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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ady we familiýasy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ady_we_familiýasy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Çagalyk_we_ýaşlyk_(1881-1904)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Çagalyk_we_ýaşlyk_(1881-1904)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Çagalyk we ýaşlyk (1881-1904)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Çagalyk_we_ýaşlyk_(1881-1904)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harby_gullugy_(1905-1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harby_gullugy_(1905-1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Harby gullugy (1905-1918)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Harby_gullugy_(1905-1918)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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<span>Balkan söweşleri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Balkan_söweşleri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Balkan söweşleri subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Balkan_söweşleri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birinji_Balkan_söweşi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birinji_Balkan_söweşi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Birinji Balkan söweşi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birinji_Balkan_söweşi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikinji_Balkan_söweşi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikinji_Balkan_söweşi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ikinji Balkan söweşi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikinji_Balkan_söweşi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harby_attaşe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harby_attaşe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Harby attaşe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harby_attaşe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birinji_jahan_urşy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birinji_jahan_urşy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Birinji jahan urşy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birinji_jahan_urşy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Çanakkale_söweşi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Çanakkale_söweşi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Çanakkale söweşi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Çanakkale_söweşi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kawkaz_fronty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kawkaz_fronty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Kawkaz fronty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kawkaz_fronty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinaý_we_Palestina_fronty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinaý_we_Palestina_fronty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Sinaý we Palestina fronty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinaý_we_Palestina_fronty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Türk_garaşsyzlyk_urşy_(1919-1923)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Türk_garaşsyzlyk_urşy_(1919-1923)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Türk garaşsyzlyk urşy (1919-1923)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Türk_garaşsyzlyk_urşy_(1919-1923)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Türk garaşsyzlyk urşy (1919-1923) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Türk_garaşsyzlyk_urşy_(1919-1923)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-iş_döwri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#iş_döwri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>iş döwri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-iş_döwri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samsun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samsun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Samsun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samsun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amasya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amasya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Amasya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amasya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erzurum_kongresi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erzurum_kongresi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Erzurum kongresi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erzurum_kongresi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sivas_kongresi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sivas_kongresi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Sivas kongresi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sivas_kongresi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Türkiýäniň_Milli_mejlisiniň_açylyşy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Türkiýäniň_Milli_mejlisiniň_açylyşy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Türkiýäniň Milli mejlisiniň açylyşy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Türkiýäniň_Milli_mejlisiniň_açylyşy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaty_goşuna_geçmek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaty_goşuna_geçmek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Adaty goşuna geçmek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaty_goşuna_geçmek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Esasy_gurama_kanuny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esasy_gurama_kanuny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.1</span> <span>Esasy gurama kanuny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esasy_gurama_kanuny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Önönü_söweşleri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Önönü_söweşleri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.2</span> <span>Önönü söweşleri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Önönü_söweşleri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kütahya-Eskişehir_Söweşleri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kütahya-Eskişehir_Söweşleri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.3</span> <span>Kütahya-Eskişehir Söweşleri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kütahya-Eskişehir_Söweşleri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sakarya_Meýdany_Söweşi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sakarya_Meýdany_Söweşi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.4</span> <span>Sakarya Meýdany Söweşi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sakarya_Meýdany_Söweşi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uly_hüjüm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uly_hüjüm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.5</span> <span>Uly hüjüm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uly_hüjüm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Çanakkale_krizisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Çanakkale_krizisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.6</span> <span>Çanakkale krizisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Çanakkale_krizisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mudanýanyň_ýaragy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mudanýanyň_ýaragy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Mudanýanyň ýaragy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mudanýanyň_ýaragy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lozen_şertnamasy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lozen_şertnamasy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Lozen şertnamasy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lozen_şertnamasy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respublikanyň_yglan_edilmegi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respublikanyň_yglan_edilmegi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Respublikanyň yglan edilmegi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respublikanyň_yglan_edilmegi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prezidentlik_(1923-1938)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prezidentlik_(1923-1938)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prezidentlik (1923-1938)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prezidentlik_(1923-1938)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prezidentlik (1923-1938) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prezidentlik_(1923-1938)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Içerki_syýasat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Içerki_syýasat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Içerki syýasat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Içerki_syýasat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daşary_syýasat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daşary_syýasat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Daşary syýasat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daşary_syýasat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mosul_meselesi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosul_meselesi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Mosul meselesi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosul_meselesi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Türk-Grek_gatnaşyklary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Türk-Grek_gatnaşyklary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Türk-Grek gatnaşyklary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Türk-Grek_gatnaşyklary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milletler_ligasy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milletler_ligasy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Milletler ligasy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milletler_ligasy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ölümi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ölümi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ölümi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ölümi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yatlamasy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yatlamasy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Yatlamasy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yatlamasy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Galeri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Çeşmeler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Çeşmeler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Çeşmeler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Çeşmeler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mazmuny" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mazmunyň tablisasyny üýtgediň" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mazmunyň tablisasyny üýtgediň</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 200 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-200" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">200 Dil</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%AD%D0%B0%D2%AD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%80%D2%9B,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D2%9A%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Аҭаҭиурқ, Мустафа Қьемал – abhaz dili" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҭаҭиурқ, Мустафа Қьемал" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abhaz dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататурк – adygeý dili" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататурк" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adygeý dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – afrikaans dili" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – nemes dili (Şweýsariýa)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemes dili (Şweýsariýa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%99%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8D%8B_%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%B3%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD" title="ሙስታፋ ኬማል አታቱርክ – amhar dili" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሙስታፋ ኬማል አታቱርክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhar dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – aragon dili" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragon dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83" title="مصطفى كمال أتاتورك – arap dili" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصطفى كمال أتاتورك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arap dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%A8%DC%9B%DC%A6%DC%90_%DC%9F%DC%A1%DC%90%DC%A0_%DC%90%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9" title="ܡܘܨܛܦܐ ܟܡܐܠ ܐܛܐܛܘܪܩ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܨܛܦܐ ܟܡܐܠ ܐܛܐܛܘܪܩ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83" title="مصطفى كمال أتاتورك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مصطفى كمال أتاتورك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83" title="مصطفى كمال اتاتورك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مصطفى كمال اتاتورك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – asturiý dili" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiý dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kamal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kamal Atatürk – azerbaýjan dili" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mustafa Kamal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaýjan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="مصطفی کمال آتاتورک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مصطفی کمال آتاتورک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мостафа Кәмал Ататөрк – başgyrt dili" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мостафа Кәмал Ататөрк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="başgyrt dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemalis_Atatiorks" title="Mustafa Kemalis Atatiorks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mustafa Kemalis Atatiorks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемаль Атацюрк – belarus dili" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мустафа Кемаль Атацюрк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататурк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататурк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustapa_Kamal_Basah" title="Mustapa Kamal Basah – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mustapa Kamal Basah" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататюрк – bolgar dili" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататюрк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="মোস্তফা কামাল আতাতুর্ক – bengal dili" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোস্তফা কামাল আতাতুর্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – breton dili" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – bosniýa dili" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniýa dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататюрк – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататюрк" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – katalan dili" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль – çeçen dili" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="çeçen dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – sebuan dili" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%81%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="مستەفا کەمال ئاتاتورک – merkezi kürt dili" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مستەفا کەمال ئاتاتورک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="merkezi kürt dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – korsikan dili" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – çeh dili" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="çeh dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататюрк Мустафа Кемаль – çuwaş dili" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ататюрк Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="çuwaş dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – walliý dili" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walliý dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Kemal Atatürk – daniýa dili" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniýa dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – nemes dili" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemes dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AC_%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BB_%CE%91%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BA" title="Μουσταφά Κεμάλ Ατατούρκ – grek dili" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουσταφά Κεμάλ Ατατούρκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – iňlis dili" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="iňlis dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – esperanto dili" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – ispan dili" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – eston dili" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eston dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Kemal Atatürk – bask dili" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="مصطفی کمال آتاترک – pars dili" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصطفی کمال آتاترک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pars dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Kemal Atatürk – fin dili" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fin dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – farer dili" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farer dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – fransuz dili" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuz dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – demirgazyk friz dili" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="demirgazyk friz dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – friul dili" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friul dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – günbatar friz dili" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="günbatar friz dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – irland dili" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%95%E6%96%AF%E4%BB%96%E5%8C%96%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%BA%A5%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E7%AA%81" title="慕斯他化·克麥·阿塔突 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="慕斯他化·克麥·阿塔突" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – şotland kelt dili" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="şotland kelt dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – galisiý dili" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiý dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – guarani dili" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95" title="કમાલ મુસ્તફા અતાતુર્ક – gujarati dili" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કમાલ મુસ્તફા અતાતુર્ક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kamal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kamal Atatürk – hausa dili" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mustafa Kamal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%90_%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="מוסטפא כמאל אטאטורק – ýewreý dili" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוסטפא כמאל אטאטורק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ýewreý dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="कमाल अतातुर्क – hindi dili" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कमाल अतातुर्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – horwat dili" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horwat dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – ýokarky lužits dili" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="ýokarky lužits dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – gaiti kreol dili" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="gaiti kreol dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – wenger dili" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="wenger dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84" title="Մուսթաֆա Քեմալ Աթաթուրք – ermeni dili" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուսթաֆա Քեմալ Աթաթուրք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ermeni dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84" title="Մուսթաֆա Քեմալ Աթաթուրք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մուսթաֆա Քեմալ Աթաթուրք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – interlingwa dili" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingwa dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – iban dili" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – indonez dili" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – iloko dili" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – ido dili" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Kemal Atatürk – island dili" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="island dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – italýan dili" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italýan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BF%E3%83%86%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="ムスタファ・ケマル・アタテュルク – ýapon dili" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムスタファ・ケマル・アタテュルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ýapon dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – ýawa dili" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ýawa dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ქემალ ათათურქი – gruzin dili" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქემალ ათათურქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzin dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8D_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мыстафэ Кэмал Ататурк – kabardin dili" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Мыстафэ Кэмал Ататурк" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardin dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – tiap dili" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tiap dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Мұстафа Кемал Ататүрік – gazak dili" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұстафа Кемал Ататүрік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="gazak dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕೆಮಾಲ್ ಅಟಾಟರ್ಕ್ – kannada dili" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೆಮಾಲ್ ಅಟಾಟರ್ಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%8C%8C_%EC%BC%80%EB%A7%90_%EC%95%84%ED%83%80%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="무스타파 케말 아타튀르크 – koreý dili" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무스타파 케말 아타튀르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreý dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемал – karaçaý-balkar dili" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемал" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karaçaý-balkar dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – keln dili" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="keln dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – kürt dili" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kürt dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – korn dili" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korn dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемел Ататүрк – gyrgyz dili" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мустафа Кемел Ататүрк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="gyrgyz dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustapha_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustapha Kemal Atatürk – latyn dili" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mustapha Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latyn dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – ladino dili" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – lýuksemburg dili" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lýuksemburg dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ататюрк, Мустапа Камал – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустапа Камал" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Камал Ататуьрк – lezgin dili" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мустафа Камал Ататуьрк" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezgin dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – limburg dili" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburg dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – lingala dili" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – litwa dili" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litwa dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemals_Ataturks" title="Mustafa Kemals Ataturks – latyş dili" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mustafa Kemals Ataturks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latyş dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – malagasiý dili" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasiý dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – minangkabau dili" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататурк – makedon dili" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататурк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedon dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="മുസ്തഫ കമാൽ അത്താതുർക്ക് – malaýalam dili" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുസ്തഫ കമാൽ അത്താതുർക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaýalam dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататүрк – mongol dili" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататүрк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मुस्तफा कमाल अतातुर्क – marathi dili" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुस्तफा कमाल अतातुर्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%B1%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататӱрк, Мустафа Кемаль – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ататӱрк, Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – malaý dili" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaý dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – malta dili" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malta dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="မွတ်စတာဖာ ကီးမား အာတာတပ် – birma dili" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မွတ်စတာဖာ ကီးမား အာတာတပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="آتاتورک – mazanderan dili" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آتاتورک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – neapolitan dili" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapolitan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – aşaky nemes dili" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="aşaky nemes dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="कमाल अतातुर्क – nepal dili" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कमाल अतातुर्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepal dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="केमेल अतातुर्क – newari dili" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="केमेल अतातुर्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – niderland dili" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – norwegiýa nýunorsk dili" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norwegiýa nýunorsk dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – norwegiýa bukmol dili" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norwegiýa bukmol dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – oksitan dili" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль – osetin dili" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetin dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਮੁਸਤਫ਼ਾ ਕਮਾਲ ਅਤਾਤੁਰਕ – penjab dili" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਸਤਫ਼ਾ ਕਮਾਲ ਅਤਾਤੁਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="penjab dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – kapampangan dili" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="kapampangan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – papýamento dili" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papýamento dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – polýak dili" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polýak dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="مصطفا کمال اتاترک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مصطفا کمال اتاترک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="مصطفی کمال اتاتورک – peştun dili" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مصطفی کمال اتاتورک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="peştun dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – portugal dili" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugal dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – keçua dili" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="keçua dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – retoroman dili" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="retoroman dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – rumyn dili" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumyn dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – arumyn dili" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumyn dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль – rus dili" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататюрк – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататюрк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – kinýaruanda dili" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinýaruanda dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D" title="मुस्ताफा केमल् – sanskrit dili" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मुस्ताफा केमल्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататүрк – ýakut dili" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататүрк" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ýakut dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱟᱛᱟᱛᱩᱨᱠ ᱢᱩᱥᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱞ – santali dili" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱛᱟᱛᱩᱨᱠ ᱢᱩᱥᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – sardin dili" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardin dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk" title="Mustafa Kemal Ataturk – sisiliýa dili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Ataturk" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sisiliýa dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – şotland dili" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="şotland dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA" title="ڪمال اتاترڪ – sindhi dili" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪمال اتاترڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Kemal Atatürk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%E1%B9%ADafa_Kamal_Ataturk" title="Musṭafa Kamal Ataturk – tahelhit dili" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Musṭafa Kamal Ataturk" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tahelhit dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="මුස්තාෆා කෙමාල් අටාටුර්ක් – singal dili" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මුස්තාෆා කෙමාල් අටාටුර්ක්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singal dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – slowak dili" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slowak dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%B0%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9)" title="مصطفٰی کمال (اتا ترک) – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مصطفٰی کمال (اتا ترک)" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – slowen dili" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slowen dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – somali dili" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Qemal_Ataturku" title="Mustafa Qemal Ataturku – alban dili" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mustafa Qemal Ataturku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="alban dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататурк – serb dili" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататурк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serb dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – sundan dili" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – şwed dili" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="şwed dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Kemal Atatürk – suahili dili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="முஸ்தாபா கெமால் அத்தாதுர்க் – tamil dili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முஸ்தாபா கெமால் அத்தாதுர்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="ముస్తఫా కమాల్ అతాతుర్క్ – telugu dili" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ముస్తఫా కమాల్ అతాతుర్క్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафо Камол Отатурк – täjik dili" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мустафо Камол Отатурк" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="täjik dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84" title="มุสทาฟา เคมัล อาทาทืร์ค – taý dili" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มุสทาฟา เคมัล อาทาทืร์ค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taý dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kamal_Atatyrk" title="Mustafa Kamal Atatyrk – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mustafa Kamal Atatyrk" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – türk dili" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türk dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%B6rek" title="Mostafa Kemal Atatörek – tatar dili" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Mostafa Kemal Atatörek" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – tumbuka dili" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль – udmurt dili" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83" title="مۇستاپا كامال ئاتاتۈرك – uýgur dili" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مۇستاپا كامال ئاتاتۈرك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uýgur dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататюрк – ukrain dili" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататюрк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%B0%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="مصطفٰی کمال اتاترک – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مصطفٰی کمال اتاترک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – özbek dili" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="özbek dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Mustafa_Kemal%27" title="Atatürk Mustafa Kemal' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Atatürk Mustafa Kemal'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – wýetnam dili" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wýetnam dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – wolapýuk dili" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="wolapýuk dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – waraý dili" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraý dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – wolof dili" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%9C%AB%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克 – u hytaý dili" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="u hytaý dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататюрк – galmyk dili" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататюрк" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="galmyk dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – kosa dili" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="kosa dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="მუსტაფა ქემალ ათათურქი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მუსტაფა ქემალ ათათურქი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90_%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="מוסטאפא קעמאל אטאטורק – idiş dili" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מוסטאפא קעמאל אטאטורק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiş dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – ýoruba dili" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ýoruba dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%9C%AB%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克 – hytaý dili" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hytaý dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%9C%AB%E7%88%BE" title="凱末爾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="凱末爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%9C%AB%E7%88%BE" title="凱末爾 – kanton dili" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="凱末爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5152#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Dilara baglary düzet" class="wbc-editpage">Çykgytlary düzet</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; font-size: 130%;"><span class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Gazy - Halaskar-y Yslam - Mareşal - Başmugallym</span><br /><span class="fn">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Ataturk1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/200px-Ataturk1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/300px-Ataturk1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/400px-Ataturk1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="987" /></a></span> <br /> <span style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Atatürk 1930-njy ýyllarda</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:lavender">1-nji <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrki%C3%BD%C3%A4ni%C5%88_prezidenti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Türkiýäniň prezidenti (sahypa ýok)">Türkiýäniň prezidenti</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Wezipede</b></span><br />29 Oktýabr 1923 – 10 Noýabr 1938</td></tr> </tbody></table><table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"> <tbody><tr><th style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Priýmer Ministr</span></th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ismet_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ismet Inönü (sahypa ýok)">Ismet Inönü</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Fethi_Ok%C3%BDar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Fethi Okýar (sahypa ýok)">Ali Fethi Okýar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jelal_Ba%C3%BDar" title="Jelal Baýar">Jelal Baýar</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Öň </span></th><td class="" style=""><i>Hökümet döredildi</i></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Soň</span></th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ismet_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ismet Inönü (sahypa ýok)">Ismet Inönü</a></td></tr> </tbody></table><table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:lavender">1-nji <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrki%C3%BD%C3%A4ni%C5%88_primer_ministrleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Türkiýäniň primer ministrleri (sahypa ýok)">Türkiýäniň beýik mejlis hökümedi</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Wezipede</b></span><br />3 Maý 1920 – 24 Ýanwar 1921</td></tr> </tbody></table><table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"> <tbody><tr><th style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fewzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fewzi Çakmak (sahypa ýok)">Fewzi Çakmak</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Öň </span></th><td class="" style=""><i>Hökümet guruldy</i></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Soň</span></th><td class="" style="">Fewzi Çakmak</td></tr> </tbody></table><table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:lavender">1-nji <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrki%C3%BD%C3%A4ni%C5%88_be%C3%BDik_mejlis_h%C3%B6k%C3%BCmedini%C5%88_ba%C5%9Flygy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Türkiýäniň beýik mejlis hökümediniň başlygy (sahypa ýok)">Türkiýäniň beýik mejlis hökümediniň başlygy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Wezipede</b></span><br />24 Aprel 1920 – 29 Oktýabr 1923</td></tr> </tbody></table><table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"> <tbody><tr><th style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Öň </span></th><td class="" style=""><i>Hökümet döredildi</i></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Soň</span></th><td class="" style="">Ali Fethi Okýar</td></tr> </tbody></table><table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:lavender">1-nji <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrki%C3%BD%C3%A4ni%C5%88_respublika%C3%A7ylar_halk_pari%C3%BDasy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Türkiýäniň respublikaçylar halk pariýasy (sahypa ýok)">Türkiýäniň respublikaçylar halk pariýasysynyň</a> başlygy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 Senýabr 1923 – 10 Noýabr 1938</td></tr> </tbody></table><table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"> <tbody><tr><th style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Öň </span></th><td class="" style=""><i>Hökümet döredildi</i></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Soň</span></th><td class="" style="">Ismet Inönü</td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:lavender">Şahsy maglumatlar</th></tr><tr><th style="">Doglan wagty</th><td class="" style=""><span class="nickname">Ali Rıza oğlu Mustafa<br />(<span style="font-size:85%;">Musafa Ali Ryza ogly</span>)</span><br />1881<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selanik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selanik (sahypa ýok)">Selanik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selanik_wela%C3%BDaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selanik welaýaty (sahypa ýok)">Selanik welaýaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osman_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Osman imperiýasy">Osman imperiýasy</a> <br />(<span style="font-size:85%;">şu wagtky Selanik, <a href="/wiki/Gresi%C3%BDa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gresiýa">Gresiýa</a></span>)</td></tr><tr><th style="">Ölüm</th><td class="" style="">10 Noýabr 1938<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1938-11-10</span>)</span> (57 ýaşyndady)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolmabah%C3%A7e_K%C3%B6%C5%9Fki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolmabahçe Köşki (sahypa ýok)">Dolmabahçe Köşki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stambul" title="Stambul">Stambul</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrki%C3%BDe" title="Türkiýe">Türkiýe</a></td></tr><tr><th style="">Ýatan ýeri</th><td class="label" style="">Ankara Etnografiýa müzeýi, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> (21 Noýabr 1938 – 10 Noýabr 1953)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anytkabir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anytkabir (sahypa ýok)">Anytkabir</a>, Ankara (10 Noýabr 1953-den)</td></tr><tr><th style="">Milleti</th><td class="" style="">Türk</td></tr><tr><th style="">Pariýasy</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrki%C3%BD%C3%A4ni%C5%88_respublika%C3%A7ylar_halk_pari%C3%BDasy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Türkiýäniň respublikaçylar halk pariýasy (sahypa ýok)">Türkiýäniň respublikaçylar halk pariýasy</a></td></tr><tr><th style="">Beýleki syýasy <br />gatnaşygy</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watan_we_azatlyk_parti%C3%BDasy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watan we azatlyk partiýasy (sahypa ýok)">Watan we azatlyk partiýasy</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlik_we_%C3%B6s%C3%BC%C5%9F_komiteti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birlik we ösüş komiteti (sahypa ýok)">Birlik we ösüş komiteti</a><br /><small>(1923-nji ýyldan soňra Türkiýäniň respublikaçylar halk partiýasy)</small></td></tr><tr><th style="">Ýanýoldaş(lar)y</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latife_U%C5%9Faklyg%C3%BCl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latife Uşaklygül (sahypa ýok)">Latife Uşaklygül</a> (1923–25)</td></tr><tr><th style="">Baýraklary</th><td class="" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/40px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/60px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/80px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="187" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/40px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/60px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/80px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="187" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/40px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/60px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/80px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="187" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mejidi%C3%BDe_Ny%C5%9Fanlary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mejidiýe Nyşanlary (sahypa ýok)">Mejidiýe Nyşanlary</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:TUR_Harp_Madalyasi_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TUR_Harp_Madalyasi_BAR.svg/30px-TUR_Harp_Madalyasi_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TUR_Harp_Madalyasi_BAR.svg/45px-TUR_Harp_Madalyasi_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TUR_Harp_Madalyasi_BAR.svg/60px-TUR_Harp_Madalyasi_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Go%C5%9Fun_medaly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goşun medaly (sahypa ýok)">Goşun medaly</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_1_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_1_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81.png/40px-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_1_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_1_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81.png/60px-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_1_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_1_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81.png/80px-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_1_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:D-PRU_EK_1914_2_Klasse_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/D-PRU_EK_1914_2_Klasse_BAR.svg/40px-D-PRU_EK_1914_2_Klasse_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/D-PRU_EK_1914_2_Klasse_BAR.svg/60px-D-PRU_EK_1914_2_Klasse_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/D-PRU_EK_1914_2_Klasse_BAR.svg/80px-D-PRU_EK_1914_2_Klasse_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demir_Ha%C3%A7_medaly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demir Haç medaly (sahypa ýok)">Demir Haç medaly</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:PRU_Order_of_Crown_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/PRU_Order_of_Crown_ribbon.svg/40px-PRU_Order_of_Crown_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/PRU_Order_of_Crown_ribbon.svg/60px-PRU_Order_of_Crown_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/PRU_Order_of_Crown_ribbon.svg/80px-PRU_Order_of_Crown_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A4ji%C5%88_medaly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Täjiň medaly (sahypa ýok)">Täjiň medaly</a> (Königlicher Kronen-Orden) (Prussiýa)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:AUT_KuK_Kriegsbande_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/AUT_KuK_Kriegsbande_BAR.svg/40px-AUT_KuK_Kriegsbande_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/AUT_KuK_Kriegsbande_BAR.svg/60px-AUT_KuK_Kriegsbande_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/AUT_KuK_Kriegsbande_BAR.svg/80px-AUT_KuK_Kriegsbande_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harby_ta%C3%BDdan_bitiren_i%C5%9Fleri_%C3%BC%C3%A7in_ha%C3%A7_medaly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harby taýdan bitiren işleri üçin haç medaly (sahypa ýok)">Harby taýdan bitiren işleri üçin haç medaly</a> (Awstro-Wengriýa)</td></tr><tr><th style="">Gol</th><td class="" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/128px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/192px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/256px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:lavender">Harby