="Akhekh">Akhekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx#Egypt" title="Sphinx">Criosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_animal" title="Set animal">Set animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Characters</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djedi" title="Djedi">Djedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djadjaemankh" title="Djadjaemankh">Djadjaemankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rededjet" title="Rededjet">Rededjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaoner" title="Ubaoner">Ubaoner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Locations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">Akhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Manu" title="Land of Manu">Land of Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indestructibles" title="The Indestructibles">The Indestructibles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_symbols" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian symbols">Symbols and objects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anra_scarab" title="Anra scarab">Anra scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowroid" title="Cowroid">Cowroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mummy" title="Corn mummy">Corn mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshmet" title="Neshmet">Neshmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqtet_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Seqtet boat">Seqtet boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_sun#Ancient_Egypt" title="Winged sun">Winged sun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_texts" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian texts">Writings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Earth" title="Book of the Earth">Book of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow" title="Book of the Heavenly Cow">Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Traversing_Eternity" title="Book of Traversing Eternity">Book of Traversing Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmatic_Book_of_the_Netherworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld">Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Songs_of_Isis_and_Nephthys" title="Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys">Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Eye_of_Horus" title="Litany of the Eye of Horus">Litany of the Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Re" title="Litany of Re">Litany of Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_of_the_Twelve_Caves" title="Spell of the Twelve Caves">Spell of the Twelve Caves</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Festivals in ancient Egypt">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley" title="Beautiful Festival of the Valley">Beautiful Festival of the Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">Cattle count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_festival" title="Min festival">Min festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Osiris" title="Mysteries of Osiris">Mysteries of Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Most_High_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Most High Goddess">Church of the Most High Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Kushite religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:transparent;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/20px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/40px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Template:Ancient Egyptian religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Template talk:Ancient Egyptian religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egyptian religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Baal</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-oed_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Baʻal</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a title and <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> meaning 'owner' or '<a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">lord</a>' in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic languages</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> during <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">antiquity</a>. From its use among people, it came to be applied to gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1878175–176_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1878175–176-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars previously associated the <a href="/wiki/Theonym" title="Theonym">theonym</a> with <a href="/wiki/Solar_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar god">solar cults</a> and with a variety of unrelated <a href="/wiki/Patron_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron deity">patron deities</a>, but inscriptions have shown that the name Ba'al was particularly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Storm_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm god">storm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertility_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility god">fertility god</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a> and his local manifestations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Baal_(Deity)"_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Baal_(Deity)"-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> includes use of the term in reference to various <a href="/wiki/Levantine_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Levantine mythology">Levantine deities</a>, often with application towards <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a>, who was decried as a <a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">false god</a>. That use was taken over into <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, sometimes under the form <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a> in <a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">demonology</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a> god Baal (𐎁𐎓𐎍) is the protagonist of one of the lengthiest surviving epics from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Cycle" title="Baal Cycle">Baal Cycle</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epithets">Epithets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Epithets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ba'al's widely used epithet is "rider (or mounter<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of the clouds." (<i>rkb ʿrpt</i>, cf. <i>rkb bʿrbt</i> in Ps. 68:5; Ugaritic <i>rkb ʿrpt</i>.) These are related to Zeus's "gatherer of the clouds" and Yahweh's "rider of the heavens."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the English word ride, <i>rkb</i> has equine and sexual uses.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spelling of the English term "Baal" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> <i>Báal</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βάαλ</span></span>) which appears in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from its <a href="/wiki/Latinization_of_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization of names">Latinized</a> form <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Baal</i></span></i>, which appears in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forms in turn derive from the vowel-less Northwest Semitic form <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BʿL</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a>: <span lang="xpu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%A4%81%F0%90%A4%8F%F0%90%A4%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐤁𐤏𐤋">𐤁𐤏𐤋</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuss1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNvEK7kc3qnQCpgPA561_561]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuss1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNvEK7kc3qnQCpgPA561_561]-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word's <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> senses as a Phoenician deity and <a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">false gods</a> generally were extended during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> to denote any <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Christianity)">saints</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> generally.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such contexts, it follows the anglicized pronunciation and usually omits any mark between its two As.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In close transliteration of the Semitic name, the <a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ayin</a> is represented, as <i>Baʿal</i>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic languages</a>—<a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>—the word <i>baʿal</i> signified '<a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">owner</a>' and, by extension, 'lord',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 'master', or 'husband'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope2007_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognates include the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēlu</a></i> (<span title="Akkadian-language text"><span lang="akk"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%82%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒂗">𒂗</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a> <i>bal</i> (<span title="Amharic-language text"><span lang="am"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:ባል">ባል</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidH6tnix8o0mwCpgPA861_861]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidH6tnix8o0mwCpgPA861_861]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <i>baʿl</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:بعل">بعل</a></span></span>). <i>Báʿal</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בַּעַל</span></span>) and <i>baʿl</i> still serve as the words for 'husband' in modern Hebrew and Arabic respectively. They also appear in some contexts concerning the ownership of things or possession of traits. </p><p>The feminine form is <i>baʿalah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:בעלה">בַּעֲלָה</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1890[httpwwwblueletterbibleorglanglexiconlexiconcfmstrongsH1172_H1172]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1890[httpwwwblueletterbibleorglanglexiconlexiconcfmstrongsH1172_H1172]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بَعْلَة</span>), meaning 'mistress' in the sense of a female owner or lady of the house<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1890[httpwwwblueletterbibleorglanglexiconlexiconcfmstrongsH1172_H1172]_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1890[httpwwwblueletterbibleorglanglexiconlexiconcfmstrongsH1172_H1172]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and still serving as a rare word for 'wife'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehr_&_al.197667_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehr_&_al.197667-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suggestions in early modern scholarship also included comparison with the Celtic god <a href="/wiki/Belenus" title="Belenus">Belenus</a>, however this is now widely rejected by contemporary scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semitic_religion">Semitic religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Semitic religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Ancient Semitic religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic religion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generic">Generic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Generic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeus_Belos" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeus Belos">Zeus Belos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Belus (disambiguation)">other figures named Belus</a></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/EN_(cuneiform)" title="EN (cuneiform)">En</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i>bēlu</i> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic</a> <i>baʿal</i> (as well as its feminine form <i>baʿalah</i>) was used as a title of various deities in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic pantheons</a>. Only a <a href="/wiki/Definitive_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitive article">definitive article</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a>, or context could establish which particular god was meant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern200964_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern200964-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hadad">Hadad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hadad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a></div> <p>Baʿal was also used as a proper name by the third millennium BC, when he appears in a list of deities at <a href="/wiki/Abu_Salabikh" title="Abu Salabikh">Abu Salabikh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern scholarship asserts that this Baʿal—usually distinguished as "The Lord" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%94%D6%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ה־">ה</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:בעל">בעל</a></span></span>, <i>Ha-Baʿal</i>)—was identical with the <a href="/wiki/Storm_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm god">storm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertility_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility god">fertility god</a> Hadad;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200068_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200068-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope2007_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also appears in the form <i>Baʿal Haddu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan2013652_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan2013652-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars propose that, as the cult of Hadad increased in importance, his true name came to be seen as too holy for any but the high priest to speak aloud and the alias "Lord" ("Baʿal") was used instead, as "<a href="/wiki/Bel_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel (god)">Bel</a>" was used for <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> among the Babylonians and "<a href="/wiki/Adonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonai">Adonai</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Yahweh</a> among the Israelites. A minority propose that Baʿal was a native <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> deity whose cult was identified with or absorbed aspects of <a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a>'s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of their original relationship, by the 1st millennium BCE, the two were distinct: Hadad was worshiped by the <a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramaeans</a> and Baʿal by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Baal"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ba'al"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baʿal"><span id="Ba.CA.BFal"></span>Baʿal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Baʿal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baal_Cycle" title="Baal Cycle">Baal Cycle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg/220px-Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="512" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg/330px-Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg/440px-Baal_thunderbolt_Louvre_AO15775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="4011" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Baal_with_Thunderbolt" title="Baal with Thunderbolt">Baal with Thunderbolt</a> from Ugarit. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baal,_God_of_Fertility_and_Storms,_Megiddo,_Strata_IX-VII,_Late_Bronze_Age,_1550-1200_BC,_bronze_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07738.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Baal%2C_God_of_Fertility_and_Storms%2C_Megiddo%2C_Strata_IX-VII%2C_Late_Bronze_Age%2C_1550-1200_BC%2C_bronze_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07738.JPG/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Baal%2C_God_of_Fertility_and_Storms%2C_Megiddo%2C_Strata_IX-VII%2C_Late_Bronze_Age%2C_1550-1200_BC%2C_bronze_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07738.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Baal%2C_God_of_Fertility_and_Storms%2C_Megiddo%2C_Strata_IX-VII%2C_Late_Bronze_Age%2C_1550-1200_BC%2C_bronze_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07738.JPG/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2746" data-file-height="4045" /></a><figcaption>Solid cast bronze of a votive figurine representing the god Baal discovered at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Tel Megiddo</a>, dating to the mid-2nd millennium BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Baʿal is well-attested in surviving inscriptions and was popular in <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">theophoric names</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he is usually mentioned along with other gods, "his own field of action being seldom defined".