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href="#Colombians">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franco-Americans_in_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="History of the Franco-Americans in Holyoke, Massachusetts">Franco-Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Germans_in_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="History of the Germans in Holyoke, Massachusetts">Germans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Greeks">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_in_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="History of the Irish in Holyoke, Massachusetts">Irish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Italians">Italians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Jewish">Jews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mexicans">Mexicans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Polish">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puerto_Ricans_in_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Puerto Ricans in Holyoke, Massachusetts">Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Scottish">Scots</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_Holyoke_sidebar" title="Template:Ethnic Holyoke sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_Holyoke_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ethnic Holyoke sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_Holyoke_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic Holyoke sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,245</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,997</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+54.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,733</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+114.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,915</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+104.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">35,637</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+62.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">45,712</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">57,730</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,203</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">56,537</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">53,750</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">54,661</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">52,689</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50,112</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">44,678</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−10.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">43,704</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−2.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">39,838</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">39,880</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2018</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,358</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">U.S. Decennial Census<a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> As of the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 United States Census</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GR2-2">[2]</a> there were 39,880 people, 15,361 households, and 9,329 families residing in the city of <a href="/wiki/Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyoke">Holyoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> was 723.6/km2 (1,874/mi²). There were 16,384 housing units at an average density of 277.2/km2 (718.6/mi²). The City of Holyoke has in its history, had a uniquely varied demography for its small population size. In the prime of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a>, native-born residents ranged between 18 and 38 percent, as successive waves of Colombian, Dominican, English, French-Canadian, Irish, German, Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Puerto Rican, Scottish and many other groups emigrated to Holyoke throughout the city's first century.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Despite being a small city, only reaching a peak estimated population of 65,286 estimated in 1916, Holyoke had a unique demography among cities in the United States, having the 3rd highest foreign born population in the 1890 census,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> due to its syncretic culture industrial laborers. The proportion of immigrant residents was described in 1902 by journalist for the <a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a> as unequaled, noting "no other city in the country has so large a foreign population in comparison to its size", as the community made early efforts to both accommodate such numerous cultures, while fostering a sense of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">Americanization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AmericanizationNYTrib-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Income">Income</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Income">edit</a>]</div> For the period 2013–17, the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $37,954, and the median income for a family was $46,940. Male full-time workers had a median income of $46,888 versus $41,406 for females. The <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> for the city was $22,625. About 24.7% of families and 28.6% of the population were below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>, including 45.6% of those under age 18 and 19.8% of those age 65 or over.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> As of 2017, the city had the most recipients of <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Supplemental Nutrition Assistance</a> per capita of any in Massachusetts, with 37% of residents receiving such benefits. Of all ZIP codes in the Commonwealth, including those of Boston, Holyoke had the third highest total households receiving such assistance, with the highest per capita of any of the state's 351 municipalities, representing 54% of all households.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> A 2020 study by the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Institute" title="Urban Institute">Urban Institute</a> found Holyoke to be the least socioeconomically inclusive city in New England for minorities, despite them representing the largest group demographically. The report found between 2010 and 2015 the racial educational attainment gap narrowed by 30%, however homeownership declined slightly, and the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">working poor</a> marginally increased.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precolonial_settlement">Precolonial settlement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precolonial settlement">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Springfield,_Massachusetts#17th_century" title="History of Springfield, Massachusetts">History of Springfield, Massachusetts § 17th century</a></div> In the area around Holyoke and South Hadley Falls there were a number of tribes of native tribes, all belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a>. Though records are sparse and incomplete, the area was settled by the <a href="/wiki/Pocomtuc" title="Pocomtuc">Pocomtuc</a>, sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Agawam_people" title="Agawam people">Agawam</a> or Nonotuck.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Little remains marking the legacy of the Connecticut Valley's indigenous population in Holyoke. One of the few notable examples was found during an early excavation for <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Canal_System" title="Holyoke Canal System">the canal system</a> in 1847, when four skeletons were found by workmen in a makeshift tomb, all in the sitting position, facing eastward, with a mortar and pestle beside them, and a hollowed out underground chamber surrounding them.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> A number of burial sites would also be unearthed during the development of <a href="/wiki/The_Flats,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="The Flats, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Depot Hill</a>, and for a time DeRoy Park was known as <a href="/wiki/Canonchet" title="Canonchet">Canonchet</a> Park, as at least one such grave was found there. Other sites were discovered across the river where Bachelor Brook met the Connecticut, and in the early 20th century those who discovered those sites posited that artifacts might exist on the shores by <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Highland Park, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Highland Park</a>. Ultimately the presence of the tribes to the west of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="Hadley, Massachusetts">Hadley</a> would keep many of the earliest pioneers from permanently settling in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In the early 20th century, many Amerindian artifacts were uncovered and exhibited by local architect W. J. Howes, who would lead lectures on tribe archaeology at the Holyoke Scientific Association and was a recipient of many gifts of pottery and arrowheads found by people in the valley.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnography">Ethnography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethnography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Immigration_(1855-1920).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Holyoke_Immigration_%281855-1920%29.svg/270px-Holyoke_Immigration_%281855-1920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Holyoke_Immigration_%281855-1920%29.svg/405px-Holyoke_Immigration_%281855-1920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Holyoke_Immigration_%281855-1920%29.svg/540px-Holyoke_Immigration_%281855-1920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Populations of first generation foreign-born nationals residing in Holyoke during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Workers_laying_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam_(1900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Workers_laying_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam_%281900%29.jpg/220px-Workers_laying_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam_%281900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Workers_laying_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam_%281900%29.jpg/330px-Workers_laying_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam_%281900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Workers_laying_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam_%281900%29.jpg/440px-Workers_laying_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam_%281900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Workers standing beside the last stone laid in the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Dam" title="Holyoke Dam">Holyoke Dam</a>, January 5, 1900</figcaption></figure> Holyoke had witnessed such staggering growth from its founding until about 1900, that by 1902 the <a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a> reported the city contained 80% either first or second-generation immigrants, claiming that when adding the latter, no other city in the United States had as many residents per capita of foreign origin. At the time of writing, early efforts of <a href="/wiki/Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">Americanization</a> had begun, with the city being described both by the Tribune and the Commonwealth's offices as being at the forefront of teaching immigrant groups English as a second language, as well as history, and civics. The groups involved in these efforts to foster a common Holyoke community amongst the different ethnic groups included private companies like <a href="/wiki/William_Skinner_and_Sons" title="William Skinner and Sons">William Skinner & Sons</a>, with the Skinners introducing the Skinner Coffeehouse meeting hall that year, as well as the local <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a>, the Chamber of Commerce, and <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Public_Schools" title="Holyoke Public Schools">Holyoke Public Schools</a>, all providing classes, events, and other social gathering opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-nytrib-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-educommonwealth-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-educommonwealth2-17">[17]</a> Even as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> drew to a close, the successive waves of immigration to the city seeking jobs and inexpensive housing continued. Originally settled by Yankee English, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Protestants">Irish Protestants</a> and a few freemen, the first wave of immigration was largely <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a> with a smaller demographic of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a>, followed by waves <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> and French-Canadians, then <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and smaller groups of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greeks</a>. From the mid-20th century onward came a large wave of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> denizens, and by the end of the 20th century smaller groups of <a href="/wiki/Colombians" title="Colombians">Colombians</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the Dominican Republic">Dominicans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexicans</a> had settled in the city.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sears_2015-19">[19]</a> Because of these large immigration movements throughout the decades, as well as changes in American culture at large, and the many <a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Culture" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">contributions of Holyoke to American culture</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, Holyoke has throughout its history had a varying <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">syncretic culture</a> as the result of disparate groups and traditions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African-Americans">African-Americans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: African-Americans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deacons_of_Bethlehem_Baptist_Church_in_1973_(Holyoke,_Mass).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Deacons_of_Bethlehem_Baptist_Church_in_1973_%28Holyoke%2C_Mass%29.jpg/220px-Deacons_of_Bethlehem_Baptist_Church_in_1973_%28Holyoke%2C_Mass%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Deacons_of_Bethlehem_Baptist_Church_in_1973_%28Holyoke%2C_Mass%29.jpg/330px-Deacons_of_Bethlehem_Baptist_Church_in_1973_%28Holyoke%2C_Mass%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Deacons_of_Bethlehem_Baptist_Church_in_1973_%28Holyoke%2C_Mass%29.jpg/440px-Deacons_of_Bethlehem_Baptist_Church_in_1973_%28Holyoke%2C_Mass%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Deacons of Bethlehem Baptist Church, 1973, (left to right) Mansfield Stuckey, Willis C. Wilson, Harold Patton, Larry Rucks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermanns_Soehne_Association_Hall_(Dr_Mother_Elouise_Franklin_Church),_Holyoke,_Massachusetts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hermanns_Soehne_Association_Hall_%28Dr_Mother_Elouise_Franklin_Church%29%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/220px-Hermanns_Soehne_Association_Hall_%28Dr_Mother_Elouise_Franklin_Church%29%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hermanns_Soehne_Association_Hall_%28Dr_Mother_Elouise_Franklin_Church%29%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/330px-Hermanns_Soehne_Association_Hall_%28Dr_Mother_Elouise_Franklin_Church%29%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hermanns_Soehne_Association_Hall_%28Dr_Mother_Elouise_Franklin_Church%29%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/440px-Hermanns_Soehne_Association_Hall_%28Dr_Mother_Elouise_Franklin_Church%29%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5418" data-file-height="3602" /></a><figcaption>The Mother Elouise Franklin Church today, in <a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="South Holyoke">South Holyoke</a>; originally used as the meeting hall of the Sons of Hermann, it was renovated by the parishioners in 1973, an early example of reuse and revitalization in South Holyoke</figcaption></figure> As of 2010, there were 1,867 African-American or black residents living in Holyoke, and an estimated 11,539 according to the 2017 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Race2010-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-2017Race-21">[21]</a> Black families have resided in Holyoke since its days as Ireland Parish, with one of the earliest records being the marriage of Bushman Fuller and his bride Miss Flora Parry, on February 7, 1778.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Fuller, a freeman who had previously been a slave to one Joseph Ely of West Springfield, purchased his wife's freedom for $100 at the time, or $1 per bushel of wheat. The two would become part of a small but active black community that resided to the west of what is today called <a href="/wiki/Elmwood,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Elmwood, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Elmwood</a> in modern-day the Jarvis Avenue/Homestead Avenue neighborhoods. When the Congregationalists joined the Baptists in the Baptist Village meetinghouse, according to an 1890 account of the city's church history, members of the black community "were cordially received and were treated with great kindness by both the pastor and people". Though segregated, a section of the pews was set aside for them at the front rows by the pulpit, in the southwest section of the sanctuary. Flora Fuller would go on become a prominent member of the Baptist Village community, serving as a <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States#Women" title="History of medicine in the United States">village nurse</a> to its earliest residents, providing aid to the sick.<a href="#cite_note-MD-23">[23]</a> Flora Fuller's daughter, Clorilla, would marry a William Jarvis, of the family for whom Jarvis Avenue is so-named.<a href="#cite_note-reprint-24">[24]</a> The community remained relatively small but other families would arrive to the city after its founding as Holyoke, seeking work in the mills and factories there.<a href="#cite_note-reprint-24">[24]</a> By 1926 a survey of churchgoers showed 67 black Protestant parishioners, and an <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> had opened in <a href="/wiki/The_Flats,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="The Flats, Holyoke, Massachusetts">The Flats</a>. This church, affiliated with a counterpart in Springfield, would be defunct before World War II.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1957, the New Hope <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a> parish was established under the leadership of Bishop C. W. Franklin and his wife Mother Elouise Franklin. Moving from a storefront to a permanent home in the former Hermannshalle in 1973, the church remains extant in South Holyoke today, christened as the Mother Elouise Franklin Church.<a href="#cite_note-storyof-26">[26]</a> For several years the black Bethlehem Baptist Church had been meeting in the old Lutheran Church building in South Holyoke after the Lutheran move to their current church on Northampton Street in 1955. Over the next several years the Baptist Church would take part in dialogue with the Greater Holyoke Council of Churches, as part of a survey and broader panel for public discussion of the issues facing black Holyoke families.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1961 the city's public schools would accept 3 black students, along with 6 others attending Springfield and West Springfield, after <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Virginia" title="Prince Edward County, Virginia">Prince Edward County, Virginia</a> closed its public schools to avoid implementing <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">court-mandated integration</a>. This action led to 1,700 black children being unable to attend private white schools and through a nationwide effort by the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a>, working with the local Greater Holyoke Council of Churches, funds were raised for the schooling of these additional three pupils at <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Public_Schools" title="Holyoke Public Schools">Holyoke Public Schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dicarlo-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> When the Reformed Church on Sargeant Street merged with the other Congregational churches in 1963, their former building, also previously used by German immigrants, became the home of the Bethlehem Baptist Church, which resides there today.