hyzmatlary</th></tr><tr><th style="">Dostlyk</th><td class="" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Osman_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Osman imperiýasy">Osman imperiýasy</a> <small>(1893–1919)</small><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrki%C3%BDe" title="Türkiýe">Türkiýe</a> <small>(1921–1927)</small></td></tr><tr><th style="">Hyzmat/ugur</th><td class="" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/22px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/33px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/44px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Osman_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Osman imperiýasy">Osman imperiýasynyň</a> goşuny <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrki%C3%BD%C3%A4ni%C5%88_go%C5%9Funy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Türkiýäniň goşuny (sahypa ýok)">Türkiýäniň goşuny</a></td></tr><tr><th style="">Dereje</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mare%C5%9Fal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mareşal (sahypa ýok)">Mareşal</a></td></tr><tr><th style="">Buýruklar</th><td class="" style="">19-njy Bölüm <br />16-njy korps<br />Osmanly imperiýanyň 2-nji goşuny<br />Osmanly imperiýanyň 7-nji goşuny<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Dyldyrym_esger_topary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ýyldyrym esger topary (sahypa ýok)">Ýyldyrym esger topary</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrki%C3%BD%C3%A4ni%C5%88_be%C3%BDik_mejlis_h%C3%B6k%C3%BCmedi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Türkiýäniň beýik mejlis hökümedi (sahypa ýok)">Türkiýäniň beýik mejlis hökümedi</a></td></tr><tr><th style="">Uruşlar/Çaknyşyklar</th><td class="" style=""><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; background:transparent;" align="left">List</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="text-align:left; font-size:105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ital%C3%BDan-T%C3%BCrk_ur%C5%9Fy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italýan-Türk urşy (sahypa ýok)">Italýan-Türk urşy</a></b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk_s%C3%B6we%C5%9Fi_(1911)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobruk söweşi (1911) (sahypa ýok)">Tobruk</a><br />Derna </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkan_uru%C5%9Flary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkan uruşlary (sahypa ýok)">Balkan uruşlary</a></b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bola%C3%BDir_s%C3%B6we%C5%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolaýir söweşi (sahypa ýok)">Bolaýir</a><br />Adrianople II </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/wiki/Birinji_jahan_ur%C5%9Fy" title="Birinji jahan urşy">Birinji jahan urşy</a></b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anzak_a%C3%BDlagy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anzak aýlagy (sahypa ýok)">Anzak aýlagy</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=700_%C3%A7agalar_%C3%BC%C3%A7in_s%C3%B6we%C5%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="700 çagalar üçin söweş (sahypa ýok)">700 çagalar</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-nji_post_s%C3%B6we%C5%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-nji post söweşi (sahypa ýok)">3-nji post söweşi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyly%C3%A7ba%C3%BDyr_s%C3%B6we%C5%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gylyçbaýyr söweşi (sahypa ýok)">Gylyçbaýyr</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Junuk_Ba%C3%BDyr_s%C3%B6wes%C5%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Junuk Baýyr söwesşi (sahypa ýok)">Junuk Baýyr</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekkedepe_s%C3%B6we%C5%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekkedepe söweşi (sahypa ýok)">Tekkedepe söweşi</a><br />60-nji depe söweşi<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suwla_a%C3%BDlag_s%C3%B6we%C5%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suwla aýlag söweşi (sahypa ýok)">Suwla aýlagy</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sary_Ba%C3%BDyr_hereketi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sary Baýyr hereketi (sahypa ýok)">Sary Baýyr</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitlis_s%C3%B6we%C5%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitlis söweşi (sahypa ýok)">Bitlis</a><br />Günorta Palistina<br /> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grek-t%C3%BCrk_ur%C5%9Fy_(1919%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grek-türk urşy (1919–1922) (sahypa ýok)">Grek-türk urşy</a></b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakar%C3%BDa_s%C3%B6we%C5%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakarýa söweşi (sahypa ýok)">Sakarýa</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Be%C3%BDik_ynjydyjy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beýik ynjydyjy (sahypa ýok)">Beýik ynjydyjy</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</b> (<a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a> – <a href="/wiki/10_no%C3%BDabr" title="10 noýabr">10 Noýabr</a> <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrkler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Türkler (sahypa ýok)">türk</a> garby serkerdesi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rewol%C3%BDusi%C3%BDa%C3%A7y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rewolýusiýaçy (sahypa ýok)">rewolýusiýaçy</a>, we <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrki%C3%BDe" title="Türkiýe">Türkiýe resublikasynyň</a> düýbüni tutan, 1923-nji ýyldan başlap 1938-nji ýyla çenli ölýänçä Türkiýäniň ilknji <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrki%C3%BD%C3%A4ni%C5%88_prezidentleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Türkiýäniň prezidentleri (sahypa ýok)">prezidenti</a> bolan. Idealogiýalary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zekul%C3%BDarizm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zekulýarizm (sahypa ýok)">zekulýarizm</a> we <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrk_millet%C3%A7iligi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Türk milletçiligi (sahypa ýok)">milletçilik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atat%C3%BCrki%C5%88_reformalary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atatürkiň reformalary (sahypa ýok)">palitikalary</a> we teoremary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemalizm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemalizm (sahypa ýok)">Kemalizm</a> hasaplanýar. </p><p>I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Osmanly orduyasynda hizmet edýän Atatürk, Çanakkale Cephesi'nde myralalyga, Sina we Filistin Cephesi'nde ise Yyldyrym Ordu Grubunyn komandyrlygyna atandy. Sawaşyň soňunda, Osmanly Ymparatorlukyň gadaganyny izleyän Kurtuluş Sawaşı bilen synalýan Türk Milletiniň Halkara Harakyetyne onçlyk edip, öňerlik etdi. Türk Kurtuluş Sawaşynyň mejlisinde Ankara Hökümetini döredip, Türk Orunlary Başkomandany sypary Meydan Muharebesinde üstünlikleri üçin 1921-nji ýylyň 19-sentyabr ýylynda "gazi" at doldy we marşalyk derejeleriniň ilerlenişine dördi. Askar we syýasady çäreleri bilen Itilaf Dewletleri we dostlaryna täzelenme getirdi. Sawaşyň soňunda Cumhuriýet Halk Partiýasyny "Halk Partiyasy" atlymy bilen dördi we ylala başlygyny etdi. 29 oktýabr 1923-nji ýylda Cumhuriýetin eşidilmegi soňunda Türiýede prezident saýlandy. 1938-nji ýylda ölümi çenli ol dört seri çagamyşa ulan bu işi ýürütdi we Türkiýede bugünçe çenli en uzak süret prezidentlik eden adamy bolýar. </p><p>Ataturk; Döwrebap, progressiw we dünýewi döwlet gurmak üçin syýasy, ykdysady we medeni ugurlarda dünýewi we milletçi täzelikleri amala aşyrdy. Daşary ýurtlulara berlen ykdysady artykmaçlyklar ýatyryldy we önümçilik we demir ýol serişdeleri millileşdirildi. “Tehhîd-i Tedrîsât” kanuny bilen bilim türk hökümetiniň gözegçiliginde boldy. Dünýewi we ylmy bilim esas hökmünde kabul edildi. Müňlerçe täze mekdep guruldy. Başlangyç bilim mugt we hökmany edildi. Daşary ýurt mekdepleri döwletiň gözegçiliginde boldy. Daýhanlara salynýan agyr salgytlar azaldy. Erkekleriň eşiklerine we eşiklerine käbir üýtgeşmeler girizildi. Senenama, sagat we ölçeglere üýtgeşmeler girizildi. Mekel ýatyryldy we ýerine dünýewi Türk raýat kodeksi güýje girdi. Aýallaryň raýat we syýasy hukuklary Günbatar ýurtlarynyň köpüsinde ykrar edildi. Köp aýallylyk gadagan edildi. Aýallaryň şaýatlygy we miras hukuklary erkekleriňkä deň boldy. Şonuň ýaly-da, Türkiýede, dünýäniň köp ýurtlaryndan öň aýallara ses bermek we ilki ýerli saýlawlarda (1930), soňra bolsa umumy saýlawlarda (1934) ses bermek hukugy berildi. Dünýewi kanunlar jenaýat we karz kanunlarynda güýje girdi. Senagat höweslendiriş kanuny kabul edildi. Reformer reformasy üçin tagalla edildi. Latyn harplaryna esaslanýan täze türk elipbiýi, arap harplary esasynda Osman elipbiýiniň ýerine kabul edildi. Halky sowatly etmek üçin bilim kampaniýasy başlandy. Uniwersitet reformasy geçirildi. Ilkinji bäş ýyllyk senagat meýilnamasy güýje girdi. Synp we statusy kemsidýän lakamlar we atlar ýatyryldy we familiýalary girizildi. Türkleşdirme syýasaty bitewi we agzybir millet döretmek üçin geçirildi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ady_we_familiýasy"><span id="Ady_we_famili.C3.BDasy"></span>Ady we familiýasy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bölümi düzet: Ady we familiýasy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ady we familiýasy"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kakasy Ali Rıza Efendi oňa Mustafa dakdy, sebäbi atasynyň adydy. Sebäbi Ali Rıza Efendiniň kakasynyň ady bolan Ahmed ady uly doganlarynyň birine berildi. [13] Mustafanyň Kemal adynyň näme üçin berlendigi barada dürli pikirler bar. Afet İnan, matematika mugallymy Skopje Mustafa Efendiniň özüne Kemal adynyň manysy ýaly "kämillik we kämillik ýaşyna ýetendigini" görkezmek üçin bu at berendigini aýtdy. Ali Fuat Cebesoý, matematika mugallymynyň özüni tapawutlandyrmak üçin oňa bu at berendigini aýdýar. Atatürkiň terjimehalyny ýazan ýazyjy Endrýu Mango, Namyk Kemalyň adynda "Kemal" bolany üçin Mustafanyň bu ady berendigini öňe sürýär. </p><p>Gazi Mustafa Kemal ady ýa-da 1921-1934-nji ýyllar aralygynda Gazi ady bilen tanalýan Mustafa Kemal, 1934-nji ýylyň 24-nji noýabrynda 2587 belgili Atatürk familiýasy berildi, Türkiýe Milli Mejlisi tarapyndan kabul edilenden soň Familiýa kanuny 1934-nji ýylyň 21-nji iýunyndaky 2525 belgili. Şol kanuna laýyklykda "Atatürk" familiýasy ýa-da hakyky ady başga hiç kim tarapyndan ulanylyp ýa-da ulanylyp bilinmez. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Çagalyk_we_ýaşlyk_(1881-1904)"><span id=".C3.87agalyk_we_.C3.BDa.C5.9Flyk_.281881-1904.29"></span>Çagalyk we ýaşlyk (1881-1904)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bölümi düzet: Çagalyk we ýaşlyk (1881-1904)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Çagalyk we ýaşlyk (1881-1904)"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_Manast%C4%B1r_Mekteb-i_%C4%B0d%C3%A2d%C3%AE-i_%C5%9E%C3%A2h%C3%A2nesi_karnesi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_Manast%C4%B1r_Mekteb-i_%C4%B0d%C3%A2d%C3%AE-i_%C5%9E%C3%A2h%C3%A2nesi_karnesi.png/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_Manast%C4%B1r_Mekteb-i_%C4%B0d%C3%A2d%C3%AE-i_%C5%9E%C3%A2h%C3%A2nesi_karnesi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_Manast%C4%B1r_Mekteb-i_%C4%B0d%C3%A2d%C3%AE-i_%C5%9E%C3%A2h%C3%A2nesi_karnesi.png/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_Manast%C4%B1r_Mekteb-i_%C4%B0d%C3%A2d%C3%AE-i_%C5%9E%C3%A2h%C3%A2nesi_karnesi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_Manast%C4%B1r_Mekteb-i_%C4%B0d%C3%A2d%C3%AE-i_%C5%9E%C3%A2h%C3%A2nesi_karnesi.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Manastyr Mekteb-i İdâdî-i Şâhânesi-den Mustafa Kemalyň hasabat kartasy</figcaption></figure> <p>1839-njy ýylda Kokaçikde doguldy öýdülýän kakasy Ali Rıza Efendi aslynda Bitola bilen baglanyşykly Debre-i Bâlodandyr. Falih Rıfky Ataýyň pikiriçe, Wamak Wolkan, Norman Itzkowitz, Müjgân Cunbur, Numan Kartal we Hasan İzzettin Dinamo, kakasynyň maşgalasy XIV-XV asyrda dünýä indi. Olar XIX asyrda Anadolydan sebite göçüp gelen Kokaçik ukoruklaryň arasynda. Käbir ýazyjylaryň pikiriçe, kakasy Ali Ryzanyň albanlydygy çak edilýär. Ali Rıza Beý ilkinji nobatda dini esaslary barlaýan döwlet işgäri bolup, '93 söweşinden öň 1876-77-nji ýyllarda ýerli bölümlerde meýletin leýtenant bolup işledi. Zübeýde Hanym bilen durmuş gurandan soň, Salonikde gümrük işgäri we agaç söwdasy bolup işledi. </p><p>Ejesi Zübeyde Hanım 1857-nji ýylda Saloniki şäheriniň günbataryndaky Langaza daýhan maşgalasynda dünýä indi. Ejesiniň gelip çykyşy Karamandan Rumelýa gelen türkmenlerden. </p><p>Ali Rıza Beý we Zübeyde Hanym 1871-nji ýylda durmuş gurup, Saloniki şäheriniň Yenikapy şäherindäki Ali Rıza Beýiň kakasyna degişli öýde mesgen tutdular. Atatürk 1296-njy ýylda (Gregorian 1880-1881) Saloniki şäherinde bu jübütiň çagasy bolup dünýä indi. Doglan güni belli däl. Soralanda, 19-njy maýda, Samsuna giden güni, doglan güni hökmünde kabul etdi. Fatma, Ömer, Ahmet, Naciye we Makbule atly bäş doganynyň ilkinji dördüsi ýaş wagtynda aradan çykdy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Oldest_Known_Photo_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oldest_Known_Photo_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Oldest_Known_Photo_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oldest_Known_Photo_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Oldest_Known_Photo_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oldest_Known_Photo_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Oldest_Known_Photo_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Ataturk, dostlary bilen Harby akademiýada, 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>Mustafanyň ejesi bilen kakasynyň mekdep ýaşyna ýetende haýsy mekdebe gitjekdigi barada düşünişmezlik bardy. Ejesi Mustafanyň Hafyz Mehmet Efendiniň goňşy mekdebine gitmegini isledi, kakasy bolsa şol döwrüň täze usullary bilen bilim berýän Şemsi İbtidai (Şemsi Efendi mekdebi) dünýewi mekdebinde okamagyny isledi. Iň soňunda goňşy mekdebe gatnap başlan Mustafa, dostunyň günäkärlemegi sebäpli bastinado üçin berlen jeza sebäpli bu mekdebe ýene gitmek islemedi. Birnäçe günden soň Şemsi Efendi mekdebine geçdi. Atatürk, mekdebi saýlamak karary üçin ömrüniň dowamynda kakasyna minnetdarlyk bildirdi. 1888-nji ýylda kakasyny ýitirdi. Ejesiniň öweý dogany Hüseýin bilen Rapla fermasynda birnäçe wagtlap galyp, ýeňil ekerançylyk bilen meşgullanandan soň, bilimsiz galmagyndan gorkup, ejesiniň haýyşy boýunça Saloniki şäherine gaýdyp geldi, daýysy bilen mesgen tutdy we gutardy okuwy. Bu aralykda, Zübeýde Hanym Salonikdäki gümrük işgäri Ragyp Beý bilen durmuş gurdy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Atat%C3%BCrk_ailesi_renkli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Atat%C3%BCrk_ailesi_renkli.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ailesi_renkli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Atat%C3%BCrk_ailesi_renkli.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ailesi_renkli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Atat%C3%BCrk_ailesi_renkli.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ailesi_renkli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Makbule Hanym, Zübeyde Hanym we Mustafa Kemal</figcaption></figure> <p>Häzirki wagtda muzeý bolan Koca Kasym Paşa etrabynyň Islahhane köçesindäki jaý 1870-nji ýylda Rodeziýa mugallymy Hajy Mehmed gaznasy tarapyndan guruldy we 1878-nji ýylda täze durmuşa çykan Ali Rıza Beý tarapyndan kärendesine alyndy. Emma ölenden soň Mustafa we maşgalasy gapdalynda 2 gatly, 3 otagly we 2 gatly jaý satyn aldylar, aşhana bilen has kiçi jaýa göçdüler. Mustafa dünýewi mekdep we tälim berýän býurokratlar bolan Saloniki raýat orta mekdebine ýazyldy. Şeýle-de bolsa, goňşusyndaky harby okuwçylaryň eşiklerine haýran galyp, ejesiniň garşylygyna garamazdan 1893-nji ýylda Saloniki harby orta mekdebine girdi. Bu mekdebiň matematika mugallymy, kapitan Skopje Mustafa Sabri Beý oňa "kämillik, kämillik" manysyny berýän Kemal adyny berdi. Fransuz mugallymy kapitan Nakiýüddin Beý (üücekök) ýaş Mustafa Kemalyň erkinlik ideýasyna täsir etdi. 1895-nji ýylda synpynda dördünji orny eýeledi. Mustafa Kemal Kuleli harby orta mekdebine girmek barada pikir eden hem bolsa, uly dogany bolan Saloniki ofiseri Hasan Beýiň Bitoladaky bilimiň has gowudygyny we 1896-njy ýylda Bitola harby orta mekdebine ýazylandygyny aýtdy. </p><p>1896-1899-njy ýyllar aralygynda okan Monastir harby taýýarlyk mekdebiniň taryh mugallymy Mehmet Tewfik Beý (Bilge) Mustafa Kemalyň taryh bilen gyzyklanmasyny güýçlendirdi. Mekdepde fransuz dilini öwrendi we Saloniki şäherinde geçiren tomus kanikullarynda fransuz derslerini dowam etdirdi. 1897-nji ýylyň 19-njy aprelinde başlanan grek-türk urşuna meýletin gatnaşmak islese-de, orta mekdep okuwçysy we 16 ýaşyndaka fronta gidip bilmedi. 1898-nji ýylyň noýabr aýynda Monastir harby taýýarlyk mekdebini gutardy we synpynda ikinji orny eýeledi. 1899-njy ýylyň 13-nji martynda Stambuldaky Mekteb-i Harbiye-i Şahane (Uruş akademiýasy) girdi. Harby akademiýa girenden iki aý soň synp serantanty boldy. Birinji synpy 27-nji, ikinji synpy 11-nji, üçünji synpy 549 adamyň arasynda sekizinji bolup tamamlady (1317 - P.8). </p><p>Mekteb-i Harbiye-i Şahane-den soň, Harby akademiýada okady we işgärler taýýarlygyny aldy. Harby akademiýada okaýarka, dostlary bilen hökümetiň dolandyryş we syýasatlarynda gören kemçiliklerini we ýalňyşlyklaryny düşündirmek üçin el bilen ýazylan gazet çap etdi. Mekdep administrasiýasy olaryň yzyndan ýeten hem bolsalar, jeza berilmedi we gazet işini mekdebi gutarýança dowam etdirdiler. 1905-nji ýylyň 11-nji ýanwarynda işgärleriň kapitany derejesini gutardy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harby_gullugy_(1905-1918)"><span id="Harby_gullugy_.281905-1918.29"></span>Harby gullugy (1905-1918)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bölümi düzet: Harby gullugy (1905-1918)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Harby gullugy (1905-1918)"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irki_durmuş"><span id="Irki_durmu.C5.9F"></span>Irki durmuş</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bölümi düzet: Irki durmuş" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Irki durmuş"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_(renklendirilmi%C5%9F)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28renklendirilmi%C5%9F%29_1.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28renklendirilmi%C5%9F%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28renklendirilmi%C5%9F%29_1.jpg/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28renklendirilmi%C5%9F%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28renklendirilmi%C5%9F%29_1.jpg/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28renklendirilmi%C5%9F%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Mustafa Kemal (Beýrut, 1906)</figcaption></figure> <p>Okuwy gutarandan soň, işgär kapitan Mustafa Kemal tejribe üçin Damaskda ýerleşýän 5-nji goşuna iberildi. Bu tejribe döwründe pyýada, atly we artilleriýa sapaklaryna gatnaşdy. 1905-nji we 1907-nji ýyllar aralygynda Damaskda Lütfi Müfit Beýiň (Birmeňzeş) 5-nji goşunynyň ýolbaşçylygynda gulluk etdi. Ilkinji tejribe 5-nji goşunyň 30-njy kawalry polkunda geçirildi. Bu döwürde Mustafa Kemal pes derejeli tälimçi işgäri hökmünde Siriýanyň dürli sebitlerindäki gozgalaňlara garşy göreşdi we "kiçi söweş" (partizançylyk urşy) tejribesini gazandy. Dört aýlap dowam eden bidüzgünçiliklerden soň, Damaska gaýdyp geldi. 1906-njy ýylyň oktýabr aýynda maýor Lütfi Beý, Dr. Mahmut Beý, Lüfti Müfit (Özdeş) Beý we harby lukman Mustafa Cantekin bilen Watan we Hürriyet atly jemgyýet döredensoň, goşunyň rugsady bolmazdan Saloniki şäherine gitdi. Saloniki merkezi serkerdeliginiň kapitanynyň orunbasary Jemil Beýiň (Uybadyn) kömegi bilen ýere gaçdy we şol ýerde jemgyýetiniň bölümini açdy. Birneme wagt geçensoň, özüniň gözlenýändigini bildi we uly dogany hökmünde çykyş eden polkownik Hasan Beý Tel Awiw şäherine gaýdyp, Müsür serhedindäki Bürüssebi şäherine iberilendigini habar berdi. Ahmet Beý Mustafa Kemaly Birussebi belledi we birnäçe wagtdan soň artilleriýa tejribe üçin Damaska iberildi. 1907-nji ýylyň 20-nji iýunynda Kolağasy (uly kapitan) boldy we 1907-nji ýylyň 13-nji oktýabrynda 3-nji goşunyň işgäri wezipesine bellendi, ýöne Saloniki şäherine geleninde 'Watan we azatlyk' şahamçasynyň birikdirilendigini bildi bileleşik we ösüş komitetine. Şol sebäpli 1908-nji ýylyň Baýdak aýynda Bileleşik we Ösüş komitetiniň agzasy boldy (agza sany: 322). 1908-nji ýylyň 22-nji iýunynda Rumelia Gündogar sebitiniň demir ýol gözegçisi wezipesine bellendi. </p><p>1908-nji ýylyň 23-nji iýulynda konstitusionizm yglan edilenden soň, 1908-nji ýylyň dekabr aýynyň ahyrynda Bileleşik we Ösüş komiteti tarapyndan şu günki Liwiýanyň bir bölegi bolan Tripoli şäherine iberildi jemgyýetçilik we syýasy meseleleri we howpsuzlyk meselelerini öwrenmek üçin. Bu ýerde, 1908-nji ýyldaky ynkylap ideýalaryny liwiýalylara ýaýratmaga we ilatyň dürli gatlaklaryndan bolan ýaş türk syýasatyna geçmäge synanyşdy. Bu syýasy borjundan başga-da, sebitiň ilatynyň howpsuzlygy bilen gyzyklandy. Ol Bengazi Garrisonyna şäheriň daşyndaky söweş türgenleşigine ýolbaşçylyk etdi we esgerlere häzirki zaman taktikalaryny öwretdi. Bu türgenleşik wagtynda, gozgalaňa meýilli Şeýh Mansuryň öýüni gabady we sebitdäki beýleki güýçli anti-sistema görelde almak üçin ony gözegçilik astyna aldy. Şeýle hem, şäher we oba ilatyny goramak üçin ätiýaçlyk goşun meýilleşdirip başlady. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Kurmay_Y%C3%BCzba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_arkada%C5%9Flar%C4%B1_ile_birlikte,_%C5%9Eam,_Haziran_1907.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurmay_Y%C3%BCzba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_arkada%C5%9Flar%C4%B1_ile_birlikte%2C_%C5%9Eam%2C_Haziran_1907.png/220px-Kurmay_Y%C3%BCzba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_arkada%C5%9Flar%C4%B1_ile_birlikte%2C_%C5%9Eam%2C_Haziran_1907.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurmay_Y%C3%BCzba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_arkada%C5%9Flar%C4%B1_ile_birlikte%2C_%C5%9Eam%2C_Haziran_1907.png/330px-Kurmay_Y%C3%BCzba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_arkada%C5%9Flar%C4%B1_ile_birlikte%2C_%C5%9Eam%2C_Haziran_1907.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurmay_Y%C3%BCzba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_arkada%C5%9Flar%C4%B1_ile_birlikte%2C_%C5%9Eam%2C_Haziran_1907.png/440px-Kurmay_Y%C3%BCzba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_arkada%C5%9Flar%C4%B1_ile_birlikte%2C_%C5%9Eam%2C_Haziran_1907.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Işgärleriň kapitany Mustafa Kemal dostlary bilen Damaskda. (Iýun 1907)</figcaption></figure> <p>1909-njy ýylyň 13-nji ýanwarynda 3-nji goşunyň Saloniki polkunyň baş sekretary boldy we 1909-njy ýylyň 13-nji aprelinde beýleki bölümleriň gatnaşmagynda Taşkyşlada ýerleşýän 3-nji goşunyň 2-nji we 4-nji söweş batalýonlaryna goşuldy. Konstitusiýa monarhiýasyna garşy gozgalaň başlady. 1909-njy ýylyň 19-njy aprelinde Mirliva Mahmud Şewket Paşanyň ýolbaşçylygynda 1909-njy ýylyň 19-njy aprelinde Stambula girjek Hereket Goşunynyň birinji derejeli bölümleriniň başlygy boldy. Giňelýän 31-nji martdaky gozgalaňy basyp ýatyrmak üçin Saloniki we Edirne şäherini terk etdi. Soň bolsa 3-nji goşunyň baş sekretary, 3-nji goşun işgärlerini taýýarlamak merkeziniň serkerdesi, 5-nji korpusyň baş sekretary we 38-nji pyýada polk serkerdesi bolup işledi. </p><p>Yzyna gaýdyp gelen Mustafa Kemal 1911-nji ýylyň 27-nji sentýabrynda Stambuldaky Baş ştab-kwartirada işe başlady. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tripoli_söweşi"><span id="Tripoli_s.C3.B6we.C5.9Fi"></span>Tripoli söweşi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bölümi düzet: Tripoli söweşi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Tripoli söweşi"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal,_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg/220px-Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg/330px-Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg/440px-Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Işgärler maýor Mustafa Kemal (çepde) buýruklaryny Tripoli söweşinde Mujahidler beduin güýçleriniň öňünde görkezýär.