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Ugaritic records show him as a <a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">weather god</a>, with particular power over <a href="/wiki/Lightning_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning god">lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind god">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rain_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain god">rain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fertility_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility god">fertility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dry summers of the area were explained as Baʿal's time in the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>, and his return in autumn was said to have caused the storms that revived the land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the worship of Baʿal in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>—where he eventually supplanted <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> as the leader of the gods and patron of kingship—was connected to the region's dependence on rainfall for its agriculture, unlike <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, which focused on irrigation from their major rivers. Anxiety about water availability for crops and trees increased the importance of his cult, which focused attention on his role as a rain god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope2007_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also called upon during battle, showing that he was thought to intervene actively in the world of man,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike the more aloof El. The Lebanese city of <a href="/wiki/Baalbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Baalbeck">Baalbeck</a> was named after Baal.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, Ba' al is a divine co-regent with El, where El was the executive while Ba' al was the sustainer of the cosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Baʿal of Ugarit was the epithet of Hadad, but as time passed, the epithet became the god's name while Hadad became the epithet.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baʿal was usually said to be the son of <a href="/wiki/Dagan_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagan (god)">Dagan</a>, but appears as one of the sons of El in <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a> sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Baʿal and El were <a href="/wiki/Sacred_bull" title="Sacred bull">associated with the bull</a> in Ugaritic texts, as they symbolized both strength and fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller200032_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200032-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held special enmity against snakes, both on their own and as representatives of <a href="/wiki/Yammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yammu">Yammu</a> (<small><abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr></small> "Sea"), the Canaanite <a href="/wiki/List_of_water_deities" title="List of water deities">sea god and river god</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fought the <a href="/wiki/Tannin_(monster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (monster)">Tannin</a> (<i>Tunnanu</i>), the "Twisted Serpent" (<i>Bṯn ʿqltn</i>), "<a href="/wiki/Lotan" title="Lotan">Lotan</a> the Fugitive Serpent" (<i>Ltn Bṯn Brḥ</i>, the biblical <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "Mighty One <a href="/wiki/Seven-headed_serpent" title="Seven-headed serpent">with Seven Heads</a>" (<i>Šlyṭ D.šbʿt Rašm</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUehlinger1999512_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUehlinger1999512-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baʿal's conflict with Yammu is now generally regarded as the prototype of the vision recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">7th chapter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198477_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198477-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As vanquisher of the sea, the Canaanites and Phoenicians regarded Baʿal as the <a href="/wiki/Patron_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron deity">patron</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sailors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailors">sailors</a> and sea-going merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As vanquisher of <a href="/wiki/Mot_(god)" title="Mot (god)">Mot</a>, the Canaanite <a href="/wiki/Death_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Death god">death god</a>, he was known as Baʿal Rāpiʾuma (<i>Bʿl Rpu</i>) and regarded as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Rephaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rephaim">Rephaim</a> (<i>Rpum</i>), the ancestral spirits, particularly those of ruling dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Canaan, worship of Baʿal spread to Egypt by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a> following the waves of <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician colonization">Phoenician colonization</a> in the early 1st millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was described with diverse epithets, and before Ugarit was rediscovered, these were supposed to refer to distinct local gods. However, as explained by <a href="/wiki/John_Day_(Old_Testament_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Day (Old Testament scholar)">Day</a>, the texts at Ugarit revealed that they were considered "local manifestations of this particular deity, analogous to the local manifestations of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200068_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200068-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those inscriptions, he is frequently described as "Victorious Baʿal" (<i>Aliyn</i> or <i>Ảlỉyn Baʿal</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Mightiest one" (<i>Aliy</i> or <i>ʾAly</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Mightiest of the Heroes" (<i>Aliy Qrdm</i>), "The Powerful One" (<i>Dmrn</i>), and in his role as patron of the city "Baʿal of Ugarit" (<i>Baʿal Ugarit</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132–133_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132–133-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal_Zaphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal Zaphon">Baʿal Zaphon</a> (<i>Baʿal Ṣapunu</i>), he was particularly associated with his palace atop <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Aqra" title="Jebel Aqra">Jebel Aqra</a> (the ancient Mount Ṣapānu and classical Mons Casius).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132–133_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132–133-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also mentioned as "Winged Baʿal" (<i>Bʿl Knp</i>) and "Baʿal of the Arrows" (<i>Bʿl Ḥẓ</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> inscriptions describe "Baʿal of the <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">Mace</a>" (<i>Bʿl Krntryš</i>), "Baʿal of the Lebanon" (<i>Bʿl Lbnn</i>), "Baʿal of Sidon" (<i>Bʿl Ṣdn</i>), <i>Bʿl Ṣmd</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal_of_the_Heavens" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal of the Heavens">Baʿal of the Heavens</a>" (<i>Baʿal Shamem</i> or <i>Shamayin</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baʿal ʾAddir (<i>Bʿl ʾdr</i>), <a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal_Hammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal Hammon">Baʿal Hammon</a> (<i>Baʿal Ḥamon</i>), <i>Bʿl Mgnm</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Baal_Hammon"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ba'al_Hammon"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baʿal_Hammon"><span id="Ba.CA.BFal_Hammon"></span>Baʿal Hammon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Baʿal Hammon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baʿal Hammon</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baʿal Hammon</a> was worshipped in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tyre">Tyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician colonization">colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> as their <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Gods">supreme god</a>. It is believed that this position developed in the 5th century BCE following the severing of its ties to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tyre">Tyre</a> following the 480 BCE <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Himera_(480_BC)" title="Battle of Himera (480 BC)">Battle of Himera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscati2001132_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscati2001132-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Hadad, Baʿal Hammon was a <a href="/wiki/Fertility_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility god">fertility god</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancel1995197_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancel1995197-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions about <a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic deities</a> tend to be rather uninformative, though, and he has been variously identified as a <a href="/wiki/Moon_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon god">moon god</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and as <a href="/wiki/Dagan_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagan (god)">Dagan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grain_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain god">grain god</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1992_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1992-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than the bull, Baʿal Hammon was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">ram</a> and depicted with his horns. The archaeological record seems to bear out accusations in Roman sources that the Carthaginians <a href="/wiki/Tophet#Carthage_and_western_Mediterranean" title="Tophet">burned their children as human sacrifices</a> to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXellaQuinnMelchiorriVan_Domellen2013_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXellaQuinnMelchiorriVan_Domellen2013-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was worshipped as Baʿal Karnaim ("Lord of the Two Horns"), particularly at an open-air sanctuary at Jebel Bu Kornein ("Two-Horn Hill") across the bay from Carthage. His consort was the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancel1995195_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancel1995195-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The epithet Hammon is obscure. Most often, it is connected with the NW Semitic <i>ḥammān</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Brazier" title="Brazier">brazier</a>") and associated with a role as a <a href="/wiki/Sun_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun god">sun god</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalbank197947_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalbank197947-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a> and Gibson linked it to Hammon (modern Umm el-‘Amed between <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson198239_&_118_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson198239_&_118-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lipi%C5%84ski_(orientalist)" title="Edward Lipiński (orientalist)">Lipiński</a> to Haman or Khamōn, the classical <a href="/wiki/Mount_Amanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Amanus">Mount Amanus</a> and modern Nur Mountains, which separate northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> from southeastern <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbJqwWRDOMgECpgPA26_26–28]_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbJqwWRDOMgECpgPA26_26–28]-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1994207_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1994207-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_116.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_116.png/250px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_116.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_116.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_116.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_116.png/500px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_116.png 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption><i>Slaughter of the Prophets of Baal</i>, 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Baʿal (בַּעַל) appears about 90 times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> in reference to various gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The priests of the Canaanite Baʿal are mentioned numerous times, most prominently in the <a href="/wiki/First_Book_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="First Book of Kings">First Book of Kings</a>. Many scholars believe that this describes <a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a>'s attempt to introduce the worship of the Baʿal of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tyre">Tyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Josephus_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephus-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israelite</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> in the 9th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against this, <a href="/wiki/John_Day_(Old_Testament_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Day (Old Testament scholar)">Day</a> argues that Jezebel's Baʿal was more probably <a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal_Shamem" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal Shamem">Baʿal Shamem</a>, the Lord of the Heavens, a title most often applied to Hadad, who is also often titled just Ba‘al.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200075_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200075-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Kings">1 Kings</a> 18 records an account of a contest between the <a href="/wiki/Prophet_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet (Bible)">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> and Jezebel's priests. Both sides offered a <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> to their respective gods: Ba'al failed to light his followers' sacrifice while <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>'s heavenly fire burnt Elijah's altar to ashes, even after it had been soaked with water. The observers then followed Elijah's instructions to slay the priests of Baʿal,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which it began to rain, showing Yahweh's mastery over the weather. </p><p>Other references to the priests of Baʿal describe their burning of <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their offering of <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> while adorned in special <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yahweh">Yahweh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Yahweh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God in Judaism</a></div> <p>The title <i>baʿal</i> was a synonym in some contexts of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Adon" title="Adon">adon</a></i> ("Lord") and <i><a href="/wiki/Adonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonai">adonai</a></i> ("My Lord") still used as aliases of the Lord of Israel <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>. According to some scholars, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew people">early Hebrews</a> did use the names Baʿal ("Lord") and Baʿali ("My Lord") in reference to the Lord of Israel, just as Baʿal farther north designated the Lord of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> or Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1878175–176_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1878175–176-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurred both directly and as the divine element of some Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">theophoric names</a>. However, according to others it is not certain that the name Baal was definitely applied to Yahweh in early Israelite history. The component Baal in proper names is mostly applied to worshippers of Baal, or descendants of the worshippers of Baal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a136_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a136-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Names including the element Baʿal presumably in reference to Yahweh<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyles1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnwQ9AAAAIAAJpgPA103_103]_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyles1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnwQ9AAAAIAAJpgPA103_103]-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1878175–176_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1878175–176-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include the <a href="/wiki/Judge_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judge (Judaism)">judge</a> <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a> (also known as Jerubaʿal, <abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "The Lord Strives"), <a href="/wiki/Saul_the_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Saul the King">Saul</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Eshbaʿal</a> ("The Lord is Great"), and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>'s son Beeliada ("The Lord Knows"). The name <a href="/wiki/Bealiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bealiah">Bealiah</a> ("The Lord is <a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a>"; "Yahweh is Baʿal")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Baal_(Deity)"_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Baal_(Deity)"-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combined the two.