<a href="#cite_note-dicarlo-29">[29]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/occupytheairwaveshistoryofblackholyoke10.13.2019">History Of Black Holyoke, with Erica Slocumb</a>, October 13, 2019, on Occupy the Airwaves of <a href="/wiki/WXOJ-LP" title="WXOJ-LP">WXOJ-LP</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The 1960 US Census would record 148 black households, representing in total about 1% or about 500 individuals of the 52,689 population at that time. Within a decade two of the school district's own native sons went on to become household names. The first, Jim Jennings, would go on from <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_High_School" title="Holyoke High School">Holyoke High School</a> to play for <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Running_back" title="Running back">running back</a> in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The other, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Gamble_(American_football)" title="Kenny Gamble (American football)">Kenny Gamble</a> would go on from being a running back for <a href="/wiki/Colgate_University" title="Colgate University">Colgate University</a> to being the inaugural recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Walter_Payton_Award" title="Walter Payton Award">Walter Payton Award</a>, playing for the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs" title="Kansas City Chiefs">Kansas City Chiefs</a> thereafter for four seasons. Gamble would later be inducted into the <a href="/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="College Football Hall of Fame">College Football Hall of Fame</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1983, after discussion between Mayor Proulx and the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>, the City agreed to set up a Minority Action Committee, including the city's affirmative action officer, Victor Douglas, and the NAACP-appointed Louis Owens, an electrician and outspoken candidate for city council, who agreed with the mission of the body as a means to lobby for improved housing and economic opportunities for the city's black and Hispanic community.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 2018 a doctoral candidate in <a href="/wiki/UMass_Amherst" class="mw-redirect" title="UMass Amherst">UMass Amherst</a>'s Afro-American Studies Department, Erika Slocumb, began documenting and archiving accounts of black Holyoke history, with support from the <a href="/wiki/Wistariahurst_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Wistariahurst Museum">Wistariahurst Museum</a> and funding by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_Humanities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass Humanities (page does not exist)">Mass Humanities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Slocumb's work, Reliquary of Blackness: Documenting Black History in Holyoke was among those selected to be featured in the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_on_Public_History" title="National Council on Public History">National Council on Public History</a>'s 2020 national conference.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Though <a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Terminology_dispute" title="African Americans">not necessarily identified with the handle African-American</a>, generally used to refer to the descendants of former enslaved black peoples, additionally in single-ancestry responses in 2017, 323 people identified as Subsaharan Africans, including 100 Zimbabweans, 93 Liberians, and 44 Kenyans, and 148 as non-Hispanic West Indians, including 88 Jamaicans and 44 Haitians.<a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2017ACS-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chinese">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke,_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Holyoke%2C_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif/220px-Holyoke%2C_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Holyoke%2C_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif/330px-Holyoke%2C_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Holyoke%2C_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif/440px-Holyoke%2C_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>A High Street laundry shop owned and operated by Mr. Lee Wong Hing,<a href="#cite_note-pinyin-40">[a]</a> a Chinese American merchant, c. 1904, from a review case by Federal Government, in the era of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206072133/http://leonardjlosholyokehistory.blogspot.com/2015/10/the-orient-dubbed-holyokes-restaurant.html">The Orient Restaurant</a>, c. 1935, it was drafted in 1919 by <a href="/wiki/George_P._B._Alderman" title="George P. B. Alderman">George P. B. Alderman</a> under commission by owner Joe Fun<a href="#cite_note-pinyin-40">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> As of the 2010 Census, there were 79 residents of Chinese heritage living in Holyoke (Chinese: 霍利奥克), and an estimated 119 according to the 2017 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Race2010-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> have resided in small numbers in Holyoke, as well as its neighboring cities of Springfield and Westfield, since the mid 19th century. Though only a demographic of dozens, their early presence represented two classes, a working class operating laundromats and restaurants, and an academic demographic attending Holyoke High School through the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Educational_Mission" title="Chinese Educational Mission">Chinese Educational Mission</a> and similar exchanges from 1872 through 1911;<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-42">[41]</a> a number of alumni would become prominent officials, overseeing reforms in the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-Holyoke_Transcript-Telegram-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-clarencecuba-44">[43]</a> In the 1880 US Census, 4 Chinese residents were recorded as residing in the city.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> In the decade following the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> of 1882, other families would move to the area and by 1893 a letter to the editor of New York's Irish American reported the population had grown to 20 people.<a href="#cite_note-IA-46">[45]</a> These Chinese would form <a href="/wiki/Tong_(organization)" title="Tong (organization)">tong chapters</a> and other institutions in time, and integrated early on. Reflecting social attitudes, Holyoke would make national news in 1888 when a Holyoke laundryman, one Sam Kee,<a href="#cite_note-pinyin-40">[a]</a> married a white mill worker, Katie Jones, leaving to be wed in New York.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The history of Holyoke and Springfield's Chinese would largely be male-dominated, due to the immigration restrictions imposed on them, by 1925 there would be a ratio of 5.7 Chinese American men to every 1 woman of Chinese descent in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In a Hampden County history by <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Johnson_(author)" title="Clifton Johnson (author)">Clifton Johnson</a>, the earliest Chinese community was described as transitory, which may have been in part a reflection of the Federal government's scrutiny of Chinese merchants before the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Despite a presence spanning four decades by that time, it was not until 1921 that the first <a href="/wiki/Chinese_funeral_rituals" title="Chinese funeral rituals">Chinese funeral rites</a> were recorded in Holyoke by <a href="/wiki/The_Republican_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)" title="The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts)">The Republican</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Though not Holyoke specifically, a 1942 account of <a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a>'s last first-generation Chinese laundromat closing would describe that respective towns peak in Chinese laundromats being about 1911 to 1918.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Although limited in scale by the lack of a sizable population, Holyoke and Springfield would briefly see the violence of the <a href="/wiki/Tong_Wars" title="Tong Wars">Tong Wars</a>. A prolonged rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/On_Leong_Chinese_Merchants_Association" title="On Leong Chinese Merchants Association">On Leong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_Sing_Association" title="Hip Sing Association">Hip Sing</a> <a href="/wiki/Tong_(organization)" title="Tong (organization)">tongs</a>, present in Holyoke and Springfield, came to a head on December 7, 1924 when a drive-by shooting injured two members of the On Leong tong at a Springfield laundromat.<a href="#cite_note-tongwar-52">[51]</a> Although no suspect was convicted, Holyoke's Joe Fun, who'd opened "The Orient" restaurant five year's earlier faced scrutiny as the driver and a reported member of the Hip Sing, barricading himself in his business across from City Hall for days with his lawyers.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Later denying his tong membership, Fun approached the Holyoke Police in 1927, seeking protection, and it was reported police were watching a laundromat on Appleton Street at that time, hoping to prevent additional skirmishes.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The other class of Chinese residents who resided in Holyoke were the sons of officials in Qing China, of whom about a dozen were accepted from 1872 to 1881 at <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_High_School" title="Holyoke High School">Holyoke High School</a>, one of numerous other public schools in the Commonwealth to host such students.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The exchange program left such an impression on its alumni, some would return to the city as senior officials of the Qing government. These included a Mr. Shung Kih Ting, who visited to Holyoke in 1909 while acting deputy commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maritime_Customs_Service" title="Chinese Maritime Customs Service">Chinese Maritime Customs Service</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> and Mr. Chow Wan Tang, then general manager of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Telegraph_Administration" title="Imperial Chinese Telegraph Administration">Imperial Chinese Telegraph Administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holyoke_Transcript-Telegram-43">[42]</a> Although the Chinese Educational Mission had ended by this time, in 1908 Chow Wan Tang would leave his son, Clarence Chow, to study as he had once, at Holyoke High School.<a href="#cite_note-yale-58">[57]</a> Clarence was hosted by the same family who had hosted his father, the Kagwins on Beech Street, a working-class family in the employ of the city's Ford Augur Company. Clarence went on to become an acclaimed school athlete at Holyoke High, before attending Yale.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <a href="#cite_note-clarencecuba-44">[43]</a> Returning to China in the years after college, Chow would spend the rest of his time in the service of the Chinese government across three administrations, enduring political turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. Arriving in Holyoke as a Qing government exchange student, he would serve as a diplomat for the Republic, and later wrote his classmates in 1961, to say that he was serving as a teacher in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> during <a href="/wiki/Mao" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao">Mao</a>'s administration.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Aside from exchange students the city would host one other prominent official. In May 1906, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Jintao" title="Chen Jintao">Chen Jintao</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[b]</a> the eventual founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China" title="Bank of China">Bank of China</a>, also regarded as China's first foreign scholar,<a href="#cite_note-BDRC-63">[61]</a> was sent to the city on assignment to study its budding paper-making industry and infrastructure, reporting back to the Chinese government after a month of observation. He would be received not only by mill owners but the city government itself, including city engineer James Tighe who would show him the infrastructure of the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Water_Works" title="Holyoke Water Works">Holyoke Reservoir System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Chen, possibly a member of the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> would go on to serve numerous important roles in both the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> governments, including Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs for the latter.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombians">Colombians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colombians">edit</a>]</div> As of the 2010 Census, there were 202 residents of Colombian heritage living in Holyoke, and an estimated 204 according to the 2017 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HispOriginSF1-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-HispOrigin-69">[67]</a> Though not residents of the city, one of the earliest exchanges between Holyoke and Colombian culture came on October 11, 1889, during the first <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conference</a>, where the officials of 14 Central and South American countries were received in Springfield and subsequently Holyoke, traveling by rail.<a href="#cite_note-PanAmReception-70">[68]</a> Among them was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Mart%C3%ADnez_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Martínez Silva (page does not exist)">Carlos Martínez Silva</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Mart%C3%ADnez_Silva" class="extiw" title="es:Carlos Martínez Silva">es</a>], one of the framers of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1886" title="Colombian Constitution of 1886">1886 Constitution</a> which established it as the Republic of Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Nearly a century later, in the late 1960s, many of the earliest Colombian residents would settle in Holyoke, as laborers in the remaining factories during a labor shortage from the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominicans">Dominicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dominicans">edit</a>]</div> As of the 2010 Census, there were 349 residents of Dominican heritage living in Holyoke, and an estimated 5,080 according to the 2017 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, comprising the second largest Hispanic or Latino group in the city.<a href="#cite_note-HispOriginSF1-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-HispOrigin-69">[67]</a> In the early 1990s, dozens of Dominican families arrived in Holyoke, some following a similar path as Puerto Rican residents, arriving from New York to Springfield, others directly from the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>. Many would open shops such as <a href="/wiki/Bodega_(convenience_store)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodega (convenience store)">bodegas</a> and salons in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Sears_2015-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206191115/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CyCTg2AXgAAv5QJ?format=jpg&name=4096x4096">Farr Alpaca vs. Clan McLaren, Chaloux Cup, Thanksgiving Day c.1910</a>, an example of the soccer club which ultimately led to a professional team, the Falcos, from the collection of Harry Craven at Highland Hardware, via SoccerHistoryUS</td></tr></tbody></table> As of the 2010 5-year <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, there were 949 residents of English heritage living in Holyoke, and an estimated 305 according to the 2017 American Community Survey, as well as 53 in that survey who identified by the response "British".<a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2010ACS-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2017ACS-39">[39]</a> Holyoke's English would comprise two groups, American "Yankee English", descendants of the first settlers of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> and soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, including early figures like Mayors <a href="/wiki/William_B._C._Pearsons" title="William B. C. Pearsons">William B. C. Pearsons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Crafts" title="Roswell P. Crafts">Roswell P. Crafts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_II" title="William Whiting II">William Whiting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-stone-76">[74]</a> The latter group would be the later arrivals of Holyoke, including William Skinner of <a href="/wiki/William_Skinner_and_Sons" title="William Skinner and Sons">Skinner Silk</a>, and American impressionist painter <a href="/wiki/William_Chadwick_(painter)" title="William Chadwick (painter)">William Chadwick</a>, both 19th century arrivals of English immigrant families.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Many of the cities later arrivals would also be hires for the <a href="/wiki/Farr_Alpaca_Company" title="Farr Alpaca Company">Farr Alpaca Company</a>, of which about half of its initial 200 workers came directly from Canada or England, and was described as "an English mill". It was through the fanfare of these English and Anglo-Canadian arrivals that the city would briefly host one of the pioneer professional American <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a> teams, the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Falcos" title="Holyoke Falcos">Holyoke Falcos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_French-Canadians">French and French-Canadians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: French and French-Canadians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_French_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the French in Holyoke">History of the French in Holyoke</a></div> As of the 2010 5-year <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, there were 1,126 residents of French heritage living in Holyoke, 695 residents of French-Canadian heritage, and no residents of Acadian or Cajun heritage. In the 2017 American Community Survey, it was recorded there were 721 residents of French heritage, 712 residents of French-Canadian heritage, and 13 residents of Acadian or Cajun heritage.<a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2010ACS-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2017ACS-39">[39]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century Holyoke was a hub for <a href="/wiki/Franco-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Americans">Franco-American</a> culture, having one of the largest populations of French or French-Canadian foreign nationals, exceeding the populations of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-AmLeader-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germans">Germans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Germans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Holyoke">Germans in Holyoke</a></div> As of the 2010 5-year <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, there were 578 residents of German heritage living in Holyoke, and in the 2017 American Community Survey, it was recorded there were 276 residents of German heritage.<a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2010ACS-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2017ACS-39">[39]</a> During the 19th century a small German immigrant colony was established around the Germania Woolen Mills of <a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="South Holyoke">South Holyoke</a>, which had the highest German per capita population of New England by 1875.<a href="#cite_note-turnenNsport-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greeks">Greeks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Greeks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Greek_Orthodox_Church_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts_1918).