</figcaption></figure> <p>1911-nji ýylda Italiýalylar Demirgazyk Afrikadaky Osman imperiýasynyň iň soňky territoriýasy bolan Tripoli welaýatyny we merkeze gönüden-göni bagly bolan we garaşsyz sanjak diýilýän Bengazini basyp almak üçin söweş yglan etdiler. 1911-nji ýylyň 29-njy sentýabrynda berlen bellikde bu söweşiň käbir sebäplere görä başlajakdygy aýdylýar. Şondan soň italýan güýçleri hiç hili gepleşik geçirmezden 1911-nji ýylyň 4-nji oktýabrynda Tripolä hüjüm etdi. Osmanlylar Tripolitan söweşinde kyn ýagdaýa düşdi; Uruş ministri wezipesini dowam etdiren Mahmud Şewket Paşa Harby akademiýanyň ofiserleri bilen bolan duşuşygynda gury ýer goşunynyň we deňiz güýçleriniň gowşaklygy sebäpli Tripolini gorap bolmaýandygyny aýtdy. Italiýa tarapynda ýagdaý kän bir üýtgeşik däldi, ýeterlik derejede ösmändigi sebäpli bu söweşe gowy taýýarlyk görmediler. Şu wagt Mustafa Kemal Stambuldaky Baş ştabyň wezipesine bellendi, ýöne bu wezipä başlamazdan ozal Tripoli şäherine ugrady. Şondan soň onuň Kolağasy Mustafa Kemal, maýor Enwer Beý, Fuat, Nuri we maýor Fethi ýaly beýleki kärdeşler arkalaşyklary ýaly Tripoli gitmek kararyna geldi. Stambuldan çykmazdan ozal, Mustafa Kemal Bileleşik we Ösüş komitetiniň Merkezi komitetinden pul sorady we Enweriň hataryna goşulmalydygyny we oňa pul berilmeýändigini aýdanda, gol çeken we bellän wekselleri bilen 200 funt sterling ýygnady. Tripoli üçin. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Tripolide Ataturk</figcaption></figure> <p>Italýan goşunlary Tripoliden Bengazä çenli bir aýyň içinde kenary eýeledi. Osmanly güýçleri Yemenemende öz güýçlerini iberdi, sebäbi hüjüm garaşylmady we şonuň üçin italýanlara garşy goragsyz galdylar. [83] Şol sebitde bary-ýogy 4000 esger bardy. Şondan soň, 1911-nji ýylyň 15-nji oktýabrynda Mustafa Kemal, Tanin gazetiniň habarçysy Mustafa Şerif Beýiň şahsyýetini ulanyp, Ömer Naci we Sapankaly Hakki we ubakup Jemil atly iki sany gämi duralgasy bilen Stambuldan rus gämisine çykdy. Mustafa Kemal we onuň topary Kairiň we Müsürdäki Aleksandriýanyň üsti bilen Bengazä gitmegi maksat edinýärdi. Mustafa Kemal 29-njy oktýabrda Aleksandriýadan ýola çykanyndan gysga wagtyň içinde ýaralandy we iki hepde Isgenderiýadaky keselhanada galmaly boldy. Çagalygyndaky dostlary Nuri we Fuat bilen şu ýerde duşuşdy we ýene ýola düşdi. 29-njy noýabrda otly bilen Aleksandriýany terk etdiler, şol gün iň soňky duralga ýetdiler, 1-nji dekabrda düýeler bilen gitdiler we 8 günlük ýoldan soň Liwiýa serhedine ýetdiler we 12-nji dekabrda Resuldefne, Serhetden 80 km günbatarda. Mustafa Kemal ýolda barýarka, baş işgärler Bengazi sebitiniň serkerdesi Enwer Beýe Mustafa Kemalyň 30-njy noýabrda maýor wezipesine bellenendigini habar berdiler. Enweriň 1911-nji ýylyň 18-nji dekabrynda Uruş ministrligine iberen telegrammasyna görä, Mustafa Kemal "öz islegi boýunça" goşuna goşuldy. </p><p>Mustafa Kemal ilkinji gezek 22-nji dekabrda Tobruk şäheriniň golaýynda italýanlar bilen söweşdi. Italýanlar 4-nji oktýabrda Tobruky basyp aldylar, ýöne tutuş kenar ýakasyndaky ýaly, Tobruk sebitindäki Osman goşunlarynyň we arap taýpalarynyň partizançylyk urşy sebäpli ýurduň içerki bölegine baryp bilmediler. Şeýle-de bolsa, türk ofiserleriniň arasynda guramanyň ýoklugy we Italiýanyň doly ösmändigi we ösmändigi olaryň içerki ösüşe ukypsyzlygynyň sebäpleri hökmünde görülýär. Muňa garamazdan, italýanlar Osmanlylary zorlamak üçin Dodekan adalaryna hüjüm etdiler. Ilkibaşda Mustafa Kemal gündogar bölümine we günbatar bölümini Enwer buýurdy; Amallaryň göwrümi artdygyça, Enwer tutuş fronta buýruk berip başlady we Mustafa Kemal Derne sebtine buýruk berip başlady. 1912-nji ýylyň 16-17-nji ýanwarynda Derne edilen hüjümde gözünde ýaralanyp, bir aý keselhanada bejergi aldy. 6-njy martda Derne serkerdesi wezipesine bellendi. Emma soň ýene gözü keselledi we bir hepde düşeginden turup bilmedi. </p><p>1912-nji ýylyň 3-nji martynda Derne söweşinde Osman güýçleri 63 ölüp, 168 adam ýaralandy, italýanlar bolsa takmynan 200 adam öldi. Bu aralykda, Mustafa Kemal tutuş Derna liniýasyna ýolbaşçylyk edýärdi we onuň ýolbaşçylygynda sekiz sany Osmanly ofiser, 160 esger, käbir meýletinçi, artilleriýa kompaniýasy, italýanlardan iki sany pulemýot we 7,742 arap esgeri bardy. Sanusi otaglary arap esgerlerini üpjün edýärdi we olaryň şyhlary Osmanly ofiserlerine tabyn bolupdy. Bu güýç 1911-nji ýylyň oktýabr aýyndan 1912-nji ýylyň sentýabr aralygynda Derne şäherinde 15,000-16,000 italýan esgerini saklamagy başardy. 1912-nji ýylyň 11-nji sentýabrynda italýanlar şowsuzlyklardan soň buýruk çalşylandan soň Dernadan çykmak üçin güýçli hüjüm etdiler, ýöne Mustafa Kemalyň ýolbaşçylygyndaky türkler we araplar tarapyndan ýene saklandy. </p><p>Kenarýaka kenarynda galan italýan güýçleri, Osmanlylary parahatçylyk gurmaga mejbur etmek üçin Gündogar Ortaýer deňzine we Gyzyl deňze hüjüm etmek kararyna geldi. 1912-nji ýylyň martynda Beýrut, aprel aýynda Dardanel, maý aýynda Rodos we Dodekan adalaryna hüjüm etdiler. Şol sebäplere görä, Russiýa, Angliýa we Fransiýa Berlin konferensiýasynda Eastakyn Gündogarda gazanylan parahatçylyk gurşawynyň bozulmagyndan howatyr edip, araçylyk işlerine başlady. Şeýle-de bolsa, Liwiýany italýanlara bermegiň şertleri ara alnyp maslahatlaşylan bu başlangyçlar bileleşikler tarapyndan kabul edilmedi. </p><p>Uruş dowam edýärkä, Mustafa Kemal 1912-nji ýylyň iýulynda urşuň geljekde has gowy gözden geçirilmegine mümkinçilik berýän iki buýruk berdi. 13-nji iýulda berlen buýruklaryň ilkinjisinde ähli ofiserleriň iki sany harby gazet okamalydygy we dünýädäki wakalar we Osman goşunynyň üstünlikleri barada habarly edilmelidigi aýdylýar. 22-nji iýulda berlen ikinji buýruk, ähli ofiserleriň senäni, şertleri, serkerdäniň buýruklaryny, ýerine ýetirilen amallary we netijelerini we psihologiki ýagdaýyny goşmak bilen bir aýyň içinde uruşda başdan geçirenlerini ýazmalydy. Esgerleri. Şeýdip, günbatar duşmanyna garşy söweşde gazanan tejribelerini ýazmagy maksat edinýärdi. Bu söweşde Mustafa Kemal diňe bir partizançylyk urşy, ýasama bölümleri dolandyrmak, aňtaw ýygnamak we logistik goldaw ýaly harby tejribe toplaman, eýsem arap taýpalarynyň ýolbaşçylary bilen gepleşikler we gepleşikler arkaly diplomatiýada möhüm tejribe gazandy. Aslynda bu ýerdäki üstünligi onuň adynyň ýaýramagyna mümkinçilik berdi. </p><p>Şol ýylyň sentýabr aýynda başlanan parahatçylyk gepleşiklerine garamazdan konfliktler dowam edýärkä, Birinji Balkan söweşi Çernogoriýanyň 8-nji oktýabrda Osman imperiýasyna garşy söweş yglan etmegi bilen başlandy. Çernogoriýadan soň Bolgariýa, Serbiýa we Gresiýa hem Osman imperiýasyna garşy söweş yglan etdi. Ilkibaşda Enweriň Stambula gaýdyp geljekdigi we Mustafa Kemalyň fronty öz üstüne aljakdygy karar edildi, ýöne osmanlylaryň abanýan howpy belli bolanda, ofiserleriň köpüsi Stambula gaýdyp geldi we front Enweriň dogany Nuriniň ýolbaşçylygy astyndady. Bu aralykda, Balkan söweşi sebäpli Osman hökümeti italýanlar bilen parahatçylyk gurmaga razy boldy. Balkan söweşleri başlanda, Tripolide gulluk eden Derne serkerdesi Mustafa Kemal we maýor Nuri Beý bu söweşlere gatnaşmak islediler. Mustafa Kemal 1912-nji ýylyň 24-nji oktýabrynda Osmanly söweş ministri Enwer Beýiň rugsady bilen Tripoliden çykdy. Wena, Wengriýa we Rumyniýa arkaly Stambula gaýdyp geldi. Muny saýlamagynyň sebäbi, gözleriniň Awstriýada bejerilmegi boldy. </p><p>Şeýle-de bolsa, sebitde garşy durmagy dowam etdirýän ofiserler hem bardy. Şazada Osman Fuad Efendi bu atlaryň biri. Mustafa Kemal beýleki ofiserler bilen Tripolini terk edip, 1912-nji ýylyň noýabr aýynda Stambula geldi. Ushi şertnamasy Osman hökümeti bilen Italiýanyň arasynda 1912-nji ýylyň 18-nji oktýabrynda gol çekildi. Bu şertnama bilen Tripoli italýanlara berildi, Italiýa bolsa uruş öwezini dolmak üçin 90 müň altyn teňňe tölär we ýazgylary ýatyrylar. Mundan başga-da, uruş wagtynda italýanlar tarapyndan basylyp alnan Dodekan adalary wagtlaýynça italýanlara berildi. Osmanly güýçleri Tripolini ewakuasiýa edensoň, italýanlar adalary terk ederdiler. Wezir derejeli ofiser, soltanyň regenti hökmünde Tripoli şäherine iberiler, fondlaryň we halkyň dini hukuklarynyň hormatlanylýandygy ýa-da dini borçlaryň bellenilmegi Şeýh al-Islam tarapyndan amala aşyrylar. Stambulda. Beýleki bir tarapdan, adamlar Senusi mezhebiniň şyhy Ahmed al-Şerif al-Senusiniň ýolbaşçylygynda Mudrosyň ýaragyna çenli Tripolide garşylyk görkezmegini dowam etdirdiler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balkan_söweşleri"><span id="Balkan_s.C3.B6we.C5.9Fleri"></span>Balkan söweşleri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bölümi düzet: Balkan söweşleri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Balkan söweşleri"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birinji_Balkan_söweşi"><span id="Birinji_Balkan_s.C3.B6we.C5.9Fi"></span>Birinji Balkan söweşi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bölümi düzet: Birinji Balkan söweşi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Birinji Balkan söweşi"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mustafa Kemal 1912-nji ýylyň Sanjar aýynda Stambula geleninde, Osmanewropa yklymynda Osman topraklarynyň galan bölegi paýtagt Stambul we ýakyn günbatary, Çanakkale ýarym adasy we gabalan üç şäher Şkodra, Ioannina we Edirne, gündogaryň iň uly şäheri boldy. Frakiýa. Bolgar güýçleri Çatalka baryp, paýtagt Stambula haýbat atýardy. </p><p>1912-nji ýylyň 21-nji noýabrynda ştab-kwartirasy Bolaýrda ýerleşýän Bahr-i Sefit bogazy Kuwaý ekipa .ynyň (Ortaýer deňzi bogazy birleşýän güýçleri) operasiýa bölüminiň müdiri wezipesine bellendi. Güýç serkerdesi Fahri Paşa, işgärleriň başlygy bolsa mekdep okuwçysy Fethi (Okyar) boldy. Mustafa Kemal Bolaýyrda bolanda, Enwer we onuň tarapdarlary tarapyndan 1913-nji ýylyň 23-nji ýanwarynda geçirilen “Sublime Porte Raid” bilen güýç Bileleşik we Ösüş komitetine berildi. 30-njy ýanwarda Mahmut Şewket Paşanyň hökümeti beýik güýçleriň hödürleýän parahatçylyk şertlerini ret etdi. 3-nji fewralda atyşygyň möhleti gutardy we bolgarlar Edirne şäherini ýene bombalap başladylar. </p><p>Bolgar hüjüminden soň Baş ştabyň başlygy Ahmed İzzet Paşa Ortaýer deňzi bogazynyň birleşen güýçleriniň günbatardan bolgarlara hüjüm etjekdigini, Hurşit Paşanyň ýolbaşçylygynda we Enweriň baştutany hökmünde 10-njy korpusyň öňe gitjekdigini habar berdi. Deňiz Şarköýe we günortadan bolgarlaryň arkasyna gelýär. Hüjüm meýilleşdirildi. Operasiýa jikme-jik meýilleşdirilip, ýanwar aýynyň ahyrynda repetisiýa edildi. Hüjüm tupan sebäpli 8-nji fewrala yza süýşürildi we Şarköýe gitjek goşun yza süýşürildi. 10-njy korpus ýarym gün giç Şarköýe gondy, ýöne birleşen güýç yza çekildi we aralykda esgerleriniň ýarysyny ýitirdi. Bolgarlaryň gysylyp bilinmejekdigi belli bolanda, gury ýer güýji 10-njy fewralda yzyna alyndy. Operasiýa zerur ýangyn goldawy, utgaşdyrylmazlyk we bolgarlar öz liniýalaryny berkitmek üçin harby gämileriň giç gelmegi sebäpli başa barmady. </p><p>Bilelikdäki operasiýa şowsuz bolansoň, 17-18-nji fewralda iki bölümiň komanda komitetleriniň arasynda jedel ýüze çykdy; Jedelde 10-njy korpusyň serkerdesi Hurşit Paşanyň tarapyny tutan Mahmut Şewket Paşa ony syýasy sebäplere görä iki güýçiň serkerdesi edip belledi. Gallipoliniň kenaryndan Çatalka garaşýan 10-njy korpusy ibermek baradaky teklipleri kabul edilmedik. Fahri Paşa, Fethi we Mustafa Kemal kabul edilmedi we Hurşit Paşanyň serkerdesi bolandygy habar berildi. Şondan soň Mahmut Şewket Paşa Hurşit Paşa we Enwer bilen Bolaýyr şäherine gitdi we serkerdeleriň arasynda ylalaşyk gazandy. Fahri Paşa işinden boşadyldy, ýöne Fethi Bolaýyry terk edip, Stambula gitdi ve ynandyrylan Mustafa Kemal bogazlardan aýratyn buýruga öwrülen Bolaýyr korpusynyň başlygy boldy. </p><p>19-njy martda Ioannina grekler tarapyndan, 1913-nji ýylyň 24-nji martynda Edirne bolgarlar tarapyndan ýesir alyndy. Çatalka frontunda iň soňky bolgar hüjümi 30-njy martda bolup geçdi. 16-njy aprelde ot açyşlyga gol çekildi. Şondan soň Mahmut Şewket Paşa Edirne we Frakiýadaky Midye-Enez liniýasynyň günbataryndaky ýerleri bermäge razy bolmalydy we 1913-nji ýylyň 30-njy maýynda Londonda parahatçylyk şertnamasy baglaşyldy. 11-nji iýunda Mahmut Şewket Paşa öldürildi we ýerine Sait Halim Paşa geldi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ikinji_Balkan_söweşi"><span id="Ikinji_Balkan_s.C3.B6we.C5.9Fi"></span>Ikinji Balkan söweşi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bölümi düzet: Ikinji Balkan söweşi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Ikinji Balkan söweşi"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birinji Balkan söweşinde ýeňiş gazanan Balkan döwletleri, uruşdan soň basyp alan sebitlerini paýlaşmak meselesinde düşünişmezlige düşdi. Gresiýa we Serbiýa, Rumyniýanyň territoriýasy bolan Bolgariýa garşy bilelikde çäre görmek kararyna geldi. Şeýle-de bolsa, Bolgariýa ilkinji bolup hüjüm etdi. 29-30-njy iýunda gije, bolgarlar Makedoniýada Serb goşunyna hüjüm etdiler, ýöne ýeňildi. Grekler Saloniki şäherinden gündogara tarap öňe gidip, Günorta Makedoniýanyň hemmesini basyp aldylar. Bu ýagdaýdan soň bolgarlar öz güýçleriniň esasy bölegini Osman goşunyna garşy beýleki frontlara geçirdiler. </p><p>Bileleşik we Ösüş komiteti bu pursatdan peýdalanyp, ýitirilen ýerleri yzyna almak üçin peýdalandy. 18-nji iýulda Osmanly goşuny Edirne tarap ýörişe başlady we az garşylyk görkezip, 1913-nji ýylyň 21-nji iýulynda şäheri eýeledi. Bir ýazyjynyň sözlerine görä, Edirne giren ilkinji bölüm Mustafa Kemalyň Bolaýyr korpusy bilen baglanyşykly brigada bolupdyr, emma Hurşit Paşa hüjüme gatnaşan bölümleriň ýolbaşçysydy. Mustafa Kemalyň Bolaýyr korpusy Dedeağaçy hem basyp aldy. Uruş 1913-nji ýylyň 29-njy sentýabrynda Bolgariýanyň wekilleriniň Stambulda gol çeken parahatçylyk şertnamasy bilen tamamlandy. </p><p>Uruş gutarandan soň Günbatar Frakiýadaky türk ilaty Osman topraklaryna, esasanam Stambul we Izmir şäherlerine göçüp başlady. Mustafa Kemal, Dolmabahçe köşgüne barýan Akaretler depesinde ejesi Zübeyde Hanym üçin jaý tapdy. Öweý kakasy Ragypyň on alty ýaşly ýegeni Fikriye hem Soltan Ahmet metjidiniň golaýyndaky bir öýde mesgen tutdy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harby_attaşe"><span id="Harby_atta.C5.9Fe"></span>Harby attaşe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bölümi düzet: Harby attaşe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Harby attaşe"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ikinji Balkan söweşinden soň Mustafa Kemal Stambuldaky Fethi Okyaryň öýünde mesgen tutdy. Fethi syýasata özüni bagyşlamak üçin harby gullugy terk etdi, belki Şarköý operasiýasynyň şowsuzlygy sebäpli. Şeýle-de bolsa, Bileleşik we Ösüş komitetindäki gapma-garşylyklardan soň Talat Fethä Sofiýada ilçi wezipesini teklip etdi. Jemal bilen maslahatlaşan Fethi, Balkanlarda deňagramlylygy saklamak üçin Bolgariýa bilen dostluk gurmak wezipesini kabul etdi we Mustafa Kemaldan harby attaşe hökmünde ýoldaş bolmagyny haýyş etdi. Bu haýyş kabul edilenden soň, Mustafa Kemal 1913-nji ýylyň 27-nji oktýabrynda Sofiýa harby attaşe bellendi we ýakyn dosty Sofiýanyň ilçisi (ilçi) Fethiniň (Okýar) ýolbaşçylygynda işledi. Teoriýa boýunça, Rumyniýa, Serbiýa we Çernogoriýa patyşalyklarynyň paýtagty Buharest, Belgrad we Cetinna üçin şol bir pozisiýany eýeledi, ýöne iş ýüzünde Bolgariýanyň çäginde. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Yeni%C3%A7eri_Atat%C3%BCrk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Yeni%C3%A7eri_Atat%C3%BCrk.JPG/220px-Yeni%C3%A7eri_Atat%C3%BCrk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Yeni%C3%A7eri_Atat%C3%BCrk.JPG/330px-Yeni%C3%A7eri_Atat%C3%BCrk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Yeni%C3%A7eri_Atat%C3%BCrk.JPG/440px-Yeni%C3%A7eri_Atat%C3%BCrk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Mustafa Kemal Sofiýa goşun gullugy bolsa-da, Janissary formasyndaky eşik topuna gatnaşdy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mustafa Kemal 1913-nji ýylyň 20-nji noýabrynda Sofiýa geldi. Bu ýerde ol Dondukow bulwaryndaky “Splendid Palace” myhmanhanasynda ýerleşdi we bu ýerde ýedi aý galdy. Soň bolsa Ferdinand bulwaryndaky kwartirada mesgen tutdy. Harby attaşe hökmünde alan maglumatlaryny Stambula geçirmek jogapkärdi. Bu ýerde, Balkan döwletleriniň, esasanam Bolgariýanyň syýasy we harby ýagdaýlary barada hasabat taýýarlady. Wezipe döwründe Osman imperiýasyndan garaşsyzlyk alandan soň Bolgariýanyň harby, administratiw we medeni ösüşini ýakyndan gözden geçirmäge mümkinçilik aldy we Bolgariýa goşunynyň käbir ofiserleri bilen gatnaşyk gurdy. Bu wezipede otyrka, 1914-nji ýylyň 1-nji martynda podpolkownik (etrap häkimi) wezipesine bellenildi. Sofiýa geleninden gysga wagt soň, Bolgariýanyň Baş ştabynyň başlygynyň Stambuldaky nemes ofiserleriniň, esasanam Goltz Paşanyň, Bolgariýalylara Osmanly harby hereketleri barada habar berýändiklerini we Kazym Karabekirden jogap alandygyny habar berdi. Stambuldaky nemesler muňa gaharlandylar. </p><p>Mustafa Kemalň Sofiýada iň möhüm maglumat ýygnamak usullaryndan biri jemgyýetçilik wakalarydy. Bolgariýa goşunynyň ýokary we kiçi ofiserleri, syýasatçylar we jemgyýetiň abraýly adamlary bilen duşuşmak onuň borjunyň bir bölegidi. Uruş ministri Stiliýan Kowaçýow we gyzy Dimitrina bilen duşuşdy, ilkinji kitabynyň işgäri we serkerdesi we Hasbihalyň şu ýerde bolanynda ýazan we 1918-nji ýylda çap eden ilkinji kitaby. Bu ýerde, ol (Fethi bilen birlikde) Bolgariýadaky Musulman Pomaklara dini ynanç basyşy meselesine gatnaşdy. Jemgyýet durmuşynda iň möhüm waka, 1914-nji ýylyň 11-nji maýynda korol Ferdinandyň hem gatnaşan geýim topuna çakylygy boldy. Enweriň ýörite rugsady bilen Stambuldaky harby muzeýden iberilen hakyky Janissary formasyny geýen topa gatnaşdy. Geýimini yzyna iberip barýarka, dosty Kazyma (Özalp) hat ýazyp, ähli ünsi özüne çekendigini we berlen soraglaryň oňa öňki harby güýji we türkleriň ýeňişleri barada gürleşmäge mümkinçilik döredendigini ýazdy. </p><p>Ol henizem Sofiýada nobatçylyk edýärkä, Awstriýa tagtynyň mirasdüşeri Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1914-nji ýylyň 28-nji iýunynda öldürildi, soň bolsa 1914-nji ýylyň 28-nji iýulynda Birinji Jahan Urşy başlandy. Enweriň nemes admiraly Soçona beren gizlin buýrugy bilen Osman deňiz floty Gara deňze çykyp, 1914-nji ýylyň 29-njy oktýabrynda rus portlaryna hüjüm etdi. Şondan soň Russiýa 2-nji noýabrda Osman imperiýasyna garşy söweş yglan etdi, Angliýa we Fransiýa 5-nji noýabrda Osman imperiýasyna garşy söweş yglan etdiler, 11-nji noýabrda Osman hökümeti bu ýurtlara garşy söweş yglan etdi. </p><p>Uruş yglan edilenden soň, Mustafa Kemal Uruş we Enwer ministrligine ýüz tutdy we hataryndaky işjeň gullugy isledi, ýöne Enwer harby attaşe wezipesiniň has möhümdigini aýtdy. Enwer Kawkazdaky ruslara garşy söweşmek üçin Stambuldan çykansoň, Tekirdağda Sofiýany terk etmek we Çanakkale ibermek üçin ýygnanan 19-njy diwizionyň serkerdesi wezipesine bellendi we Enweriň orunbasary Ysmaýyl Hakky tarapyndan gol çekilen telegramma berildi. 1915-nji ýylyň 20-nji ýanwarynda Sofiýadan gitdi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birinji_jahan_urşy"><span id="Birinji_jahan_ur.C5.9Fy"></span>Birinji jahan urşy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bölümi düzet: Birinji jahan urşy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Birinji jahan urşy"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mustafa Kemalyň harby attaşe borjy 1915-nji ýylyň ýanwar aýynda tamamlandy. Bu aralykda, 1914-nji ýylyň 28-nji iýulynda Birinji jahan urşy başlandy we Osman imperiýasy 1914-nji ýylyň 29-njy oktýabrynda söweşe girdi. 1915-nji ýylyň 20-nji ýanwarynda Mustafa Kemal 3-nji korpusyň ýolbaşçylygynda Tekfurdağda dörediljek 19-njy eskadronyň serkerdesi wezipesine bellendi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Çanakkale_söweşi"><span id=".C3.87anakkale_s.C3.B6we.C5.9Fi"></span>Çanakkale söweşi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bölümi düzet: Çanakkale söweşi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Çanakkale söweşi"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Turkish_trenches_at_Gallipoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Turkish_trenches_at_Gallipoli.jpg/220px-Turkish_trenches_at_Gallipoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Turkish_trenches_at_Gallipoli.jpg/330px-Turkish_trenches_at_Gallipoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Turkish_trenches_at_Gallipoli.jpg/440px-Turkish_trenches_at_Gallipoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="2135" /></a><figcaption>Miralaý Mustafa Kemal Beý, Düztepe garymlaryndan söweş meýdanyna syn edýärkä.</figcaption></figure> <p>1914-nji ýylyň 2-nji noýabrynda Russiýa Osman imperiýasyna garşy söweş yglan etdi. Şondan soň Iňlis we Fransuz harby gämileri Dardaneldäki Seddülbahir, Kumkapy we Orhaniye şübhelerini bombalady. Bu deňiz flotundan goranmak üçin bäş ofiser we segsen esger öldi. Türk goşuny 3 aý taýynlyk gördi we umuman gury ýer goşunlarynyň goragyna üns berdi. Bölüm islenilişi ýaly döredilmezden ozal, Mustafa Kemal 25-nji fewralda diňe 57-nji polk bilen Maýdosa (häzirki Eceabat) göçmek barada buýruk aldy, sebäbi soýuzdaş güýçler Dardanellere howp salýan pozisiýa eýeledi. Bu aralykda, Iňlis we Fransuz gämileri 19-njy we 25-nji fewralda Bosforyň girelgesindäki berkitmeleri bombalady we deňiz artilleriýasyna atyş düzedişlerine kömek etjek bölümleri gondy. Seddülbahirde Bigaly Mehmet atly sergeant tüpeňi gysylanda Iňlislere daşlar bilen hüjüm etdi we Mustafa Kemal şu gün türk esgerleri üçin ulanylýan "Mehmetçik" adynyň döremegine sebäp bolup, bu wakany çap etmäge kömek etdi. 72-nji we 77-nji polklar 19-njy diwiziýany goldamak üçin sebite geçirildi. Mustafa Kemal korpusyň baş edarasyndan türk polklary üçin gowy taýýarlanmadyk arap esgerlerinden ybarat bu polklaryň ýerine tälim alandygyny we ätiýaçda saklanýandygyny sorady, ýöne haýyşy ret edildi. Çanakkale şäherinde iň möhüm deňiz operasiýasy 1915-nji ýylyň 18-nji martynda bolup geçdi, ýöne Mustafa Kemal bu operasiýa diňe gytaklaýyn gyzyklandy. Bu operasiýanyň öň ýanynda “Nusret” gämisi bilen bogazda bir magdan goýuldy. Bu magdanlar; Şa zenany Elizelizaweta, Okean we Bouver ýaly sowutly gämilere zeper ýetdi we yza çekildi. Bu aralykda, 1915-nji bölüm 1915-nji ýylyň 23-nji martynda berkitilen sebit serkerdeliginiň buýrugy bilen Eceabat sebitinde ätiýaçlyga alyndy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Mustafa_Kemal_explaining_the_battlefield_to_a_delegation_of_writers_from_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mustafa_Kemal_explaining_the_battlefield_to_a_delegation_of_writers_from_Istanbul.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_explaining_the_battlefield_to_a_delegation_of_writers_from_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mustafa_Kemal_explaining_the_battlefield_to_a_delegation_of_writers_from_Istanbul.jpg/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_explaining_the_battlefield_to_a_delegation_of_writers_from_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mustafa_Kemal_explaining_the_battlefield_to_a_delegation_of_writers_from_Istanbul.jpg/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_explaining_the_battlefield_to_a_delegation_of_writers_from_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="2257" /></a><figcaption>Mustafa Kemal, 1915-nji ýylda Stambuldan gelýän journalistsurnalistlere söweş meýdanyny düşündirýär.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gallipoli söweşiniň esasy gury ýer amallary, soýuzdaş güýçleriň Gallipoli ýarym adasyna 1915-nji ýylyň 25-nji aprelinde gonmagy bilen başlandy. Türkleriň güýçli garşylygyna garamazdan, Soýuzdaş güýçler demirgazykdan günorta, Gallipoli ýarym adasynyň Saros aýlag tarapynda Arıburnunyň golaýynda, günortasynda Seddülbahir we Anadoly tarapynda Kumkale goşun iberdi. Kumkale şäherindäki fransuz esgerleri gysga wagtyň içinde yza çekildi, ýöne Aryburnudaky Iňlisler we Anzaklar gündogara öňe gitmäge synanyşdylar, Seddülbahirdäki Iňlisler we Fransuzlar demirgazyga tarap gitmäge synanyşdylar. 3-nji korpusyň serkerdesi Mehmet Esat Paşanyň ýolbaşçylygynda söweşen etrap häkiminiň (podpolkownik) Mustafa Kemalyň 19-njy bölümi, Arıburnudan 8 km uzaklykda, Bosfor kenaryna seredýän Eceabatda ätiýaçlyk hökmünde saklandy. Polkownik Halil Saminiň ýolbaşçylygyndaky 9-njy bölüm Seddülbahirden Aryburnuna çenli soýuzdaş awangard güýçlerine duş geldi. </p><p>Halil Sami derrew Mustafa Kemaldan Arıburnunyň gündogaryndaky depeleri saklamak üçin batalýon sorady. Fon Sanders we Esad Paşa bilen aragatnaşyk gurup bilmedik Mustafa Kemal başlangyç edip, atlylardan, diwiziýanyň artilleriýa dag batalýonyndan we mediklerden ybarat 57-nji polky iberdi. Bu söweşi suratlandyranda, bir depä çykyp, öz bölüminiň arkasyndan gelmegine garaşyp durka, 9-njy diwiziýadan yza çekilýän esgerlere duş gelendigini we duşman esgerleriniň 261 belentlikdäki depeden Çunuk Baýra tarap erkin çykýandygyny we duşmanyň öz esgerlerinden has ýakyndygyny. Şondan soň ok-däri ýokdugyny, esgerleri düzedip, "ok-däriňiz ýok bolsa, naýzalar bar" diýip, esgerleri ýasady we muny gören duşman uklap wagt tapdy. 