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaston1893"[httpsarchiveorgstreamillustratedbible00eastpage86mode2up_Beali′ah]"_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaston1893"[httpsarchiveorgstreamillustratedbible00eastpage86mode2up_Beali′ah]"-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However John Day states that as far as the names Eshba’al, Meriba’al, and Beeliada (that is Baaliada), are concerned it is not certain whether they simply allude to the Canaanite god Ba’al, or are intended to equate Yahweh with Ba’al, or have no connection to Ba’al.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200072_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200072-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was the program of <a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a>, in the 9th century BCE, to introduce into Israel's capital city of Samaria her Phoenician worship of Baal as opposed to the worship of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> that made the name anathema to the Israelites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At first the name Baal was used by the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> for their God without discrimination, but as the struggle between the two religions developed, the name Baal was given up by the Israelites as a thing of shame, and even names like Jerubbaal were changed to Jerubbosheth: Hebrew <i>bosheth</i> means "shame".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''ZPBD''1963_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''ZPBD''1963-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Eshbaʿal became <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Meribaʿal became <a href="/wiki/Mephibosheth" title="Mephibosheth">Mephibosheth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (March 2022)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> but other possibilities also occurred. Gideon's name Jerubaʿal was mentioned intact but glossed as a mockery of the Canaanite god, implying that he strove in vain.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (March 2022)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> Direct use of Baʿali continued at least as late as the time of the <a href="/wiki/Prophet_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet (Judaism)">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a>, who reproached the Israelites for doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brad E. Kelle has suggested that references to cultic sexual practices in the worship of Baal, in Hosea 2, are evidence of an historical situation in which Israelites were either giving up Yahweh worship for Baal, or blending the two. Hosea's references to sexual acts being metaphors for Israelite "apostasy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelle2005137_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelle2005137-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brian P. Irwin argues that "Baal" in northern Israelite traditions is a form of Yahweh that was rejected as foreign by the prophets. In southern Israelite traditions, "Baal" was a god that was worshipped in Jerusalem. His worshippers saw him as compatible or identical with Yahweh and honored him with human sacrifices and fragrant meal offerings. Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicler" title="The Chronicler">Chronicler(s)</a> disapproved of both "Baals" whilst the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomists</a> used "Baals" for any god they disapproved of.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, Mark S. Smith believes Yahweh was more likely to be inspired by Baal rather than El, since both are stormy divine warriors and lack the pacifistic traits of El according to the Ugaritic texts and Hebrew Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Baal_Berith"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ba'al_Berith"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baʿal_Berith"><span id="Ba.CA.BFal_Berith"></span>Baʿal Berith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Baʿal Berith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal_Berith" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal Berith">Baʿal Berith</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal_Berith" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal Berith">Baʿal Berith</a> ("Lord of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical covenant">Covenant</a>") was a god worshipped by the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> when they "went astray" after the death of <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Scriptures">Hebrew Scriptures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jdg8_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdg8-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same source relates that Gideon's son <a href="/wiki/Abimelech_(Judges)" title="Abimelech (Judges)">Abimelech</a> went to his mother's kin at <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> and received 70 <a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">shekels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> "from the House of Baʿal Berith" to assist in killing his 70 brothers from Gideon's other wives.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An earlier passage had made Shechem the scene of <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>'s covenant between all the <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes of Israel">tribes of Israel</a> and "<a href="/wiki/El_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (god)">El</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, our <a href="/wiki/El_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (god)">god</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israel</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a later one describes it as the location of the "House of El Berith".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thus unclear whether the false worship of the "Baʿalim" being decried<sup id="cite_ref-jdg8_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdg8-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the worship of a new idol or rites and <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">teachings</a> placing Yahweh as a mere local god within a larger pantheon. The Hebrew Scriptures record the worship of Baʿal threatening <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israel</a> from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Judge_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judge (Judaism)">Judges</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2002Ch.&nbsp;2_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002Ch.&nbsp;2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the period of Judges such worship seems to have been an occasional deviation from a deeper and more constant worship of Yahweh: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Throughout all the stories of Judges the popular faith in YHWH runs as a powerful current. This faith raises the judges, and inspires poets, prophets, and Nazirites. ... Worship of Baals and Ashtoreths has been schematically interspersed between these chapters, but no trace of a vital, popular belief in any foreign gods can be detected in the stories themselves. Baal prophets appeared in Israel centuries later; but during the age of the judges when Israel is supposed to have been most deeply affected by the religion of Canaan, there are no Baal priests or prophets, nor any other intimation of a vital effect of polytheism in Israel’s life.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomist</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the present form of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah#Composition" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seem to phrase the struggle as <a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">monolatry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> against <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>. Yahweh is frequently identified in the Hebrew scriptures with <a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">El Elyon</a>, however, this was after a conflation with El in a process of religious <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20028_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20028-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>’El</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אל</span>) became a generic term meaning "god", as opposed to the name of a worshipped deity, and epithets such as <a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a> came to be applied to Yahweh alone, while Baal's nature as a storm and weather god became assimilated into Yahweh's own identification with the storm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20028,_135_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20028,_135-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next stage the Yahwistic religion separated itself from its Canaanite heritage, first by rejecting Baal-worship in the 9th century, then through the 8th to 6th centuries with prophetic condemnation of Baal, sun-worship, worship on the "high places", practices pertaining to the dead, and other matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20029_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20029-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beelzebub.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Paris, 1825" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Beelzebub.png/150px-Beelzebub.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Beelzebub.png/225px-Beelzebub.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Beelzebub.png/300px-Beelzebub.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>"Beelzebub" in the 1863 edition of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Collin_de_Plancy" title="Jacques Collin de Plancy">Jacques Collin de Plancy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal" title="Dictionnaire Infernal">Dictionnaire Infernal</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Baal_Zebub"></span><span class="anchor" id="Baʿal_Zebub"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Beelzebub"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a></div> <p>Baʿal Zebub (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:בעל זבוב">בעל זבוב</a></span>, <small><abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr></small> "<a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">Fly</a> Lord")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArndt_&_al.2000173_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArndt_&_al.2000173-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalz_&_al.2004211_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalz_&_al.2004211-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurs in the first chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Kings">Second Book of Kings</a> as the name of the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistine</a> god of <a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a>. In it, <a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel" title="Ahaziah of Israel">Ahaziah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">king of Israel</a>, is said to have consulted the priests of Baʿal Zebub as to whether he would survive the injuries from his recent fall. The <a href="/wiki/Prophet_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet (Judaism)">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>, incensed at this impiety, then foretold that he would die quickly, raining heavenly fire on the soldiers sent to punish him for doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> scholars have interpreted the title of "Lord of the Flies" as the Hebrew way of calling Baʿal a <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">pile of dung</a> and his followers <a href="/wiki/Vermin" title="Vermin">vermin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohler1902_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohler1902-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurker1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVtj0wSsw1JcCpgPA31_31]_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurker1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVtj0wSsw1JcCpgPA31_31]-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although others argue for a link to power over causing and curing <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">pestilence</a> and thus suitable for Ahaziah's question.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999b_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999b-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> renders the name as <i>Baälzeboúb</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βααλζεβούβ</span></span>) and as "Baʿal of Flies" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βααλ μυιαν</span></span>, <i>Baäl muian</i>). <a href="/wiki/Symmachus_the_Ebionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmachus the Ebionite">Symmachus the Ebionite</a> rendered it as <i>Beëlzeboúl</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βεελζεβούλ</span></span>), possibly reflecting its original sense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouvay1907_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouvay1907-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been proposed to have been <i>B‘l Zbl</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugaritic language">Ugaritic</a> for "Prince Baal".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWex2005_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWex2005-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_sources">Classical sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Classical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outside of Jewish and Christian contexts, the various forms of Baʿal were indifferently rendered in classical sources as <a href="/wiki/Belus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Belus (disambiguation)">Belus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Βῆλος</span>, <i>Bē̂los</i>). An example is <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, who states that <a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a> "built a temple to the <a href="/wiki/Patron_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron deity">god</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrians">Tyrians</a>, which they call Belus";<sup id="cite_ref-Josephus_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephus-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this describes the Baʿal of Tyre, <a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a>. Herrmann identifies the Demarus/Demarous figure mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Philo_Byblius" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo Byblius">Philo Byblius</a> as Baʿal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal_Hammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal Hammon">Baʿal Hammon</a>, however, was identified with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn (god)">Saturn</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Baal-zebul" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal-zebul">Zabul</a> Saturn.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was probably never equated with Melqart, although this assertion appears in older scholarship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beelzebub or Beelzebul was identified by the <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">writers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> as <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">prince</a>" (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Prince#Prince_as_generic_for_ruler" title="Prince">king</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s 1667 <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> describes the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a> collecting around Satan, stating that, though their heavenly names had been "blotted out and ras'd", they would acquire new ones "wandring o're the Earth" as false gods. <i>Baalim</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Astaroth" title="Astaroth">Ashtaroth</a></i> are given as the collective names of the male and female demons (respectively) who came from between the "bordering flood of old <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>" and "the Brook that parts Egypt from Syrian ground".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Baal</i> and derived epithets like <i>Baalist</i> were used as slurs during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">saints</a> and their devotees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> mentions that Prophet Elias (<a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>) warned his people against Baʿal worship.<sup id="cite_ref-Tottoli_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tottoli-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> And Indeed, Elijah was among the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">messengers</a>, (123) When he said to his people: "Will you not <a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">fear</a> Allah? (124) Do you call upon Ba'l and leave the best of creators - (125) Allah, your Lord and the Lord of your first forefathers?" (126) And they denied him, so indeed, they will be brought [for <a href="/wiki/Hell_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hell (Islam)">punishment</a>], (127) Except the chosen servants of Allah. (128) And we left for him [favorable mention] among later generations: (129) Peace be upon Ilyāseen*. (130) Indeed, We thus reward the doers of good. (131) Indeed, he was of Our believing servants. (132).<sup id="cite_ref-Quran_37_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quran_37-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quran <a href="/wiki/As-Saaffat" title="As-Saaffat">Surah 37</a>, verses 123-132<sup id="cite_ref-Quran_37_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quran_37-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabari">Tabari</a>, <i>baal</i> is a term used by Arabs to denote everything which is a <i>lord</i> over anything.