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aria-controls="toc-Communities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Historic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Ontario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status_nations_in_Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_nations_in_Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Status nations in Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_nations_in_Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_nations_in_Ontario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_nations_in_Ontario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Status nations in Ontario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_nations_in_Ontario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquins" title="Algonquins – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Algonquins" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Алгонкинал (миллат) – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Алгонкинал (миллат)" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Амамівініні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амамівініні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Алгонкини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алгонкини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkin" title="Algonkin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Algonkin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkined" title="Algonkined – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Algonkined" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinov%C3%A9_(kmen)" title="Algonkinové (kmen) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Algonkinové (kmen)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkin" title="Algonkin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Algonkin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquino" title="Algonquino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Algonquino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkenoj" title="Algonkenoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Algonkenoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkin" title="Algonkin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Algonkin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquins" title="Algonquins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Algonquins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algancaigh" title="Algancaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Algancaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_algonquino" title="Pobo algonquino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo algonquino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EA%B3%A4%ED%82%A8%EC%9D%B8" title="알곤킨인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알곤킨인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkini" title="Algonkini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Algonkini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquini" title="Algonquini – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Algonquini" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkini" title="Algonkini – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Algonkini" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinok" title="Algonkinok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Algonkinok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Algongkwi" title="Orang Algongkwi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Algongkwi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkin_(volk)" title="Algonkin (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Algonkin (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkiner" title="Algonkiner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Algonkiner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinar" title="Algonkinar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Algonkinar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinlar" title="Algonkinlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Algonkinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinowie" title="Algonkinowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Algonkinowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquinos" title="Algonquinos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Algonquinos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Алгонкины (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алгонкины (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Алгонквини (народ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алгонквини (народ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquin" title="Algonquin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Algonquin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinit" title="Algonkinit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Algonkinit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkiner" title="Algonkiner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Algonkiner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonkinler" title="Algonkinler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Algonkinler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Алгонкіни (народ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алгонкіни (народ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%86%88%E6%98%86%E4%BA%BA" title="阿尔冈昆人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔冈昆人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q135863#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Algonquin_people" title="Special:EditPage/Algonquin people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Algonquin+people%22">"Algonquin people"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Algonquin+people%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Algonquin+people%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Algonquin+people%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Algonquin+people%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Algonquin+people%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Algonquins</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Omàmiwininì</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>), <a href="/wiki/Upper_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Michigan">Upper Michigan</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anicinàpek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nipissing_First_Nation" title="Nipissing First Nation">Nipissing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwa">Ojibwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississaugas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odawa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawa people">Odawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree" title="Oji-Cree">Oji-Cree</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Anicinàpe (Omàmìwininì)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Anicinàpek (Omàmiwininiwak)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Anicinàbemowin (Omàmìwininìmowin)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg/220px-Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg/330px-Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg/440px-Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Distribution_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>Algonquin territory circa 1800 in green</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Algonquin people</b> are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a> people who now live in Eastern <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. They speak the <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin language</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-one_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culturally and linguistically, they are closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree" title="Oji-Cree">Oji-Cree</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississaugas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nipissing_First_Nation" title="Nipissing First Nation">Nipissing</a>, with whom they form the larger <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anicinàpe</a> (Anishinaabeg). Algonquins are known by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Algonquin_ethnonyms" title="List of Algonquin ethnonyms">many names</a>, including <b>Omàmiwinini</b> (plural: <b>Omàmiwininiwak</b>, "downstream man/men") and <b>Abitibiwinni</b> (pl.: <b><a href="/wiki/Abitibiwinni_First_Nation" title="Abitibiwinni First Nation">Abitibiwinnik</a></b> "men [living] halfway across the water") or the more generalised name of <b>Anicinàpe</b>. </p><p>Though known by <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_ethnonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algonquin ethnonyms">several names</a> in the past, such as <i>Algoumequin</i>, the most common term "Algonquin" has been suggested to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a> word <span title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy-language text"><i lang="pqm">elakómkwik</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="alg-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɛlæˈɡomoɡwik]</a></span>): "they are our relatives/allies."