57-nji polk gelende, duşmanyň demirgazyk tarapyna hüjüm etmegi buýurdy: "Men size hüjüm etmegi buýurmaýaryn, ölmegiňizi buýurýaryn. Beýleki güýçler we serkerdeler ölýänçäk biziň ýerimizde bolup biler." 25-nji apreldäki çaknyşyklarda möhüm nokat bolan Çunuk Baýr depesini saklamagy başardy. Birinji günlük söweşden soň Anzak güýçleri dar köpriniň üstünde gysyldy. Ertesi gije 77-nji polk howsala düşüp gaçyp barýarka ýagdaý agyrlaşdy, ýöne täze goşun gelmegi bilen olaryň setirleri güýçlendi. 29-njy aprelde Mustafa Kemal Arıburnuda peýdalylygy üçin ýeňillik ordeni bilen sylaglandy. </p><p>Maý aýynda demirgazyk topary tarapyndan goralýan front üç sebite bölündi we Mustafa Kemal toparyň sag ganatynyň demirgazyk sebtiniň serkerdesi wezipesine bellendi. Liman fon Sanders ähli güýçleriň serkerdeliginde galdy. 29-30-njy maýda Mustafa Kemal Konk Baýrydan Sazlydere derýasyna çenli giň gerimli hüjüm gurady. 1-nji iýunda polkownik derejesine göterildi. </p><p>Gallipoli" frontunyň ikinji tapgyry, 6-njy awgust gijesinde Mustafa Kemal tarapyndan goralýan Arıburnunyň demirgazygyndaky Suwla aýlagynda Iňlis, Anzak we hindi goşunlarynyň gonmagy bilen başlandy. Oturylyşyk hüjüm bilen goldanyldy we Arıburnudan demirgazyga tarap öňe gitdi we Anafartalar fronty açyldy. Çunuk Baýr ýene haýbat atylanda, Mustafa Kemal çagalyk dosty Nurini 24-nji polkuň başynda goramak üçin iberdi. Nuri soňra Çunuk Baýr söweşindäki roly üçin Atatürkden "Conker" familiýasyny alar. Soýuzdaş güýçler Suvla kenarynda mesgen tutup başlanda, Liman fon Sanders Bolaýr ismusyny goraýan iki bölüme günorta gitmegi we Iňlislere hüjüm etmegi buýurdy. Güýçler sebite gelenlerinde, olaryň ýolbaşçysy polkownik Fewzi esgerleriň kyrk kilometr ýol geçendigi, ýadandyklary we zerur ýerlerine baryp bilmeýändikleri sebäpli goşmaça wagt sorady. Şondan soň fon Sanders 8-nji awgustda 21.50-de Fewzini işden aýyrdy we ýerine Mustafa Kemal çalyşdy. Bu habary alan Mustafa Kemal, Arıburnunyň demirgazygyndaky ähli güýçleriň serkerdeligini sorady; fon Sanders razy bolup, ony 9-njy awgustda Suvla aýlagynyň demirgazygyndaky Kireçtepe-den günortada Çunuk Baýra çenli sebitdäki alty diwiziýa ýolbaşçylyk etdi. Onuň ýolbaşçylygyndaky goşunlar "Anafartalar goşun topary" adyny aldy. “Anafartalar” toparynyň serkerdesi hökmünde 9-10-njy awgustda “Anafartalar” ýeňşini gazandy. Çunuk Baýrdaky hüjüme hut özi ýolbaşçylyk etdi. Çaknyşyk wagtynda bir bölek gyrgyç sagady döşüne urdy. Döwülen sagat onuň şikeslenmeginiň öňüni aldy. Soň bolsa bu sagady Liman fon Sanderse sowgat etdi. 10-njy awgustda frontyň günorta tarapyndaky gerişlere gözegçilik etdi. </p><p>Miralaý Mustafa Kemal, Stambulyň metbugaty, esasanam Ruşen Eşref Beý (Ünaýdyn) tarapyndan "Anafartalar gahrymany" hökmünde halka tanyşdyryldy. Doly suraty “Harb” Magazineurnalynda peýda boldy. 20-nji sentýabrda keselledi, gyzzyrma bardygy güman edilipdi, emma Gallipolide borjuny dowam etdirdi. Uruş başyndan Osman goşunyna serkerdelik edýän nemes ofiserleri bilen kynçylyk çeken Mustafa Kemal, Çanakkale söweşiniň sentýabrdan soň ýeňiş gazanjakdygyny çaklady we has peýdaly bolar öýdýän başga bir frontda gatnaşmak isledi. </p><p>5-nji dekabrda Liman fon Sanders Mustafa Kemala saglyk ýagdaýy sebäpli gitmäge rugsat berdi. Ahyrynda Mustafa Kemal Anafartalar toparynyň serkerdesini Fevzi Paşa (Çakmak) tabşyrdy we 10-njy dekabrda Fethi, Tewfik Rüştü (Aras) we lukman Bahattin Şakir bilen Stambula ugrady. Dekabr aýynyň 19-20-i aralygynda Soýuzdaş güýçler Aryburnu-Anafartalar kenaryndan çykdy. 1915-nji ýylyň 28-nji dekabrynda German imperatory Kaiser II. Wilgelm tarapyndan Demir haç bilen sylaglandy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kawkaz_fronty">Kawkaz fronty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bölümi düzet: Kawkaz fronty" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Kawkaz fronty"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:16._Kolordu_Komutan%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa,_Bitlis,_16_Kas%C4%B1m_1916.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/16._Kolordu_Komutan%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Bitlis%2C_16_Kas%C4%B1m_1916.png/220px-16._Kolordu_Komutan%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Bitlis%2C_16_Kas%C4%B1m_1916.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/16._Kolordu_Komutan%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Bitlis%2C_16_Kas%C4%B1m_1916.png/330px-16._Kolordu_Komutan%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Bitlis%2C_16_Kas%C4%B1m_1916.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/16._Kolordu_Komutan%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Bitlis%2C_16_Kas%C4%B1m_1916.png/440px-16._Kolordu_Komutan%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa%2C_Bitlis%2C_16_Kas%C4%B1m_1916.png 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Korpusyň 16-njy serkerdesi Mustafa Kemal Paşa, 1616-njy ýylyň 16-njy noýabry.</figcaption></figure> <p>1916-njy ýylyň 14-nji ýanwarynda Gallipoliden Edirne şäherine geçirilen 16-njy korpusyň serkerdesi wezipesine bellendi. 2 aý töweregi Edirne galanda, 16-njy korpusyň üpjünçiligi, dikeldilmegi we okuwy bilen gyzyklandy. Bilim maksady bilen "Taktika meselesiniň çözgüdi we Dâir Nasâyih buýruklarynyň Sûret-i Tahrîrine" (Taktika meselesini çözmek we buýruklary ýazmak boýunça maslahat atly eseri taýýarlady we neşir etdi. Gündogar frontda rus goşunlary Osmanly 3-nji goşunyny basyp aldy we 16-njy fewralda Erzurumy we 3-nji martda Bitlis, Muş, Wan we Hakkari basyp aldy. Polkownik Mustafa Kemal 11-nji martda 3-nji goşuna goldaw bermek üçin 16-njy korpus bilen Diýarbakyra iberildi; Halapdan uzak ýoldan geçensoň, 27-nji martda Diýarbakyra geldi. Öz derejesine görä agyr jogapkärçilik alan 16-njy korpus serkerdesi Mustafa Kemal, Brigada generaly (Mirliva) wezipesine bellenildi we 1916-njy ýylyň 1-nji aprelinde Diýarbakyrda bolanda Paşa adyny aldy. 35 ýaşynda ýeten bu dereje, I Jahan Urşunda alan iň ýokary derejesi bolar. Ştab-kwartirasyny 16-njy aprelde Silwanda açdy. Ol Bitlis bilen Muşyň arasynda takmynan 100 kilometrlik bir front üçin jogapkärdi we onuň güýji 13,741 esgerden, 9 297 tüpeňden, ýedi pulemýotdan we 19 topdan ybaratdy. </p><p>Enweriň Gündogar frontdaky meýilnamasy 2-nji we 3-nji goşunyň bilelikde işlemegini göz öňünde tutýardy. Şeýle-de bolsa, 2-nji goşun günortada ýerini almazdan ozal ruslar 3-nji goşuna hüjüm edip, ýeňdiler we 1916-njy ýylyň 15-nji aprelinde Trabzony basyp aldylar; Iýul aýynda Gümüşhane, Baýburt we Erzincan ýaly has uly meýdany basyp aldylar we 2-nji goşuny Diýarbakyra iteklediler. Osman goşuny 3-nji awgustda garşylyk görkezdi; 6-njy awgustda Mustafa Kemalyň 16-njy diwiziýasy Muş we Bitlisi ruslardan azat edip, Osman goşunlaryna strategiki artykmaçlyk berdi. Kawkaz frontundaky bu üstünligi üçin oňa altyn gylyç artykmaç medaly berildi. Awgust aýynyň ahyrynda Russiýanyň garşy hüjüminden soň, Mustafa Kemal goşuny 21-nji awgustda ýene Silwana iberdi. Muş ruslaryň elinde bolsa, Bitlis Osmanlynyň gol astyndady. </p><p>Mustafa Kemal Diýarbakyrda bolan mahaly, Bileleşigiň tarapdarlaryndan ubakup Jemil agdarlyşyk guramak kararyna geldi. Uruş ýeňildi diýip pikir edýär. Onuň pikiriçe, ýeke-täk çykalga Sublime Porte hüjüm etmek, hökümeti agdarmak we baş serkerdäniň orunbasary we uruş ministrini çalyşmak. Şeýle hem, Mustafa Kemaly baş serkerdäniň täze orunbasary we uruş ministri hasaplaýar. Razy bolan dostlaryndan biri, dildüwşük barada Enwer Paşa habar berdi. Şondan soň ubakup Jemil atylyp öldürildi. Falih Rıfky Ataýa beren ýatlamalarynda Mustafa Kemal: "Şol wagt meniň bölümlerimiň birine serkerdelik edýän Ali Fuada (Cebesoý)" ubakup Jemil asyldy. Sebäbi halas bolmagyň bolmazlygy " Baş serkerdäniň orunbasary we uruş ministri bolmasam. "Ol eýýäm aýdanlaryny etdi." Eger şeýle bolan bolsam, Stambula baranymda ubakup Jemiliň ilkinji zadyny jezalandyrardym. we oňa meňzeş adamlar tarapyndan häkimiýete getir, men erkek däl! " diýdi. </p><p>1916-njy ýylyň irki gyşy sebitde mundan beýläkki çaknyşyklaryň öňüni aldy. 25-nji noýabrda, 2-nji goşun serkerdesi Ahmet İzzet Paşa rugsat alyp, Stambula gaýdyp gelende, Mustafa Kemal goşuny serkerdäniň orunbasary edip aldy. Deputat bolansoň, geljekde Garaşsyzlyk söweşinde işlejek ofiserleriň ýolbaşçylygyndady: İsmet (önönü), Kafer Taýýar (Eilmez) we Harby akademiýanyň dosty Ali Fuat (Cebesoy). </p><p>1917-nji ýylyň 18-nji fewralynda Mustafa Kemal özüniň Hejaz kampaniýasyna gatnaşýan goşun serkerdesi edilendigini bildi. 26-njy fewralda Enweriň ýolbaşçylygyndaky ýygnaklara gatnaşmak üçin Damaska gitdi. Ara alyp maslahatlaşmadan soň meýilnamalara üýtgetmeler girizildi; Fahrettin Paşanyň goşunlarynyň Palestina frontuna geçiriljekdigi we 2-nji goşunyň serkerdesi hökmünde Mustafa Kemalyň bellenilmegi karar edildi. Bu karara Grand Wezir Talat Paşa weto goýdy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sinaý_we_Palestina_fronty"><span id="Sina.C3.BD_we_Palestina_fronty"></span>Sinaý we Palestina fronty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bölümi düzet: Sinaý we Palestina fronty" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Sinaý we Palestina fronty"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:AtaturkYildirim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/AtaturkYildirim.jpg/220px-AtaturkYildirim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/AtaturkYildirim.jpg/330px-AtaturkYildirim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/AtaturkYildirim.jpg/440px-AtaturkYildirim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Sinaý we Palestina frontunda</figcaption></figure> <p>1917-nji ýylyň 7-nji martynda ştab-kwartirasy Diýarbakyrda ýerleşýän 2-nji goşunyň serkerdebaşysynyň orunbasary wezipesine bellenenden soň, Hejaz ekspedisiýa güýçleriniň serkerdesi wezipesine bellendi. Şeýle-de bolsa, ol muny kabul etmedi we 1917-nji ýylyň 5-nji iýulynda ıldyldyrym goşun toparynyň ýolbaşçylygynda 7-nji goşunyň serkerdesi wezipesine bellendi. 8-nji awgustda Stambuldan Halap şäherine gitdi.Sebitdäki baha berişlerinden soň, Ydyldyrym goşun toparynyň serkerdesi nemes Falkenhayn bilen strategiki meseleler boýunça ylalaşyp bilmedi we 4-nji oktýabrda serkerdelikden çekildi we aýyň ahyryna Stambula geldi we Pera köşgünde mesgen tutdy. </p><p>1917-nji ýylyň 15-nji dekabry bilen 1918-nji ýylyň 5-nji ýanwary aralygynda, şazada Wahdettin Efendiniň egindeşleri bilen Germaniýa gitdi we Berlinde Kaiser II bilen duşuşdy. Urşuň strategiki ýagdaýy barada Wilgelm, Hindenburg, Ludendorff we Baş ştab-kwartirasy bilen geçirilen gepleşiklere gatnaşdy, Alsaý sebitine we frontuna baryp, ofiserler bilen duşuşdy. Sapardan gaýdyp gelende, çep böwregi ýokaşdy we uzak wagtlap keselhana ýerleşdirildi. 25-nji maýda ýola çykdy; 1918-nji ýylyň iýun we iýul aýlarynda Wenada we Karlsbadda bejergi aldy. Bejergi wagtynda nemes we fransuz dillerini aldy. Soltan Mehmed Reşadyň ölüminden we Wahdettiniň asmana göterilmeginden soň 27-nji iýulda Karlsbaddan Stambula gaýdyp geldi, ýöne Wenada Ispan dümewi sebäpli 4-nji awgustda Stambula geldi. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg/220px-Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg/330px-Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Kemal Paşa, ıldyldyrym goşun toparyna serkerdelik edýärkä (1918). Soltanyň Hormatly kömekçisi bolandygyny aňladýan zolak.</figcaption></figure> <p>7-nji awgustda Palestina frontuna 7-nji goşunyň serkerdesi wezipesine bellendi. 26-njy awgustda Halap şäherine baryp, 1-nji sentýabrda Nablusdaky baş edarasyna göçdi. Siriýada we söweş meýdanynda geçirilen gözleglerden soň, Enweriň özüne nädogry maglumat berendigini we güýjüniň gowşakdygyny kesgitledi. 19-njy sentýabrda general Allenbiniň ýolbaşçylygyndaky Iňlis goşunlary Megiddo söweşini başlap, general Sandersiň ýolbaşçylygyndaky ildyldyrym goşun toparyna hüjüm etdi. Söweşiň netijesinde Ydyldyrym goşun toparyny döreden 8-nji goşun düýbünden ýok edildi we 4-nji goşun esasan ýok edildi. Diňe Mustafa Kemal Paşanyň ýolbaşçylygyndaky 7-nji goşun Damaskdan we Halapdan demirgazyga yza çekildi we Kilisiň günortasynda ýerleşýän Müslimiýe goranyş liniýasyny döretdi. Mudrosyň ýaragyna çenli döwürde Iňlis imperiýasynyň goşunlarynyň Toros geçelgelerinden Anadolyda aralaşmagynyň öňüni aldı. Uruş dowam ederken, oňa 20-nji sentýabrda Hormatly adýutant Hazreti Şahriari (Soltanyň hormatly adýutanty) ady berildi. Şol gün Mustafa Kemal Paşa Wahdettiniň kömekçisi Naci (Eldeniz) beýine telegramma iberip, ıldyldyrym goşun toparynyň söweş güýjüniň ýokdugyny habar berdi we ýarag soramagyny teklip etdi. Şeýle hem, uruş ministri we täze hökümetde baş serkerdäniň orunbasary wezipesine bellenilmegini isledi. 27-nji sentýabrda, Iňlis goşunlary 7-nji goşunyň yzky meýdanyna haýbat atanda, Damaskyň günortasyndaky Kiswa yza çekilmegi buýurdy. Sanders şäheri goramagy buýurdy we 8-nji goşuny Mustafa Kemalyň gol astynda goýdy; emma Damask 30-njy sentýabrda ýykyldy. Mustafa Kemal galan güýçlerini Halap şäherine çekdi we goranyş pozisiýasyny eýeledi. Köçe söweşlerini öz içine alýan uzak goragdan soň, Halap 25-nji oktýabrda ýykyldi. Mustafa Kemal galan güýçlerini Anadola iberdi. </p><p>Mudrosyň ýaragy 1918-nji ýylyň 30-njy oktýabrynda gol çekildi we ertesi günortan güýje girdi. Mudros ýaragly güýçleriniň 19-njy maddasyna laýyklykda, ıldyldyrym goşun toparynyň serkerdesi Otto Liman fon Sanders Paşa işden aýrylandan soň Mustafa Kemal Paşa bellenildi. </p><p>Mudros ýaragly söweşinden soň, Anadolyda milisiýa (Kuv-yi Milliye) görnüşinde guralan garşylyk hereketleri başlandy. 5-nji noýabrda Siriýadaky Iňlis serkerdesi şäheri basyp aljakdygyny habar berdi we Iskenderun portundan Halapdaky goşunlaryna zerur zatlary daşamak üçin ulanjakdygyny aýtdy; Mustafa Kemal ýaragyň şertlerini iki gün ozal telegramma bilen öwrenmegi haýyş edipdi. 6-njy noýabrda baş wezirine iberen duýduryşynda Iňlisleriň basyp alyşlygyna ýarag bilen garşy durjakdygyny aýtdy; Şeýle-de bolsa, ertesi gün Ahmet İzzet Paşanyň telegrammasy bilen buýrugy yzyna almaly boldy. [181] 7-nji noýabrda ıldyldyrym goşun topary we 7-nji goşun dargadyldy. [180] Ulukyşla geldi we soňky iş ýeri bolan Adana gitmezden ozal ilkinji guramany döretdi. [182] Golaýda Antepde şäheriň görnükli adamlaryndan Ali Cenani bilen duşuşdy we garşylyk gurasa, ýarag berjekdigini aýtdy; bu ýaraglar soňra ilata paýlandy we basybalyjy güýçlere garşy ulanyldy. </p><p>1918-nji ýylyň 10-njy noýabrynda ıdyldyrym goşunlarynyň serkerdeligini 2-nji goşun serkerdesi Nihat Paşa tabşyrdy we Adana şäherinden Stambula göçdi. Recallatlanyndan soň sebitdäki adaty Osman goşunlary ähli zerur zatlary bilen Toros daglarynyň demirgazygynda yza çekildi we 2-nji goşundan başga ähli goşun dargadyldy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Türk_garaşsyzlyk_urşy_(1919-1923)"><span id="T.C3.BCrk_gara.C5.9Fsyzlyk_ur.C5.9Fy_.281919-1923.29"></span>Türk garaşsyzlyk urşy (1919-1923)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Bölümi düzet: Türk garaşsyzlyk urşy (1919-1923)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Türk garaşsyzlyk urşy (1919-1923)"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="iş_döwri"><span id="i.C5.9F_d.C3.B6wri"></span>iş döwri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Bölümi düzet: iş döwri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: iş döwri"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mustafa Kemal, 13-nji noýabrda Haýdarpaşa otly bekediniň Stambula geldi. Haýdarpaşadan Stambula geçip barýarka, Bosforda şäheri basyp almak üçin gämi duralgasynyň duşman söweş gämilerini görüp, meşhur "Gelşi ýaly gidýärler!" sözüni aýtdy. Alty aýyň dowamynda basyp alan Stambulda, ýurduň basyp alynmagyna we dargamagyna garşy durmak isleýän beýleki watançy ofiserler bilen gizlin duşuşyklar geçirdi. Istaragly döwürde Fethi Beý (Okyar) bilen bilelikde Ahmet İzzet (Furgaç) Paşany we Ahmet Tewfik Paşa (Okdaý) garaýşyny alýan Minber gazetini neşir etmek bilen syýasy başlangyçlar etdi. Endylyň ahyrynda ozal ýazan kitaplaryny "Zabit ve Kumandan" we "Hasb-ı Hâl" neşir etdi. Stambulda ilki Pera Palasda galdy we gysga wagtyň içinde Halapda tanyşan siriýaly hristian arap Salih Fansanyň Beýoglu öýüne göçdi. Soňra, 1918-nji ýylyň 21-nji dekabrynda Akaretlerde ýaşaýan ejesi Zübeýde Hanymy we aýal dogany Makbulany alyp, häzirki Atatürk muzeýi bolan öýde mesgen tutdy. Stambul basyp alnan günlerinde Mustafa Kemal dostlary bilen bu öýde köplenç ýygnanýardy. Bu ýygnaklarda ilki Stambulda hökümeti üýtgetmek, soňra bolsa ýurduň basyp alynmagyna garşy goşunyň dargamagyny bes etmek, ýaraglary we ok-därileri gizlemek, ýaş ofiserleri Anadola geçirmek, býurokratlary berjaý etmek barada kararlar kabul edildi. Ýerlerinde milli garaýyşlar we halkyň ahlagyny ýokarlandyrmak. Ol bu öýde 1919-njy ýylyň 16-njy maýynda, Samsuna göçüp gelen gününe çenli ýaşady. </p><p>Ahmet Tewfik Paşa garşy parlamente täsir etmäge synanyşan Mustafa Kemal, paýtagtda galan alty aýyň dowamynda soltanyň öňünde birnäçe gezek çykyş etdi. Damad Ferid Paşa we Tewfik Paşa ýaly neberelerden bolan aýallara garşy. Öýlenenler bilen işlemegi makul bildi. 18-nji noýabrda Mejlis Tewfik Paşanyň hökümetiniň meýilnamasyny ara alyp maslahatlaşmak üçin ýygnandy, ýöne ses bermek netijesiz boldy, sebäbi Fethiniň (Okýar) partiýasyny goldaýan ýigrimi ýedi deputat hökümete garşy ses berdi. Şeýle-de bolsa, bu synanyşyklar netije bermedi we 19-njy noýabrda geçirilen ses berişlikde Tewfik Paşanyň hökümeti ýönekeý köplük bilen öz wezipesinde galdy. Syýasatçylaryň arasynda çekeleşikler dowam edýärkä, Mustafa Kemal ýaly ofiserler Osman goşunynyň galan böleklerine gözegçilik etmäge we soýuzdaş güýçleriň meýilnamalaryna garşy durmaga synanyşýardylar. Mejlisiň ynamyny ýitiren Tewfik Paşa 21-nji dekabrda soltanyň öňünde çykyş edip, mejlisiň dargadylmagyny isledi we Ikinji konstitusiýa monarhiýasy gutardy we soltanyň şahsy dolandyryşy yzyna gaýtaryldy. 1919-njy ýylyň 4-nji ýanwarynda saýlawlar wagtlaýyn yza süýşürildi. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_met_onderscheidingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_met_onderscheidingen.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_met_onderscheidingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_met_onderscheidingen.jpg/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_met_onderscheidingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_met_onderscheidingen.jpg/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_met_onderscheidingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>9. Goşun gözegçisi Mustafa Kemal Paşa, 17-nji aprel, 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>Ol 20-nji dekabrda ýene bir gezek soltanyň öňünde çykyş etdi, ýöne hökümete goşulmak synanyşygy netije bermedi. 1919-njy ýylyň 29-30-njy ýanwarynda Bileleşik we Ösüş komitetiniň öňki otuz agzasy tussag edildi; Tussag edilenleriň arasynda Mustafa Kemalyň dosty Dr. Tewfik Rüştü (Aras) hem gatnaşdy. Italiýanyň Commissionerokary komissary graf Karlo Sforza öz ýatlamalarynda 1919-njy ýylyň başynda Stambuldaky Iňlis agentleriniň Mustafa Kemaly tussag edip, Malta ibermäge taýýarlyk görýändiklerini ýazdy, ýöne diplomatik kynçylyklardan gaça durmak üçin bu taýýarlyklar durmuşa geçirilmedi. 1919-njy ýylyň başynda Stambulda köp syýasy krizis bolupdy we netijede 4-nji martda Damad Ferid Paşanyň ýolbaşçylygynda Bileleşiklerden azat täze hökümet döredildi. Milletçiler goşuna gözegçiligi sakladylar, ýöne täze Harbiýe Nazyn Şakir Paşa Fevzi (Çakmak) -ny başlyk edip bellemek üçin Çewat Paşany (Çobanly) belledi. 9-njy martda Bileleşik we Ösüş komitetiniň ähli ýolbaşçylary tussag edildi. </p><p>Bu syýasy başagaýlygyň hemmesi dowam edýärkä, Mustafa Kemal Rauf, Ali Fuat, Fahrettin, Refet, Kazym Karabekir we metsmet ýaly ofiserler bilen ýygy-ýygydan duşuşýardy. Ali Fuat bilen bilelikde esgerleriň ýaragsyzlanmagyny duruzmak, elindäki ýaraglary we ok-därileri goramak, şol bir pikirde bolan ofiserleri we parahat ilaty möhüm wezipelerde saklamak üçin operasiýa meýilnamasyny düzdi. Bu pikirleri Baş ştatda nobatçy ofiserler hem paýlaşdy. Bu aralykda, Anadoly we Frakiýanyň dürli sebitlerinde hukuk jemgyýetlerini goramak döredildi. Mustafa Kemal we beýleki ofiserler bu jemgyýetler bilen gatnaşyk gurup başladylar. 1919-njy ýylyň Baýdak aýynda Ali Fuat 20-nji Korpusyň serkerdesi hökmünde Ankara, 13-nji martda Kazym Karabekir 15-nji Korpusyň serkerdesi hökmünde Erzuruma bellendi. Şeýle hem Mustafa Kemal Anadolyda bir wezipäni eýelemegi maksat edinýärdi. </p><p>Aprel aýynda Uruş ministri Şakir Paşa tarapyndan çagyrylan Mustafa Kemal, Fewzi Paşanyň (Çakmak) karary bilen Gündogar Anadolyda grekleriň yzarlamalaryny çözmek wezipesini ýerine ýetirýän 9-njy goşunyň inspektory wezipesine bellendi. orunbasary, brigada generaly Kazym (İnanç). Bu karar 30-njy aprelde resmi taýdan yglan edildi we gysga wagtyň içinde ministrler tarapyndan tassyklandy. Bu meseläniň çäginde Mustafa Kemal sebitde tertip-düzgüni üpjün eder, ýaraglaryň ýygnalmagyna we howpsuz ýerde saklanmagyna gözegçilik eder, goşunyň “geňeşleri” döredýändigi baradaky habarlary derňär we eger bu hakykat bolsa, amaly bes ederdi. . Mustafa Kemalyň hem täsir eden bu karary bilen [194] diňe 9-njy goşun we Anadolydaky gündogar we merkezi raýat administratorlary däl, eýsem günbatar we günortadaky sebitleriň serkerdeleri we raýat dolandyryjylary hem hökmanydy. isleglerini ýerine ýetirmek. 15-nji maýda işgärleriň başlygy bilen hoşlaşdy; Bu ýerde, gizlin ýygnakda baş ştabyň başlygyny terk etmekçi bolýan Fewzi Paşa (Çakmak) we mirasdüşeri Çewat Paşa (Çobanly) bilen duşuşdy. Fewzi Paşa bilen ýaranlaryň we materiallaryň soýuzdaş güýçlere eltilmejekdigi, Anadolyda Milli güýçlere esaslanýan administrasiýa dörediljekdigi we harby operasiýalaryň diňe goranmak bilen çäklenmejekdigi barada ylalaşyk gazandylar. Mustafa Kemal Cevat Paşadan şahsy parol aldy, Fewzi Paşa bolsa Anadolyda ofiserler we ýarag ibermegi gurady. Soňra soltan bilen soňky duşuşygy boldy we 16-njy maýda işgärleri bilen Bandyrma paromynda Samsuna tarap ýola düşdi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samsun">Samsun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Bölümi düzet: Samsun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Samsun"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1919-njy ýylyň 2-nji fewralynda Mersinli Jemal Paşa Anadolyda gündogarda Osman goşunlaryny ýarag şertlerine laýyklykda guramak üçin inspektor hökmünde iberildi. Iňlis ýokary komissary admiral Kaltorpe we Fransiýanyň ýokary komissary admiral Amet 1918-nji ýylyň noýabr aýynda Osman hökümetine bellik berdiler. Gündogardaky türkleriň ýaraglanýandyklaryny we hristianlary öldürýändiklerini, muňa garşy çäre görmelidigini öňe sürdüler. Mustafa Kemal Paşa, basyp alyş güýçleriniň Commissionerokary komissarlarynyň belliklerine laýyklykda adatdan daşary güýçler bilen üpjün edilen, Wilýat-Sitide (Alty welaýat) hristian ilatyny goramak we kiçi gozgalaňlary basyp ýatyrmak üçin Soltan Wahdettin tarapyndan bellenildi. basyp alyjy güýçlere garşy. Uruş ministrligi 24-nji maýda Iňlis goşunynyň Gara deňizdäki serkerdesi general Sir Jorj Milneniň Mustafa Kemalyň borjy barada ýazan hatyna jogap edip, Mustafa Kemalyň wezipesiniň 1-nji we 3-nji korpusy öz içine alýandygyny aýtdy. bölümleriň ministrleriň buýruklaryna boýun bolmagy, maksadynyň top pyçaklarynyň sökülmegine gözegçilik etmek we jemgyýetçilik tolgunyşyklarynyň öňüni almakdygyny aýtdy. Aslynda, Mustafa Kemalyň we onuň goşun serkerdeleriniň Erzurumdaky Kazym Karabekir we Siwasdaky Refet (Bele) maksady harby enjamlaryň iberilmeginiň öňüni almakdy. Grekleriň Ege sebitinde öňe gitmeginiň öňüni almak isleýän Baş ştab hem bu maksady paýlaşdy. </p><p>Atatürk, journalisturnalist Falih Rıfky Ataýa Samsuna gitmezden ozal Wahdettin bilen soňky duşuşygy barada gürrüň berdi. Bu duşuşykda Wahdettin Samsuna gitmezden ozal ony görmäge gelen Mustafa Kemal Paşa: "Paşa Paşa, siz şu wagta çenli döwlete köp hyzmat etdiňiz, olaryň hemmesi şu kitaba we taryhda ýerleşdirildi. Bulary ýatdan çykaryň, Indi etjek hyzmatyňyz olaryň hemmesinden has möhüm bolup biler. Paşa Paşa, döwleti halas edip bilersiňiz! " ol aýtdy. Şeýle-de bolsa, Atatürk Wahdettiniň ak ýüreklidigine ynanmaýandygyny we Soýuzdaş güýçleriň syýasatlaryna laýyklykda hereket edendigini we bu syýasata garşy çykýan türkleri köşeşdirmek isleýändigini aýtdy. [199] Mustafa Kemal 1919-njy ýylyň 19-njy maýynda polkownik Refet Beý (Bele), işgär polkownik Kazym (Dirik) Beý, işgär polkownigi 'göteriji' Mehmet Arif Beý, Dr. Polkownik İbrahim (Tali Öngören) Beý, işgärler maýor Hüsrew (Gerede) Beý, Dr. Maýor Refik (Saýdam) Beý, maýor Kemal (Doğan) Beý, kapitan Çewat Abbas (Gürer) Beý we kapitan Ali Şewket (Öndersew) Beý bilen bilelikde Samsuna gitdi. </p><p>Basyp alyşa garşy garşylyk hereketleri 1918-nji ýylyň 30-njy oktýabrynda ýaraşyk şertnamasyna gol çekilenden soň derrew başlansa-da, Mustafa Kemal we onuň serkerdeleriniň köpüsi, 1919-njy ýylyň 19-njy maýynda Samsuna gonan güni hakyky başlangyç senesi hökmünde kabul edilýär. Türk garaşsyzlyk urşy. Mantyka köşgünde bir hepde bolanynda sebitdäki konfliktleriň sebäbini derňedi we Soltan Wahdettiniň beren tabşyrygynyň tersine, basybalyjylara garşy ýerli Kuwa-yi Milliýe guramalaryny döretmekde hut özi rol oýnady. </p><p>21-nji maýda Iňlis howpsuzlyk işgäri kapitan L.H. howpsuzlyk ýagdaýyny ara alyp maslahatlaşmak üçin duşuşdy. Hurst we iki kärdeşi bilen duşuşdy. Iňlisleriň Osmanly hökümetiniň ýurdy dolandyryp bilmejekdigi we birnäçe ýyl bäri daşary ýurt gatyşmagynyň zerurdygy baradaky pikirlerine garşy çykdy we Samsun sebitindäki meseleleriň grekleriň separatistik maksatlaryny bes eden badyna çözüljekdigini we grekleriň Osman ýurtlarynda özygtyýarlylyga hukugynyň ýokdugyny aýtdy. Samsunda ýene birnäçe gün galan we ýygnak geçiren Mustafa Kemal şu hepdäniň ahyrynda Gawza gitdi. Şäherde gowy garşy alnan Mustafa Kemal halkdan Hukuk Goranmak Assosiasiýalarynyň bölümini açmagyny haýyş etdi. Mustafa Kemalyň Gawzadaky hereketleri kapitan Hursta grekler tarapyndan ýetirildi; Hurstyň hasabatyndan soň, 8-nji iýunda Commissionerokary komissar admiral Kaltorpe bu mesele barada Iňlis Daşary işler ministrligine telegramma arkaly habar berdi. Şondan soň Iňlis resmileri Osman hökümetine Mustafa Kemaly wezipesinden aýyrmak üçin basyş etdiler. Şol gün baş weziriň orunbasary Iňlis resmilerine ministrler kabinetiniň Mustafa Kemaly yzyna çagyrmak kararyna gelendigini habar berdi; Uruş ministri Şewket Turgut Paşa Mustafa Kemalyň gitmegine rugsat berendiklerini ýatlatdy, ýöne Mustafa Kemala "Stambula gaýdyp hormat goýmagy" buýurdy. 