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%CA%BFlab%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Thaʿlabī">Al-Thaʿlabī</a> offers a more detailed description about Baal; accordingly it was an idol of gold, twenty cubits tall, and had four faces.<sup id="cite_ref-Tottoli_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tottoli-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trilateral root, (<i>bā, ayn, lam)</i> <i>baʿl</i> occurs seven times in the Qur’an with its common Semitic usage of “owner, husband,” particularly husband.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham</a> refers to her husband using the term.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/40px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/60px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/120px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Mythology portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bael_(demon)" title="Bael (demon)">Bael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Baal (disambiguation)">Baal (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_in_popular_culture" title="Baal in popular culture">Baal in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_(demon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal (demon)">Baal the demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Baalah (disambiguation)">Baalahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal_Pe%CA%BFor" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal Peʿor">Baʿal Peʿor</a> (Lord of Mt Peʿor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baal-zephon</a> (Lord of Mount Zaphon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bel" title="Temple of Bel">Temple of Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Belus (disambiguation)">Beluses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (mythology)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theispas" title="Theispas">Theispas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American pronunciation</a> is usually the same<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mwo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some speakers prefer variants closer to the original sound, such as <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-mwo_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugaritic language">Ugaritic</a>: <span lang="uga"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%81%F0%90%8E%93%F0%90%8E%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎁𐎓𐎍">𐎁𐎓𐎍</a></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ugaritic-language romanization"><i lang="uga-Latn">baʿlu</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Moor_&_al.1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfu_Y5qnoCpACpgPA1_1]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Moor_&_al.1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfu_Y5qnoCpACpgPA1_1]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>: <span lang="phn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%A4%81%F0%90%A4%8F%F0%90%A4%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐤁𐤏𐤋">𐤁𐤏𐤋</a></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Phoenician-language romanization"><i lang="phn-Latn">baʿl</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:בעל">בעל</a></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">baʿal</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[baʕal]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> is identical to the <span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap">⟨ <a href="/wiki/%F0%92%82%97" class="mw-redirect" title="𒂗">𒂗</a> ⟩</span></span> which is taken as EN in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> texts. There, it has the meaning '<a href="/wiki/High_priest_(Sumer)" class="mw-redirect" title="High priest (Sumer)">high priest</a>' or 'lord' and appears in the names of the gods <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In surviving accounts, Baʿal's power over fertility extends only over vegetation. Older scholarship claimed Baʿal controlled human fertility as well but did so on the basis of misinterpretation or of inscriptions now regarded as dubious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134–135_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134–135-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, 19th-century scholarship treating Baal as a <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">personification</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> seems to have been badly taken. The <a href="/wiki/Astrotheology" title="Astrotheology">astrotheology</a> of Near Eastern deities was an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> development long postdating the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of religion">origin of religion</a> and, following its development, <a href="/wiki/Bel_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel (god)">Bel</a> and Baʿal were associated with the planet <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (planet)">Jupiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_&_al.1899_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_&_al.1899-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sun was worshipped in Canaan as either the goddess <a href="/wiki/Shapash" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapash">Shapash</a> or the god <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herrmann argues against seeing these separate lineages literally, instead proposing that they describe Baʿal's roles. As a god, he is understood as a child of El, "father of gods", while his fertility aspects connect him to the <a href="/wiki/Grain_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain god">grain god</a> Dagan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The account is <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(MS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacuna (MS)">patchy</a> and obscure here. Some scholars take some or all of the terms to refer to <a href="/wiki/Litan" title="Litan">Litan</a>, and in other passages, <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAnat" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿAnat">ʿAnat</a> takes credit for destroying the monsters on Baʿal's behalf. Herrmann takes "Šalyaṭu" as a proper name<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than translating it as the "powerful one" or "tyrant".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA810_"šlyṭ"]_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA810_"šlyṭ"]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This name appears twice in the <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Keret" title="Legend of Keret">Legend of Keret</a> discovered at <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>. Before this discovery, <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Samuel_Nyberg" title="Henrik Samuel Nyberg">Nyberg</a> had restored it to the Hebrew texts of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1 & 2 Samuel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following its verification, additional instances have been claimed in the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope2007_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The etymology of Beelzebul has proceeded in several directions. The variant reading Beelzebub (Syriac translators and Jerome) reflects a long-standing tradition of equating Beelzebul with the Philistine deity of the city of Ekron mentioned in 2 Kgs 1:2, 3, 6, 16. Baalzebub (Heb ba˓al zĕbûb) seems to mean “lord of flies” (HALAT, 250, but cf. LXXB baal muian theon akkarōn, “Baal-Fly, god of Akkaron”; Ant 9:2, 1 theon muian)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Beelzebul"_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Beelzebul"-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arndt & al. reverse this, saying Symmachus transcribed <i>Baälzeboúb</i> for a more common <i>Beëlzeboúl</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArndt_&_al.2000173_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArndt_&_al.2000173-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is more probable that b‘l zbl, which can mean “lord of the (heavenly) dwelling” in Ugaritic, was changed to b‘l zbb to make the divine name an opprobrius epithet. The reading Beelzebul in Mt. 10:25 would then reflect the right form of the name, a wordplay on “master of the house” (Gk oikodespótēs)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh1989_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh1989-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"An alternative suggested by many is to connect zĕbûl with a noun meaning '(exalted) abode.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Beelzebul"_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Beelzebul"-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In contemporary Semitic speech it may have been understood as ‘the master of the house’; if so, this phrase could be used in a double sense in Mt. 10:25b."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1996_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1996-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In NT Gk. beelzeboul, beezeboul (Beelzebub in TR and AV) is the prince of the demons (Mt. 12:24, 27; Mk. 3:22; Lk. 11:15, 18f.), identified with Satan (Mt. 12:26; Mk. 3:23, 26; Lk. 11:18)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1996_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1996-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Besides, Matt 12:24; Mark 3:22; Luke 11:15 use the apposition ἄρχων τῶν δαιμονίων ‘head of the →Demons’."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999b_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999b-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Smith, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12709064/_Athtart_in_Late_Bronze_Age_Syrian_Texts">‘Athtart in Late Bronze Age Syrian Texts</a></i> [in:] D. T. Sugimoto (ed), <i>Transformation of a Goddess. Ishtar – Astarte – Aphrodite</i>, 2014, p. 48-49; 60-61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. J. Lewis, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21871788/_%CA%BFAthtartus_Incantations_and_the_Use_of_Divine_Names_as_Weapons_Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies_71_2011_207_227">ʿAthtartu’s Incantations and the Use of Divine Names as Weapons</a></i>, <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i> 71, 2011, p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. A. Wiggins, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1307039/Pidray_Tallay_and_Arsay_in_the_Baal_Cycle">Pidray, Tallay and Arsay in the Baal Cycle</a></i>, <i>Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages</i> 2(29), 2003, p. 86-93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baal-ancient-deity">"Baal (ancient deity)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (online ed.). 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal+%28ancient+deity%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2024-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBaal-ancient-deity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1984266-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1984266_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1984">Kramer 1984</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Baal" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Baal">"Baal"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DBaal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226003932/https://www.lexico.com/definition/baal">"Baal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Baal">the original</a> on 2019-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FBaal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mwo-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mwo_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mwo_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Baal">"Baal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Baal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FBaal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebb2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Webb, Steven K. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IrrtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT36">"Baal"</a>. <i>Webb's Easy Bible Names Pronunciation Guide</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal&rft.btitle=Webb%27s+Easy+Bible+Names+Pronunciation+Guide&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Steven+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIrrtAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Moor_&_al.1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfu_Y5qnoCpACpgPA1_1]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Moor_&_al.1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfu_Y5qnoCpACpgPA1_1]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Moor_&_al.1987">De Moor & al. (1987)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fu_Y5qnoCpAC&pg=PA1">1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1878175–176-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1878175–176_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1878175–176_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1878175–176_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1878">Smith (1878)</a>, pp. 175–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Baal_(Deity)"-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Baal_(Deity)"_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Baal_(Deity)"_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAYBD1992"><i>AYBD</i> (1992)</a>, "Baal (Deity)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dahood, "Psalms II" 1966 p = 136 § = 68 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/psaml20000unse/page/n5/mode/2up">https://archive.org/details/psaml20000unse/page/n5/mode/2up</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JANES 5 1973 Weinfeld "Rider of the Clouds"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeninger2011" class="citation book cs1">Weninger, Stefan (2011-12-23). <i>The Semitic Languages</i>. Berlin [u.a..]: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025158-6"><bdi>978-3-11-025158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages&rft.place=Berlin+%5Bu.a..%5D&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-12-23&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025158-6&rft.aulast=Weninger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romans 11:4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrmann1999a">Herrmann (1999a)</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuss1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNvEK7kc3qnQCpgPA561_561]-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuss1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNvEK7kc3qnQCpgPA561_561]_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuss1985">Huss (1985)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NvEK7kc3qnQC&pg=PA561">561</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (1885), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/14177">Baalist, <i>n.</i></a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope2007-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope2007_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope2007_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope2007_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope2007_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPope2007">Pope (2007)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015"[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA203_bʕl_(II)]"_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDULAT2015"><i>DULAT</i> (2015)</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bh6oBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">bʕl (II)</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidH6tnix8o0mwCpgPA861_861]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidH6tnix8o0mwCpgPA861_861]_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKane1990">Kane (1990)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H6tnix8o0mwC&pg=PA861">861</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1890[httpwwwblueletterbibleorglanglexiconlexiconcfmstrongsH1172_H1172]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1890[httpwwwblueletterbibleorglanglexiconlexiconcfmstrongsH1172_H1172]_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1890[httpwwwblueletterbibleorglanglexiconlexiconcfmstrongsH1172_H1172]_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrong1890">Strong (1890)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H1172">H1172</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehr_&_al.197667-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehr_&_al.197667_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWehr_&_al.1976">Wehr & al. (1976)</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TsD281UZGhwC&pg=PA174">Belin</a>, in Gilles Ménage, <i>Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue françoise</i>, 1750. Ménage constructs a derivation of both the "Chaldean" Bel and the Celtic Belin from a supposed word for 'ball, sphere', whence 'head', and 'chief, lord'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern200964-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern200964_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalpern2009">Halpern (2009)</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200068-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200068_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200068_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay2000">Day (2000)</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan2013652-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan2013652_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyali-Darshan2013">Ayali-Darshan (2013)</a>, p. 652.