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Holy_Trinity_Greek_Orthodox_Church_%28Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_1918%29.png/220px-Holy_Trinity_Greek_Orthodox_Church_%28Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_1918%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Holy_Trinity_Greek_Orthodox_Church_%28Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_1918%29.png/330px-Holy_Trinity_Greek_Orthodox_Church_%28Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_1918%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Holy_Trinity_Greek_Orthodox_Church_%28Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_1918%29.png/440px-Holy_Trinity_Greek_Orthodox_Church_%28Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_1918%29.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>The Holy Trinity Greek Church in <a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="South Holyoke">South Holyoke</a>, as it appeared shortly after its dedication, from the 1918 history book Hellenism in America</figcaption></figure> As of the 2010 5-year <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, there were 113 residents of Greek heritage living in Holyoke (Greek: Χόλιοκ), and an estimated 37 according to the 2017 American Community Survey.<a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2017ACS-39">[39]</a> Although a large Greek community would characterize Springfield more than Holyoke in size and cultural institutions, at the turn of the 20th century the Paper City would see the arrival of a Greek families seeking work in the area's mills and factories.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> The first arrivals were largely individual workers in the local textile factories, with the first family, that of George Demos, arriving in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-storyof-26">[26]</a>: 231  By 1905 there were reportedly 25 Greek expatriates living in the Paper City.<a href="#cite_note-OrthodoxHistory-83">[81]</a> Holyoke's community was largely built around the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Orthodox</a> Church, even prior to the construction of its permanent home. In the earliest years the community was hosted in the grand hall of the <a href="/wiki/File:Monument_National_Canadien_Fran%C3%A7ais,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts.jpg" title="File:Monument National Canadien Français, Holyoke, Massachusetts.jpg">Monument National Canadien Français</a>, at which the first Greek Orthodox church services were held by Reverend Papaleloudas, as well as <a href="/wiki/Celebration_of_the_Greek_Revolution" title="Celebration of the Greek Revolution">celebrations of the Greek Revolution</a>, and meetings of the Pan-Hellenic Union of America, which had 20,000 members in 1913 and maintained a branch in Holyoke.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> in 1913, the organization would receive letters from those of the community fighting for their country overseas, with at least 40 such men going overseas for the effort against <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> On May 19, 1916, the Holy Trinity Church was officially issued a charter of parish by the Secretary of the Commonwealth, and the process began in the construction of a permanent church edifice. The parish would hire Greek-American architect Kyriakos Kalfas of New York City, who would base the design on the Church of the Pantokrator in <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a>, but decided to use welded steel for the edifice's domes rather than traditional wood and tile-based building methods, seeking to prevent ice and snow from compromising the structure.<a href="#cite_note-OrthodoxHistory-83">[81]</a> The church was dedicated on November 18, 1917.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> By 1920 there were a reported 400 members of the Greek community residing in Holyoke, and although they were united by the Greek Hellenic identity and independence of their nation, rifts existed in the earliest days between those supporting <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Greek monarchy</a>, with some tensions and confrontations between the two factions at meetings during the early 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-telegram-88">[86]</a> During one 1920 meeting held at <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_City_Hall" title="Holyoke City Hall">City Hall</a>, it was reported that the City Marshall (a predecessor of the Chief of Police) withdrew support and suggested the meeting of 1,200 be called off due to reported tensions between the two factions.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Though the meeting was still held with a police presence, a week later one of its speakers, a Greek diplomat, Elias Panas, would be attacked by members of an opposing faction while in Springfield.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Later in November of that same year, members of the Venizelos faction, Holyoke's Greek Liberal Society, would telegram <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">President Wilson</a>, decrying a piece that had been published by a New York paper calling for a new referendum for a ruler of Greece, arguing it was done so by royalists. By 1920, the Greek language had briefly found a home in the city's press, with the establishment of the New England Greek-American Publishing Company in <a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="South Holyoke">South Holyoke</a> at 419 Main Street, by one Christ Bress.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Mr. Bress would also found the fraternal St. Andrews Club in the city, and later worked as a writer for the first successful <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> daily, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantis_(newspaper)" title="Atlantis (newspaper)">Atlantis</a> in New York City, shortly before his death in 1929. Unfortunately little information remains on the duration of his paper in Holyoke, other than his involvement in its publication had ceased by that time.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Apostasia_of_1965" title="Apostasia of 1965">Apostasia of 1965</a>, through the efforts of the Holy Trinity Greek Church as well as the First Baptist Church and 3 other Baptist congregations, two families were received from Greece to make their new home in Holyoke.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> On March 28, 2022, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_A._Garcia" title="Joshua A. Garcia">Mayor Garcia</a> honored the community with a raising of the flag of Greece and official proclamation celebrating <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">the independence of Greece</a> from the Ottoman Empire in 1821.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish">Irish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Irish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Irish in Holyoke">History of the Irish in Holyoke</a></div> As of the 2010 5-year <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, there were 2740 residents of Irish heritage living in Holyoke, and in the 2017 American Community Survey, it was recorded there were 1882 residents of Irish heritage.<a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2010ACS-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2017ACS-39">[39]</a> From the beginning of Holyoke's founding, Irish immigrants have been associated with the founding of the City; prior to its formal establishment the area today encompassing Holyoke, the Third Parish of West Springfield, was known as "Ireland", or "Ireland Parish".<a href="#cite_note-Holland1855-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italians">Italians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Italians">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:370px;max-width:370px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigali_Block,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Rigali_Block%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/112px-Rigali_Block%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Rigali_Block%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/168px-Rigali_Block%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Rigali_Block%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/224px-Rigali_Block%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1764" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Equi%27s_Store,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts_circa_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Equi%27s_Store%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_circa_1910.jpg/250px-Equi%27s_Store%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_circa_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Equi%27s_Store%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_circa_1910.jpg/375px-Equi%27s_Store%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_circa_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Equi%27s_Store%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_circa_1910.jpg/500px-Equi%27s_Store%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_circa_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1540" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Rigali Block at 341-343 High Street; built by fruit store owner Louis Regali in 1887, and designed by <a href="/wiki/George_P._B._Alderman" title="George P. B. Alderman">George P. B. Alderman</a>, it was later sold to Caesar Equi who operated his store there in the 20th century (right). Equi's would be the first such store to operate in the city with its own soda fountain, selling its own ice cream<a href="#cite_note-storyof-26">[26]</a></div></div></div></div> As of the 2010 5-year <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, there were 565 residents of Italian heritage living in Holyoke, and an estimated 320 according to the 2017 American Community Survey.<a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2017ACS-39">[39]</a> Italians, having a greater presence toward Springfield, would arrive in Holyoke in the 1880s, with the earliest record of an Italian family being in 1884 when a Charles Marano married a May O'Connor. Many of the city's earliest arrivals would establish confectionery stores and produce markets in business districts along High and Main Streets.<a href="#cite_note-PVpict-97">[95]</a>: 95  In addition to proprietors, many of these early arrivals included tradesmen such as stone-cutters, carpenters, tailors, and barbers. By 1887, one Louis J. Rigali, a real estate broker, would construct a small Romanesque block on High Street, still extant today.<a href="#cite_note-storyof-26">[26]</a>: 164–167  While the Italian community would remain scattered throughout the city, for a brief time a section of downtown by present-day Nick Cosmos Way (then known as "Bond Street") would be characterized by a number of Italian shops and family residences, with the first market dedicated to Italian specialties like olive oil, cheeses, and cold-cuts, opening at the corner of Bond and Essex in 1918. A number of other markets and produce stores founded by Italian immigrants would remain fixtures for more than 50 years, including names like Luchini's, Rigali Brothers, Mazzolini Brothers, and Magri's, the latter of which remains extant in Chicopee. Another example of a long-running Holyoke Italian business was D'Addario's Camera Shop, operated by brothers Vincent and <a href="/wiki/Ray_D%27Addario" title="Ray D'Addario">Ray D'Addario</a>, the latter of whom would go on to be chief photographer of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-storyof-26">[26]</a>: 164–167  One of the longest-running Italian institutions in the city would be the Italian Progressive Society. Founded in 1900, as a <a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">benefit society</a>, the group would host numerous dances, dinners, and outings, buying a plot of land adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Ponds_State_Park" title="Hampton Ponds State Park">Hampton Ponds</a>. Similar to the German Turners' Camp Jahn, the Italian Grove would serve as a family recreation venue for membership in the summers. In 1972 the Society reorganized, incorporated again in South Hadley in 1978, and gradually became defunct by the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexicans">Mexicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> As of the 2010 Census, there were 167 residents of Mexican heritage living in Holyoke, and an estimated 329 according to the 2017 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HispOriginSF1-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-HispOrigin-69">[67]</a> While much of Holyoke's Mexican community arrived in the latter part of the 20th and early 21st centuries, the city had some earlier exchanges of Mexican culture. In the late 1890s, one of the musical acts performing at <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Mountain Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Mountain Park</a> were the Mexican Troubadours, a group of musicians from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> wearing traditional <a href="/wiki/Charro_outfit" title="Charro outfit">charros</a>, who would play the harp, <a href="/wiki/Ocarina" title="Ocarina">ocarina</a>, mandolin, and "a sort of exaggerated <a href="/wiki/Autoharp" title="Autoharp">autoharp</a>" there,<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> as well as regularly at Springfield's <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park,_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Forest Park, Springfield, Massachusetts">Forest Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> The Mexican government would also send delegations to Holyoke on two occasions. In 1889, during the cross-country tour of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conference</a>, when the city received Adolfo Mujica y Sáyago, a diplomat who would later serve as the Consul General of Mexico to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-PanAmReception-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> In 1950, representatives from Mexico, among more than a dozen other countries, were on-hand during the demonstration of the first newsprint commercially produced using <a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">bagasse</a> at the mills of the Chemical Paper Company.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish">Polish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Polish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:438px;max-width:438px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulaski_Park_and_old_Ward_1_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts_during_Flood_of_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pulaski_Park_and_old_Ward_1_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_during_Flood_of_1936.jpg/280px-Pulaski_Park_and_old_Ward_1_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_during_Flood_of_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pulaski_Park_and_old_Ward_1_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_during_Flood_of_1936.jpg/420px-Pulaski_Park_and_old_Ward_1_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_during_Flood_of_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pulaski_Park_and_old_Ward_1_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_during_Flood_of_1936.jpg/560px-Pulaski_Park_and_old_Ward_1_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_during_Flood_of_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="341" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Gas_%26_Electric,_Polish_Advertisement_(from_Gwiazda,_1942-08-29).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Holyoke_Gas_%26_Electric%2C_Polish_Advertisement_%28from_Gwiazda%2C_1942-08-29%29.png/150px-Holyoke_Gas_%26_Electric%2C_Polish_Advertisement_%28from_Gwiazda%2C_1942-08-29%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Holyoke_Gas_%26_Electric%2C_Polish_Advertisement_%28from_Gwiazda%2C_1942-08-29%29.png/225px-Holyoke_Gas_%26_Electric%2C_Polish_Advertisement_%28from_Gwiazda%2C_1942-08-29%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Holyoke_Gas_%26_Electric%2C_Polish_Advertisement_%28from_Gwiazda%2C_1942-08-29%29.png/300px-Holyoke_Gas_%26_Electric%2C_Polish_Advertisement_%28from_Gwiazda%2C_1942-08-29%29.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="757" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mater_Dolorosa_Parish,_Holyoke" title="Mater Dolorosa Parish, Holyoke">Mater Dolorosa Parish</a> (lower-right), <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Pulaski Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Pulaski Park</a> (left), and the old Polish Ward One neighborhood in 1937, prior to its redevelopment in the late 20th century; a 1942 <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Gas_%26_Electric" title="Holyoke Gas & Electric">Holyoke Gas & Electric</a> ad for <a href="/wiki/Mazda_(light_bulb)" title="Mazda (light bulb)">Mazda lamps</a> in Polish, from <a href="/wiki/Gwiazda_(Holyoke)" title="Gwiazda (Holyoke)">Gwiazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwiazda_(Holyoke)" title="Gwiazda (Holyoke)">The Polish Weekly Star</a></div></div></div></div> As of the 2010 5-year <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, there were 1,705 residents of Polish heritage living in Holyoke, and an estimated 1,307 according to the 2017 American Community Survey, making them the fourth largest group by single responses.<a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2017ACS-39">[39]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> would settle in Holyoke in the mid-to-late 1880s, having arrived in <a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a> in 1880 and <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a> in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-STCCpolish-105">[103]</a> One of Holyoke's earliest Polish settlers was Joseph Czarnecki, who arrived in September 1888. By 1895, the community had grown to 300 residents, many of whom were working as textile makers in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Mills_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyman Mills (company) (page does not exist)">Lyman Mills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-storyof-26">[26]</a>: 123, 126  <a href="#cite_note-CatholicHistory-106">[104]</a> Because of their profession and class, this group largely lived near the French-Canadians near the north end of Downtown by Ward 4, in the Lyman Mills Housing by Oliver Street, as well as in parts of <a href="/wiki/The_Flats,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="The Flats, Holyoke, Massachusetts">The Flats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmericanizationNYTrib-5">[5]</a> In the earliest days of their arrival, the Holyoke's Poles held a tense, skeptical attitude toward city police, for as one <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield Republican">Springfield Republican</a> journalist put it— "nothing is so much feared in the Polish settlement as a police officer and in this the people show the result of years of government under a military system," the aforementioned system reflecting the realities of a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">Partitioned Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> With the growth of the community, many sought to establish a Catholic church in the city which would offer <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a>. However the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Springfield_in_Massachusetts" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts">Diocese of Springfield</a> did not move to establish such a parish until Rev. A. N. Dynia, a priest from Poland who had been defrocked, had begun to organize such a church there himself.<a href="#cite_note-CatholicHistory-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Indeed the independent Dynia would continue this pattern going westward, similarly unofficially initiating the creation of other Polish parishes as he went from town to town, only to be shunned by each respective Diocese.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-polishofficial-112">[110]</a> After Dynia was "driven from the city", the Bishop appointed Father H. Chalupka of Chicopee to attend to this would-be parish, and on September 26, 1896, Rev. Anthony M. Sikorski became the first resident priest.<a href="#cite_note-CatholicHistory-106">[104]</a> In 1901 a building designed by Holyoke's <a href="/wiki/George_P._B._Alderman" title="George P. B. Alderman">George P. B. Alderman</a> was built and paid for by the parishioners who sold it to the Diocese at a token price, by 1902 the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune">New York Tribune</a> identified their community synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Mater_Dolorosa_Parish,_Holyoke" title="Mater Dolorosa Parish, Holyoke">Mater Dolorosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-polishofficial-112">[110]</a> An influential member of the Polish community in the early 20th century was John Zielinski, who first arrived in Holyoke in 1912 to serve as the organist and choir director of Mater Dolorosa and was subsequently vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Roman_Catholic_Union_of_America" title="Polish Roman Catholic Union of America">Polish Roman Catholic Union of America</a> at one time, instrumental in the work of adjusting to American culture while keeping traditions of the Old World.