11-nji iýunda Mustafa Kemal wagt tapmak üçin näme üçin yzyna çagyrylandygyny sorady. Gawzada geçiren on ýedi gününiň ahyrynda, Raufdan (Orbaýdan) Iňlis goşunynyň içerki syýahat etmeginiň öňüni almak üçin Iňlis goşunynyň iberilip bilinjekdigi baradaky habary alanda, 13-nji iýunda hiç kime habar bermän Amasýa gitdi. Refet (Bele) has ygtybarly bölüm bardy, gitmek kararyna geldi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amasya">Amasya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Bölümi düzet: Amasya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Amasya"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_(renklendirilmi%C5%9F)_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28renklendirilmi%C5%9F%29_3.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28renklendirilmi%C5%9F%29_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28renklendirilmi%C5%9F%29_3.jpg/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28renklendirilmi%C5%9F%29_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28renklendirilmi%C5%9F%29_3.jpg/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%28renklendirilmi%C5%9F%29_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Kresloda oturan Mustafa Kemal Paşa</figcaption></figure> <p>Mustafa Kemal 13-nji iýunda Amasýa, 19-njy iýunda Ali Fuat we Rauf we 20-nji iýunda Refet geldi. Bu aralykda, Günbatar Anadolyda grek okkupasiýalary dowam edýärdi we anneksiýa jemgyýetlerinden ýüz öwürmek Stambul hökümetine we soýuzdaş güýçlere garşylyk telegrammalary iberýärdi we garşylyk görkezmäge çagyrýardy. Bu işiň, Pari Parisde gepleşikler geçirýän Osmanly delegasiýasyny kyn ýagdaýa saljakdygyny pikir edip, Içeri işler ministri Ali Kemal 16-njy iýunda ýurduň ähli poçta bölümlerine protest telegrammalaryny kabul etmezlik barada görkezme iberdi. 18-nji iýunda Mustafa Kemal 1-nji korpusyň serkerdesi polkownik Kafer Taýýar üçin telegramma iberip, Stambuldaky hökümetiň güýjüni ýitirendigini, Anadoly halkynyň milli garaşsyzlyk üçin birleşendigini, Hukuk goragy we ret etmek anneksiýa jemgyýetleri bir at bilen birleşmeli we Anadoly bir at bilen birleşmeli, bir ýerden dolandyrylmalydygyny, Frakiýadaky jemgyýetden bir ýa-da iki delegatyň Siwasa iberilmelidigini ýazdy. </p><p>Mustafa Kemal 19-20-nji iýunda Rauf, Refet we Ali Fuat bilen taýýarlan beýannamasynyň taslamasyny ara alyp maslahatlaşdy. Tegelek taýýarlanylandan soň, Konýadaky 2-nji goşun inspektory Jemal (Mersinli) we Erzurumda 15-nji goşun serkerdesi Kazym Karabekir iberildi we olaryň tassyklamasy alyndy. 1919-njy ýylyň 22-nji iýunynda Amasýa aýlawyny neşir etdi. Soňra telegramma arkaly ähli raýat dolandyryjylaryna we harby serkerdelerine ýetirildi. </p><p>Amasýa aýlawy, Stambuldaky basybalyjy güýçleriň reaksiýasyny döretdi we Iňlisler Mustafa Kemaly Stambula yzyna getirmek üçin Stambul hökümetine edýän basyşyny artdyrdylar. Bu aralykda, Içeri işler ministri bolan Ali Kemal Beý Mustafa Kemalyň gowy esgerdigini, ýöne Iňlisleriň basyşy sebäpli işden aýrylandygyny aýdýan tegelek neşir etdi. “Amasýa” aýlawynda watanyň bitewiliginiň we milletiň garaşsyzlygynyň howp astyndadygy, Stambul hökümetiniň öz jogapkärçiligini ýerine ýetirip bilmejekdigi we bu ýagdaýyň milletiň ýok bolmagyna sebäp bolandygy düşündirildi. Tegelekde "milletiň garaşsyzlygy milletiň karary we karary bilen halas ediler" diýilýär. Her tarapdan Anadolyda howpsuz ýer bolan Siwasda gurultaý geçiriljekdigi mälim edildi. Bu gurultaýa gatnaşmak üçin her welaýatdan 3 wekil saýlandy we iberildi we wekillerden syýahatlaryny gizlin saklamagy haýyş edildi. Gündogar welaýatlar üçin gurultaýyň Erzurumda geçiriljekdigi, soň bolsa Erzurum kongresiniň agzalarynyň Siwasa gatnaşmak üçin göçjekdigi mälim edildi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erzurum_kongresi">Erzurum kongresi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Bölümi düzet: Erzurum kongresi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Erzurum kongresi"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Içeri işler ministri Ali Kemaldan 23-nji iýunda ýerli işgärlere iberen habarnamasynda Mustafa Kemaldan dynmagy ýüregine düwen ýeke-täk agza ýerli ýolbaşçylara "onuň bilen hiç hili resmi amal etmezligi" buýurdy. hökümet bilen baglanyşykly haýyşlarynyň hiç birini ýerine ýetirmez ". Telegrammadan bihabar Mustafa Kemal we Rauf 26-njy iýunda Amasýany terk edip, Erzuruma gitdiler. Siwasyň gubernatory Reşit Paşa Stambuldan Mustafa Kemaly nädip garşylamalydygyny soranda, Ali Kemal bilen Uruş ministri Şewket Turgut Paşanyň arasynda güýçli söweş boldy; Iki ministr hem 26-njy iýunda işinden çekildi. Täze içeri işler ministri Reşid Akif Paşa Siwanyň häkimine iberen telegrammasynda Mustafa Kemalyň wezipesinden boşadylan islendik general ýaly garşy alynmalydygyny aýtdy. </p><p>Kazym Karabekir 3-nji iýulda Erzurumyň daşynda 15 km uzaklykda Mustafa Kemaly garşy aldy we dabaraly ýagdaýda myhmanlaryny Erzurum galasynyň baş edarasyna äkitdi. Şähere gelen badyna Refetden gysga wagtda goşundan çekilmegini we Erzurumda howpsuzlykda galmagyny haýyş edýän telegramma aldy. Iňlisler munuň milli we daşary ýurtlara garşy duýgularyň merkezine öwrülendigini duýdular. Ertesi gün Mustafa Kemal tagta çykmagynyň ýyl dönümi bilen Soltan Wahdettine gutlag telegrammasy iberip, özüne wepalydygyny mälim etdi. 7-nji iýulda 3-nji goşun gözegçisi hökmünde ähli serkerdelere iberen iň soňky buýrugy bilen harby we milli guramalaryň hiç haçan dargadylmaly däldigini, serkerdelik derejeleriniň berilmeli däldigini, ok-däri we ýarag berilmeli däldigini, şeýle hem mundan beýläk "duşman" bölümleriniň ädimlerine garşy harby reaksiýa görkezilmelidir we halyflygyň howpsuzlygyny üpjün edip biljek ýeke-täk elementdir. Ol munuň milli erkiň guralydygyny aýtdy. Aç-açan garşylyk görkezen bu buýrukdan soň, admiral Kaltorpe Refet bilen Mustafa Kemalyň haýal etmän yzyna çagyrylmagyny isledi. 8-9-njy iýul gijesinde Mustafa Kemal uruş ministri Ali Ferid Paşa bilen birnäçe sagatlap telegraf arkaly gürleşdi. Duşuşygyň ahyrynda işinden aýryljakdygyny duýan Mustafa Kemal işinden aýryldy we Ferit Paşa işinden aýrylandygyny aýtdy. </p><p>Erzurumda Kazym Karabekir Paşa tarapyndan çagyrylan Gündogar welaýatlaryň hukuk goragy kongresine (Erzurum Kongresi) gatnaşdy. [214] Gurultaýyň başynda Kazym Karabekir Erzurum Hukuk Gorag Jemgyýetiniň iki agzasyny işinden aýyrdy we Rauf (Orbaý) we Mustafa Kemal gurultaýa doly agza hökmünde gatnaşmagyny üpjün etdi. 1919-njy ýylyň 23-nji iýuly bilen 7-nji awgusty aralygynda geçirilen gurultaýa 56 delegat gatnaşdy. Mustafa Kemal ilki taýýarlyk komitetiniň prezidenti saýlandy, soň bolsa Karabekiriň tagallasy bilen gurultaýyň başlyklygyna saýlandy. Çykyşynda ýurduň bölünýändigini, Stambul hökümetiniň gowşakdygyny we Soýuzdaş güýçleriň hilelerini düşündirdi; Theurduň ykbalyny öz elinde saklaýan milli dolandyryşyň döredilip bilinjekdigini aýtdy. </p><p>Gurultaýa Stambul hökümetinden çynlakaý garşylyk görkezildi. Gurultaýyň özüni parlamentiň ýerine goýmagy, şonuň üçin derrew gutarmalydygy we Mustafa Kemal we onuň dostlary derrew tussag edilip, Stambula iberilmegi islenýärdi. Mustafa Kemalyň teklibi bilen soltana, hökümete, harby we raýat häkimiýetlerine iberilen hatda aýyplamalar ret edildi we köşge wepalylyk yglan edildi. Ondan soň neşir edilmeli jarnamanyň mazmuny we düzgünnamanyň makalalary ara alnyp maslahatlaşyldy we Wekil komiteti döredildi. </p><p>Erzurum Kongresiniň Jarnamasy 7-nji awgustda çap edildi. Bu jarnamada watanyň milli serhetlerde bölünip bolmajak bir zatdygy, Stambul hökümeti watany gorap we garaşsyzlygy üpjün edip bilmese, wagtlaýyn hökümet guruljakdygy, hristian azlyklaryna syýasy taýdan zyýan berjek artykmaçlyklar berilmejekdigi karar edildi. agalyk etmek we jemgyýetçilik deňagramlylygy, bu mandatlar we goraglar kabul edilmez. </p><p>Gurultaý tamamlanandan soň Mustafa Kemal ýene üç hepde Erzurumda galdy. Siwasa syýahat çykdajylaryny Erzurumda mesgen tutan pensiýa maýoryndan alan karzy bilen ýapdy. 29-njy awgustda pulemýotly bir platon, Mazhar Müfit, Rauf we Raif Efendi bilen birlikde üç awtoulag kerweni bilen Erzurumdan ýola çykdy we Fewzi Efendi oňa Erzincanda goşuldy. 2-nji sentýabrda Siwasa geldi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sivas_kongresi">Sivas kongresi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Bölümi düzet: Sivas kongresi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Sivas kongresi"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_Cemil_Cahit_Bey_ile,_Sivas,_Eyl%C3%BCl_1919.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_Cemil_Cahit_Bey_ile%2C_Sivas%2C_Eyl%C3%BCl_1919.png/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_Cemil_Cahit_Bey_ile%2C_Sivas%2C_Eyl%C3%BCl_1919.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_Cemil_Cahit_Bey_ile%2C_Sivas%2C_Eyl%C3%BCl_1919.png/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_Cemil_Cahit_Bey_ile%2C_Sivas%2C_Eyl%C3%BCl_1919.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_Cemil_Cahit_Bey_ile%2C_Sivas%2C_Eyl%C3%BCl_1919.png/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_Cemil_Cahit_Bey_ile%2C_Sivas%2C_Eyl%C3%BCl_1919.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Siwasda Jemil Kahit Beý bilen 1919-njy ýylyň sentýabr aýy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Siwas kongresi 1919-njy ýylyň 4-11-nji sentýabry aralygynda geçirildi. Gurultaýa Mustafa Kemal ýaly jemi otuz sekiz delegat gatnaşdy, ýöne Egeýdäki garşylyk guramalary Siwasa delegat ibermedi. Garşy çykmalara garamazdan, gurultaýyň birinji gününde Mustafa Kemal prezident saýlandy. Ertesi gün delegatlar Bileleşik we Ösüş partiýasyny janlandyrmajakdyklaryna kasam etdiler we Garaşsyzlyk Urşuny Osman imperiýasynyň Birinji Jahan Urşuna girmegine sebäp bolan partiýadan aýyrmaga synanyşdylar. 4-nji sentýabrda Ahmet İzzet Paşanyň ABŞ-nyň mandatyny talap edýän memorandum Kazym Karabekire getirildi; Karabekir bu maglumatlary Mustafa Kemal bilen paýlaşdy. Awgust aýynda Mustafa Kemal käbir täsirli watançylaryň, şol sanda milletçi Halide Edibiň (Adywar) we Garagol jemgyýetiniň başlygy Kara Wasyfyň ABŞ-nyň mandatyny goldaýandygyny bildi. 8-nji sentýabrda Erzurumyň Wekiller komitetiniň agzasy, öňki häkim Bekir Sami (Kunduh) ABŞ-nyň mandatynyň kabul edilmegini haýyş edip, gurultaýa ýigrimi bäş gol bilen teklip hödürledi. Mustafa Kemal şäherdäki amerikalylaryň resmi borjunyň ýokdugyny aýtdy. Kongres ABŞ-nyň Senatyndan bu ýurda wekilçilik etmeýän Stambul hökümeti bilen parahatçylyk şertnamasyna gol çekmezden ozal Türkiýä derňew toparynyň iberilmegini haýyş edip hat ibermek kararyna geldi; Şeýle-de bolsa, ABŞ-nyň Senatynyň ABŞ-nyň Milletler ligasyna agzalygyny 19-njy noýabrda oňlamazlygy sebäpli bu mesele ara alnyp maslahatlaşylmady. Mandat ideýasy ýok edilenden soň, gurultaý tarapyndan bitewi Anadoly we Rumelia hukuk goraýjy jemgyýetiň kanuny taýýarlandy. Wekil komiteti giňeldildi, ýöne ähli delegasiýa Mustafa Kemaly lider hökmünde kabul etmegini dowam etdirdi. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Mustapha_Kemal_Pasha_%26_members_of_his_Nationalist_Committee,_Sivas,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mustapha_Kemal_Pasha_%26_members_of_his_Nationalist_Committee%2C_Sivas%2C_1919.jpg/220px-Mustapha_Kemal_Pasha_%26_members_of_his_Nationalist_Committee%2C_Sivas%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mustapha_Kemal_Pasha_%26_members_of_his_Nationalist_Committee%2C_Sivas%2C_1919.jpg/330px-Mustapha_Kemal_Pasha_%26_members_of_his_Nationalist_Committee%2C_Sivas%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mustapha_Kemal_Pasha_%26_members_of_his_Nationalist_Committee%2C_Sivas%2C_1919.jpg/440px-Mustapha_Kemal_Pasha_%26_members_of_his_Nationalist_Committee%2C_Sivas%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3569" data-file-height="2772" /></a><figcaption>Mustafa Kemal (öň hatar, ortada) we Siwas Kongresiniň käbir gatnaşyjylary.</figcaption></figure> <p>11-nji sentýabrda çap edilen Siwas kongresiniň jarnamasynda Mudrosyň ýaragyna gol çekilen güni basyp alynmadyk watan ýerleriniň tutuşlygyna we biri-birinden aýrylyp bilinmejekdigi nygtaldy. Kuwa-yi Milliýany ýeke güýç hökmünde ykrar etmegiň we milli erkiň agdyklyk etmeginiň möhümdigi aýdyldy. Grekleriň we ermenileriň territorial talaplaryna garşy çykyldy. Milli erk-islegi görkezmek üçin Osmanly Deputatlar mejlisiniň haýal etmän çagyrylmagy we hökümet kararlarynyň parlamentiň gözegçiligine berilmegi haýyş edildi. Siwas kongresinde ähli milli jemgyýetler Anadoly we Rumelia hukuklaryny goramak jemgyýeti ady bilen birleşdi. </p><p>Gurultaý wagtynda Stambul hökümeti Mustafa Kemaly tussag etmek üçin synanyşdy we 3-nji sentýabrda Ali Galip hadysasy diýlip tanaljak synanyşykda Içeri işler ministri Adil we täze uruş ministri Süleýman Şefik Paşa Elazığ häkimine buýruk berdi Ali Galip Mustafa Kemaly tussag etmek we gurultaýy dargatmak üçin buýruk berdi. Ali Galip Malatýa geldi we Iňlis kapitany Edward Noel we kürt bedirhan maşgalasynyň käbir agzalary bilen duşuşdy. Mümkin bolan synanyşygyň garşysyna Kazym Karabekir 7-nji sentýabrda Malatýa kiçi atly bir kompaniýa iberdi we Bedirhanlylary tussag etmegi buýurdy. Şondan soň Ali Galip, kapitan Noel we Bedirhanlar Siriýa gaçdylar. Stambul hökümeti Ankaranyň gubernatory Muhittin Paşa-da Siwa gitmegi we şäheri ele geçirmegi buýurdy, ýöne Ali Fuatyň buýrugy bilen ýolda milletçiler tarapyndan tussag edildi. </p><p>Bu şowsuz synanyşyklar, milletçileri Anadolynyň işsiz ýerlerinde raýat dolandyryşyna gözegçilik etmäge mejbur etdi. 24-nji sentýabrda Trabzonyň häkimi tussag edildi; 26-njy sentýabrda, Konýanyň häkimi Refetiň (Bele) şäheri basyp almak üçin gidýändigi baradaky habary eşidip, şäheri terk etdi. Bu wakalardan soň Anadoly gözegçiligini ýitirjekdigine göz ýetiren Stambul hökümeti, 27-nji sentýabrda Abdülkerim Paşanyň töwellaçylygynda Mustafa Kemala telegramma iberdi. Bu ýygnakda Mustafa Kemal Damad Ferid Paşanyň işinden aýrylmagyny isledi. 30-njy sentýabrda Damad Ferid işinden aýryldy we Ali Weza Paşa baş wezir wezipesine bellendi. Bu wakalardan soň Stambul hökümeti Deňiz işleri ministri Salih Paşany Wekiller komiteti bilen duşuşmak üçin Anadola ibermegi teklip etdi. Mustafa Kemal Amasýada duşuşmaga razy boldy. 20-25-nji oktýabr aralygynda üç gün dowam eden gepleşiklerden soň berk ylalaşyk gazanyldy. Protokola öwrülen we Mustafa Kemalyň tutanýerliligine gol çekilen bu ýygnak bilen hökümet Wekiller komitetini ykrar etdi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Türkiýäniň_Milli_mejlisiniň_açylyşy"><span id="T.C3.BCrki.C3.BD.C3.A4ni.C5.88_Milli_mejlisini.C5.88_a.C3.A7yly.C5.9Fy"></span>Türkiýäniň Milli mejlisiniň açylyşy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Bölümi düzet: Türkiýäniň Milli mejlisiniň açylyşy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Türkiýäniň Milli mejlisiniň açylyşy"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mustafa Kemal 1919-njy ýylyň 27-nji dekabrynda Ankara geldi. 1919-njy ýylyň ahyrynda geçirilen parlament saýlawlarynda Mustafa Kemal Erzurumdan deputat hökmünde saýlandy, ýöne Ankarada galmagy ýüregine düwdi. Mustafa Kemalyň esasy maksady milletçi deputatlary Hukuklary Goramak atly partiýa ýygnamak we mejlisiň başlygy wezipesine saýlamakdy. Şeýlelik bilen, ýygnak Stambulda erkin işläp bilmese, kanuny saýlanan delegatlaryň adyndan hereket etmäge ygtyýary bolar. 29-njy dekabrda Stambul hökümeti Mustafa Kemaly goşundan aýyrmak baradaky buýrugy ýatyrdy, medallaryny yzyna gaýtardy we meýletin işinden aýrylandygyny habar berdi. Bu döwürde Osman topraklaryny paýlaşmagyň iň soňky tapgyry bolan "Amerikan mandatynyň" daşary syýasat meselesi ara alnyp maslahatlaşyldy we ret edildi. ABŞ-nyň 1919-njy ýylyň dekabryndaky soňky teklibinde strategiki maksat hökmünde "has uly Ermenistanyň gapdalynda bir türk döwleti" döredildi. 1920-nji ýylyň ýanwar aýynda grekleriň Günbatar Anadolyny basyp aljakdygy barada myş-myşlar ýaýrap başlady. 9-njy ýanwarda polkownik Fahrettin (Altaý) bilen duşuşan Mustafa Kemal Günbatar Anadolydaky ähli goşunlary greklere garşy alyp barmagy meýilleşdirýändigini aýtdy. Bu döwürde ol Egeýdäki garakçylar bilen habarlaşdy we adaty goşuny toparyň agzalaryna kömek etmäge ynandyrdy. Bu aralykda, Ankarada polkownik İsmet bilen duşuşdy. Gresiýa bilen urşuň gutulgysyzdygyny, ýöne duşman goşunlarynyň diňe garakçylar tarapyndan däl-de, adaty goşun tarapyndan saklanyp biljekdigini aýtdy. </p><p>1920-nji ýylyň 12-nji ýanwarynda 72 deputatyň gatnaşmagynda Osman imperiýasynyň soňky mejlis ýygnagy açyldy. Soýuzdaş güýçler Anadolydaky milletçi serkerdeler bilen berk gatnaşygy bolan Jemal Paşanyň (Mersinli) söweş ministri we Çewat Paşa (Çobanly) täze hökümetiň baş işgärleriniň bellenmegine garşy çykdy. Paşalar işinden çekilmäge mejbur boldular. Bu aralykda, Reşat Hikmet mejlisiň başlygy wezipesine saýlandy; Az salymdan aradan çykanda, onuň ýerine Celalettin Arif geldi; Fewzi Paşa (Çakmak) baş ştabyň başlygy boldy we käbir beýleki ministrleriň çalşylmagy bilen täze ministrler 9-njy fewralda ynam sesini aldy. Mejlisdäki milletçiler "Müdafaa-i Hukuk Jemiýeti" ýerine, soltanyň çykyşynda agzalýan at bilen "Felah-ı Watan İttifagy" partiýasyny esaslandyrdylar. Bu döwürde Mustafa Kemal Ankarada garaşdy we töweregindäki ýaş ofiserler bilen işini dowam etdirdi. </p><p>1920-nji ýylyň 28-nji ýanwarynda Osmanly Mejlisi Milli şertnamalary kabul etdi, esasy meýilnamalary Amasýa, Erzurum we Siwasda Mustafa Kemalyň ýolbaşçylygynda kesgitlenildi we 17-nji fewralda halka mälim edildi. "Türkiýe" sözüniň ilkinji gezek agzalýan jarnamasynda Birinji Jahan Urşuny bes etjek parahatçylyk şertnamasynda Türkiýe tarapyndan kabul edilen iň pes parahatçylyk şertleri bar. Bu aralykda, Soýuzdaş güýçler Stambulyň basyp alynmagyny ara alyp maslahatlaşýardylar we şol bir wagtyň özünde Anadolyda näbellilik sebäpli ygtyýarlyk boşlugy ýüze çykýardy. Fewral aýynda milletçilere garşy ikinji Anzawur gozgalaňy boldy. 3-nji martda baş wezir Ali Rıza Paşa işinden çekildi; Onuň ýerine Salih Paşa geldi. Beýleki soýuzdaş güýçlere ynanyp, Iňlisler 15-16-njy mart gijesinde häkimiýeti ele geçirdiler, möhüm binalary eýeledi we türk milletçilerini tussag edip başlady. Tutulan milletçiler soňra Maltada deportasiýa ediler. Iň soňky parlament ýygnagy 1920-nji ýylyň 18-nji martynda Stambulda geçirildi we mejlisi wagtlaýynça togtatmak kararyna gelindi. </p><p>Iňlisleriň bu ädimine jogap hökmünde Mustafa Kemal ilki Iňlis ofiserlerini Anadolyda saklamagy buýurdy. Soňra täze saýlaw geçirmäge çagyrdy we Stambuldaky deputatlary Ankara çagyrdy. Milletçilere ýakyn bolan uly wezir Salih Paşa 2-nji aprelde işinden çekildi we Wahdettin ony milletçi anti-milletçi Damad Ferid bilen çalyşmak kararyna geldi. Şonda köşk bilen milletçileriň arasyndaky bölünişik doly aç-açan boldy we Mustafa Kemalyň türk milli garşylygynyň ýolbaşçylygy üçin çynlakaý bäsdeşi galmady. 1920-nji ýylyň mart-aprel aýlarynda Stambuldaky milletçiler dürli ýollar bilen Ankara geçdiler. Bu aralykda, Mustafa Kemal Ankaradaky guramasyny ösdürdi we garşylyk hereketini düşündirmek üçin Anadolu gullugyny döretdi. 11-nji aprelde mejlis soltan tarapyndan dargadyldy we Şeýh al-Islam Kuwa-yi Milliýany kapyr diýip yglan edýän we olaryň öldürilmeginiň hökmanydygyny aýdýan fatwa berdi. 18-nji aprelde Kuwa-yi znzibatiye döredildi we milletçilere garşy mobilizlendi. </p><p>1920-nji ýylyň 23-nji aprelinde Ankarada Türkiýäniň Milli mejlisi açyldy. Acrossurduň dürli künjeginden gelen milletçi guramalar Ankara wekil iberdi, Stambul mejlisiniň adamlary hem mejlise gatnaşdy. Mejlisiň açylyş dabarasynda Mustafa Kemal uzyn çykyş edip, 1918-nji ýylda ýaragly söweşden bäri nämeleriň bolandygyny düşündirdi. Mejlisiň diňe bir kanun çykaryjy däl, eýsem ýerine ýetiriji häkimiýeti hem saklamagyny we ýerine ýetiriji komitetine laýyk gelýänleri agzalarynyň arasyndan saýlamagyny isledi. 24-nji aprelde mejlis işine başlady; Çagyryş dabarasyna 120 delegat gatnaşdy. Mustafa Kemal 120 sesden 110-syny aldy we Mejlisiň we hökümetiň başlygy hökmünde Ankaranyň deputaty wezipesine saýlandy. Türkiýäniň Milli Milli Assambleýasy esaslandyryjy ýygnak bolup işledi we Garaşsyzlyk söweşini amala aşyrjak Anadoly hökümetiniň infrastrukturasyny döretdi. </p><p> Türkiýäniň Milli mejlisiniň açylyşyndan bir gün soň, Mustafa Kemal açylyş çykyşynda Birinji Jahan Urşuna şu sözler bilen girmegiň zerurdygyny aýtdy:</p><blockquote><p>"Elbetde, betbagtçylyklara we gaty gynandyryjy wakalara sebäp bolan we şu güne çenli halkymyzyň nägileligini döreden Jahan Urşuna gatnaşmazlyk has gowy bolardy. Thisöne bu maddy taýdan mümkin däldi. Sebäbi gatnaşmazlyk ýaraglydy Bitaraplyk, ýagny bogazlary ýapmak. Şeýle-de bolsa, watanymyzyň geografiki ýerleşişi, Stambulyň strategiki ýagdaýy we ruslaryň soýuzdaş hökümetleriň tarapynda durmagy hökman tomaşaçy bolup galmagymyz üçin laýyk däldi. Mundan başga-da, etdik pul, ýarag, senagat, gysgaça aýdylanda, ýaragly bitaraplygy saklamak üçin zerur gurallar we enjamlar ýok. Esasanam Iňlisler diňe bir pul bermän, gämilerimizi ellerinden aldylar we gämi gurluşygy üçin ýedi million liramyzy zor bilen sakladylar, millet diş we dyrnak halas etdi, soýuzdaş güýçler söweş yglan etdi we urşa goşulmazymyzdan dört aý öň, Osman hökümetine ähli tarapdan zyýan ýetirip, Ermenistan Respublikasyny döretmek kararyna gelendiklerini mälim etdi. " Bolşewikler tarapyndan neşir edilen gizlin şertnamadan görnüşi ýaly, Stambulyň çar Russiýasyna wada berlendigi, soýuzdaş güýçlere garşy söweşe girmelidigimiziň aýdyň subutnamasydyr. "</p></blockquote><p>Bir hepde soň, 1920-nji ýylyň 1-nji maýynda çykan "The Mail" gazetiniň sözbaşysyna görä, Mustafa Kemal beren interwýusynda Osman imperiýasynyň dargamagy we Yslamyň aýak astyna alynmagy üçin Angliýany jogapkärçilige çekendigini aýtdy. Şeýle hem, goşunlaryna degişli genosid aýyplamalaryny düýbünden ret edýändigini aýtdy; Diňe erbetlige sebäp bolýanlary arassalamak hökmanydygyny aýtdy. Mundan başga-da, Mustafa Kemal "Angliýany jezalandyraryn" diýdi we Angliýanyň koloniýalarynda gozgalaň turuzmak onuň elindedigini aýtdy. Olaryň pitneçi ýa-da başdangeçiriji däldigini, kanuny Türkiýäniň hakyky wekilleri bolandygyny aýtdy. </p><p>3-4-nji maýda geçirilen saýlawda on deputat Mustafa Kemalyň ýolbaşçylygynda işlemek kararyna geldi. Bu pursatda, Ankara hökümetiniň ilkinji maksady Damad Feridiň ýangyjy bolan Inzibatiýe güýçlerine garşy içerki göreşde ýeňiş gazanmakdy. Mustafa Kemalyň ýolbaşçylygynda Çerkez Etheminiň Kuwa-yi Seýre Anzawur Ahmet bilen ýeňiş gazandy. 1920-nji ýylyň 14-nji iýunynda milletçileriň hüjümi bilen Kuwa-yi znzibatiýe taraplarynyň käbiri taraplaryny üýtgetdi, galanlary Iňlis esgerleriniň arkasyna yza çekildi. 