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a133_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrmann1999a">Herrmann (1999a)</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrmann1999a">Herrmann (1999a)</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134–135-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a134–135_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrmann1999a">Herrmann (1999a)</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_&_al.1899-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_&_al.1899_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith_&_al.1899">Smith & al. (1899)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBatuman2014" class="citation cs2">Batuman, Elif (18 December 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/baalbek-myth-megalith">"The Myth of the Megalith"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker"><i>The New Yorker</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+the+Megalith&rft.btitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.aulast=Batuman&rft.aufirst=Elif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Ftech%2Felements%2Fbaalbek-myth-megalith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2020" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Theodore J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/37440/chapter/331574551?login=true#331574754"><i>The Origin and Character of God: Ancient Israelite Religion through the Lens of Divinity</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190072544" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190072544"><bdi>978-0190072544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Character+of+God%3A+Ancient+Israelite+Religion+through+the+Lens+of+Divinity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0190072544&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Theodore+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F37440%2Fchapter%2F331574551%3Flogin%3Dtrue%23331574754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen2015" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Spencer L (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfFeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216"><i>The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614512363" title="Special:BookSources/9781614512363"><bdi>9781614512363</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Splintered+Divine%3A+A+Study+of+Istar%2C+Baal%2C+and+Yahweh+Divine+Names+and+Divine+Multiplicity+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781614512363&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Spencer+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfFeCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200032-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller200032_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a135_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrmann1999a">Herrmann (1999a)</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUehlinger1999512-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUehlinger1999512_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUehlinger1999">Uehlinger (1999)</a>, p. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA810_"šlyṭ"]-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DULAT''2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbh6oBgAAQBAJpgPA810_"šlyṭ"]_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDULAT2015"><i>DULAT</i> (2015)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bh6oBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA810">"šlyṭ"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198477-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198477_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins (1984)</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0533.htm#12">Deut. 33:12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a02.htm#10">1 Sam. 2:10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08b23.htm#1">2 Sam. 23:1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1059.htm#18">Isa. 59:18</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1063.htm#7">63:7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1307.htm#16">Hos. 7:16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132–133-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132–133_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a132–133_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrmann1999a">Herrmann (1999a)</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baal-ancient-deity">"Baal | ancient deity"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal+%7C+ancient+deity&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBaal-ancient-deity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscati2001132-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscati2001132_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoscati2001">Moscati (2001)</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancel1995197-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancel1995197_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLancel1995">Lancel (1995)</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1992-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1992_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipiński1992">Lipiński (1992)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXellaQuinnMelchiorriVan_Domellen2013-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXellaQuinnMelchiorriVan_Domellen2013_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXellaQuinnMelchiorriVan_Domellen2013">Xella et al. (2013)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancel1995195-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancel1995195_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLancel1995">Lancel (1995)</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalbank197947-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalbank197947_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalbank1979">Walbank (1979)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson198239_&_118-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson198239_&_118_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibson1982">Gibson (1982)</a>, p. 39 & 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbJqwWRDOMgECpgPA26_26–28]-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1973[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbJqwWRDOMgECpgPA26_26–28]_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross1973">Cross (1973)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJqwWRDOMgEC&pg=PA26">26–28</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1994207-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1994207_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipiński1994">Lipiński (1994)</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephus-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Josephus_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josephus_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_(Josephus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquities (Josephus)">Antiquities</a></i>, 8.13.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''BEWR''2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddbibAAAAQBAJpgPA102_"Baal"]_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBEWR2006"><i>BEWR</i> (2006)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102">"Baal"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200075-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200075_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay2000">Day (2000)</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a18.htm#1">1 Kings 18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b23.htm#5">2 Kings 23:5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b10.htm#22">2 Kings 10:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a136-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999a136_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrmann1999a">Herrmann (1999a)</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyles1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnwQ9AAAAIAAJpgPA103_103]-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyles1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnwQ9AAAAIAAJpgPA103_103]_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyles1904">Ayles (1904)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA103">103</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a12.htm#5">1 Chron. 12:5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaston1893"[httpsarchiveorgstreamillustratedbible00eastpage86mode2up_Beali′ah]"-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaston1893"[httpsarchiveorgstreamillustratedbible00eastpage86mode2up_Beali′ah]"_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaston1893">Easton (1893)</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/illustratedbible00east#page/86/mode/2up">Beali′ah</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200072-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200072_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay2000">Day (2000)</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''ZPBD''1963-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''ZPBD''1963_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZPBD1963"><i>ZPBD</i> (1963)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#40">1 Chron. 9:40</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0706.htm#32">Judges 6:32</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1302.htm#16">Hosea 2:16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelle2005137-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelle2005137_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelle2005">Kelle (2005)</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrwin1999" class="citation thesis cs1">Irwin, Brian P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/73647"><i>Baal and Yahweh in the Old Testament: A Fresh Examination of the Biblical and Extra-Biblical Data</i></a>. <i>University of St. Michael's College</i> (Thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Baal+and+Yahweh+in+the+Old+Testament%3A+A+Fresh+Examination+of+the+Biblical+and+Extra-Biblical+Data&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Brian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fhandle%2F1807%2F73647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_OorschotWitte2019" class="citation book cs1">van Oorschot, Jürgen; Witte, Markus (2019). <i>The Origins of Yahwism</i>. De Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110656701" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110656701"><bdi>978-3110656701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yahwism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3110656701&rft.aulast=van+Oorschot&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Witte%2C+Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jdg8-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jdg8_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jdg8_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0708.htm#33">Jgs. 8:33–34</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0709.htm#1">Jgs. 9:1–5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0624.htm#1">Josh. 24:1–25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0709.htm#46">Jgs. 9:46</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002Ch.&nbsp;2-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2002Ch.&nbsp;2_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith (2002)</a>, Ch. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yehezkel_Kaufmann" title="Yehezkel Kaufmann">Yehezkel Kaufmann</a>, <i>The Religion of Israel: From Its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile</i> (1972), p.138-139:</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0504.htm#1">Deut. 4:1–40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1111.htm#12">Jer. 11:12–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20028-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20028_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20028,_135-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20028,_135_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, p. 8, 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20029-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20029_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArndt_&_al.2000173-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArndt_&_al.2000173_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArndt_&_al.2000173_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArndt_&_al.2000">Arndt & al. (2000)</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalz_&_al.2004211-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalz_&_al.2004211_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalz_&_al.2004">Balz & al. (2004)</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Beelzebul"-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Beelzebul"_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''AYBD''1992"Beelzebul"_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAYBD1992"><i>AYBD</i> (1992)</a>, "Beelzebul".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b01.htm#1">2 Kings 1:1–18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohler1902-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohler1902_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohler1902">Kohler (1902)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurker1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVtj0wSsw1JcCpgPA31_31]-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurker1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVtj0wSsw1JcCpgPA31_31]_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurker1987">Lurker (1987)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vtj0wSsw1JcC&pg=PA31">31</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999b-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999b_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrmann1999b_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrmann1999b">Herrmann (1999b)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouvay1907-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouvay1907_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouvay1907">Souvay (1907)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWex2005-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWex2005_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWex2005">Wex (2005)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh1989-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh1989_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh1989">McIntosh (1989)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1996-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1996_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1996_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1996">Bruce (1996)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJongeling1994" class="citation book cs1">Jongeling, K. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn8OAAAAYAAJ&q=North+African+Names+from+Latin+Sources"><i>North-African Names from Latin Sources</i></a>. Research School CNWS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-73782-25-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-73782-25-9"><bdi>978-90-73782-25-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North-African+Names+from+Latin+Sources&rft.pub=Research+School+CNWS&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-73782-25-9&rft.aulast=Jongeling&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQn8OAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DNorth%2BAfrican%2BNames%2Bfrom%2BLatin%2BSources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>, Bk. 1, ll. 419–423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tottoli-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tottoli_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tottoli_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTottoli" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tottoli, Roberto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23985">"Baal"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23985">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23985</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23985&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Tottoli&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quran_37-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quran_37_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quran_37_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D37%3Averse%3D123">37:123–132</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=1&tSoraNo=37&tAyahNo=125&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1">"Tafseer of the Mosque of Al-Bayan in Tafsir al-Qur'an/al-Tabari (d. 310 AH)"</a> (in Arabic).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tafseer+of+the+Mosque+of+Al-Bayan+in+Tafsir+al-Qur%27an%2Fal-Tabari+%28d.+310+AH%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.altafsir.com%2FTafasir.asp%3FtMadhNo%3D0%26tTafsirNo%3D1%26tSoraNo%3D37%26tAyahNo%3D125%26tDisplay%3Dyes%26Page%3D2%26Size%3D1%26LanguageId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=bEl#(11:72:7)">"The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Quran Dictionary"</a>. <i>corpus.quran.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=corpus.quran.com&rft.atitle=The+Quranic+Arabic+Corpus+-+Quran+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.quran.com%2Fqurandictionary.jsp%3Fq%3DbEl%23%2811%3A72%3A7%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/hud/72">"Surah Hud - 72"</a>. <i>Quran.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quran.com&rft.atitle=Surah+Hud+-+72&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2Fhud%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpus.quran.com/wordmorphology.jsp?location=(11:72:7)">"The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Word by Word Grammar, Syntax and Morphology of the Holy Quran"</a>. <i>corpus.quran.