<a href="#cite_note-storyof-26">[26]</a>: 123, 126 <a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-MD-23">[23]</a> Gradually the community established itself in Ward 4 in the land immediately adjacent to this church. In 1923 one Stanislaw Walczak established a Polish-language weekly, the Gwiazda or The Polish Weekly-"Star" which would carry local news as well as syndicated national news, ultimately folding after 3 decades, in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Similarly to the French <a href="/wiki/La_Justice" title="La Justice">La Justice</a>, the Polish press continued as a private printer run by the same family, even decades after the paper had ceased publication. The Star Press, as it was later known, remained extant as recently as 2004 with one of its last regular jobs being the publication of the first issue of <a href="/wiki/El_Sol_Latino" title="El Sol Latino">El Sol Latino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/78_south-street-polka_larry-chesky-and-his-orch-t-krosinowski_gbia0529252b">South Street Polka</a>, 1954, by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Chesky" title="Larry Chesky">Larry Chesky</a>, named for the thoroughfare of <a href="/wiki/Elmwood,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Elmwood, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Elmwood</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Polka music would remain popular in Holyoke, as well as neighboring towns and cities in the Pioneer Valley, throughout the 20th century. One of the notable acts of the Paper City being <a href="/wiki/Larry_Chesky" title="Larry Chesky">Larry Chesky</a> and his orchestra, a regular at <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Mountain Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Mountain Park</a> for decades, and a later inductee into Chicago's <a href="/wiki/International_Polka_Association" title="International Polka Association">International Polka Hall of Fame</a> for his development and promotion of the "Big Band" or "East Coast" style of polka, with more than 100 albums of various artists in the genre featured on his <a href="/wiki/Rex_Records_(1957)" title="Rex Records (1957)">Rex Records</a> label, as well as over 100 albums on his and other labels himself.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> The Polish community would also see representation in politics at a municipal and state level, with one of the Holyoke Polish community to serve longest in state office being Stephen T. Chmura, an alderman for ward 4, a Massachusetts delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 Democratic National Convention</a>, and state representative for Holyoke's respective district in <a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden County</a> from 1951 through 1968.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Similarly <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Chesky" title="Evelyn Chesky">Evelyn Chesky</a> would get her start in politics as a member of the Holyoke city council, later serving as state representative for the 5th Hampden District.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> In recognition of the predominantly Polish neighborhood, in 1939 Prospect Park was renamed <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Pulaski Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Pulaski Park</a> for <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski" title="Casimir Pulaski">Casimir Pulaski</a> the Patriot-supporting Polish commander in American Revolution. By the end of the 20th century, one of the city's Polish-American sons, historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pinkowski" title="Edward Pinkowski">Edward Pinkowski</a> would rediscover Pulaski's burial site in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> With deindustrialization however and the upward mobility of many in the community, the neighborhood would gradually see a decline as more joined communities in Granby, Hadley, and Northampton, and large swathes of land in that section of High Street would be razed in the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-storyof-26">[26]</a>: 123 <a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> In the 1970s the activism of residents and a local friar led to some urban renewal projects, including the "Pulaski Heights" senior citizen housing.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> One of the final vestiges of the former community, the Mater Dolorosa Church, was abruptly closed in 2011 when the Diocese stated its steeple was at risk of imminent collapse.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Despite sit-in protests, an effort to create a historic district recognizing the area's ties to the city and Pioneer Valley's Polish community, and a proposal deal to sell the church to the city, with the Diocese retaining control of its artifacts and use, the church was ultimately demolished in December 2018, its steeple being the final piece to be razed.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Although much of the brick and mortar is gone, today a Polish community remains extant in Holyoke and the Greater Springfield area; much of its history and artifacts may be found at the Polish Center of Discovery and Learning in neighboring Chicopee. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puerto_Ricans">Puerto Ricans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Puerto Ricans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Ricans in Holyoke">Puerto Ricans in Holyoke</a></div> As of the 2010 US Census, there were 17,825 residents of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> heritage living in Holyoke, and an estimated 18,557 according to the 2017 American Community Survey, making them the largest group by single response ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-HispOriginSF1-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-HispOrigin-69">[67]</a> In the 2010 Census, Holyoke had the largest Puerto Rican population, per capita, of any city in the United States outside <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> proper, with 44.7% of residents being of Puerto Rican heritage, comprising 92.4% of all <a href="/wiki/Latinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinos">Latinos</a> in the community.<a href="#cite_note-USCensus-130">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scottish">Scottish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Scottish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Caledonian_Pipe_Band" title="Holyoke Caledonian Pipe Band">Holyoke Caledonian Pipe Band</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caledonia_Building" title="Caledonia Building">Caledonia Building</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Caledonian_Benefit_Club.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Holyoke_Caledonian_Benefit_Club.svg/150px-Holyoke_Caledonian_Benefit_Club.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Holyoke_Caledonian_Benefit_Club.svg/225px-Holyoke_Caledonian_Benefit_Club.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Holyoke_Caledonian_Benefit_Club.svg/300px-Holyoke_Caledonian_Benefit_Club.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Emblem of the former Holyoke Caledonian Benefit Club</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Caledonian_Pipe_Band_performing_in_the_2019_Holyoke_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Holyoke_Caledonian_Pipe_Band_performing_in_the_2019_Holyoke_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg/220px-Holyoke_Caledonian_Pipe_Band_performing_in_the_2019_Holyoke_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Holyoke_Caledonian_Pipe_Band_performing_in_the_2019_Holyoke_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg/330px-Holyoke_Caledonian_Pipe_Band_performing_in_the_2019_Holyoke_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Holyoke_Caledonian_Pipe_Band_performing_in_the_2019_Holyoke_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg/440px-Holyoke_Caledonian_Pipe_Band_performing_in_the_2019_Holyoke_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5298" data-file-height="3804" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Caledonian_Pipe_Band" title="Holyoke Caledonian Pipe Band">Holyoke Caledonian Pipe Band</a> in the 2019 Holyoke Saint Patrick's Parade; established in 1910, it is the oldest continuously operating <a href="/wiki/Pipe_band" title="Pipe band">pipe band</a> in the United States<a href="#cite_note-highlandgames-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a></figcaption></figure> As of the 2010 5-year <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, there were 208 residents of Scottish heritage living in Holyoke, and an estimated 55 according to the 2017 American Community Survey, as well as 61 in that survey who identified by the response "<a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish</a>" and 53 who responded "British".<a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2010ACS-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-SingleAncestry2017ACS-39">[39]</a> Holyoke's earliest Scottish settlers would arrive soon after its foundation. Around 1853 the Glasgow Mill at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Hadley_Falls_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadley Falls Dam">Hadley Falls Dam</a> recruited 82 unmarried women from its namesake city, while Lyman Mills recruited 151 that same year<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Turnover would be extraordinarily high in these mills, as they were with other groups initially imported as workers, with nearly 4 out of 5 of these women leaving within three years.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Gradually more Scottish families came to area initially through these mills, generally finding other work in the years thereafter. In 1879, a representative of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Scottish_Clans" title="Order of Scottish Clans">Order of Scottish Clans</a> was received by the local community at a reception in the Hotel Hamilton. However the group, not feeling the organization was acted in their interest, ultimately decided to set up a <a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">benefit society</a> of their own, and on November 22, 1879, the Holyoke Caledonian Benefit Society was organized with a charter member of 21. By its 25th anniversary in 1904 this number had grown to 225, and 450 members by the 50th anniversary of 1929. Originally set up as a sickness and disability insurance fund, the benefit society would also promote Scottish literature, poetry, and music, with such gatherings as celebrations of the life and poetry of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Defunct before 1962,<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> the Caledonian Society's most enduring namesake, the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Caledonian_Pipe_Band" title="Holyoke Caledonian Pipe Band">Holyoke Caledonian Pipe Band</a>, established in 1910, is today the longest continuously active <a href="/wiki/Pipe_band" title="Pipe band">pipe band</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-highlandgames-131">[129]</a> Its legacy also endures today in its former banquet hall, the historical <a href="/wiki/Caledonia_Building" title="Caledonia Building">Caledonia Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> A separate entity from the Caledonians, in 1905, the grand conference for the grand women's auxiliary of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish clans">Scottish clans</a> was held in the city, being the first time such a gathering was held in any city other than Boston.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Holyoke was also for several decades the hometown of Scottish-born noted golf course architect <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ross_(golfer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Ross (golfer)">Donald Ross</a>, who was first brought to the city in 1912 to aid with the design of the Mount Tom Golf Club by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Wyckoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph L. Wyckoff">Joseph L. Wyckoff</a>, for whom the course is today known as the Wyckoff Country Club. Wyckoff, a member of the executive committee of the Massachusetts Golf Association, would become one of Ross's early patrons, providing him with the financial backing to dedicate more of his time to golf course design rather than serving as a golf pro as he had been partially up until that time.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-wyckoffross-142">[140]</a> In 1921 more than 300 Holyoke residents, Mayor Cronin, the Holyoke Police, and members of Mount Holyoke, International, and Smith College would also receive visited by Colonel Walter Scott (1861–1935), a philanthropist who took great interest in the support of scholarships, Scotch educational and cultural initiatives, police work, and a host of other charitable causes.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian">Christian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Christian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:907px;max-width:907px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:266px;max-width:266px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacred_Heart_Church_in_19th_century,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sacred_Heart_Church_in_19th_century%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.png/264px-Sacred_Heart_Church_in_19th_century%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sacred_Heart_Church_in_19th_century%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.png/396px-Sacred_Heart_Church_in_19th_century%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sacred_Heart_Church_in_19th_century%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.png/528px-Sacred_Heart_Church_in_19th_century%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="582" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Baptist_Church_Holyoke.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Second_Baptist_Church_Holyoke.JPG/145px-Second_Baptist_Church_Holyoke.JPG" decoding="async" width="145" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Second_Baptist_Church_Holyoke.JPG/218px-Second_Baptist_Church_Holyoke.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Second_Baptist_Church_Holyoke.JPG/290px-Second_Baptist_Church_Holyoke.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="3353" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Patrick_Chapel,_Saint_Jerome_Church,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Saint_Patrick_Chapel%2C_Saint_Jerome_Church%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/193px-Saint_Patrick_Chapel%2C_Saint_Jerome_Church%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.JPG" decoding="async" width="193" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Saint_Patrick_Chapel%2C_Saint_Jerome_Church%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/290px-Saint_Patrick_Chapel%2C_Saint_Jerome_Church%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Saint_Patrick_Chapel%2C_Saint_Jerome_Church%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/386px-Saint_Patrick_Chapel%2C_Saint_Jerome_Church%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="1752" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Lutheran_Church_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/First_Lutheran_Church_%28Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts%29.JPG/138px-First_Lutheran_Church_%28Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="138" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/First_Lutheran_Church_%28Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts%29.JPG/207px-First_Lutheran_Church_%28Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/First_Lutheran_Church_%28Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts%29.JPG/276px-First_Lutheran_Church_%28Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="2887" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterieur_van_de_Second_Congregational_Church_te_Holyoke_Second_Cong._Church_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2001-7-1059-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Exterieur_van_de_Second_Congregational_Church_te_Holyoke_Second_Cong._Church_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1059-13.jpg/147px-Exterieur_van_de_Second_Congregational_Church_te_Holyoke_Second_Cong._Church_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1059-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Exterieur_van_de_Second_Congregational_Church_te_Holyoke_Second_Cong._Church_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1059-13.jpg/221px-Exterieur_van_de_Second_Congregational_Church_te_Holyoke_Second_Cong._Church_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1059-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Exterieur_van_de_Second_Congregational_Church_te_Holyoke_Second_Cong._Church_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1059-13.jpg/294px-Exterieur_van_de_Second_Congregational_Church_te_Holyoke_Second_Cong._Church_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1059-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4192" data-file-height="5404" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(Left to right): Examples of Holyoke churches, the Sacred Heart Church (Our Lady of Guadeloupe), the Catholic parish which gave the <a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Churchill, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Churchill</a> neighborhood its namesake; the Second Baptist Church, used by other Evangelical groups, presently vacant; St. Patrick's Chapel of St. Jerome's Parish; the First Lutheran Church, identified by its preceding building as the German Lutheran Church; United Congregational Church of Holyoke, before the addition of Skinner Chapel, formerly known as Second Congregational Church</div></div></div></div> Holyoke is home to houses of worship for numerous denominations of Christianity and Judaism. One of the city's oldest monikers was <a href="/wiki/Elmwood,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Elmwood, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Baptist Village</a> as the first congregation established there was the First Baptist Church of Holyoke, which first erected a meetinghouse in 1792, traces its origins to five baptisms on the shores of the Connecticut in 1725, and continues as a congregation today.<a href="#cite_note-stone-76">[74]</a> As of 2010 an estimated 60% of Holyoke is religious, with the largest demographic being Christians, more specifically <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a>, who comprise 49% of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-bestplaces.net-145">[143]</a> In 2011, two Catholic parishes, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Cross_Parish,_Holyoke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holy Cross Parish, Holyoke (page does not exist)">Holy Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mater_Dolorosa_Parish,_Holyoke" title="Mater Dolorosa Parish, Holyoke">Mater Dolorosa</a> were merged into Our Lady of the Cross Parish.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> A number of other Catholic parishes, including Our Lady of Guadalupe, St. Jerome's, and Immaculate Conception Parish also reside in the city.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In addition to its parishes, the city has a number of convents of <a href="/wiki/Nun#Distinction_between_a_nun_and_a_religious_sister" title="Nun">sisters</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Providence_of_Holyoke" title="Sisters of Providence of Holyoke">Sisters of Providence of Holyoke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ingleside,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Ingleside, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Ingleside</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Joseph#Sisters_of_St._Joseph_of_Springfield_(Massachusetts)" title="Sisters of St. Joseph">Sisters of St. Joseph of Springfield</a> who maintain group homes there, and the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi" title="Sisters of St. Francis of Assisi">Sisters of St. Francis of Assisi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Highland Park, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Highland Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> congregations have played a significant role in Holyoke's civic life since its founding, including the First Congregational Church of Holyoke, founded in 1850,<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> the First Lutheran Church of Holyoke, founded in 1867,<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> and the United Methodist Church of Holyoke, South Hadley, and Granby, which meets in <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley</a>, which was founded in 1810.