25-nji iýunda bu güýç resmi taýdan dargadyldy we ýesir alnan ýedi ofiser we sebitdäki käbir görnükli şahsyýetler jezalandyryldy. </p><p>Bu aralykda, Soýuzdaş güýçler 19-26-njy aprelde San Remo konferensiýasynda Osman imperiýasyny bölmek meýilnamalarynyň üstünde işleýärdi. Iňlis premýer-ministri Lloýd Jorj Wenizelosyň Günbatar Anadolyny basyp almak meýilnamasyny goldady. Gepleşiklerden soň, 22-nji iýunda Milne liniýasynda bir ýyldan gowrak garaşan grek goşunlary gündogara we demirgazyga tarap öňe gitdiler we 8-nji iýulda Bursany basyp aldylar. Grekler bir aýyň içinde Izmiriň demirgazygyndan Marmaranyň günortasyna çenli ähli Egeý kenaryny eýeledi. Edirne 25-nji iýulda ýykyldy, 27-nji iýulda Frakiýanyň hemmesi ýitdi. </p><p>Gresiýanyň basyp alyşy dowam edýärkä, Çapanoğlu gozgalaňy ozozgatda başlandy. Sebitdäki adaty goşunlar gozgalaňy basyp bilmänsoň, Mustafa Kemal ilki Kılyç Ali toparyny, soň bolsa Çerkez Ethem belledi. Gozgalaňçylara garşy ýeňiş gazanan Ethem, Ankaranyň gubernatory yaahýa Galipi döreden harby kazyýetine getirmek isledi; Ony Mustafa Kemal kynçylyk bilen ynandyrdy. Oktýabr aýynda soltanyň tarapdarlary Konýada hökümet binalaryny basyp aldylar we günorta-gündogardaky käbir kürt taýpalary gozgalaň turuzdylar, ýöne bu gozgalaňlar üstünlikli basylyp ýatyryldy. </p><p>10-njy awgustda Stambul hökümeti bilen Soýuzdaş güýçleriň arasynda Sewres şertnamasyna gol çekildi. Ylalaşygyň güýje girmegi üçin Osmanly mejlisi tarapyndan tassyklanmalydy. Işinden çekilen Damad Feridiň ornuny tutan Tewfik Paşa Mustafa Kemal bilen habarlaşmaga synanyşdy. Şeýle-de bolsa, 19-njy awgustda geçirilen mejlisde soltanlygyň agzalary we Söwresiň kabul edilmegi baradaky teklibe gol çeken üç wezipeli adam dönük diýlip yglan edildi. </p><p>Bu döwürde Mustafa Kemal soýuzdaş güýçlere garşy diplomatik goldaw tapmaga synanyşýardy. Daşary gatnaşyklar boýunça orunbasar Bekir Saminiň (Kunduh) baştutanlygynda Sowetler bilen duşuşmak üçin iberilen delegasiýa 19-njy iýulda Moskwa geldi. Enwer Paşa 7-nji awgustda Moskwa geldi we Iňlislere garşy yslam rewolýusiýasy üçin bolşewiklere täsir etjek boldy. Mustafa Kemal Bileleşik we Ösüş komitetiniň ýolbaşçylaryndan uzak durmak üçin alada etdi. Bolşewikleriň howply ýaranydygyny pikir eden Mustafa Kemal içerki we daşarky syýasatda seresaplylyk syýasaty alyp bardy. Uzak dowam eden gepleşiklerden soň Russiýanyň Gündogar Anadolydaky territorial talaplary aç-açan ret edildi; Bolşewikleriň Sarykamyşy türklere galdyryp biljekdigi baradaky düşünjeden peýdalanyp, Mustafa Kemal Kazym Karabekire Karsyň günbataryny yzyna almak üçin rugsat berdi. 29-njy sentýabrda, ermeni garşylygynyň gowşakdygyna garamazdan, Sarykamyş alyndy; 24-30-njy oktýabrda Kars ermenilerden ýesir alyndy. Mustafa Kemalyň görkezmesi bilen ermenilere edilýän basyş dowam etdi; 18-nji noýabrda ermeniler düýbünden ýeňildi we Ankaranyň şertlerini kabul etmeli boldy. Gýumri şertnamasy bilen 1920-nji ýylyň 3-nji dekabrynda gol çekilen Ermenistan serhedi soňky görnüşini aldy. Gündogar serhedi üpjün edilenden soň güýçler günorta süýşürildi. Silisiýadaky we Demirgazyk Mesopotamiýadaky garakçylar adaty goşun astyna alyndy we Mustafa Kemalyň buýrugyny ýerine ýetirip başlady. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaty_goşuna_geçmek"><span id="Adaty_go.C5.9Funa_ge.C3.A7mek"></span>Adaty goşuna geçmek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Bölümi düzet: Adaty goşuna geçmek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Adaty goşuna geçmek"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Merkezi gözegçilikden uzakda ýerleşýän Kuwa-yi Milliýe guramalary dargadyldy we yzygiderli goşun döredildi. Garaşsyzlyk söweşiniň iň ganly çaknyşygy, adaty goşuna goşulmagy kabul etmeýän Kuwa-yi Milliýe toparlaryna garşy söweşdi. Mustafa Kemalyň iň uly problemasy, grekleriň gury ýer üçin türklere garşy söweşmäge taýyn yzygiderli goşunynyň bolmagydy. Ankaranyň günbatar frontdaky yzygiderli goşunlary gowşakdy, şonuň üçin hökümet garakçylara garaşlydy; Mundan başga-da, bu garakçylar günortadakylara garanyňda Ankara has az garaşlydy. Ankara hökümeti 1920-nji ýylyň 16-njy maýynda ähli milisiýanyň adaty goşuna goşuljakdygyny we çykdajylaryň goranyş býudjetinden tölenjekdigini kesgitleýän kanun kabul etdi, ýöne Çerkez Ethem we Demirçi Mehmet Efe garaşsyz hereket etmegi makul bildi. Bu aralykda goşundaky gaçgaklaram köpeldi. Garaşsyzlyk kazyýetleri 11-nji sentýabrda kabul edilen kanun bilen döredildi. 24-nji oktýabrda Çerkez Ethem we adaty goşun tarapyndan Gedize edilen hüjüm koordinasiýa ýoklugy sebäpli başa barmady. Şondan soň Mustafa Kemal front serkerdesi Ali Fuaty işden aýyrdy we ony Moskwa ilçi edip iberdi we demirgazykda İsmet (önönü) we günortada Refet (Bele) serkerdeligini berdi. Konýadaky gozgalaňy basyp ýatyrandan soň, Refet Demirci Mehmet Efe ýöriş etdi we 30-njy dekabrda tussag edildi. </p><p>Has güýçli bolan Çerkez Ethem ilki Ankarada goldaw sorap, soň Kütahýa gaçdy. 30-njy dekabrda polkownik metsmetiň we polkownik Refetiň ýolbaşçylygyndaky 15 müň esger Çerkez Ethemine hüjüm edip, Kütahýa galasyny basyp aldy. Çerkez doganlary Ethem, Reşit we Tewfikiň ýolbaşçylygyndaky Kuwa-yi Seýre şäherinden 725 çerkez, grekler bilen ylalaşdy we duşman hatarlarynyň arkasyna gitdi. Galanlary dargadyldy we käbirleri adaty goşuna goşuldy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Esasy_gurama_kanuny">Esasy gurama kanuny</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Bölümi düzet: Esasy gurama kanuny" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Esasy gurama kanuny"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1921-nji ýylyň 20-nji ýanwarynda konstitusiýa bolup hyzmat eden Esasy Gurama kanuny kabul edildi. Özbaşdaklygyň millete degişlidigini mälim eden bu kanun, resmi taýdan ýurdy Türkiýe döwleti diýip atlandyrdy, Türkiýäniň Milli Milli Assambleýasynyň hökümeti tarapyndan dolandyryljakdygyny yglan etdi we soltanyň ähli ygtyýarlyklaryny diýen ýaly Türkiýe Beýik Milletine berdi. Assambleýa. Mustafa Kemalyň tutanýerliligi bilen soltanyň adyny agzamaýan kanun baradaky çekişmelerde Mustafa Kemal soltanlygyň we halyflygyň ýörelgeler hökmünde kabul edilendigini öňe sürdi, ýöne bu guramalaryň artykmaçlyklaryny kesgitlemezlik has gowudyr. Konstitusiýa bilen, parlament tarapyndan ýeke-ýekeden saýlanjak ministrler geňeşi premýer-ministri saýlardy. Fewzi (Çakmak) gündelik iş bilen meşgullanýan bu wezipä bellendi we Mustafa Kemal hökümetiň başynda hökümetiň başynda galdy mejlisiniň başlygy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Önönü_söweşleri"><span id=".C3.96n.C3.B6n.C3.BC_s.C3.B6we.C5.9Fleri"></span>Önönü söweşleri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Bölümi düzet: Önönü söweşleri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Önönü söweşleri"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iňlis premýer-ministri Deýwid Lloýd Jorjyň pikiriçe, Gresiýa ösmeli we gyzyklanmalary Angliýa bilen birleşmeli. Gresiýa bogazlary Europeewropa açyk saklamalydy we Angliýanyň Ortaýer deňzindäki bähbitlerine laýyklykda hereket etmelidi. Eger özüni beýle alyp barmasa, Iňlis deňiz güýçleri ony dolandyrmak üçin ýeterlikdi. Sewres şertnamasynyň güýç ulanylmazdan durmuşa geçirilip bilinmejekdigine düşünildi. Soýuzdaş güýçler güýç ulanyp bilmedi. Soýuzdaş güýçler diňe bir türk welaýatlaryny alyp, watanyna birikdirmek üçin däl-de, eýsem öz işlerini amala aşyrmak üçin grekleri Anadola getirdi. Şeýle-de bolsa, soýuzdaş güýçler Türkiýä garşy alyp barýan syýasatlarynda indi bile däl. Anadolyda mesgen tutan grekler Italiýany biynjalyk etdi. Beýleki tarapdan, Fransiýa Siriýadaky territorial gazançlaryny ýeterlik hasaplaýar. Indi grekler Anadolyny öz goşunlary bilen boýun egdirmeli. Mustafa Kemal grek goşunyny ýeňse, Türkiýäni halas eder. 1921-nji ýylyň 6-njy ýanwarynda Bursa-dan Eskişehir we Uşakdan Afýona çenli iki ýarag bilen operasiýa başladan Gresiýanyň goşuny 9-njy ýanwarda önönü pozisiýasyna çykdy. Şeýle-de bolsa, türk goşunynyň goragyna garşy öňe gidip bilmejekdiklerine düşünip, 1921-nji ýylyň 11-nji ýanwarynda irden önönü pozisiýasyndan çykmaly boldular. Birnäçe günden soň galan Çerkez Ethem bölümleri milli goşunlar tarapyndan dargadyldy. İnönü söweşi adaty goşunyň ilkinji ýeňşi bolansoň, Kuwa-yi Milliýeden adaty goşuna geçiş tizleşdi we halkyň täze döredilen goşuna bolan ynamy artdy. Bu üstünlik bütin dünýäniň ünsüni özüne çekdi; Soýuzdaş güýçler Osman imperiýasynyň 1921-nji ýylyň 26-njy ýanwarynda Londona delegasiýa ibermegini we bu ýygnaga Ankara hökümetiniň wekiliniň gatnaşmagyny isledi. 1-nji martda polkownik İsmet brigada generaly derejesine göterildi. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg/220px-Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg/330px-Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg/440px-Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Kemal Paşa we İsmet Paşa II. İnönü söweşinden soň esgerleri barlamak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ilkinji önönü ýeňşinden soň, Soýuzdaş güýçler Londonda türkleriň peýdasyna Sewres şertnamasyna girizilen üýtgetmäni ara alyp maslahatlaşmak üçin konferensiýa çagyrmak kararyna geldi. 1921-nji ýylyň 21-nji fewralyndan 11-nji martyna çenli geçirilen konferensiýada türkleriň peýdasyna hiç hili netije alynmady we göreş dowam etdi. Gresiýa London konferensiýasy gutarmanka Anadolyda täze hüjüme taýýarlyk görüp başlady. 1921-nji ýylyň 23-nji martynda ir säher bilen söweşler 3-nji grek korpusynyň Günbatar frontdan we 1-nji grek korpusynyň günorta frontdan öňe gitmegi bilen başlandy. Ikinji söweş 1921-nji ýylyň 23-nji martyndan 1-nji apreline çenli bolan türk güýçleriniň ýeňşi bilen tamamlandy. Bu ýeňişden soň, fransuzlar esgerlerini Zonguldakdan we italýanlary Günorta Anadolydan çykaryp başladylar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kütahya-Eskişehir_Söweşleri"><span id="K.C3.BCtahya-Eski.C5.9Fehir_S.C3.B6we.C5.9Fleri"></span>Kütahya-Eskişehir Söweşleri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Bölümi düzet: Kütahya-Eskişehir Söweşleri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Kütahya-Eskişehir Söweşleri"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Önönü söweşlerinde goranyş taktikasyny ulanan türk goşuny, Aslyhanlar-Dumlupynar söweşlerinde henizem hüjüm güýjüne ýetip bilmejekdigini görkezdi. Gresiýanyň goşuny bu ýagdaýdan peýdalanmak kararyna geldi we önönü, Eskişehir, Afýon we Kütahýanyň arasyndaky setirdäki türk pozisiýalaryna hüjüm etmek, olary basyp almak we Ankara gitmek isledi. Gresiýanyň goşuny güýçlendiriji güýçler bilen 1921-nji ýylyň 10-njy iýulynda hüjüm gurady we türk goşunyny 20-nji iýula çenli hüjümleri bilen yza çekilmäge mejbur etdi. Mustafa Kemal Paşa türk goşunyna Sakarya derýasynyň gündogaryna gitmegi buýurdy. Şeýdip, wagt gazanylardy. Bu söweşleriň netijesinde Eskişehir, Kütahya we Afyon ýaly uly strategiki sebitler ýitdi. Türkiýäniň Milli mejlisinde ahlaksyzlyk boldy we ýiti jedeller boldy. Şeýle-de bolsa, grek goşunynyň uly ot we ýarag artykmaçlygyna garamazdan, türk goşunyny ýok edip bilmedi. Türk goşuny Sakarýanyň gündogaryna sag-aman yza çekildi. </p><p>Kütahya-Eskişehir söweşlerinden soň hökümete garşy reaksiýalar, ýagny Mustafa Kemal Paşa Beýik Milli Mejlisiň içinde artyp başlady. Bu oppozisiýa ýolbaşçylyk edenler Mustafa Kemal Paşa goşuny eýelemegi üçin basyş edip başladylar. Asyl niýeti ony Ankaradan aýyrmak we Enwer Paşanyň güýjüni üpjün etmekdi. 1921-nji ýylyň 4-nji awgustynda Beýik Milli mejlisde eden çykyşynda Mustafa Kemal Paşa baş serkerde bolmaga kabul edilendigini, ýöne baş serkerdäniň peýdaly bolmagy üçin kanun kabul edilmelidigini aýtdy. Mejlisiň goşun baradaky ygtyýarlyklaryny üç aý jemlär. Şeýdip, Paşanyň baş serkerde bolmagyny isleýänleriň arzuwlary puja çykdy. 1921-nji ýylyň 5-nji awgustynda biragyzdan kabul edilensoň, Mustafa Kemal Paşa Türkiýäniň Milli Milli Assambleýasynyň goşunlarynyň baş serkerdesi wezipesine bellendi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sakarya_Meýdany_Söweşi"><span id="Sakarya_Me.C3.BDdany_S.C3.B6we.C5.9Fi"></span>Sakarya Meýdany Söweşi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Bölümi düzet: Sakarya Meýdany Söweşi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Sakarya Meýdany Söweşi"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mustafa Kemal Paşa, baş serkerde bolanyndan soň derrew çap eden Tekalif-i Milliýe buýruklary bilen goşuny enjamlaşdyrmak üçin halky çagyrdy. 12-nji awgustda Polatlyda gözleg geçirip barýarka, atyndan ýykyldy we gapyrgasy döwüldi. 1921-nji ýylyň 23-nji awgustyndan 13-nji sentýabry aralygynda geçirilen Sakarya söweşinde grek goşunynyň hüjüm güýji tükenipdi. [251] Türk goşuny birden hüjüm bilen Sakarya derýasynyň gündogaryndan grek goşunyny çykarmagy başardy. Bu ýeňişden soň, 1921-nji ýylyň 19-njy sentýabrynda Beýik Milli Assambleýa biragyzdan baş serkerde Mustafa Kemal Paşany Müşir (häzirki marşal ady bilen tanalýar) derejesine çykardy we oňa Gazi adyny berdi. Sakarya söweşiniň ahyrynda türk goşunynyň pidalary; Jemi 49289 adam, şol sanda 5713 adam öldi, 18,480 adam ýaralandy, 828 adam tussag edildi we 14 268 adam dereksiz ýitdi. Gresiýanyň goşunynyň zyýany; Jemi 23007 adam, şol sanda 3758 adam öldi, 18 955 adam ýaralandy, 354 adam dereksiz ýitdi. </p><p>Sakarya söweşinden soň, 1921-nji ýylyň 13-nji oktýabrynda Ankara hökümeti bilen Günorta Kawkaz respublikalarynyň arasynda Kars şertnamasyna gol çekildi. Şeýlelikde, Türkiýäniň gündogar serhedi doly üpjün edildi. Fransiýa 1921-nji ýylyň 20-nji oktýabrynda Türkiýäniň Milli mejlisiniň hökümeti bilen Ankara şertnamasyna gol çekdi. Bu şertnama bilen Fransiýa Türkiýäniň Milli mejlisiniň hökümetini ykrar etdi we Hatay-Iskenderundan başga Türkiýäniň häzirki günorta serhedi çekildi. Ylalaşyk sebäpli günorta front howpsuz bolansoň, ol ýerdäki türk goşunlary hem Günbatar fronta geçirildi. Sakarya söweşinden soň, italýanlar Günorta Ege we Ortaýer deňziniň sebitlerini saklap bilmejekdiklerine düşündiler we 1921-nji ýylyň ahyrynda basyp alan ýerlerinden çekildi. Sakarya söweşinden soň Angliýa Ankarany ykrar etdi we 1921-nji ýylyň 23-nji oktýabrynda Türkiýäniň Milli mejlisi bilen tussaglary boşatmak barada şertnama baglaşyldy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uly_hüjüm"><span id="Uly_h.C3.BCj.C3.BCm"></span>Uly hüjüm</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Bölümi düzet: Uly hüjüm" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Uly hüjüm"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken,_%C4%B0zmit,_18_Haziran_1922.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Baş serkerde Atatürk, harby bölümleri barlaýan Izmit, 1922-nji ýylyň 18-nji iýuny</figcaption></figure><p> Hüjüme 1 ýyl taýýarlyk görülmegi netijesinde, uly üns bilen taýýarlanan hüjüm meýilnamasy 1922-nji ýylyň 26-njy awgustynda irden durmuşa geçirildi. 1922-nji ýylyň 26-30-njy awgustynda bolup geçen Uly hüjüm Garaşsyzlyk urşunyň soňky tapgyrydy. Gresiýanyň goşunynyň uly bölegi 30-njy awgustda Baş serkerde söweşinde bir günüň içinde ýok edildi. 31-nji awgustda Mustafa Kemal Paşa serkerdelerini Çalköýdäki baş edarasyna ýygnady we gaçmagy başaran grek güýçlerine tiz yzarlanmagy we güýçleri bilen birleşmeginiň öňüni almak üçin Ortaýer deňzine (häzirki Egeý) üç ugra gitmegi buýurdy. Izmirde we onuň töwereginde. 1-nji sentýabrda baş serkerde Mustafa Kemal beýannama berdi we goşunlara aşakdaky buýrugy berdi:</p><blockquote><p>"Anadolyda has köp söweş boljakdygyny we her kimiň akyl güýjüni, edermenlik we watançylyk baýlyklaryny bäsdeşlikdäki ýaly bermegini dowam etdirip, ähli dostlarymyň öňe gitmegini isleýärin. Goşunlar, ilkinji maksadyňyz Ortaýer deňzi. Öňe!"</p></blockquote><p>Türk goşuny 2-nji sentýabrda Uşaky yzyna aldy. Bu ýerde Gresiýanyň goşunynyň baş serkerdesi general Nikolaos Trikupis tussag edildi. 9-njy sentýabrda türk atlylary Izmir şäherine girdiler. Gözegçilik operasiýasy 1922-nji ýylyň 18-nji sentýabryna çenli Günbatar Anadolydaky ähli grek goşunlary serhetden çykaryldy. Türk goşunynyň bu üstünligi, Mudanya ýaraşyk şertnamasyna alyp barýan işe başlady. </p><p>Grekler tarapyndan ýesir alnan kakasy we ogly Mustafa Kemalyň Karşýaka galmagy üçin öýlerini taýýarlady. Gresiýanyň koroly Konstantin hem öň bu öýde galypdy we basgançaklarda aýaklarynyň aşagyna ýaýran türk baýdagyny aýak astyna alyp, jaýa girdi. Bu gezek kakasy we ogly basgançaklarda grek baýdagyny ýaýratdylar. Mustafa Kemal Paşa öýe girjek bolanda: "Haýyş edýärin, bu tegmili şu jogap bilen pozuň!" Aýdyldy. Mustafa Kemal Paşa hem baýdagy aýyrdy we: "Geçip giden bolsa, ýalňyşlyk goýberdi; bir milletiň abraýy bolan baýdagy bozup bolmaz, ýalňyşyny gaýtalamaryn. Baýdagy ýerden aýyryň." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Çanakkale_krizisi"><span id=".C3.87anakkale_krizisi"></span>Çanakkale krizisi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Bölümi düzet: Çanakkale krizisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Çanakkale krizisi"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izmir azat edilenden soň, esasy mesele Stambul we bogaz sebtini dowam etdirýän soýuzdaşlary basyp almakdy. Mustafa Kemalyň buýrugyna laýyklykda türk güýçleri derrew Çanakkale tarap ugraýarlar we Frakiýa ýaly ýerleri ewakuasiýa etmegi talap edýärler. Angliýa muňa goşmaça deňiz flotuny (şol döwrüň iň häzirki zaman uçar gatnawçylarynyň ikisini hem goşmak bilen) we gury ýer güýçlerini ibermek bilen jogap berdi. Çanakkale krizisine sebäp bolan Mustafa Kemalyň buýrugy; Angliýadaky oppozisiýanyň, Nýufoundlendden we Täze Zelandiýadan we beýleki Entente güýçlerinden başga Iňlisleriň agalyk etmegi netijesinde ol gyzgyn konflikte öwrülmedi we Stambulyň azat edilmegine ýol açdy. “Gallipoli” krizisi diňe bir Deýwid Lloýd Jorjyň güýjüni ýitirmegine sebäp bolman, Kanadanyň diplomatik taýdan garaşsyz bolmagyna mümkinçilik döretdi. Mundan başga-da, krizis döwründe ABŞ-nyň prezidenti 1922-nji ýylyň 28-nji sentýabrynda goňşy Türkiýä deňizlere 13 sany täze harby gämi ibermegi buýurdy. Şeýle hem, serkerdesi 1908-1923-nji ýyllar aralygynda admiral Bristol bolan USS Scorpion gämisiniň aňtaw almak üçin Lozanna şertnamasyna gol çekilýänçä hemişe Stambulda bolandygyna düşünilýär. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mudanýanyň_ýaragy"><span id="Mudan.C3.BDany.C5.88_.C3.BDaragy"></span>Mudanýanyň ýaragy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Bölümi düzet: Mudanýanyň ýaragy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Mudanýanyň ýaragy"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uly hüjümden soň, 1922-nji ýylyň 11-nji oktýabrynda; Uruş Türkiýäniň Milli mejlisiniň, Angliýanyň, Fransiýanyň we Italiýanyň arasynda gol çekilen Mudanya ýaragy bilen tamamlandy. Grekler gepleşiklere gatnaşmady, Italiýa olara wekilçilik etdi. Bu ýaragyň düzgünlerine görä, türk we grek goşunlarynyň arasyndaky söweş gutardy. Gündogar Frakiýa Türkiýäniň Milli Milli Assambleýasyna gowşuryldy we Türkiýäniň Milli Milli Assambleýasy parahatçylyk şertnamasy baglaşylýança ol ýerde iň köp 8000 adamlyk endandarma güýjüni saklamak üçin tassyklandy. Bogazlar we Stambul Türkiýäniň Milli Milli Assambleýasynyň hökümetine ýolbaşçylyk edildi. Soýuzdaş güýçleriň parahatçylyk şertnamasyna gol çekilýänçä Stambulda galmagy karar edildi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lozen_şertnamasy"><span id="Lozen_.C5.9Fertnamasy"></span>Lozen şertnamasy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Bölümi düzet: Lozen şertnamasy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Lozen şertnamasy"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Lausanne_%281923%29.jpg/220px-Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Lausanne_%281923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Lausanne_%281923%29.jpg/330px-Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Lausanne_%281923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Lausanne_%281923%29.jpg/440px-Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Lausanne_%281923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Lozanna şertnamasy gol çekmek, 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>Mudanya ýaraşyk şertnamasyndan soň, bitarap ýurt bolan Şweýsariýanyň Lozanna şäheri parahatçylyk gepleşikleri geçirmek üçin saýlandy. Türkiýä İsmet önönü wekilçilik etdi. Maslahat 1922-nji ýylyň 20-nji noýabrynda ýygnandy we düşünişmezlik sebäpli 1923-nji ýylyň 4-nji fewralynda gepleşikler kesildi. Gepleşikler 1923-nji ýylyň 23-nji aprelinde gaýtadan başlandy we 1923-nji ýylyň 24-nji iýulynda Lozanna şertnamasyna gol çekildi. Lozanna şertnamasynda 1921-nji ýylyň 20-nji oktýabrynda fransuzlar bilen gol çekilen Ankara şertnamasynyň günorta serhedi edil öňki ýaly saklandy. Yrak serhedini çekip bolmaýar we 9 aýyň içinde çözmek kararyna gelindi. Meriç derýasy grekler bilen serhet hökmünde kabul edildi. Garaağaç we onuň töweregi Türkiýä uruş öwezini dolmak üçin berildi. Egeý deňzindäki Bozcaada we Gökçeada Türkiýä berildi we Gresiýanyň elinde galan Anadola ýakyn adalary ýaragsyzlandyrmak kararyna gelindi. Baş harplar doly aýryldy. Osman imperiýasynyň 1845-nji ýyldan Birinji Jahan Urşunyň ahyryna çenli bergileri paýtagtda gaýtadan hasaplamak arkaly azaldy. Osman imperiýasyndan girdejilerine görä bölünen döwletlere bergiler paýlandy. Türkiýäniň bergilerini türk walýutasynda ýa-da fransuz frankynda tölemek teklibi kabul edildi. Lozanna bogazy konwensiýasy bilen bogazlardan erkin geçiş üpjün edildi, bogaz komissiýasy döredildi we bogazlar we onuň daş-töweregi ýaragsyzlandyryldy. Stambulda ýaşaýan greklerden we Günbatar Frakiýada ýaşaýan türklerden başga ähli grekleriň Türkiýede we Gresiýadaky ähli türkleriň göçürilmegi tassyklandy. [260] Şeýlelikde, Garaşsyzlyk urşy 1923-nji ýylyň 24-nji iýulynda gol çekilen Lozanna şertnamasy bilen tamamlandy. [261] Bu şertnama bilen Sewres şertnamasy ýatyryldy we Lozanna şertnamasynyň esaslarynda Türkiýe döredildi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respublikanyň_yglan_edilmegi"><span id="Respublikany.C5.88_yglan_edilmegi"></span>Respublikanyň yglan edilmegi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Bölümi düzet: Respublikanyň yglan edilmegi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Respublikanyň yglan edilmegi"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Mustafa_Kemal_visit_the_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mustafa_Kemal_visit_the_front.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_visit_the_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mustafa_Kemal_visit_the_front.jpg/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_visit_the_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mustafa_Kemal_visit_the_front.jpg/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_visit_the_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Bir çaga Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa goşgy okaýar. (1923-nji ýylyň 16-njy ýanwary)</figcaption></figure> <p>Soltanlyk ýatyrylansoň, Mustafa Kemal 1923-nji ýylyň 15-nji ýanwarynda Eskişehirde hökümet ulgamlary baradaky çykyşynda respublikanyň garşysyna çykdy we aşakdaky sözler bilen respublikanyň we konstitusiýa monarhiýasynyň arasynda hiç hili tapawudyň ýokdugyny aýtdy: </p><p>"Dünýäniň ähli taryhynda we häzirki döwürde biz absolýutistik dolandyryşa, konstitusiýa hökümetine duş gelýäris we respublikan hökümetleri hem görýäris. </p><p><i>Biziň bilýän konstitusion we respublikan hökümet guramalarymyz, ygtyýarlyklary bölmek ýörelgesine esaslanýar. Häkimiýetleriň bitewiligi ýörelgesine esaslanyp hökümeti gurduk ... Meniň pikirimçe, hakykatda häkimiýetiň bölünişi ýok, güýçleriň bitewiligi bar. Şerigat düzgünlerine laýyklyk nukdaýnazaryndan baha bermek isleseňiz, şerigat düzgünlerimizde belli bir dolandyryş görnüşiniň ýokdugyny ýatladýaryn. Respublikan ýa-da absolýutizm ýaly bir görnüş kesgitlenmedi ..."</i> </p><p>Oppozisiýanyň güýçlendirilen we saýlawlaryň haçan geçiriljekdigi belli bolmadyk şertlerde Mustafa Kemal 1923-nji ýylyň 19-njy ýanwarynda Izmitdäki parlament dolandyryş ulgamyny gorady we respublikadan ýokarydygyny düşündirdi: </p><p>"Hökümetimiz indi despotik hökümet däl. Ol mutlak we konstitusion hökümet däl. Hökümetimiz fransuz ýa-da amerikan respublikalaryna meňzemeýär. Hökümetimiz halk hökümeti. Doly geňeş hökümeti. Täze Türkiýe ştatynda , soltanlyk millete degişlidir ... " </p><p>Mustafa Kemal 1923-nji ýylyň 2-nji fewralynda Izmirde eden çykyşynda respublikanyň we konstitusion monarhiýanyň arasynda gaty az tapawudyň bardygyny aýtdy: </p><p>"Mutlak hökümetler bar, konstitusion hökümetler bar, respublikan hökümetler bar. Bular häzirki wagtda dünýäde görýän görnüşlerimiz. Theseöne bu atlaryň hemmesini iki synp bilen beýan edip bileris. Şahsy soltanlyk ýa-da konstitusion soltanlyk bar. Bu ýol bilen aňlatma, respublikan bilen konstitusion soltanlygyň arasynda gaty az tapawudy gördüm.