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=corpus.quran.com&rft.atitle=The+Quranic+Arabic+Corpus+-+Word+by+Word+Grammar%2C+Syntax+and+Morphology+of+the+Holy+Quran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.quran.com%2Fwordmorphology.jsp%3Flocation%3D%2811%3A72%3A7%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArndt_&_al.2000" class="citation cs2">Arndt, W.; Danker, F.W.; Bauer, W. (2000), <i>A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, </i>3rd ed.<i><span></span></i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon+of+the+New+Testament+and+Other+Early+Christian+Literature%2C+3rd+ed.&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Arndt&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Danker%2C+F.W.&rft.au=Bauer%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyali-Darshan2013" class="citation cs2">Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44458724/Baal_Son_of_Dagan_In_Search_of_Baal_s_Double_Paternity_JAOS_133_2013_651_657">"Baal, Son of Dagan: In Search of Baal's Double Paternity"</a>, <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society, </i>Vol. 133, No. 4<i><span></span></i>, pp. <span class="nowrap">651–</span>657</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal%2C+Son+of+Dagan%3A+In+Search+of+Baal%27s+Double+Paternity&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society%2C+Vol.+133%2C+No.+4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E651-%3C%2Fspan%3E657&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ayali-Darshan&rft.aufirst=Noga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44458724%2FBaal_Son_of_Dagan_In_Search_of_Baal_s_Double_Paternity_JAOS_133_2013_651_657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyles1904" class="citation cs2">Ayles, H.H.B. (1904), <i>A Critical Commentary on Genesis II.4-III.25</i>, Cambridge: J. & C.F. Clay for the Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Commentary+on+Genesis+II.4-III.25&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=J.+%26+C.F.+Clay+for+the+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Ayles&rft.aufirst=H.H.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalz_&_al.2004" class="citation cs2">Balz, Horst R.; Schneider, Gerhard (2004), <i>Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament</i>, vol. I, Grand Rapids: translated from the German for Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802828033" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802828033"><bdi>978-0802828033</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exegetical+Dictionary+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=translated+from+the+German+for+Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0802828033&rft.aulast=Balz&rft.aufirst=Horst+R.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/F.F._Bruce" class="mw-redirect" title="F.F. Bruce">Bruce, Frederick Fyvie</a> (1996), "Baal-Zebub, Beelzebul", in Marshall, I. Howard; Millard, Alan R.; Packer, J.I.; Wiseman, Donald J. (eds.), <i>New Bible Dictionary, </i>3rd ed.<i><span></span></i>, Leicester: InterVarsity Press, p. 108, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830814398" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830814398"><bdi>978-0830814398</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal-Zebub%2C+Beelzebul&rft.btitle=New+Bible+Dictionary%2C+3rd+ed.&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0830814398&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Fyvie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John J.</a> (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC"><i>Daniel: with an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature</i></a>, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802800206" title="Special:BookSources/9780802800206"><bdi>9780802800206</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel%3A+with+an+Introduction+to+Apocalyptic+Literature&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780802800206&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9r_Zs7T1nCMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCross1973" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Cross, Frank Moore Jr.</a> (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJqwWRDOMgEC"><i>Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>: Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674030084" title="Special:BookSources/9780674030084"><bdi>9780674030084</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanite+Myth+and+Hebrew+Epic%3A+Essays+in+the+History+of+the+Religion+of+Israel&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780674030084&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Moore+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJqwWRDOMgEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDay2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(Old_Testament_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Day (Old Testament scholar)">Day, John</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEgKAQAAMAAJ"><i>Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan</i></a>, Sheffield Academic Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850759867" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850759867"><bdi>978-1850759867</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahweh+and+the+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Canaan&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1850759867&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEgKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Moor_&_al.1987" class="citation cs2">De Moor, Johannes Cornelius; Spronk, Klaas (1987), Hoftijzer, J.; Hospers, J.H. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fu_Y5qnoCpAC"><i>A Cuneiform Anthology of Religious Texts from Ugarit: Autographed Texts and Glossaries</i></a>, Leiden: E.J. Brill (Semitic Studies Series №VI), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08331-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08331-6"><bdi>90-04-08331-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cuneiform+Anthology+of+Religious+Texts+from+Ugarit%3A+Autographed+Texts+and+Glossaries&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill+%28Semitic+Studies+Series+%E2%84%96VI%29&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=90-04-08331-6&rft.aulast=De+Moor&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Cornelius&rft.au=Spronk%2C+Klaas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfu_Y5qnoCpAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEaston1893" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_George_Easton" title="Matthew George Easton">Easton, Matthew George</a>, ed. (1893), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/illustratedbible00east#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Illustrated Bible Dictionary and Treasury of Biblical History, Biography, Geography, Doctrine, and Literature with Numerous Illustrations and Important Chronological Tables and Maps</i></a>, New York: Harper & Bros.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Bible+Dictionary+and+Treasury+of+Biblical+History%2C+Biography%2C+Geography%2C+Doctrine%2C+and+Literature+with+Numerous+Illustrations+and+Important+Chronological+Tables+and+Maps&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros.&rft.date=1893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fillustratedbible00east%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBEWR2006" class="citation cs2">Frassetto, Michael, ed. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ"><i>Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a>, New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2"><bdi>978-1-59339-491-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-491-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbibAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAYBD1992" class="citation cs2">Freedman, David Noel, ed. (1992), <i>The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary</i>, vol. 1, New York: Doubleday, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300140019" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300140019"><bdi>978-0300140019</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anchor+Yale+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0300140019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibson1982" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gibson, John Clark Love (1982), <i>Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions</i>, vol. III: <i>Phoenician Inscriptions</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198131991" title="Special:BookSources/9780198131991"><bdi>9780198131991</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Syrian+Semitic+Inscriptions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780198131991&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=John+Clark+Love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalpern2009" class="citation cs2">Halpern, Baruch (2009), Adams, M.J. (ed.), <i>From Gods to God: The Dynamics of Iron Age Cosmologies</i>, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck (Ser. Forschungen zum Alten Testament, No. 63), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149902-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149902-9"><bdi>978-3-16-149902-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Gods+to+God%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Iron+Age+Cosmologies&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck+%28Ser.+Forschungen+zum+Alten+Testament%2C+No.+63%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149902-9&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerrmann1999a" class="citation cs2">Herrmann, Wolfgang (1999a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&q=Ba%27al">"Baal"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Karel_van_der_Toorn" title="Karel van der Toorn">Toorn, Karel van der</a>; Becking, Bob; <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willem_van_der_Horst" title="Pieter Willem van der Horst">Horst, Pieter Willem van der</a> (eds.), <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible"><i>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, </i>2nd ed.<i><span></span></i></a>, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>139</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Herrmann&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26q%3DBa%2527al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerrmann1999b" class="citation cs2">Herrmann, Wolfgang (1999b), "Baal Zebub", in <a href="/wiki/Karel_van_der_Toorn" title="Karel van der Toorn">Toorn, Karel van der</a>; Becking, Bob; <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willem_van_der_Horst" title="Pieter Willem van der Horst">Horst, Pieter Willem van der</a> (eds.), <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible"><i>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, </i>2nd ed.<i><span></span></i></a>, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 154</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal+Zebub&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Herrmann&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuss1985" class="citation cs2">Huss, Werner (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NvEK7kc3qnQC"><i>Geschichte der Karthager</i></a>, Munich: C.H. Beck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406306549" title="Special:BookSources/9783406306549"><bdi>9783406306549</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Karthager&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9783406306549&rft.aulast=Huss&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNvEK7kc3qnQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKane1990" class="citation cs2">Kane, Thomas Leiper (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H6tnix8o0mwC"><i>Amharic–English Dictionary</i></a>, vol. I, Weisbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02871-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02871-4"><bdi>978-3-447-02871-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amharic%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.place=Weisbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02871-4&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Leiper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH6tnix8o0mwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohler1902" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kohler, Kaufmann</a> (1902), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2732-beelzebub">"Beelzebub or Beelzebul"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>, vol. II, New York: Funk & Wagnalls, pp. <span class="nowrap">629–</span>630</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beelzebub+or+Beelzebul&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E629-%3C%2Fspan%3E630&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Kaufmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F2732-beelzebub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelle2005" class="citation cs2">Kelle, Brad E. (2005), <i>Hosea 2: Metaphor and Rhetoric in Historical Perspective</i>, Society of Biblical Lit, p. 137</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hosea+2%3A+Metaphor+and+Rhetoric+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Lit&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kelle&rft.aufirst=Brad+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramer1984" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9sNAAAAYAAJ"><i>Studies in Literature from the Ancient Near East: Dedicated to Samuel Noah Kramer</i></a>. American Oriental Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940490-65-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940490-65-9"><bdi>978-0-940490-65-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Literature+from+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+Dedicated+to+Samuel+Noah+Kramer&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-940490-65-9&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9sNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLancel1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Lancel" title="Serge Lancel">Lancel, Serge</a> (1995), <i>Carthage: A History</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, translated from the French by Antonia Nevill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557864680" title="Special:BookSources/978-1557864680"><bdi>978-1557864680</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell%2C+translated+from+the+French+by+Antonia+Nevill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1557864680&rft.aulast=Lancel&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipiński1992" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lipinski_(orientalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Lipinski (orientalist)">Lipiński, Edward</a> (1992), <i>Dictionnaire de la civilisation phenicienne et punique </i>[<i>Dictionary of the Phoenician and Punic Civilization</i>]<i><span></span></i> (in French), Brepols, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-503-50033-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-503-50033-1"><bdi>2-503-50033-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+civilisation+phenicienne+et+punique+%5BDictionary+of+the+Phoenician+and+Punic+Civilization%5D&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=2-503-50033-1&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipiński1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lipinski_(orientalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Lipinski (orientalist)">Lipiński, Edward</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ra0QmH4np4kC"><i>Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics, </i>Vol. II<i><span></span></i></a>, <i>Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta</i>, Vol. 57, Leuven: Orientaliste for Peeters Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6831-610-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-6831-610-9"><bdi>90-6831-610-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Aramaic+Inscriptions+and+Onomastics%2C+Vol.+II&rft.place=Leuven&rft.series=%27%27Orientalia+Lovaniensia+Analecta%27%27%2C+Vol.+57&rft.pub=Orientaliste+for+Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=90-6831-610-9&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dra0QmH4np4kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLurker1987" class="citation cs2">Lurker, Manfred (1984), <i>Lexicon der Götter und Dämonen</i> [<i>Dictionary of Gods and Demons</i>], Stuttgart: Alfred Krämer Verlag</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+der+G%C3%B6tter+und+D%C3%A4monen&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Alfred+Kr%C3%A4mer+Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Lurker&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span>, translated from the German for Routledge in 1987 as <i>The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh1989" class="citation cs2">McIntosh, Duncan (1989), "Baal-Zebub", in <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Bromiley, Geoffrey W.</a> (ed.), <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Bible_Encyclopedia" title="International Standard Bible Encyclopedia"><i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, </i>Rev. ed.<i><span></span></i></a>, vol. I, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 381</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal-Zebub&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%2C+Rev.+ed.