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> church, Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, has also existed in the city since its founding in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish">Jewish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jewish">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Rodphey_Shalom_Park_St_Synagogue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Holyoke_Rodphey_Shalom_Park_St_Synagogue.png/220px-Holyoke_Rodphey_Shalom_Park_St_Synagogue.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Holyoke_Rodphey_Shalom_Park_St_Synagogue.png/330px-Holyoke_Rodphey_Shalom_Park_St_Synagogue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Holyoke_Rodphey_Shalom_Park_St_Synagogue.png/440px-Holyoke_Rodphey_Shalom_Park_St_Synagogue.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Perspective sketch of an early synagogue building in South Holyoke, designed for Congregation Rodphey Shalom by George P. B. Alderman in 1903</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/JewishHistoryExhibitFor75thAnniversaryOfHolyoke">Jewish History Exhibit For 75th Anniversary Of Holyoke (1948)</a>, taken from <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Transcript-Telegram" title="Holyoke Transcript-Telegram">Holyoke Transcript-Telegram</a> negative</td></tr></tbody></table> Holyoke is also home to a significant Jewish population. As one of 35 municipalities in Massachusetts with more than 100 Jewish residents, Holyoke is home to an estimated 1,300 residents observing the faith and two synagogues, Congregation Sons of Zion, a <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> congregation, and Congregation Rodphey Sholom, practicing <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodoxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jvlibrary-153">[151]</a> The 1890 Census described 5 Jewish families, of German origin, however in the city's earliest decades they were largely unrepresented by any synagogue or association.<a href="#cite_note-harperjewish-154">[152]</a> Though statistics remain unknown, anecdotally some had turned to <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a> or abandoned their faith altogether, to better assimilate with the local population.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> By 1916 a <a href="/wiki/Gemach" title="Gemach">gemach</a> was established in the city, the Hebrew Free Loan Society of Holyoke, and by 1918 an estimated 1,000 Jews resided in the Paper City.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> Though the earliest of these Jewish arrivals were a handful of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> from Germany who arrived with the Germania Mills immigrant colony, later arrivals would also hail from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> as its territory is known today, as well as from <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harperjewish-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> By 1946 there were about 475 Jewish families residing in Holyoke;<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> reflecting this growth, as well as the suburbanization of subsequent generations of Holyoke Jews, both the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> synagogues would see new buildings constructed in the following decade with Sons of Zion, the former, breaking ground in 1949, and Rodphey Sholem, the latter, moving from its <a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="South Holyoke">South Holyoke</a> to Northampton Street in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-harperjewish-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> From the earliest decades of the 20th century, Jewish members of the community saw the support of a wide swath of Holyoke's civic society. It was around the turn of the century that the two extant Jewish congregations were formally established. Congregation Sons of Zion, a <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> congregation, and Congregation Rodphey Sholom, practicing <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a>. Both originated at the end of the 19th century, with Rodphey Sholom founded in 1903 but tracing its heritage to the Paper City Lodge of the Order Brith Abraham, founded in 1899, and Sons of Zion being founded in 1901. Today both congregations hold joint services during certain holidays.<a href="#cite_note-harperjewish-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-jvlibrary-153">[151]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian pogroms</a> of the early 1900s, one such event was an interfaith call to worship, with <a href="/wiki/Nathan_P._Avery" title="Nathan P. Avery">Mayor Avery</a> and clergy of several churches rendering speeches at the Rodphey Sholem Synagogue in <a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="South Holyoke">South Holyoke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> In Holyoke's history a number of Jewish entrepreneurs and civic leaders would shape the city, including <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Herschel" title="Clemens Herschel">Clemens Herschel</a> who would develop his modern <a href="/wiki/Venturi_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Venturi meter">Venturi meter</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Water_Power_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyoke Water Power Company">Holyoke Water Power Company</a> in the 1880s,<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> and Jacob Barowsky who would develop and market <a href="/wiki/Lestoil" title="Lestoil">Lestoil</a> in the early 20th century. In its history the city has had two Jewish <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="List of mayors of Holyoke, Massachusetts">mayors</a>, the first, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Resnic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Resnic (page does not exist)">Samuel Resnic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> elected in 1957, and the second, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Morse" title="Alex Morse">Alex Morse</a>, elected in 2012. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> As of 2020, <a href="/wiki/Sperling%27s_BestPlaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperling's BestPlaces">Sperling's BestPlaces</a> estimated 0.6% of the population of Holyoke adhered to another religion, including 0.2% observing some form of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and 0.4% observing unnamed <a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bestplaces.net-145">[143]</a> Among the Eastern religions observed, a small <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> community is extant in Holyoke, and in April 2019 was recognized by the city government in a raising of the Sikh National Flag outside <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_City_Hall" title="Holyoke City Hall">City Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Holyoke#Culture_and_ethnicity" title="Bibliography of Holyoke">Bibliography of Holyoke § Culture and ethnicity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pinyin-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pinyin_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pinyin_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pinyin_40-2">c</a> Note all names used in early 20th century Western sources predate <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Referred to by contemporary Western documents in the <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> Romanization as "Ch’en Chin-t’ao" or "Chintao Chen". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DecennialCensus-1"><a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">"Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR2-2"><a href="#cite_ref-GR2_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200214060804/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0600000US2501330840?slice=GEO~0600000US2501330840">"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data - Holyoke city, Hampden County, Massachusetts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. 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What was quite as singular as any thing was, that a subterranean channel ran completely around the skeletons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Indian+Skeletons&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1847-12-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConantHarper1948" class="citation book cs1">Conant, Howard; Harper, Wyatt E. 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Springfield, Mass. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Candidate+Owens+backs+action+group&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1983-08-15&rft.aulast=Moriarty&rft.aufirst=Jo-Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriarty1983" class="citation news cs1">Moriarty, Jo-Ann (August 12, 1983). "Mayor, NAACP agree — to a point". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Mayor%2C+NAACP+agree+%E2%80%94+to+a+point&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1983-08-12&rft.aulast=Moriarty&rft.aufirst=Jo-Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErika_Slocumb2019" class="citation web cs1">Erika Slocumb (23 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620132627/https://wistariahurst.org/black-holyoke-project-april-update/">"Black Holyoke Project: April Update"</a>. Wistariahurst Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wistariahurst.org/black-holyoke-project-april-update/">the original</a> on June 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Holyoke+Project%3A+April+Update&rft.pub=Wistariahurst+Museum&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.au=Erika+Slocumb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwistariahurst.org%2Fblack-holyoke-project-april-update%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErika_Slocumb2018" class="citation web cs1">Erika Slocumb (January 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620132815/https://wistariahurst.org/black-holyoke-uncovering-the-history-of-the-black-community-in-the-paper-city/">"Black Holyoke: Uncovering the History of the Black Community in the Paper City"</a>. Wistariahurst. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wistariahurst.org/black-holyoke-uncovering-the-history-of-the-black-community-in-the-paper-city/">the original</a> on June 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Holyoke%3A+Uncovering+the+History+of+the+Black+Community+in+the+Paper+City&rft.pub=Wistariahurst&rft.date=2018-01-26&rft.au=Erika+Slocumb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwistariahurst.org%2Fblack-holyoke-uncovering-the-history-of-the-black-community-in-the-paper-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104191213/https://ncph.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2020-Preliminary-Annual-Meeting-Program-for-web.pdf">"'Threads of Change'; Annual Meeting of the National Council on Public History, March 18-21, 2020, Atlanta Georgia"</a> (PDF). National Council on Public History (NCPH). November 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncph.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2020-Preliminary-Annual-Meeting-Program-for-web.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Threads+of+Change%27%3B+Annual+Meeting+of+the+National+Council+on+Public+History%2C+March+18-21%2C+2020%2C+Atlanta+Georgia&rft.pub=National+Council+on+Public+History+%28NCPH%29&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncph.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F11%2F2020-Preliminary-Annual-Meeting-Program-for-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SingleAncestry2017ACS-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SingleAncestry2017ACS_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingleAncestry2017ACS_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingleAncestry2017ACS_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingleAncestry2017ACS_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingleAncestry2017ACS_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingleAncestry2017ACS_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingleAncestry2017ACS_39-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingleAncestry2017ACS_39-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingleAncestry2017ACS_39-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200213235156/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/B04004/0600000US2501330840">"People Reporting Single Ancestry: 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates - Holyoke city, Hampden County, Massachusetts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/B04004/0600000US2501330840">the original</a> on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+Reporting+Single+Ancestry%3A+2013-2017+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates+-+Holyoke+city%2C+Hampden+County%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FACS%2F17_5YR%2FB04004%2F0600000US2501330840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OS9YAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA6-PA59">"Holyoke, Mass.- Contracts Awarded. Chinese Restaurant"</a>. The American Contractor. Vol. XL. Chicago: F. W. Dodge Corp. February 22, 1919. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Contractor&rft.atitle=Holyoke%2C+Mass.-+Contracts+Awarded.+Chinese+Restaurant.&rft.volume=XL&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1919-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOS9YAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA6-PA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1936" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Clifton, ed. (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89067299784&view=1up&seq=475">"Chapter XXVIII: Racial Groups in Hampden County"</a>. Hampden County, 1636-1936. Vol. I. American Historical Society. pp. 453–454. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9479870">9479870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXVIII%3A+Racial+Groups+in+Hampden+County&rft.btitle=Hampden+County%2C+1636-1936&rft.pages=453-454&rft.pub=American+Historical+Society&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9479870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dwu.89067299784%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holyoke_Transcript-Telegram-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holyoke_Transcript-Telegram_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holyoke_Transcript-Telegram_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Of High Degree; Distinguished Chinese Here, Chow Wan Tang Visits Holyoke After 27 Years Absence". Holyoke Transcript-Telegram. Holyoke, Mass. July 14, 1908. <q>Two of China's most brilliant and distinguished officials are spending this week in Holyoke as guests in the Kagwin home in Elmwood. They are Chow Wang Tang who is general manager of the Chinese Telephone and Telegraph company and Mr Yun also an official of the same...Mr Wan Tang graduated from the Holyoke high school and left Holyoke 27 years ago...They are now on their way home and leave Holyoke Friday morninf [sic] for San Francisco whence they will sail for China</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holyoke+Transcript-Telegram&rft.atitle=Of+High+Degree%3B+Distinguished+Chinese+Here%2C+Chow+Wan+Tang+Visits+Holyoke+After+27+Years+Absence&rft.date=1908-07-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clarencecuba-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clarencecuba_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clarencecuba_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Holyoke". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. June 5, 1919. p. 10. <q>Clarence Chow, formerly a student in Holyoke and who has been Chinese vice-consul at Havana, Cuba, has been appointed vice-consul for Australia. He arrived in Holyoke to-day for a brief visit with the Kagwin family on the Beech-street extension before proceeding on his way to Australia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1919-06-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_E._Waring,_Jr.1886" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">George E. Waring, Jr., ed. (1886). "Holyoke; Hampden County, United States". Report of the Social Statistics of Cities; Part I. The New England and the Middle States; Part II. The Southern and the Western States. Vol. Part I. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 220. <q>35 people of color; 4 Chinese</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holyoke%3B+Hampden+County%2C+United+States&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Social+Statistics+of+Cities%3B+Part+I.+The+New+England+and+the+Middle+States%3B+Part+II.+The+Southern+and+the+Western+States&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IA-46"><a href="#cite_ref-IA_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The City of Holyoke, Mass. [Letter to the Editor]". Irish American. New York. June 17, 1893. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+American&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Holyoke%2C+Mass.+%5BLetter+to+the+Editor%5D&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1893-06-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mismated but Married; A Holyoke Chinese Laundryman Takes a Mill Girl for His Bride". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. December 2, 1888. p. 1. <q>Sam Kee of Holyoke, a Chinese laundryman at the corner of High and Lyman streets, caused a sensation yesterday afternoon by going off with a young white girl named Katie Jones, ostensibly to be married. They took the 2.40 train for New York, and Sam told a hackman at the depot that they were to be maried by a Chinaman at the metropolis. The girl was well dressed and intelligent. She has no friends in Holyoke and very little is known about her.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Mismated+but+Married%3B+A+Holyoke+Chinese+Laundryman+Takes+a+Mill+Girl+for+His+Bride&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1888-12-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Matrimony Notice- Springfield, Mass. dispatch". Owyhee Avalanche. Silver City, Id. December 15, 1888. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Owyhee+Avalanche&rft.atitle=Matrimony+Notice-+Springfield%2C+Mass.+dispatch&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1888-12-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Chinamen in U. S. in Need of Wives; Only 10,000 Women of Race for 57,000 Males in This Country". Arkansas Gazette. Little Rock, Ark. September 17, 1925. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkansas+Gazette&rft.atitle=Chinamen+in+U.+S.+in+Need+of+Wives%3B+Only+10%2C000+Women+of+Race+for+57%2C000+Males+in+This+Country&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1925-09-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH1904" class="citation archive">H, Edsell. "Reexamination of Lee Wong Hing following an unfavorable report from the Chinese Inspector" (February 11, 1904) [Textual record]. Record Group 85: Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787 - 2004, Series: Chinese Exclusion Act Case Files , ca. 1892 - ca. 1920, File: Lee Wong Hing, 1904 - 1904. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, National Archives and Records Administration.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Holyoke". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. June 16, 1921. p. 14. <q>Henry Chong, believed to be the first Chinese resident of Holyoke to die here, passed away today at the Holyoke City hospital. He had been engaged with his brother, Charlie, in the laundry business for several years at 473 High street. He came to Holyoke about 25 years ago. The Chinese funeral customs will be observed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1921-06-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuinasso1942" class="citation news cs1">Guinasso, John J. (March 22, 1942). "Mack Charlie's Departure Closes Era of Chinese Laundries in Westfield". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Mack+Charlie%27s+Departure+Closes+Era+of+Chinese+Laundries+in+Westfield&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1942-03-22&rft.aulast=Guinasso&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tongwar-52"><a href="#cite_ref-tongwar_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Tong Outbreaks Recall Shootings Here During 1924; Two On Leong Men Seriously Wounded and Jury Failed to Convict Men Tried for Shooting". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. August 7, 1929. p. 4. <q>The outbreaks between the Hip Sing and On Leong tongs throughout cities of the country recalls the situation in this city [Springfield] in 1924 when two On Leong tongmen were shot. The night of December 7, 1924...Police guarded against reprisals for a long time as the On Leong tong is more powerful than the Hip Sing tong in this city [Springfield].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Tong+Outbreaks+Recall+Shootings+Here+During+1924%3B+Two+On+Leong+Men+Seriously+Wounded+and+Jury+Failed+to+Convict+Men+Tried+for+Shooting&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1929-08-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Chinese Tong Fighters May Be Deported...Investigation in Holyoke". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. December 10, 1924. p. 1. <q>Local [Springfield] and Holyoke police are working on a report from local members of the On Leong tong that Joe Fun, proprietor of a Holyoke Chinese restaurant and reputed leader of the Hip Sing in this locality, drove Albert Foo, alias Eng Foo, and Sing Fun, alias Chang Loo, now under arrest for attempted murder, to Springfield Sunday afternoon, a few hours before the actual shooting took place and stopped in front of 22 Liberty Street, the scene of the gunplay. Edward J. Gould of New York city, member of the law firm of Gould & Gould, counsel for the Hip Sing, was in Holyoke yesterday and in conference with Joe Fun and a private detective. Joe fun is said to have barricaded himself in his restaurant on Dwight street, opposite the Holyoke city hall, since the occurrence in Springfield Sunday night.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Chinese+Tong+Fighters+May+Be+Deported...Investigation+in+Holyoke&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1924-12-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Holyoke Chinese Fear Trouble; Joe Fun, Former Tong Leader Asks Police for Protection After Strange Chinese Arrive in City". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. March 27, 1927. p. 1. <q>Joe Fun, proprietor of the Orient restaurant and former leader of the Hip Sing tong in Holyoke, this morning applied to the police department for protection. The presence in the city of a number of strange Chinese has created a stir in Oriental circles. The Appleton street laundry, the recognized headquarters of On Leong tong in this city is being watched closely</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke+Chinese+Fear+Trouble%3B+Joe+Fun%2C+Former+Tong+Leader+Asks+Police+for+Protection+After+Strange+Chinese+Arrive+in+City&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1927-03-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614175508/http://chinacomestomit.org/chinese-educational-mission/">"Chinese Educational Mission at MIT"</a>. China Comes to MIT. MIT Libraries. 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinacomestomit.org/chinese-educational-mission/">the original</a> on June 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Comes+to+MIT&rft.atitle=Chinese+Educational+Mission+at+MIT&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinacomestomit.org%2Fchinese-educational-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Chinese Official in Holyoke; Brings Young Son and Two Other Chinese Boys to Spend Some Time with Mrs. N. L. Dickerman of Northampton Street". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. May 17, 1904. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Chinese+Official+in+Holyoke%3B+Brings+Young+Son+and+Two+Other+Chinese+Boys+to+Spend+Some+Time+with+Mrs.+N.+L.+Dickerman+of+Northampton+Street&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1904-05-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Shung Kih Ting". Class of 1884, Harvard College; Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Report of the Secretary. Vol. VII. June 1909. <q>Immediately on arrival at Springfield, Massachusetts, he and his chum, Wong Liang Tun, went to Holyoke, Massachusetts under the charge of Mrs. H. S. Dickerman. Under the careful direction and instruction of that most worthy lady he was able, in the autumn of 1876, to enter the Holyoke High School, where he completed the four years' course without missing a school day, and graduated third in his class...In January, 1908, he received his present appointment (acting assistant statistical secretary), acting deputy commissioner of customs...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shung+Kih+Ting&rft.btitle=Class+of+1884%2C+Harvard+College%3B+Twenty-Fifth+Anniversary+Report+of+the+Secretary&rft.date=1909-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yale-58"><a href="#cite_ref-yale_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Holyoke and Grank Trunk". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. March 3, 1912. p. 19. <q>Clarence Chow, son of former Commissioner of Telephone and Telegraph Chow of China, has returned to Yale, where he is a student, after a visit at the Kagwin home on Beech-street extension.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke+and+Grank+Trunk&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1912-03-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Holyoke's Chinese Athlete; Clarence Chow Generally a Point-Winner in High School Track Games". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. March 26, 1911. p. 21. <q>Clarence Chow, a Chinese boy, is one of the best athletes at the Holyoke high school. This boy is a star performer in the pole vault and in other events he does exceptionally well. In the various indoor and outdoor meets which Holyoke high has competed in for the past two years, Chow has been a consistent point-winner. The boys at the school all feel sure of some points when he is in form. He has had fine success in the indoor meets the past season and the students at Holyoke are banking on him for some points in the outdoor meets this spring.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke%27s+Chinese+Athlete%3B+Clarence+Chow+Generally+a+Point-Winner+in+High+School+Track+Games&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1911-03-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Holyoke Social Notes". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. July 6, 1919. p. 16. <q>The friends of Clarence Chow, a former pupil at the high school, who is now on his way to Australia where he is to act as consul for the Chinese government, have been much interested to meet his brother, Fred Chow. The latter entered Cornell university as a freshman last winter and recently visited the Kagwin family where Clarence once made his home.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke+Social+Notes&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1919-07-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Obituary". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. September 10, 1915. p. 14. <q>Beriah H. Kagwin, 86...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Obituary&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1915-09-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Dies Suddenly; D. H. Kagwin Was Expected to Join His Family This Week". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. July 3, 1912. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Dies+Suddenly%3B+D.+H.+Kagwin+Was+Expected+to+Join+His+Family+This+Week&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1912-07-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Reunion Fetes Are Held By Five Alumni Groups". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. May 28, 1961. p. 11. <q>John S. Begley was chairman of the program. Among the letters read from class members was one from Clarence Chow, now behind the Communist lines teaching in Peking, China. Chow, a native of China, resided here for many years and during his school days was a popular class member and athlete</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Reunion+Fetes+Are+Held+By+Five+Alumni+Groups&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1961-05-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDRC-63"><a href="#cite_ref-BDRC_63-0">^</a> Boorman, Howard L., editor, <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Dictionary_of_Republican_China" title="Biographical Dictionary of Republican China">Biographical Dictionary of Republican China</a>, "Ch’en Chin-t’ao", Columbia University Press, New York, 1967. I:170:173. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Visiting Holyoke Mills; Chintao Chen, Representative of the Chinese Government, Making a Special Study of the Paper Industry of Holyoke". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. May 24, 1906. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Visiting+Holyoke+Mills%3B+Chintao+Chen%2C+Representative+of+the+Chinese+Government%2C+Making+a+Special+Study+of+the+Paper+Industry+of+Holyoke&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1906-05-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsao1914" class="citation journal cs1">Tsao, Y. S. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LN2Aa5DnYYYC&pg=PA103">"The Relation of the Returned Students to the Chinese Revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Race_Development" title="Journal of Race Development">Journal of Race Development</a>. 4 (1): 103. <q>Very few students from Europe and America were members of the 'Tung Men Hwei,' [sic] and judging from their actions only Mr. C. T. Wang, Drs. Chen Hui Wang and Chintao Chen from Yale were the only possible ones</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Race+Development&rft.atitle=The+Relation+of+the+Returned+Students+to+the+Chinese+Revolution&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Tsao&rft.aufirst=Y.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLN2Aa5DnYYYC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=apJFAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA63">"Flood Prevention in China"</a>. Santa Fe Trail Magazine. Vol. 2, no. 5. May 1914. p. 63. <q>Dr. Chen Chin-Tao is now on his way to America to represent his country in negotiations [for $20,000,000 of bonds for engineering work to prevent floods in the Huai River Valley]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Santa+Fe+Trail+Magazine&rft.atitle=Flood+Prevention+in+China&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1914-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DapJFAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA3-PA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E3YLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117">"Exchange of Notes- Memorandum handed by the Japanese Minister to Dr. Chen Chintao, Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs"</a>. American Journal of International Law; Supplement- Official Documents. 11. New York: Oxford University Press: 117. 1917.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law%3B+Supplement-+Official+Documents&rft.atitle=Exchange+of+Notes-+Memorandum+handed+by+the+Japanese+Minister+to+Dr.+Chen+Chintao%2C+Acting+Minister+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=117&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE3YLAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HispOriginSF1-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HispOriginSF1_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HispOriginSF1_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HispOriginSF1_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HispOriginSF1_68-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200213162059/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/PCT11/0600000US2501330840">"Hispanic or Latino by Specific Origin: 2010 Census Summary File 1 - Holyoke city, Hampden County, Massachusetts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/PCT11/0600000US2501330840">the original</a> on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hispanic+or+Latino+by+Specific+Origin%3A+2010+Census+Summary+File+1+-+Holyoke+city%2C+Hampden+County%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FDEC%2F10_SF1%2FPCT11%2F0600000US2501330840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HispOrigin-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HispOrigin_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HispOrigin_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HispOrigin_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HispOrigin_69-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200214000239/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/B03001/0600000US2501330840">"Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin: 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates - Holyoke city, Hampden County, Massachusetts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/B03001/0600000US2501330840">the original</a> on February 14, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hispanic+or+Latino+Origin+by+Specific+Origin%3A+2013-2017+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates+-+Holyoke+city%2C+Hampden+County%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FACS%2F17_5YR%2FB03001%2F0600000US2501330840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PanAmReception-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PanAmReception_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PanAmReception_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Our Honored Visitors; Delegates of the Americas; Their Handsome Reception Here; What They Saw and How They Saw It". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. October 12, 1889. p. 4. <q>Argentina...Bolivia...Brazil...Chili [sic]...Colombia...Costa Rica...Guatemala...Honduras...Mexico...Nicaragua...Peru...Salvador...Uruguay...Venezuela...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Our+Honored+Visitors%3B+Delegates+of+the+Americas%3B+Their+Handsome+Reception+Here%3B+What+They+Saw+and+How+They+Saw+It&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1889-10-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"How They Fared at Holyoke; A Look at the Big Dam and a Run Through a Model Paper Mill". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. October 12, 1889. p. 4. <q>Carlos Martinez Silva of the Colombia delegation perhaps enjoyed the trip to Holyoke most, for Manager Curtis secured him a seat on the locomotive, where he could drink in the beautiful scenery to the best advantage. It was the best view of the Connecticut river the party had had, and it was fully appreciated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=How+They+Fared+at+Holyoke%3B+A+Look+at+the+Big+Dam+and+a+Run+Through+a+Model+Paper+Mill&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1889-10-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Stefany Garcia (23 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xl_HFPofgo&t=90">Columbian Flag Raising</a>. Holyoke Media. 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Ag. 8. 22:3</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Times+Index+for+the+Published+News&rft.pages=288&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAD9NAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qadEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA424">N.W. Ayer & Son's American Newspaper Annual and Directory</a>. 1922. p. 424.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N.W.+Ayer+%26+Son%27s+American+Newspaper+Annual+and+Directory&rft.pages=424&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqadEAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Weddings: Angelopoulos—Christopoulos". Norwich Morning Bulletin. Norwich, Conn. May 17, 1920. p. 6. <q>...in the presence of nearly 200 guests who came from Holyoke, Mass., New York, Danielson[ , Conn.], Newar, N. J., Attleboro and Woburn, Mass...The couple were attended by Christ Bress, editor of the Greek weekly newspaper, The Voice of Greece, of Holyoke, Mass., who was best man</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norwich+Morning+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Weddings%3A+Angelopoulos%E2%80%94Christopoulos&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1920-05-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Man Killed In Bus Accident Was Former Magazine Editor Christ Bress of New York". The Sheboygan Press. Sheboygan, Wisc. September 21, 1929. p. 6. <q>Man Killed In Bus Accident Was Former Magazine Editor Christ Bress of New York, who was cremated in a Sheboygan-Fond-du Lac motor coach after it crashed with an automobile on County Trunk Z west of Plymouth Monday. [Bress] was a former newspaper and magazine editor and fraternal organization worker, according to information received by The Press from the L. C. Markatos company by whom he was employed as a salesman. He was a graduate of a Greek university and of "the law course at the University of New Mexico", and he taught school in Greece and in the United States. His favorite subjects were history and philosophy. Mr. Bress was at one time editor of a Greek newspaper and up to the time of his death he was a writer of feature articles in the Atlantis, a daily Greek newspaper of New York City. He was at one time president and secretary of the St. Andrew Club of Holyoke, Mass., and was one of the founders of the society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sheboygan+Press&rft.atitle=Man+Killed+In+Bus+Accident+Was+Former+Magazine+Editor+Christ+Bress+of+New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1929-09-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Two Greek Families 'Overwhelmed' on Arriving at Holyoke". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Two+Greek+Families+%27Overwhelmed%27+on+Arriving+at+Holyoke&rft.pages=11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHohenberger2022" class="citation news cs1">Hohenberger, Dennis (March 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masslive.com/news/2022/03/holyoke-raises-greek-flag-celebrates-history.html">"Holyoke raises Greek flag, celebrates history"</a>. The Republican. Springfield, Mass.: MassLive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke+raises+Greek+flag%2C+celebrates+history&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft.aulast=Hohenberger&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F03%2Fholyoke-raises-greek-flag-celebrates-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland1855-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Holland1855_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1855" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Josiah Gilbert (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwestern02holluoft#page/70/mode/2up">History of Western Massachusetts; the counties of Hampden, Hampshire, Franklin, and Berkshire</a>. Springfield, Mass.: Samuel Bowles. p. 70. <q>On the 7th of July, 1786, the part of West Springfield now embraced in Holyoke was incorporated as the Third Parish of West Springfield, and was called 'Ireland', and 'Ireland Parish', from the fact that several Irish families were the first settlers of the territory, though there is no record of the date of their settlement</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Western+Massachusetts%3B+the+counties+of+Hampden%2C+Hampshire%2C+Franklin%2C+and+Berkshire&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Samuel+Bowles&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Josiah+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofwestern02holluoft%23page%2F70%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PVpict-97"><a href="#cite_ref-PVpict_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLain1991" class="citation book cs1">McLain, Guy A (1991). Pioneer Valley: A Pictorial History. Virginia Beach, Va.: The Donning Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Valley%3A+A+Pictorial+History&rft.place=Virginia+Beach%2C+Va.&rft.pub=The+Donning+Company&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=McLain&rft.aufirst=Guy+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Italian Society Plans Ball". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. October 5, 1975. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Italian+Society+Plans+Ball&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1975-10-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Italian Club to Mark 50th Anniversary; Progressive Society Plans Joint Observance Columbus Day". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. September 22, 1951. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Italian+Club+to+Mark+50th+Anniversary%3B+Progressive+Society+Plans+Joint+Observance+Columbus+Day&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1951-09-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"["The Mexican troubadours..."]". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. December 14, 1897. p. 4. <q>The Mexican troubadours are exponents of the harp, mandolin, ocarina and a sort of exaggerated autoharp, with all of which instruments they make very sweet music.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=%5B%22The+Mexican+troubadours...%22%5D&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1897-12-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Society and Personal Mention". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. May 24, 1896. p. 8. <q>The Mexican troubadours, musicians of Mexico, playing the native instruments and dressed in the national costume, will be at Grant's restaurants in Forest park this week, playing afternoons in Woodside lodge and evenings in Waldesruhe</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Society+and+Personal+Mention&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1896-05-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"For A New Library at Holyoke". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. May 31, 1896. p. 6. <q>The Mexican Troubadours will be at Mountain park to-morrow and Monday</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=For+A+New+Library+at+Holyoke&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1896-05-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VeMxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PT502">"Necrologia- El Sr. Cónsul de México en España"</a>. El Mundo Illustrado (in Spanish). Vol. XI, no. 2. Puebla de Zaragoza, Mex. October 30, 1904. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo+Illustrado&rft.atitle=Necrologia-+El+Sr.+C%C3%B3nsul+de+M%C3%A9xico+en+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.volume=XI&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1904-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVeMxAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPT502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GRFAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA1197">"Paper Making from Cane Waste to Get First Practical Test Today—Representatives of 15 Countries to Witness Printing Demonstration at Holyoke, Mass.—Subsidiary Developing Group Formed"</a>. Business & Finance Section. The New York Times. January 28, 1950. p. 20 – via United States Congress House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Paper+Making+from+Cane+Waste+to+Get+First+Practical+Test+Today%E2%80%94Representatives+of+15+Countries+to+Witness+Printing+Demonstration+at+Holyoke%2C+Mass.%E2%80%94Subsidiary+Developing+Group+Formed&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1950-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0GRFAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA3-PA1197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-STCCpolish-105"><a href="#cite_ref-STCCpolish_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519082559/http://ourpluralhistory.stcc.edu/industrial/polish.html">"Polish Immigrants in the Valley"</a>. Our Plural History - Springfield, MA. Springfield Technical Community College. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourpluralhistory.stcc.edu/industrial/polish.html">the original</a> on May 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Plural+History+-+Springfield%2C+MA&rft.atitle=Polish+Immigrants+in+the+Valley&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourpluralhistory.stcc.edu%2Findustrial%2Fpolish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CatholicHistory-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicHistory_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicHistory_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicHistory_106-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy1899" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, John J. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gJlQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA680">"Church of the Poles—Mater Dolorosa. Holyoke."</a>. In Byrne, William; Leahy, William A.; McCoy, J. J.; O'Donnell, Jasiel H.; Dowling, A.; Finen, John E.; Young, Edmund J. A.; Michaud, John S. (eds.). History of the Catholic Church in the New England States. Vol. II. Boston: The Hurd & Everts Co. pp. 680–681.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Church+of+the+Poles%E2%80%94Mater+Dolorosa.+Holyoke.&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Catholic+Church+in+the+New+England+States&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=680-681&rft.pub=The+Hurd+%26+Everts+Co.&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgJlQAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Pure Blood of France– Our French-Canadian People; Their History and Traits". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. December 11, 1904. pp. 11–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=The+Pure+Blood+of+France%E2%80%93+Our+French-Canadian+People%3B+Their+History+and+Traits&rft.pages=11-12&rft.date=1904-12-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"About Affairs at Holyoke". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. July 28, 1895. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=About+Affairs+at+Holyoke&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1895-07-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Catholic Notes". St. Albans Daily Messenger. St. Albans, Vt. April 24, 1896. p. 3. <q>An edict was issued recently by Bishop Beaven, of Springfield, forbidding the Polish Catholics of Holyoke, under penalty of excommunication, from attending a church recently established in holyoke by Rev. A. N. Dynia, a Polish priest who has been wandering about from place to place in the western part of this country. He came to Holyoke recently and immediately prepared to build a small church and found a parish among the Polanders of that city. He claimed to be working under the direction of Bishop Beaven, and succeeded in securing an attendance of over 100 of his countrymen, most of them from that part of their native country from which he claimed to have come. A priest coming from Poland must have a document from the propaganda at Rome to certify that he is qualified and to prove that his record is clear. Rev. A. N. Dynia has no such testimonials, and consequently has not been allowed to carry on the work of an ordained priest. The Polish residents of Holyoke have, therefore, been under the guidance of Rev. H. Chalupka, of Chicopee, and special service for them have been held in the Church of the Holy Rosary every Sunday. The project of establishing a church of Polish Catholics in Holyoke has often been proposed, but until the priest who has been causing the trouble came to Holyoke, the plan was not put into execution</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Albans+Daily+Messenger&rft.atitle=Catholic+Notes&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1896-04-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_HpQAQAAMAAJ">The History of the Diocese of Columbus: The History of fifty years, 1868-1918</a>. Diocese of Columbus. 1918. p. 402. <q>Rev. A. Dynia came and immediately began to build a structure...Rev. A. Dynia stayed but a short time...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Diocese+of+Columbus%3A+The+History+of+fifty+years%2C+1868-1918&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Diocese+of+Columbus&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_HpQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOF1AAAAMAAJ">A History of the Poles in America to 1908: The Poles in Illinois</a>. Vol. II. Catholic University of America Press. 1994. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813208091" title="Special:BookSources/9780813208091"><bdi>9780813208091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Poles+in+America+to+1908%3A+The+Poles+in+Illinois&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780813208091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOF1AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-polishofficial-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-polishofficial_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-polishofficial_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaisance2019" class="citation news cs1">Plaisance, Mike (January 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201035946/https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/05/polish_official_tells_bishop_h.html">"Polish official tells bishop he supports sale of Mater Dolorosa Church in Holyoke"</a>. 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Southwest Polonia Press. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780962719059" title="Special:BookSources/9780962719059"><bdi>9780962719059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Casimir+Pulaski%2C+Cavalry+Commander+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Southwest+Polonia+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780962719059&rft.aulast=Kajencki&rft.aufirst=Francis+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBwoRAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1967" class="citation thesis cs1">Savage, Linda E. (1967). 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The Republican. Springfield, Mass.: MassLive. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wggb.com/2013/10/03/holyoke-residents-look-to-create-a-polish-heritage-district/">the original</a> on 2013-10-07. Retrieved 2013-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holyoke+Residents+look+to+create+a+Polish+Heritage+District+-+Western+Massachusetts+Breaking+News+and+First+Warning+Weather+with+WGGB.com+ABC+40&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wggb.com%2F2013%2F10%2F03%2Fholyoke-residents-look-to-create-a-polish-heritage-district%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaisance2018" class="citation news cs1">Plaisance, Mike (June 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223163843/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/06/mater_dolorosa_church_purchase.html">"Holyoke Council rejects purchase of Mater Dolorosa Church"</a>. The Republican. Springfield, Mass. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/06/mater_dolorosa_church_purchase.html">the original</a> on December 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke+Council+rejects+purchase+of+Mater+Dolorosa+Church&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft.aulast=Plaisance&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2018%2F06%2Fmater_dolorosa_church_purchase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrowbridgeKeane2018" class="citation news cs1">Trowbridge, Ryan; Keane, Amanda (December 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westernmassnews.com/news/demolition-underway-at-former-mater-dolorosa-church-in-holyoke/article_13f5546a-fd6e-11e8-a370-3b1b36f31b8d.html">"Demolition underway at former Mater Dolorosa Church in Holyoke"</a>. Western Mass News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Demolition+underway+at+former+Mater+Dolorosa+Church+in+Holyoke&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft.aulast=Trowbridge&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Keane%2C+Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernmassnews.com%2Fnews%2Fdemolition-underway-at-former-mater-dolorosa-church-in-holyoke%2Farticle_13f5546a-fd6e-11e8-a370-3b1b36f31b8d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCensus-130"><a href="#cite_ref-USCensus_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212055711/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1">"2010 Census American FactFinder"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1">the original</a> on February 12, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Census+American+FactFinder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DDEC_10_DP_DPDP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-highlandgames-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-highlandgames_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-highlandgames_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1998" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Emily (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oorzjF7ZTzIC&pg=PA110">The Scottish Highland Games in America</a>. Pelican Publishing Company. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781455611713" title="Special:BookSources/9781455611713"><bdi>9781455611713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Highland+Games+in+America&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781455611713&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoorzjF7ZTzIC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesse2014" class="citation book cs1">Hesse, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4s8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87">Warrior Dreams: Playing Scotsmen in Mainland Europe</a>. Manchester University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847799173" title="Special:BookSources/9781847799173"><bdi>9781847799173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+Dreams%3A+Playing+Scotsmen+in+Mainland+Europe&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781847799173&rft.aulast=Hesse&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4s8CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2001" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Arthur (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3e9DAT257LkC&pg=PA395">How the Scots Invented the Modern World: The True Story of How Western Europe's Poorest Nation Created Our World & Everything in It</a>. New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307420954" title="Special:BookSources/9780307420954"><bdi>9780307420954</bdi></a>. <q>The confidence in Scottish workers extended to women workers. In 1853 an agent for Hadley Falls Mills in Massachusetts recruited eighty-two unmarried women mill workers from Glasgow, while one in Holyoke in Holyoke Mills hired sixty-seven. In a couple months they had earned enough to pay off their entire transatlantic fare and buy themselves some new clothes and shoes</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Scots+Invented+the+Modern+World%3A+The+True+Story+of+How+Western+Europe%27s+Poorest+Nation+Created+Our+World+%26+Everything+in+It&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780307420954&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3e9DAT257LkC%26pg%3DPA395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinger1954" class="citation journal cs1">Ginger, Ray (March 1954). "Labor in a Massachusetts Cotton Mill, 1853-60". The Business History Review. XXVIII (1): 67–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3111446">10.2307/3111446</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3111446">3111446</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154694256">154694256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Business+History+Review&rft.atitle=Labor+in+a+Massachusetts+Cotton+Mill%2C+1853-60&rft.volume=XXVIII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-91&rft.date=1954-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154694256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3111446%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3111446&rft.aulast=Ginger&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacoby2004" class="citation book cs1">Jacoby, Sanford M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCt6AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">Employing Bureaucracy</a>. Mahwah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135705480" title="Special:BookSources/9781135705480"><bdi>9781135705480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Employing+Bureaucracy&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+N.+J.&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781135705480&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=Sanford+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxCt6AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Clans Gather in Honor of Burns; Holyoke Scotch Residents Celebrate Birthday with Concert, Ball and Banquet. Speeches on Poet's Life". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. January 27, 1913. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Clans+Gather+in+Honor+of+Burns%3B+Holyoke+Scotch+Residents+Celebrate+Birthday+with+Concert%2C+Ball+and+Banquet.+Speeches+on+Poet%27s+Life&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1913-01-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Alexander MacDonald". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. February 19, 1962. p. 5. <q>He was a member of...the former Holyoke Caledonian Benefit Club Inc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Alexander+MacDonald&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1962-02-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Golden Jubilee of Caledonians at Holyoke 23D; 50th Anniversary of Organization Will Be Celebrated—History and Growth of Organization". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. November 3, 1929. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Golden+Jubilee+of+Caledonians+at+Holyoke+23D%3B+50th+Anniversary+of+Organization+Will+Be+Celebrated%E2%80%94History+and+Growth+of+Organization&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1929-11-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Scottish Clans Gather; Sixth Annual Convention of the Grand Auxiliary Held Here". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. February 23, 1905. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Scottish+Clans+Gather%3B+Sixth+Annual+Convention+of+the+Grand+Auxiliary+Held+Here&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1905-02-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mhc-macris.net/details?mhcid=hly.1343">HLY.1343</a>, Massachusetts Cultural Resource Information System (MACRIS) </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Mt. Tom Golf Club". The American Golfer. Vol. XIII. 1914. p. 136. <q>President Wyckoff remarked that the club and the city of Holyoke are to be congratulated in that Donald Ross, the links expert, has made his permanent home in Holyoke, the club, particularly, in having Mr. Ross as chairman of its green committee</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Golfer&rft.atitle=Mt.+Tom+Golf+Club&rft.volume=XIII&rft.pages=136&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wyckoffross-142"><a href="#cite_ref-wyckoffross_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaton1919" class="citation news cs1">Paton, Larry (December 26, 1919). "Donald Ross the 'King Pin' of American Golf". Boston Herald. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Herald&rft.atitle=Donald+Ross+the+%27King+Pin%27+of+American+Golf&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1919-12-26&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hzw-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA416">"Rare Day for Walter Scott"</a>. The Caledonian. Vol. XXI. New York: Caledonian Publishing Company. December 1921. pp. 415–416.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Caledonian&rft.atitle=Rare+Day+for+Walter+Scott&rft.volume=XXI&rft.pages=415-416&rft.date=1921-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzw-AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711133500/http://www.policehistory.com/wsbiog.html">"Colonel Walter Scott"</a>. PoliceHistory.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policehistory.com/wsbiog.html">the original</a> on July 11, 2019. <q>He endowed medals for bravery by policemen in New York, Boston, Worchester, Holyoke, Detroit, in Argentina and, of course, in Ireland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PoliceHistory.com&rft.atitle=Colonel+Walter+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policehistory.com%2Fwsbiog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bestplaces.net-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bestplaces.net_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bestplaces.net_145-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bestplaces.net/religion/zip-code/massachusetts/holyoke/01040">Holyoke, Massachusetts Religious Statistics</a>, Sperling's BestPlaces. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307023146/http://ourladyofthecross.com/about-us">"About Us"</a>. Diocese of Springfield, Massachusetts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourladyofthecross.com/about-us">the original</a> on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2020-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Diocese+of+Springfield%2C+Massachusetts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourladyofthecross.com%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304134531/http://www.parishesonline.com/find/st-jerome-parish-1040">St. Jerome Parish, Holyoke</a>, ParishesOnline </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icholyoke.com/index.html">Immaculate Conception Parish</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206064028/http://icholyoke.com/index.html">Archived</a> 2020-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Holyoke </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uccholyoke.org">United Church of Christ of Holyoke</a>, Holyoke, Massachusetts </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lutheranholyoke.org/">First Lutheran Church of Holyoke</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> [thesteepleinthefalls.org The Steeple in the Falls], United Methodist Church of Holyoke, South Hadley, and Granby </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holytrinityholyoke.ma.goarch.org/">Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church</a>, Metropolis of Boston </li> <li id="cite_note-jvlibrary-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jvlibrary_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jvlibrary_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218150908/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/massachusetts-jewish-history">"Massachusetts, United States"</a>. The Jewish Virtual Library. American Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/massachusetts-jewish-history">the original</a> on February 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Massachusetts%2C+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmassachusetts-jewish-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harperjewish-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harperjewish_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harperjewish_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harperjewish_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harperjewish_154-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper1973" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Wyatt E. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/storyofholyoke00harp/#page/170">"Jewish Immigration To Holyoke"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/storyofholyoke00harp#page/n0/mode/2up">The Story of Holyoke</a>. Centennial Committee of the City of Holyoke. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8060402">8060402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Immigration+To+Holyoke&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Holyoke&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Centennial+Committee+of+the+City+of+Holyoke&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8060402&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Wyatt+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fstoryofholyoke00harp%2F%23page%2F170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGluckstern2014" class="citation web cs1">Gluckstern, Sarah (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516170439/https://sarahglucksterngenealogy.wordpress.com/the-oconnor-wood-families/the-secret-jews-of-holyoke-the-davis-family/">"The Secret Jews of Holyoke: the Davis Family"</a>. Sarah G's Genealogy. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wmassjewishledger.com/2014/03/sons-of-zion-celebrates-11o-years/">the original</a> on June 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Mass.+Jewish+Ledger&rft.atitle=Sons+of+Zion+Celebrates+110+Years&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmassjewishledger.com%2F2014%2F03%2Fsons-of-zion-celebrates-11o-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Stirring Words at Holyoke; Hebrew Mass-Meeting of Protest Draws Strong Speeches From the Mayor, City Solicitor and Several Clergymen". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. November 20, 1905. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Stirring+Words+at+Holyoke%3B+Hebrew+Mass-Meeting+of+Protest+Draws+Strong+Speeches+From+the+Mayor%2C+City+Solicitor+and+Several+Clergymen&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1905-11-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadison_Clinton_Peters1905" class="citation book cs1">Madison Clinton Peters (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWJ2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA90">The Jews in America; A Short Story of their Part in the Building of the Republic</a>. Philadelphia: The John C. 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style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Annual_events" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Annual events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade" title="Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade">Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Culture" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Civic_Symphony" title="Holyoke Civic Symphony">Holyoke Civic Symphony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Holyoke" title="Bibliography of Holyoke">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#African-Americans">African-Americans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Colombians">Colombians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Colombians">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_French_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the French in Holyoke">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Holyoke">Germans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Greeks">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Irish in Holyoke">Irish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Italians">Italians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Jewish">Jews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mexicans">Mexicans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Polish">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Ricans in Holyoke">Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Scottish">Scots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Economy" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Education" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Community_College" title="Holyoke Community College">Holyoke Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Public_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyoke Public Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Public_Schools" title="Holyoke Public Schools">Public Schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Geography" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Global_outreach" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Global outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Healthcare" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Medical_Center" title="Holyoke Medical Center">Holyoke Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Behavioral_Health_Hospital" title="Providence Behavioral Health Hospital">Providence Behavioral Health Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_Home_in_Holyoke" title="Soldiers' Home in Holyoke">Soldiers' Home in Holyoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#History" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="List of mills in Holyoke, Massachusetts">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Timeline of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Media" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="List of people from Holyoke, Massachusetts">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Government_and_politics" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Transportation" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_station" title="Holyoke station">Train station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Holyoke"><img alt="Seal of Holyoke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg/80px-Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg/120px-Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg/160px-Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="579" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Volleyball Hall of Fame">Volleyball Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wistariahurst" title="Wistariahurst">Wistariahurst</a></li> <li>Anniversary Hill Park <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Tower" title="Scott Tower">Scott Tower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Reservoir" title="Ashley Reservoir">Ashley Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_at_Holyoke" title="Children's Museum at Holyoke">Children's Museum at Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Footprints_Reservation" title="Dinosaur Footprints Reservation">Dinosaur Footprints Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="East Mountain (Massachusetts)">East Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Canal_System" title="Holyoke Canal System">Holyoke Canal System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Dam" title="Holyoke Dam">Holyoke Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park" title="Holyoke Heritage State Park">Holyoke Heritage State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Mall_at_Ingleside" title="Holyoke Mall at Ingleside">Holyoke Mall at Ingleside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Merry-Go-Round" title="Holyoke Merry-Go-Round">Holyoke Merry-Go-Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Providence" title="Land of Providence">Land of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Pond_Cove" title="Log Pond Cove">Log Pond Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Stadium" title="Mackenzie Stadium">Mackenzie Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center" title="Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center">Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Range" title="Mount Tom Range">Mount Tom Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Tom (Massachusetts)">Mount Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nonotuck" title="Mount Nonotuck">Mount Nonotuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Ski_Area" title="Mount Tom Ski Area">Mount Tom Ski Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Mountain Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Mountain Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Pulaski Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Pulaski Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springdale_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Springdale Park">Springdale Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Veterans Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Veterans Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Theater" title="Victory Theater">Victory Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiting_Street_Reservoir" title="Whiting Street Reservoir">Whiting Street Reservoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Government_and_politics" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Government_and_politics" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">City council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_City_Hall" title="Holyoke City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="List of mayors of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Gas_%26_Electric" title="Holyoke Gas & Electric">Gas & Electric (HG&E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Housing_Authority" title="Holyoke Housing Authority">Housing (HHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Water_Works" title="Holyoke Water Works">Water Works (HWW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Neighborhoods" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Churchill, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Churchill</a></li> <li>Downtown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essex_Street_Historic_District" title="Essex Street Historic District">Essex Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_High_Street_Historic_District_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="North High Street Historic District (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">North High Street</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmwood,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Elmwood, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Elmwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flats,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="The Flats, Holyoke, Massachusetts">The Flats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Falls_Company_Housing_District" title="Hadley Falls Company Housing District">Hadley Falls District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Highlands, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Highlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Highland Park, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Highland Park</a></li></ul></li> <li>Homestead Avenue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingleside,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Ingleside, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Ingleside</a></li> <li>Jarvis Avenue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Oakdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Oakdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Valley,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Rock Valley, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Rock Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Ferry,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Smith's Ferry, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Smith's Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="South Holyoke, Holyoke, Massachusetts">South Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Springdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Springdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiting_Farms,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Whiting Farms, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Whiting Farms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Sports" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball#Origin_of_volleyball" title="Volleyball">Origin of volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Volleyball Hall of Fame">Volleyball Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Blue_Sox" title="Valley Blue Sox">Valley Blue Sox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Arena">Valley Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts">Greater Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley" title="Pioneer Valley">Pioneer Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States_by_state,_territory,_and_metropolitan_area/city" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="Template:Demographics of the United States by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="Template talk:Demographics of the United States by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of the United States by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States_by_state,_territory,_and_metropolitan_area/city" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a> by state, territory, and metropolitan area/city</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Alabama" title="Demographics of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Alaska" title="Demographics of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Arizona" title="Demographics of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Arkansas" title="Demographics of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_California" title="Demographics of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Florida" title="Demographics of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Demographics of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kentucky" title="Demographics of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Louisiana" title="Demographics of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Massachusetts" title="Demographics of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Michigan" title="Demographics of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Minnesota" title="Demographics of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Demographics of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Carolina" title="Demographics of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Oklahoma" title="Demographics of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Carolina" title="Demographics of South Carolina"> South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Dakota" title="Demographics of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tennessee" title="Demographics of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Texas" title="Demographics of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Utah" title="Demographics of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Virginia" title="Demographics of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by <a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Demographics of Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_American_Samoa" title="Demographics of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guam" title="Demographics of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Demographics of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Demographics of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Demographics of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by <a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_in_the_United_States_by_populated_place" title="Category:Demographics in the United States by populated place">metropolitan area/city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Atlanta" title="Demographics of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chicago" title="Demographics of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cincinnati" title="Demographics of Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cleveland" title="Demographics of Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="Demographics of Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Dallas" title="Demographics of Dallas">Dallas city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Denver" title="Demographics of Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Metro_Detroit" title="Demographics of Metro Detroit">Metro Detroit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Detroit" title="Demographic history of Detroit">Detroit city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Demographics of Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, PA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holyoke, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Houston" title="Demographics of Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Los_Angeles" title="Demographics of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Miami" title="Demographics of Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Minneapolis" title="Demographics of Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_City" title="Demographics of New York City">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Bronx" title="Demographics of the Bronx">The Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brooklyn" title="Demographics of Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Manhattan" title="Demographics of Manhattan">Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Queens" title="Demographics of Queens">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Staten_Island" title="Demographics of Staten Island">Staten Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Philadelphia" title="Demographics of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portland,_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Portland, Oregon">Portland, OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Demographics of Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_San_Francisco" title="Demographics of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Seattle" title="Demographics of Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Demographics of Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Utica,_New_York" title="Demographics of Utica, New York">Utica, NY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&oldid=1235192175">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts&oldid=1235192175</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Category:Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke, Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Category:History of Holyoke, Massachusetts">History of Holyoke, Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_in_the_United_States_by_populated_place" title="Category:Demographics in the United States by populated place">Demographics in the United States by populated place</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Holyoke, Massachusetts">Ethnic groups in Holyoke, Massachusetts</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a 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