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A series of accelerators work together to push particles to nearly the speed of light</p> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="endof-cern-header-blocks"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="component-margin component-margin-small" ></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <figure class="align-right"><div style="position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;"><iframe allowfullscreen frameborder="0" src="https://videos.cern.ch/video/CERN-VIDEO-2015-024-001?showTitle=false" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;"></iframe></div><figcaption>This animation shows the path of the protons through CERN's accelerator complex to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Video: CERN</figcaption></figure> <p>The accelerator complex at CERN is a succession of machines that accelerate particles to increasingly higher energies. Each machine boosts the energy of a beam of particles before injecting it into the next machine in the sequence. In the <a href="/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC) – the last element in this chain – particle beams are accelerated up to the record energy of 6.8 TeV per beam.</p> <p>Linear accelerator 4 (<a href="/science/accelerators/linear-accelerator-4">Linac4</a>) became the source of proton beams for the CERN accelerator complex <a href="/news/news/accelerators/ls2-report-cerns-newest-accelerator-awakens">in 2020</a>. It accelerates negative hydrogen ions (H-, consisting of a hydrogen atom with an additional electron) to 160 MeV to prepare them to enter the <a href="/science/accelerators/proton-synchrotron-booster">Proton Synchrotron Booster</a> (PSB). The ions are stripped of their two electrons during injection from Linac4 into the PSB, leaving only protons. These are accelerated to 2 GeV for injection into the <a href="/science/accelerators/proton-synchrotron">Proton Synchrotron</a> (PS), which pushes the beam up to 26 GeV. Protons are then sent to the <a href="/science/accelerators/super-proton-synchrotron">Super Proton Synchrotron</a> (SPS), where they are accelerated up to 450 GeV.</p> <p>The protons are finally transferred to the two beam pipes of the LHC. The beam in one pipe circulates clockwise while the beam in the other pipe circulates anticlockwise. It takes 4 minutes and 20 seconds to fill each LHC ring, and 20 minutes for the protons to reach their maximum energy of 6.5 TeV. Beams circulate for many hours inside the LHC beam pipes under normal operating conditions. The two beams are brought into collision inside four detectors – <a href="/science/experiments/alice">ALICE</a>, <a href="/science/experiments/atlas">ATLAS</a>, <a href="/science/experiments/cms">CMS</a> and <a href="/science/experiments/lhcb">LHCb</a> – where the total energy at the collision point is equal to 13.6 TeV.</p> <p>Protons are not the only particles accelerated in the LHC. Lead ions for the LHC start from a source of vaporised lead and enter <a href="/science/accelerators/linear-accelerator-3">Linac3</a> before being collected and accelerated in the <a href="/science/accelerators/low-energy-ion-ring">Low Energy Ion Ring</a> (LEIR). They then follow the same route to maximum energy as the protons.</p> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--2" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern landscape landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201904-108-15/file?size=large') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201904-108-15/file?size=large" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern landscape landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/accelerator-complex/panoramas"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/accelerator-complex/panoramas" title="Immersive tour of the accelerator complex"> <span style="color:"> Immersive tour of the accelerator complex </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <p> </p> <h2>Serving a diverse experimental programme</h2> <p>The accelerator complex serves not only the LHC, but also a rich and <a href="/science/experiments">diverse experimental programme</a>. Most of the other accelerators in the chain have their own experimental halls where beams are used for experiments at lower energies.</p> <p>The PSB serves the Online Isotope Mass Separator (<a href="/science/experiments/isolde">ISOLDE</a>) facility including HIE-ISOLDE, as well as the <a href="/science/experiments/medicis">MEDICIS</a> facility.</p> <p>The PS serves the <a href="/science/accelerators/antiproton-decelerator">Antiproton Decelerator</a>, the neutron time-of-flight (<a href="/science/experiments/n_tof">n_TOF</a>) facility and an experimental area known as the <a href="/tags/east-area">East Area</a>, which houses the <a href="/science/experiments/cloud">CLOUD</a> experiment as well as <a href="/news/news/accelerators/ls2-report-getting-ready-future-physics-east-area">IRRAD and CHARM</a>.</p> <p>The SPS serves the <a href="/tags/north-area">North Area</a> experiments <a href="/science/experiments/compass">COMPASS</a>, <a href="/science/experiments/na61shine">NA61/SHINE</a>, <a href="/science/experiments/na62">NA62</a>, <a href="/science/experiments/na63">NA63</a>, <a href="/science/experiments/na64">NA64</a>, <a href="/science/experiments/na65">NA65</a> and <a href="/science/experiments/ua9">UA9</a>, as well as the <a href="/science/experiments/cern-neutrino-platform">CERN Neutrino Platform</a>, <a href="/science/accelerators/awake">AWAKE</a> and <a href="/search/node?keys=hiradmat">HiRadMat</a>. </p> <p>The LHC serves four large experiments, <a href="/science/experiments/alice">ALICE</a>, <a href="/science/experiments/atlas">ATLAS</a>, <a href="/science/experiments/cms">CMS</a> and <a href="/science/experiments/lhcb">LHCb</a>, as well as the smaller <a href="/science/experiments/totem">TOTEM</a>, <a href="/science/experiments/lhcf">LHCf</a>, <a href="/science/experiments/moedal-mapp">MoEDAL-MAPP</a>, <a href="/science/experiments/faser">FASER</a> and <a href="/science/experiments/sndlhc">SND@LHC</a> experiments.</p> <figure class="cds-image" id="CERN-GRAPHICS-2022-001-1"><a href="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-GRAPHICS-2022-001-1" title="View on CDS"><img alt="Graphics,accelerator,LHC,LHC experiments,Accelerators" src="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-GRAPHICS-2022-001-1/file?size=large"></a> <figcaption>The LHC is the last ring (dark blue line) in a complex chain of particle accelerators. The smaller machines are used in a chain to help boost the particles to their final energies and provide beams to a whole set of smaller experiments, which also aim to uncover the mysteries of the universe.<span> (Image: CERN)</span></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <h2>The Control Centre</h2> <p>The CERN Control Centre combines control rooms for the laboratory’s accelerators, the cryogenic distribution system and the technical infrastructure. 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