&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2000" class="citation cs2">Miller, Patrick (2000), <i>Israelite Religion and Biblical Theology: Collected Essays</i>, Continuum Int'l Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84127-142-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84127-142-X"><bdi>1-84127-142-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israelite+Religion+and+Biblical+Theology%3A+Collected+Essays&rft.pub=Continuum+Int%27l+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-84127-142-X&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoscati2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sabatino_Moscati" title="Sabatino Moscati">Moscati, Sabatino</a> (2001), <i>The Phoenicians</i>, Tauris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-533-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-533-2"><bdi>1-85043-533-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenicians&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85043-533-2&rft.aulast=Moscati&rft.aufirst=Sabatino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDULAT2015" class="citation cs2">Olmo Lete, Gregorio del; Sanmartin, Joaquin; Watson, Wilfred G.E., eds. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bh6oBgAAQBAJ"><i>Diccionario de la Lengua Ugarítica, </i>3rd ed.<i><span></span></i></a>, Leiden: translated from the Spanish for E.J. Brill as A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition (Ser. Handbuch der Orientalistik [Handbook of Oriental Studies], Vol. 112), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28864-5"><bdi>978-90-04-28864-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+la+Lengua+Ugar%C3%ADtica%2C+3rd+ed.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=translated+from+the+Spanish+for+E.J.+Brill+as+A+Dictionary+of+the+Ugaritic+Language+in+the+Alphabetic+Tradition+%28Ser.+Handbuch+der+Orientalistik+%5BHandbook+of+Oriental+Studies%5D%2C+Vol.+112%29&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28864-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbh6oBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPope2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pope, Marvin H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_01786.html">"Baal Worship"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal+Worship&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Marvin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0003_0_01786.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchniedewind_&_al.2007" class="citation cs2">Schniedewind, William; Hunt, Joel (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2T_4KVwpTQC"><i>A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture, and Literature</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139466981" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139466981"><bdi>978-1139466981</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+on+Ugaritic%3A+Language%2C+Culture%2C+and+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1139466981&rft.aulast=Schniedewind&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2T_4KVwpTQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2002), <i>The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel</i>, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+God%3A+Yahweh+and+the+Other+Deities+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith_&_al.1899" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/W._Robertson_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Robertson Smith">Smith, William Robertson</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Foot_Moore" title="George Foot Moore">Moore, George Foot</a> (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Encyclopaedia_Biblica_Vol_I_to_IV/EncyclodaediaBiblica_Vol_I#page/n231/mode/2up">"Baal"</a>, in Cheyne, Thomas Keith; Black, John Sutherland (eds.), <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Biblica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Biblica"><i>Encyclopædia Biblica</i></a>, vol. I, New York: Macmillan, pp. <span class="nowrap">401–</span>403</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Biblica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+Robertson&rft.au=Moore%2C+George+Foot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FEncyclopaedia_Biblica_Vol_I_to_IV%2FEncyclodaediaBiblica_Vol_I%23page%2Fn231%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/W._Robertson_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Robertson Smith">Smith, William Robertson</a> (1878), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Baal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Baal">"Baal" </a></span>, in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. <span class="nowrap">175–</span>176</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+Robertson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSouvay1907" class="citation cs2">Souvay, Charles (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02175a.htm">"Baal, Baalim"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a>, vol. II, New York: Robert Appleton Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal%2C+Baalim&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Co.&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Souvay&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02175a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrong1890" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Strong_(theologian)" title="James Strong (theologian)">Strong, James</a> (1890), <a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance"><i>The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible</i></a>, Cincinnati: Jennings & Graham</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exhaustive+Concordance+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=Jennings+%26+Graham&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZPBD1963" class="citation cs2">Tenney, Merrill C.; Barabas, Stevan; DeVisser, Peter, eds. (1963), <i>The Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary</i>, Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310235606" title="Special:BookSources/978-0310235606"><bdi>978-0310235606</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zondervan+Pictorial+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Zondervan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0310235606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUehlinger1999" class="citation cs2">Uehlinger, C. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA511">"Leviathan"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Karel_van_der_Toorn" title="Karel van der Toorn">Toorn, Karel van der</a>; Becking, Bob; <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willem_van_der_Horst" title="Pieter Willem van der Horst">Horst, Pieter Willem van der</a> (eds.), <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible"><i>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, </i>2nd ed.<i><span></span></i></a>, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">511–</span>515</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leviathan&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E515&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Uehlinger&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalbank1979" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Walbank" title="F. W. Walbank">Walbank, Frank William</a> (1979), <i>A Historical Commentary on Polybius</i>, vol. 2, Oxford: Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Commentary+on+Polybius&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Walbank&rft.aufirst=Frank+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWehr_&_al.1976" class="citation cs2">Wehr, Hans; Cowan, J. Milton (1976), <i>A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a>: Spoken Language Services, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879500018" title="Special:BookSources/0879500018"><bdi>0879500018</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+Written+Arabic&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Spoken+Language+Services&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0879500018&rft.aulast=Wehr&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Cowan%2C+J.+Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWex2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wex" title="Michael Wex">Wex, Michael</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Born_to_Kvetch" title="Born to Kvetch"><i>Born to Kvetch</i></a>, New York: St Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30741-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-30741-1"><bdi>0-312-30741-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+to+Kvetch&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-312-30741-1&rft.aulast=Wex&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXellaQuinnMelchiorriVan_Domellen2013" class="citation cs2">Xella, Paolo; Quinn, Josephine; Melchiorri, Valentina; Van Domellen, Peter (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/cemetery-or-sacrifice-infant-burials-at-the-carthage-tophet/DAC7C386CD20F5C280C9DB41E5184A2E">"Cemetery or sacrifice? Infant burials at the Carthage Tophet: Phoenician bones of contention"</a>, <i>Antiquity, </i>Vol. 87, No. 338<i><span></span></i>, pp. <span class="nowrap">1199–</span>1207</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cemetery+or+sacrifice%3F+Infant+burials+at+the+Carthage+Tophet%3A+Phoenician+bones+of+contention&rft.btitle=Antiquity%2C+Vol.+87%2C+No.+338&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1199-%3C%2Fspan%3E1207&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Xella&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Quinn%2C+Josephine&rft.au=Melchiorri%2C+Valentina&rft.au=Van+Domellen%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantiquity%2Farticle%2Fcemetery-or-sacrifice-infant-burials-at-the-carthage-tophet%2FDAC7C386CD20F5C280C9DB41E5184A2E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussellHamori2020" class="citation cs2">Russell, Stephen C.; Hamori, Esther J., eds. (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nD-DwAAQBAJ"><i>Mighty Baal: Essays in Honor of Mark S. Smith</i></a>, Harvard Semitic Studies, vol. 66, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43767-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43767-8"><bdi>978-90-04-43767-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mighty+Baal%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Mark+S.+Smith&rft.series=Harvard+Semitic+Studies&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43767-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nD-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1994" class="citation cs2">Smith, M.S. (1994), <i>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle</i>, vol. I, Leiden: E.J. Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09995-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09995-1"><bdi>978-90-04-09995-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ugaritic+Baal+Cycle&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09995-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithPitard2009" class="citation cs2">Smith, M.S.; Pitard, W. (2009), <i>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle</i>, vol. II, Leiden: E.J. Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15348-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15348-6"><bdi>978-90-04-15348-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ugaritic+Baal+Cycle&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15348-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rft.au=Pitard%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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International Encyclopædia/Baal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Baal">"Baal" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baal&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jewish Encyclopedia (1901–1906) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2235-ba-al">Ba'al</a>", "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2236-ba-al-and-ba-al-worship">Ba'al and Ba'al Worship</a>", "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2238-baal-berith">Baal-Berith</a>", "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2246-baal-peor">Baal-Peor</a>", "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2263-baalim">Baalim</a>", "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2265-baaltis">Astarte Worship among the Hebrews</a>", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/directory.jsp?letter=b">&c.</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>, New York: Funk & Wagnalls</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Semitic_and_Mesopotamian_religion156" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_mythology" title="Template:Middle Eastern mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_mythology" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Semitic_and_Mesopotamian_religion156" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> religion</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion"><b>Canaanite deities</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsay" title="Arsay">Arsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashima" title="Ashima">Ashima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baʿalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baʿal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Berith" title="Baal Berith">Baʿal Berit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baʿal Ḥammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marqod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqod">Baʿal Marqod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baʿal Ṣapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin/Baʿalshamem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elohim#Canaanite_religion" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">Elyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Haddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotharat" title="Kotharat">Kotharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misor" title="Misor">Misor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot_(god)" title="Mot (god)">Mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkal" title="Nikkal">Nikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qedesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qos_(deity)" title="Qos (deity)">Qos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakkun" title="Sakkun">Sakkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahar_(god)" title="Shahar (god)">Shahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapshu" title="Shapshu">Shapshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydyk" title="Sydyk">Sydyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion"><b>Mesopotamian deities</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu/Apsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antu_(goddess)" title="Antu (goddess)">Antu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki/Ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna/Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingu" title="Kingu">Kingu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishar" title="Kishar">Kishar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahamu" title="Lahamu">Lahamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Lahmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummu" title="Mummu">Mummu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology"><b>Mythology portal</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egyptian_religion506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Template:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Template talk:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Egyptian_religion506" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Kheru" title="Maa Kheru">Maa Kheru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Egyptian_mythology" title="Numbers in Egyptian mythology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Djed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Djed.svg/175px-Djed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Djed.svg/263px-Djed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Djed.svg/350px-Djed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">Canopic jars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus" title="The Ritual of Embalming Papyrus">Embalming ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">Offering formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony" title="Opening of the mouth ceremony">Opening of the mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Deities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities" title="List of Egyptian deities">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amunet" title="Amunet">Amunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh and Hauhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_(mythology)" title="Kek (mythology)">Kek and Kauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu and Naunet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triad_(religion)" title="Triad (religion)">Triads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephantine#Elephantine_triad" title="Elephantine">Elephantine Triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>A</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aani" title="Aani">Aani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aati" title="Aati">Aati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaset" title="Abaset">Abaset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose-Nefertari#Death_and_deification" title="Ahmose-Nefertari">Ahmose-Nefertari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhty_(deity)" title="Akhty (deity)">Akhty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu#Legacy" title="Amenhotep, son of Hapu">Amenhotep, son of Hapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am-heh" title="Am-heh">Am-heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu-Aa" title="Amu-Aa">Amu-Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjety" title="Andjety">Andjety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anput" title="Anput">Anput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apesh" title="Apesh">Apesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqen" title="Aqen">Aqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors of Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><b>B</b></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba-Pef" title="Ba-Pef">Ba-Pef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_(god)" title="Bata (god)">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beset" class="mw-redirect" title="Beset">Beset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li><b>C</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Cavern deities of the underworld">Cavern deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Ferryman" title="Celestial Ferryman">Celestial Ferryman</a></li> <li><b>D</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus-Osiris" title="Dionysus-Osiris">Dionysus-Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefhor" title="Djedefhor">Djedefhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duamutef" class="mw-redirect" title="Duamutef">Duamutef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duau_(god)" title="Duau (god)">Duau</a></li> <li><b>G</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Gate deities of the underworld">Gate deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengen-Wer" title="Gengen-Wer">Gengen-Wer</a></li> <li><b>H</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(mythology)" title="Ha (mythology)">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">Hapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmachis" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmachis">Harmachis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsomtus" title="Harsomtus">Harsomtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauron" title="Hauron">Hauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedetet" title="Hedetet">Hedetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjhotep" title="Hedjhotep">Hedjhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsut" title="Hemsut">Hemsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henet" title="Henet">Henet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henkhisesui" title="Henkhisesui">Henkhisesui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqaib#Legacy" title="Heqaib">Heqaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heru-ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Heru-ur">Heru-ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heryshaf" title="Heryshaf">Heryshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesat" title="Hesat">Hesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(mythology)" title="Hu (mythology)">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchai" title="Hutchai">Hutchai</a></li> <li><b>I</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iabet" title="Iabet">Iabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iat" title="Iat">Iat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igai_(deity)" title="Igai (deity)">Igai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhemu-sek" title="Ikhemu-sek">Ikhemu-sek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imentet" title="Imentet">Imentet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep#Deification" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imsety" class="mw-redirect" title="Imsety">Imsety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(goddess)" title="Ipy (goddess)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irer" title="Irer">Irer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iunit" title="Iunit">Iunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iusaaset" title="Iusaaset">Iusaaset</a></li> <li><b>J</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Ammon">Jupiter Ammon</a></li> <li><b>K</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagemni_I" title="Kagemni I">Kagemni I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebechet" title="Kebechet">Kebechet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensit" title="Khensit">Khensit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-Amentiu" title="Khenti-Amentiu">Khenti-Amentiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-kheti" title="Khenti-kheti">Khenti-kheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereduankh" title="Khereduankh">Khereduankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherty" title="Kherty">Kherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolanthes" title="Kolanthes">Kolanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><b>M</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed" title="Medjed">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehen" title="Mehen">Mehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehet-Weret" title="Mehet-Weret">Mehet-Weret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret" title="Meret">Meret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></li> <li><b>N</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebethetepet" title="Nebethetepet">Nebethetepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtuwi" title="Nebtuwi">Nebtuwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehmetawy" title="Nehmetawy">Nehmetawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemty" title="Nemty">Nemty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Nepit</a></li> <li><b>P</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perit_(goddess)" title="Perit (goddess)">Perit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petbe" title="Petbe">Petbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahhotep" title="Ptahhotep">Ptahhotep</a></li> <li><b>Q</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebehsenuef" class="mw-redirect" title="Qebehsenuef">Qebehsenuef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebui" title="Qebui">Qebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qed-her" title="Qed-her">Qed-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li><b>R</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raet-Tawy" title="Raet-Tawy">Raet-Tawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhyt#Deity" title="Rekhyt">Rekhyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(mythology)" title="Rem (mythology)">Rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet" title="Renpet">Renpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpetneferet" title="Renpetneferet">Renpetneferet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repyt" title="Repyt">Repyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><b>S</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sah_(god)" title="Sah (god)">Sah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sebiumeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjem" title="Sedjem">Sedjem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Seker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehbui" title="Shehbui">Shehbui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesmetet" title="Shesmetet">Shesmetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezmu" title="Shezmu">Shezmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdet" title="Sopdet">Sopdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">Souls of Pe and Nekhen</a></li> <li><b>T</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Bitjet" title="Ta-Bitjet">Ta-Bitjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatenen" title="Tatenen">Tatenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayt" title="Tayt">Tayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teka-her" title="Teka-her">Teka-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjenenyet" title="Tjenenyet">Tjenenyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Tutu (Egyptian god)">Tutu</a></li> <li><b>U</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unut" title="Unut">Unut</a></li> <li><b>W</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadj-wer" title="Wadj-wer">Wadj-wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(Egyptian_deity)" title="Weneg (Egyptian deity)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepset" title="Wepset">Wepset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawet" title="Wepwawet">Wepwawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werethekau" title="Werethekau">Werethekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></li> <li><b>Y</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Egyptian legendary creatures">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhekh" title="Akhekh">Akhekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx#Egypt" title="Sphinx">Criosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_animal" title="Set animal">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djadjaemankh" title="Djadjaemankh">Djadjaemankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedi" title="Djedi">Djedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rededjet" title="Rededjet">Rededjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaoner" title="Ubaoner">Ubaoner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">Akhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Manu" title="Land of Manu">Land of Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indestructibles" title="The Indestructibles">The Indestructibles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_symbols" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian symbols">Symbols<br />and objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anra_scarab" title="Anra scarab">Anra scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mummy" title="Corn mummy">Corn mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowroid" title="Cowroid">Cowroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshmet" title="Neshmet">Neshmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_sun#Ancient_Egypt" title="Winged sun">Winged sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_texts" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian texts">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Earth" title="Book of the Earth">Book of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow" title="Book of the Heavenly Cow">Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Traversing_Eternity" title="Book of Traversing Eternity">Book of Traversing Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmatic_Book_of_the_Netherworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld">Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Songs_of_Isis_and_Nephthys" title="Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys">Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Eye_of_Horus" title="Litany of the Eye of Horus">Litany of the Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Re" title="Litany of Re">Litany of Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_of_the_Twelve_Caves" title="Spell of the Twelve Caves">Spell of the Twelve Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Festivals in ancient Egypt">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley" title="Beautiful Festival of the Valley">Beautiful Festival of the Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">Cattle count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_festival" title="Min festival">Min festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Osiris" title="Mysteries of Osiris">Mysteries of Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Related religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Most_High_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Most High Goddess">Church of the Most High Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Kushite religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/20px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/40px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans10" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host#Quran" title="Heavenly host">Jundallah</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-J%C4%81nn" title="Al-Jānn">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_in_Islam" title="Pharaoh in Islam">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families39" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#In_Islam">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590467#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1417" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590467#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1417" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590467#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/193713428">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118651366">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2020002712">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2016908788&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX5113315">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810548477105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987009291767805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>61 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f6c89f4bf-q4ltp","wgBackendResponseTime":335,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.455","walltime":"1.752","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16069,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":585240,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22558,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":301767,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1346.866 1 -total"," 17.20% 231.634 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.69% 170.974 91 Template:Sfnp"," 12.33% 166.042 42 Template:Citation"," 11.95% 160.976 14 Template:Efn"," 11.63% 156.582 29 Template:Navbox"," 10.04% 135.198 1 Template:Infobox_deity"," 8.59% 115.646 9 Template:Langx"," 7.93% 106.805 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.63% 89.315 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.799","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20749425,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ba\u0026#039;al\"] = 1,\n [\"Ba\u0026#039;al_Berith\"] = 1,\n [\"Ba\u0026#039;al_Hammon\"] = 1,\n [\"Baal\"] = 1,\n [\"Baal_Berith\"] = 1,\n [\"Baal_Hammon\"] = 1,\n [\"Baal_Zebub\"] = 1,\n [\"Baʿal_Zebub\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAYBD1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArndt_\u0026amp;_al.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyali-Darshan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyles1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBEWR2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalz_\u0026amp;_al.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatuman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCross1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDULAT2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Moor_\u0026amp;_al.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaston1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalpern2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrmann1999a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrmann1999b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuss1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrwin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJongeling1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelle2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLancel1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipiński1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipiński1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLurker1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntosh1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoscati2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussellHamori2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchniedewind_\u0026amp;_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithPitard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith_\u0026amp;_al.1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouvay1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrong1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTottoli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUehlinger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalbank1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWehr_\u0026amp;_al.1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeninger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWex2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXellaQuinnMelchiorriVan_Domellen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZPBD1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_OorschotWitte2019\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Name\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 3,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 5,\n [\"Ancient Egyptian religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Egyptian religion footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Angle bracket\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 19,\n [\"Bibleverse-nb\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Characters and names in the Quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 42,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EJ\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Jewish Encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Baal\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"EI3\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 14,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 11,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 3,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox deity\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 10,\n [\"Langx\"] = 9,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 9,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Middle Eastern deities\"] = 1,\n [\"Middle Eastern mythology\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"See also-text\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 91,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f6c89f4bf-r5j48","timestamp":"20250401160040","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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