… Meniň pikirimçe, respublikan görnüşinde soltanlyk, belli bir döwürde üýtgemeýän ygtyýarlyklary bolan wagtlaýyn soltan bar. Beýleki tarapdan, bar dowam edýänçä soltan hökmünde hereket edýän we ölenden soň çagalary, garyndaşlary we garyndaşlary miras galan soltanlyk… ” </p><p>Mustafa Kemal, Wiener Neue Freie Presse habarçysynyň paýtagtyň nirede boljakdygy baradaky soragyna beren jogabynda respublikanyň ilkinji gezek 1923-nji ýylyň 22-nji sentýabrynda yglan ediljekdigini aýtdy: </p><p>"Türkiýäniň paýtagty meselesi barada aýdylanda bolsa, bu soraga jogap awtomatiki ýagdaýda ýüze çykýar: Ankara Türkiýe Respublikasynyň paýtagty." </p><p>Garaşsyzlyk söweşinden soň Türkiýede iki kelleli administrasiýa peýda boldy. 1922-nji ýylyň 1-nji noýabrynda Türkiýäniň Milli Milli Assambleýasy Osman soltanlygyny ýatyrdy we Stambul hökümetiniň kanuny barlygyny bes edip, Wahdettini tagtdan çykardy. 1923-nji ýylyň 16-njy ýanwarynda Izmit Hünkar Kasride Stambuldan gelýän journalistsurnalistler bilen geçirilen söhbetdeşlikde Wakitiň baş redaktory Ahmet Emin Beý (manalman) kürt meselesi baradaky soraga "Kürt dilini göz öňünde tutmagyň ýerine" jogap berdi. Biziň eýeçiligimizde, guramanyň esasy kanunyna laýyklykda eýýäm kürt döwletimiz bar. "Şeýle ýerli özbaşdaklyk dörediler" we kürtlere aýratyn status bermezlik üçin seresaplylyk bildirdi. </p><p>Gazi Mustafa Kemal, täze re regimeimiň esasyny düzjek Halk partiýasynyň düýbüni tutdy, 1923-nji ýylyň 8-nji aprelinde "Dokuz umyt" neşir edildi. Diňe Halk partiýasyna aprel aýynda geçirilen ikinji parlament saýlawlaryna gatnaşmaga rugsat berildi. Partiýanyň lideri Gazi Mustafa Kemal parlamente dalaşgärleri hödürledi. </p><p>1923-nji ýylyň 25-nji oktýabrynda premýer-ministr we Içeri işler ministri bolup işlän Fethi Beý Içeri işler ministrliginden çykýandygyny habar berdi. Şol gün Mejlisiň başlygynyň orunbasary bolup işlän Ali Fuat Paşa goşun gözegçisi wezipesine bellenilendigi sebäpli wezipesinden aýryldy. Gazi Mustafa Kemala garşy çykýan mejlis agzalary bu iki boş ýer üçin geçirilen saýlawlarda ýeňiş gazandy. Mejlisiň başlygynyň orunbasary wezipesine Rauf Beý, Sabit Beý bolsa içeri işler ministri wezipesine saýlandy. Bu ýagdaýdan nägile bolan Gazi Mustafa Kemal, premýer-ministr Fethi Beýden 1923-nji ýylyň 26-njy oktýabrynda "General Erkan-ı Harbiýe Baş Prezidentiniň orunbasary" Fewzi Paşadan başga-da hökümetiň işinden aýrylmagyny isledi. gaýtadan saýlanan halatynda wezipäni kabul etmezlik üçin işinden aýryldy. Şeýlelik bilen hökümet krizisi ýüze çykdy. Ministrler geňeşiniň täze agzalarynyň 29-njy oktýabrda saýlanjakdygy habar berildi. </p><p>Bu wakalardan respublikany yglan etmek bilen meseläni doly çözmek kararyna gelen Gazi Mustafa Kemal, 1923-nji ýylyň 28-nji oktýabrynda gije Çankaýa ýygnagyna İsmet Paşany we käbir adamlary çagyrdy we kararyny yglan etdi: "Biz yglan ederis respublikasy. " Myhmanlar gidenden soň, metsmet Paşany tussag etdi we bilelikde Konstitusiýanyň konstitusiýasynda zerur üýtgeşmeler girizjek teklibi taýýarladylar. 1923-nji ýylyň 29-njy oktýabrynda, Halk partiýasynyň parlament toparynda Ministrler geňeşiniň döredilmegi ara alnyp maslahatlaşyldy. Mesele çözülip bilinmänsoň, Gazi Mustafa Kemaldan pikirlerini düşündirmegi haýyş edildi. Gazi Mustafa Kemal krizisden çykmagyň ýoluny Konstitusiýany üýtgetmegiň zerurlygy bilen düşündirdi. Şeýle hem, topara respublikanyň yglan edilmegine gönükdirilen kanun taslamasyny hödürledi. Taslama partiýa topary tarapyndan kabul edilenden soň, Türkiýäniň Milli mejlisiniň Baş Assambleýasynyň ýygnagy şol gün agşam 18.45-de başlandy. Düzediş baradaky konstitusiýa toparynyň hasabaty we teklibi umumy ýygnagyň tassyklamagyna hödürlendi we 1923-nji ýylyň 29-njy oktýabrynda duşenbe güni agşam 20.30-da deputatlar el çarpdylar we "Uzak ýaşa respublikan!" Respublikan ses bilen yglan edildi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prezidentlik_(1923-1938)"><span id="Prezidentlik_.281923-1938.29"></span>Prezidentlik (1923-1938)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Bölümi düzet: Prezidentlik (1923-1938)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Prezidentlik (1923-1938)"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Respublikanyň yglan edilmeginden soň geçirilen prezident saýlawlaryna gatnaşan 158 deputatyň hemmesiniň sesi bilen Bala deputaty Gazi Mustafa Kemal Türkiýäniň ilkinji prezidenti saýlandy. [274] Atatürk, öz sözleri bilen aýdanyňda, "Türkiýäni häzirki zaman siwilizasiýasynyň derejesine çykarmak" üçin birnäçe düýpli üýtgeşme amala aşyrdy. </p><p>1924-nji ýylyň konstitusiýasyna laýyklykda, Türkiýäniň Milli mejlisi 1923-nji ýylyň 29-njy oktýabrynda geçiriljek prezident saýlawlaryndan soň Gazi Mustafa Kemaly ýene üç gezek (1927, 1931, 1935-nji ýyllarda) gaýtadan saýlady. Atatürkiň döwründe İsmet önönü, Fethi Okyar we Selal Baýar premýer-ministr bolup işledi. Bu döwürde iň uzyn wezipede galan we iň köp hökümet guran adam İsmet önönü. Atatürkiň döwründe döredilen hökümetler tertipde: 1. T.R. Hökümet, 2-nji T.R. Hökümet, 3-nji T.R. Hökümet, 4-nji T.R. Hökümet, 5-nji T.R. Hökümet, 6-njy T.R. Hökümet, Türkiýe 7-nji Respublikasy Hökümet we Türkiýe 8-nji Respublikasy Bu hökümet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Içerki_syýasat"><span id="I.C3.A7erki_sy.C3.BDasat"></span>Içerki syýasat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Bölümi düzet: Içerki syýasat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Içerki syýasat"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ataturk ýygy-ýygydan ýurda gezelenç edýärdi we ýerdäki döwlet işlerini barlaýardy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daşary_syýasat"><span id="Da.C5.9Fary_sy.C3.BDasat"></span>Daşary syýasat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Bölümi düzet: Daşary syýasat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Daşary syýasat"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Atatürkiň ýolbaşçylyk eden döwründe daşary syýasat meseleleriniň arasynda Mosul meselesi, Türkiýe-Gresiýa ilat alyş-çalşygy, Türkiýäniň Milletler Bileleşigine girmegi, Balkan şertnamasy, Montreks bogazy konwensiýasy, Sadabat şertnamasy we Hataý meselesi bar. </p><p>Ataturk we Owganystan şasy Amanullah Han, Ankara (1928). Amanullah Han, Atatürkiň reformalaryna meňzeş reformalary öz ýurdunda durmuşa geçirmäge synanyşdy. Atatürkiň döwründe Türkiýe Owganystanyň döwrebaplaşdyryş işine işjeň goldaw berdi. </p><p>Ataturk daşary syýasatynda real hereket etdi. Ataturk daşary gatnaşyklarda dinamik we batyrgaý; ýöne başdan geçirmeli däl. Ataturk, daşary syýasatda özüni dolandyrýan ýörelge barada beýanat berdi: "Biz özümizi tanaýan adamlar, ýerine ýetirip bolmajak isleglerimiz ýok." Atatürk, Yslamçylygyň we Turanizmiň zyýanly ölçeglerine garşy Milli şertnama tarapyndan kesgitlenen çäklerde galmak pikirini kabul etdi. Ataturk, 1923-nji ýylyň 24-nji iýulynda gol çekilen Lozanna şertnamasyny daşary syýasatynda kesgitleýji faktor hökmünde saklady, bu şertnamada göz öňünde tutulan Türkiýe Respublikasynyň serhetleri esasan kesgitlenildi (Hatay meselesinden başga) we hiç hili eglişik edilmedi. Ykdysadyýet nukdaýnazaryndan Lozanna şertnamasy bilen ýatyrylan sözlerden. Atatürkiň Lozannany esas hökmünde ulanmagynyň ähmiýeti wagtyň geçmegi bilen has gowy düşünilýär; sebäbi Birinji Jahan Urşunda ýeňilenleriň arasynda bir milletiň döreden düşünjeleri şol döwürden şu güne çenli hereket edýän ýeke-täk şertnama bolup galýar. </p><p>Käbir türk gözlegçileriniň pikiriçe, şahsyýeti we gylyk-häsiýeti bilen tapawutlanýan we "milli" häsiýetli Atatürkiň daşary syýasaty häzirki döwürde görelde bolup biljek köp sanly esasy häsiýetlere eýe. Orta mekdepden bäri harby tälim alan we söweşlere gatnaşan Ataturk, söweşden soňky durmuşynda parahatçylygy saklamaga synanyşdy. Atatürkiň "Biziň pikirimizçe, halkara syýasy howpsuzlygyň ösmegi üçin ilkinji we iň möhüm şert, iň bolmanda parahatçylygy goramak ideýasyndaky halklaryň yhlasly agzybirligi" diýen sözleri, garaýşynyň mysaly hökmünde görkezildi Bu mesele. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mosul_meselesi">Mosul meselesi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Bölümi düzet: Mosul meselesi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Mosul meselesi"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_Reza_Shah_and_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_Reza_Shah_and_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.jpg/220px-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_Reza_Shah_and_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_Reza_Shah_and_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.jpg/330px-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_Reza_Shah_and_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_Reza_Shah_and_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.jpg/440px-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_Reza_Shah_and_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Eýranyň şasy Reza Pahlavi bilen Ataturk (1934)</figcaption></figure> <p>Türkiýe-Yrak serhedi Lozanna şertnamasy wagtynda çekilmedi. Mosul-Kirkuk sebitinde baý nebit ýataklarynyň bolmagy köp ýurtlaryň, esasanam Angliýanyň ünsüni özüne çekdi. Baý nebit ýataklarynyň ýerleşýän sebiti, Mudros ýaragyna gol çekilende Angliýa basyp aldy. Birinji jahan urşy gutarandan soň Yrakda Iňlis administrasiýasy döredildi we bu ýurt Iňlisleriň ygtyýaryna berildi. Mosul Milli şertnamanyň çäginde, ilatynyň aglaba bölegi türkdi. Şeýle-de bolsa, Iňlisler baý nebit ýataklarynyň ýerleşýän sebitini terk etmek islemediler. Lozanna parahatçylyk şertnamasy wagtynda bu mesele boýunça hiç hili netije alynmady we bu meseläniň soňrak Türkiýe bilen Angliýanyň arasynda çözülmegi karar edildi. Gepleşikler 1924-nji ýylda başlandy, ýöne netije alynmady. Soňra mesele Milletler ligasyna geçirildi. 1924-nji ýylyň oktýabr aýynda duşuşan Milletler Bileleşigi Türkiýe-Yrak serhedini çekdi we Mosul sebitini Yrak tarapynda goýdy. 1925-nji ýylyň 13-nji fewralynda Şeýh Said gozgalaňy başlandy. 15-nji aprelde doly basylan gozgalaň Iňlislere peýdaly boldy. Garaşsyzlyk söweşinden ýaňy çykan türk goşuny ýenjildi we Mosul-Kirkukda harby operasiýa mümkinçiligi ýok edildi. Bu ýagdaýda Türkiýe, 1926-njy ýylyň 5-nji iýunynda Iňlisler bilen gol çekilen Ankara şertnamasyna laýyklykda käbir maddy peýdalaryň öwezine Milletler Bileleşigi tarapyndan kesgitlenen serhedi kabul etdi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Türk-Grek_gatnaşyklary"><span id="T.C3.BCrk-Grek_gatna.C5.9Fyklary"></span>Türk-Grek gatnaşyklary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Bölümi düzet: Türk-Grek gatnaşyklary" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Türk-Grek gatnaşyklary"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Türkiýe-Gresiýa ilat alyş-çalşygy. 1923-nji ýylda Lozanna şertnamasyna goşmaça teswirnama laýyklykda Türkiýedäki grekleriň Gresiýa, Gresiýadaky türkler bolsa Türkiýä göçmäge mejbur ediljekdigi karar edildi. Türkiýede diňe Stambul şäheri, Gökçeada we Bozcaada, Gresiýada diňe Günbatar Frakiýanyň türkleri ilat alyş-çalşygyndan boşadyldy. Üýtgeşmeleriň köpüsi 1923-1924-nji ýyllarda bolup geçdi, ýöne galan käbir ýagdaýlarda mejbury migrasiýa 1930-njy ýyldaky önönü-Wenizelos şertnamasyna çenli dowam etdi. </p><p>Türk-grek ýakynlygy üçin Atatürk 1930-njy ýylda Gresiýanyň premýer-ministri Eleftherios Wenizelosy Türkiýä çagyrdy we öňki duşmany bilen parahatçylygyň düýbüni tutdy. Wenizelos häkimiýetden aýrylandan soň hem türk-grek gatnaşyklary mähirli bolup galdy. Aslynda, Wenizelosyň mirasdüşeri Panaýis Çaldaris 1933-nji ýylyň sentýabr aýynda Atatürk şäherine geldi we Türkiýe bilen Gresiýanyň arasynda Ylalaşyk şertnamasy (ýakyn şertnama kody, Pacte d'Entente Cordiale) atly giňişleýin şertnama gol çekdi. Balkan şertnamasy üçin basgançak. Atatürk 1934-nji ýylda Wenizelos tarapyndan Parahatçylyk boýunça Nobel baýragyna dalaşgär görkezildi. Şeýle-de bolsa, Nobel baýragy komiteti muny göz öňünde tutmady. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Ataturk we Amanullah Han</figcaption></figure><p> Gresiýanyň Anadolyny basyp almagyny ýalňyşlyk hasaplaýan we Türkiýe bilen dostlukly gatnaşyklaryň ösdürilmegini goldaýan diktator Ioannis Metaksas bir gezek Ataturk hakda şeýle diýdi:</p><blockquote><p>"... Prezident Atatürkiň umumy ideallaryň we parahatçylykly hyzmatdaşlygyň çäginde türk-grek bileleşiginiň hakyky esaslandyryjysydygyny hiç haçan ýatdan çykarmarys. Iki ýurduň arasynda ýatyryp bolmajak dostluk gatnaşyklaryny ösdürdi. Gresiýa ýatdan çykmajak ýatlamalary gorar. asylly türk halky üçin üýtgewsiz geljek ýoly kesgitlän bu beýik adam."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milletler_ligasy">Milletler ligasy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Bölümi düzet: Milletler ligasy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: Milletler ligasy"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Türkiýe 1932-nji ýylyň 13-nji aprelinde geçirilen Genevaenewa ýaragsyzlanmak konferensiýasynda Milletler Bileleşigi bilen hyzmatdaşlyga taýýardygyny mälim etdi. Şondan soň <a href="/wiki/Ispani%C3%BDa" title="Ispaniýa">Ispaniýa</a> we <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Dunanystan" title="Ýunanystan">Gresiýa</a> Türkiýäni Milletler Bileleşigine kabul etmegi teklip etdi. Türkiýäniň parahatçylykly syýasatyna gözegçilik edip, Milletler Bileleşigi 1932-nji ýylyň 6-njy iýulynda umumy mejlisde bu teklibi biragyzdan kabul etdi. Türkiye 1932-nji ýylyň 18-nji iýulynda bu birleşigiň agzasy boldy. Milletler Bileleşigi 1945-nji ýyldan bäri <a href="/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fen_Milletler_Guramasy" title="Birleşen Milletler Guramasy">Birleşen Milletler Guramasy</a> bilen çalşyryldy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ölümi"><span id=".C3.96l.C3.BCmi"></span>Ölümi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Bölümi düzet: Ölümi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: Ölümi"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Ataturkyň jaýlanyş çäresi, 1938-nji ýylyň 21-nji noýabry</figcaption></figure> <p>Atatürkiň saglyk ýagdaýy 1937-nji ýyldan başlap erbetleşip başlady. 1938-nji ýylyň başynda oňa siroz diagnozy goýuldy. Lukmanlar Europeewropadan getirildi. Mehmet Kamil Berk 1938-nji ýylyň 15-nji oktýabryndan tä ölýänçä lukmanlarynyň biri. Saglygynyň ýaramazlaşmagy türk we daşary ýurtly lukmanlaryň bejergisinden netije bermedi. </p><p>Atatürk 1938-nji ýylyň 10-njy noýabrynda irden 09.05-de Stambul Dolmabahçe köşgünde aradan çykdy. Jesedi dabara bilen Ankara iberildi we jesedi 1938-nji ýylyň 21-nji noýabrynda geçirilen dabara bilen Ankara etnografiýa muzeýindäki wagtlaýyn mazaryna ýerleşdirildi. 15 ýyl soň, 1953-nji ýylyň 10-njy noýabrynda, özi üçin gurlan Anıtkabirdäki baky dynç alyş ýerinde jaýlandy. Wesýeti boýunça emlägini türk taryhy jemgyýetine we türk dil birleşigine galdyrdy; Makbule Atadan Çankaýada ýaşamagyny isledi, Makbule Atadan we ogullyga alnan gyzlara aýlyk tölenmegini isledi we İsmet İnönüiň çagalaryna ýokary bilim almak üçin zerur goldaw berilmegini isledi. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Panaroma_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Panaroma_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/729px-Panaroma_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg" decoding="async" width="729" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Panaroma_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/1094px-Panaroma_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Panaroma_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/1458px-Panaroma_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13569" data-file-height="2235" /></a><figcaption>Atytkabir, Atatürkiň guburynyň ýerleşýän ýeri</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yatlamasy">Yatlamasy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Bölümi düzet: Yatlamasy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section's source code: Yatlamasy"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Atatürk, kino, telewideniýe, aýdym-saz we poeziýa ýaly ugurlarda häzirki zaman medeniýetine täsir etdi. Memoryatlamasyny tutuş Türkiýede dowam etdirmek üçin käbir binalara, salgylara we edaralara ady we atlary ýazylan atlar berildi. Bularyň käbiri; Atatürk howa menzili, Atatürk olimpiýa stadiony, Atatürk bendi, Atatürk köprüsi, Atatürk tokaý fermasy, Atatürk uniwersiteti, Gazi uniwersiteti, Gazi Anadoly orta mekdebi, Mustafa Kemal uniwersiteti. Mundan başga-da, Atatürkiň Samsuna gelmegine bagyşlanan Ondokuz Maýys uniwersiteti we doglan gününiň 100 ýyllygyna bagyşlanan Yüzüncü ıyl uniwersiteti ýaly ewokatiw atlar hem ulanyldy. </p><p>Türkiýäniň her bir şäher we etrap merkezinde Ataturk ýadygärlikleriniň we resmi edaralaryň girelgesinde Atatürkiň heýkeli, büsti ýa-da maskasy bar. Mundan başga-da, Atatürk büstleri, maskalar, portretler ýa-da suratlar, senenamalar, ruçka eýeleri we ş.m. ähli resmi ofislerde we köp sanly resmi ofislerde görkezilýär. Bezegler bar. Mundan başga-da, Türkiýede Ataturk nyşanlary, Ataturkyň goly bilen ýazgylar, galstuklar, halkalar we ş.m. Atatürk temaly nagyşlary göterýän köp raýaty görmek bolýar. 1951-nji ýylyň 31-nji iýulynda Demokratik partiýanyň hökümeti döwründe güýje giren we Atatürki goramak kanuny hökmünde köpçülige mälim bolan Atatürkä garşy edilen jenaýat kanuny Atatürkiň ýadyny aç-açan kemsitmegi we heýkelleri, büstleri, ýadygärlikleri we ş.m. ýok etmegi öz içine alýar. Atatürk. Obýektleri ýok etmek ýa-da hapalamak jenaýat hasaplanýar. Bu kanun söz azatlygy bilen baglanyşykly tankytlara sezewar edildi. </p><p>Türkiýedäki ähli döwlet we hususy mekdeplerde Atatürk burçunyň bolmagy hökmanydyr. Mundan başga-da, başlangyç we orta mekdep kitaplarynyň başynda we her synp otagynda Atatürkiň portreti bolmaly. Mundan başga-da, Ataturkyň söýgüsi we özgertmeleri aýratyn okuw ýa-da resmi bilimiň ähli basgançaklarynda käbir kurslaryň bir bölegi hökmünde öwredilýär. </p><p>19-njy maý her ýyl Türkiýe Respublikasynda, Demirgazyk Kipr Türkiýe Respublikasynda we Türkiýäniň daşary ýurt wekillerinde Atatürkiň hatyrasy, Youthaşlar we sport güni hökmünde bellenilýän milli baýramçylykdyr. 10-njy noýabrda, Atatürkiň aradan çykan güni, irden 09.05-de, Türkiýe Respublikasy, Demirgazyk Kipr Türkiýe Respublikasy we Türkiýäniň daşary ýurt wekilleriniň köpüsi bir minut dymyşlyk edýärler, ulaglar saklanýar we hormat goýýarlar şahlar üznüksiz. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galeri">Galeri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Bölümi düzet: Galeri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section's source code: Galeri"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Atat%C3%BCrk_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1912, Tripoli"><img alt="1912, Tripoli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Atat%C3%BCrk_1912.jpg/120px-Atat%C3%BCrk_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Atat%C3%BCrk_1912.jpg/180px-Atat%C3%BCrk_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Atat%C3%BCrk_1912.jpg/240px-Atat%C3%BCrk_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="849" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1912, Tripoli</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Ataturk20.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="1918, Halep"><img alt="1918, Halep" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ataturk20.JPG/83px-Ataturk20.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ataturk20.JPG/125px-Ataturk20.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ataturk20.JPG/166px-Ataturk20.JPG 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1918, Halep</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Ataturk22.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rauf Orbaý bilen, 1919"><img alt="Rauf Orbaý bilen, 1919" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk22.JPG/75px-Ataturk22.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk22.JPG/113px-Ataturk22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk22.JPG/150px-Ataturk22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="634" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rauf Orbaý bilen, 1919</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_(1920).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ismet Inönü bilen, 1920"><img alt="Ismet Inönü bilen, 1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_%281920%29.jpg/88px-%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_%281920%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_%281920%29.jpg/132px-%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_%281920%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_%281920%29.jpg/176px-%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_%281920%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="783" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ismet Inönü bilen, 1920</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="5 Awgust 1921"><img alt="5 Awgust 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_1921.jpg/89px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_1921.jpg/133px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_1921.jpg/177px-Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">5 Awgust 1921</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Atat%C3%BCrk_%C4%B0neboluda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1925, Kastamonu"><img alt="1925, Kastamonu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Atat%C3%BCrk_%C4%B0neboluda.jpg/104px-Atat%C3%BCrk_%C4%B0neboluda.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Atat%C3%BCrk_%C4%B0neboluda.jpg/156px-Atat%C3%BCrk_%C4%B0neboluda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Atat%C3%BCrk_%C4%B0neboluda.jpg/208px-Atat%C3%BCrk_%C4%B0neboluda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1925, Kastamonu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun_reji_fabrikas%C4%B1na_giderken.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1930, Samsun"><img alt="1930, Samsun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun_reji_fabrikas%C4%B1na_giderken.jpg/120px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun_reji_fabrikas%C4%B1na_giderken.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun_reji_fabrikas%C4%B1na_giderken.jpg/180px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun_reji_fabrikas%C4%B1na_giderken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun_reji_fabrikas%C4%B1na_giderken.jpg/240px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun_reji_fabrikas%C4%B1na_giderken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12122" data-file-height="8207" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1930, Samsun</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1931, Izmir"><img alt="1931, Izmir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg/120px-Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg/180px-Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg/240px-Ataturk_visits_a_school.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="1654" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1931, Izmir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1933, Ankara"><img alt="1933, Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg/120px-10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg/180px-10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg/240px-10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1061" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1933, Ankara</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Çeşmeler"><span id=".C3.87e.C5.9Fmeler"></span>Çeşmeler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Bölümi düzet: Çeşmeler" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section's source code: Çeşmeler"><span>çeşmäni düzet</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent; font-style: italic;"><tbody><tr> <td class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%BDl:Breezeicons-apps-32-system-users.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Breezeicons-apps-32-system-users.svg/30px-Breezeicons-apps-32-system-users.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Breezeicons-apps-32-system-users.svg/45px-Breezeicons-apps-32-system-users.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Breezeicons-apps-32-system-users.svg/60px-Breezeicons-apps-32-system-users.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span></td> <td>Bu biografiýa makala <a href="/wiki/Wikipedi%C3%BDa:Ownuk_makala" title="Wikipediýa:Ownuk makala">ownuk makaladyr</a>. 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