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The much larger heterogeneous group of <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a>-speaking peoples, who, according to Brian Conwell, stretch from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and north to <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>, was named after the tribe. </p><p>Most Algonquins live in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. The nine recognized status Algonquin bands in that province and one in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> have a combined population of about 17,002. In addition, there are additional non-status communities, some of which are controversial. Algonquins are original Indigenous People of southern Quebec and eastern Ontario in Canada. </p><p>Many Algonquins still speak the Algonquin language, called generally <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Anicinàpemowin</i></span> or specifically <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Omàmiwininìmowin</i></span>. The language is considered one of several divergent dialects of the Anishinaabe languages. Among younger speakers, the Algonquin language has experienced strong word borrowings from the <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the Algonquins lived in either <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">birch bark</a> or wooden <i><a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">mìkiwàms</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the Algonquins were practitioners of <i><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></i> (the Path of the Heart). They believed they were surrounded by many <i><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">manitòk</a></i> or spirits in the natural world. French missionaries converted many Algonquins to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries. Today, many Algonquin practice traditional <i>Midewiwin</i> or a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> merging of Christianity and Midewiwin. </p><p>In the oral history of the Great Anishinaabeg Migration, the Algonquins say they migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> coast. Together with other <i><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anicinàpek</a></i>, they arrived at the "First Stopping Place" near <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. While the other <i>Anicinàpe</i> peoples continued their journey up the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>, the Algonquins settled along <i>Kitcisìpi</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>), a long-important highway for commerce, cultural exchange and transportation. Algonquin identity, though, was not fully realized until after the dividing of the Anicinàpek at the "Third Stopping Place". Scholars have used the oral histories, archeology, and linguistics to estimate this took place about 2000 years ago, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After contact with the Europeans, especially the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, the Algonquin nations became active in the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>. This led them to fight against the powerful <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a>, whose confederacy was based in present-day New York. In 1570, the Algonquins formed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu</a> (Montagnais) to the east, whose territory extended to the ocean. Culturally, Omàmìwininì (Algonquin) and the Mississaugas (Michi Saagiig) were not part of the Ojibwe–Odawa–Potawatomi alliance known as the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Council of Three Fires</a>, though they did maintain close ties. Omàmìwininìwak (Algonquins) maintained stronger cultural ties with the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wendat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atikamekw" title="Atikamekw">Atikamekw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>, along with the Innu, as related above. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_contact">French contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: French contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Algonquin_people#Disputed" title="Talk:Algonquin people">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algonquins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Algonquins.jpg/220px-Algonquins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Algonquins.jpg/330px-Algonquins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Algonquins.jpg/440px-Algonquins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>Algonquin couple, 18th-century watercolor. The first Algonquian encountered by the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> were the <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Kitcisìpiriniwak</i></span> ("Ottawa River Men"; singular: <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Kitcisìpirini</i></span>), whose village was located on an island in the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>; the French called this group <i>La Nation de l'Isle</i>.</figcaption></figure><p> Algonquin first met Europeans when <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> came upon a party led by the <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Kitcisìpirini</i></span> Chief <a href="/wiki/Tessouat" title="Tessouat">Tessouat</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tadoussac,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadoussac, Quebec">Tadoussac</a>, in eastern present-day Quebec, in the summer of 1603. They were celebrating a recent victory over the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, with the allied <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Montagnais</a> and Etchemins (<a href="/wiki/Malecite" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite">Malecite</a>). Champlain did not understand that Algonquins were socially united by a strong <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a>/clan system rather than the European-styled political concept of nationhood. The several Algonquin bands each had its own chief. Within each band, the chief depended on political approval from each of the band's clan leaders. Champlain needed to cultivate relationships with numerous chiefs and clan leaders. From 1603, some of the Algonquins allied with the French under Champlain. This alliance proved useful to the Algonquin, who previously had little to no access to European firearms. </p><p>Champlain made his first exploration of the Ottawa River during May 1613 and reached the fortified <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Kitcisìpirini</i></span> village at <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrison Island">Morrison Island</a>. Unlike the other Algonquin communities, the <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Kitcisìpiriniwak</i></span> did not change location with the seasons. They had chosen a strategic point astride the trade route between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and the St. Lawrence River. They prospered through the collection of <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a> pelts from Indigenous traders passing through their territory. They also were proud of their corn fields. </p><p>At first, the French used the term "Algonquin" only for a second group, the <i><a href="/wiki/Weskarini_Algonquin_First_Nation" title="Weskarini Algonquin First Nation">Wàwàckeciriniwak</a></i>. However, by 1615, they applied the name to all of the Algonquin bands living along the Ottawa River. Because of keen interest by tribes to gain control of the lower <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>, the <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Kitcisìpiriniwak</i></span> and the <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Wàwàckeciriniwak</i></span> came under fierce opposition. These two large groups allied together, under the leadership of <i><a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">Sachem</a></i> (Carolus) Charles Pachirini, to maintain the <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Omàmiwinini</i></span> identity and territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French-Indian_War/Seven_Years'_War"><span id="French-Indian_War.2FSeven_Years.27_War"></span>French-Indian War/Seven Years' War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French-Indian War/Seven Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Algonquin_people#Disputed" title="Talk:Algonquin people">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a> (Haudenosaunee) drove Algonquins from their lands. The Haudenosaunee were aided by having been traded arms by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, and later by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">English</a>. The Haudenosaunee and the English defeated the French and Algonquins in the 1620s, and, led by <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Kirke" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Kirke">Sir David Kirke</a>, occupied <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. </p><p>In 1623, having realized the occupation of New France demonstrated French colonial vulnerability, the French began to trade muskets to Algonquins and their allies. French <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> began to seek Algonquin conversions to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholicism</a>. </p><p>Through all of these years, the Haudenosaunee never attacked the <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Kitcisìpirinik</i></span> fortress. But, in 1642, they made a surprise winter raid, attacking Algonquins while most of their warriors were absent, and causing severe casualties. On March 6, 1647 (<a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>), a large Kanienkehaka (Mohawk) war party attacked the <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Kitcisìpiriniwak</i></span> living near <a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Trois-Rivières, Quebec">Trois-Rivières</a> and almost exterminated them. The <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Kitcisìpiriniwak</i></span> were still at <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrison Island">Morrison Island</a> in 1650 and inspired respect with their 400 warriors. When the French retreated from Wendat (<a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a>) country that year, Tessouat was reported to have had the superior of the Jesuit mission suspended by his armpits because he refused to offer him the customary presents for being allowed to travel through Algonquin territory. </p><p>Some joined the mission at Sillery, where they were mostly destroyed by an <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> by 1676. Encouraged by the French, others remained at Trois-Rivières. Their settlement at nearby <a href="/wiki/Pointe-du-Lac" title="Pointe-du-Lac">Pointe-du-Lac</a> continued until about 1830. That year the last 14 families, numbering about 50, moved to <a href="/wiki/Kanesatake" title="Kanesatake">Kanesatake</a> near <a href="/wiki/Oka,_Quebec" title="Oka, Quebec">Oka</a>. (The families who stayed in Trois Rivieres can be found in the Algonquin census of Trois Rivieres in the mid-19th century). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century_to_present">18th century to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_33_Signature_des_ALGONQUINS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_33_Signature_des_ALGONQUINS.svg/220px-Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_33_Signature_des_ALGONQUINS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_33_Signature_des_ALGONQUINS.svg/330px-Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_33_Signature_des_ALGONQUINS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_33_Signature_des_ALGONQUINS.svg/440px-Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_33_Signature_des_ALGONQUINS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Signature of the Algonquin people on the Great Peace of Montreal (Mark of the Crane)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Two_Mountains" title="Lake of Two Mountains">Lake of Two Mountains</a> band of Algonquins were located just west of the Island of Montreal, and were signatories to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a> in 1701. The <a href="/wiki/Sulpician" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulpician">Sulpician Mission</a> of the Mountain was founded at <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in 1677. </p><p>In 1717, the King of France granted the Mohawk in Quebec a tract of land 9 miles long by 9 miles wide about 40 miles to the northwest of Montreal, under the condition that they leave the island of Montreal. <a href="/wiki/Sulpician" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulpician">Sulpician Missionaries</a> set up a trading post at the village in 1721 and attracted a large number of <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Haudenosaunee</a> converts to Christianity to the area. The settlement of <a href="/wiki/Kanesatake" title="Kanesatake">Kanesatake</a> was formally founded as a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christianity)">mission</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Seigneury" class="mw-redirect" title="Seigneury">seigneury</a> under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Sulpician_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulpician Order">Sulpician Order</a> for 300 Christian Mohawk, about 100 Algonquins, and approximately 250 <a href="/wiki/Nipissing_First_Nation" title="Nipissing First Nation">Nipissing</a> peoples "in their care". Over time the Sulpicians claimed total control of the land, gaining a deed that gave them legal title. But the Haudenosaunee (Mohawks), Algonquins, and Nipissing understood that this land was being held in trust for them. </p><p>The Sulpician mission village of Lake of Two Mountains (Lac des Deux Montagnes), west of Montreal, became known both by its Algonquin language name <i>Oka</i> (meaning "pickerel"), and the Mohawk language <i>Kanehsatà:ke</i> ("sandy place"); however, Algonquin also called the village as <i>Ganashtaageng</i> after the Mohawk language name. </p><p>Algonquin warriors continued to fight in alliance with France until the British conquest of Quebec in 1760, during the Seven Years' War. After the British took over colonial rule of Canada, their officials sought to make allies of the First Nations, and the Algonquin, along with many other First Nations signed the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a>, which was then ratified in 1764 as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Niagara" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Niagara">Treaty of Niagara</a>. Subsequently, fighting on behalf of the British Crown, Algonquins took part in the <a href="/wiki/Barry_St._Leger" title="Barry St. Leger">Barry St Leger</a> campaign during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the Lake of Two Mountains Algonquins found their territory increasingly encroached on by <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> settlers. Beginning in the 1820s and 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber industry</a> began to move up the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa</a> valley. Algonquin became increasingly displaced as a result. Beginning in the 1820s, Algonquin Grand Chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant_Pinesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constant Pinesi (page does not exist)">Constant Pinesi</a> sent a series of letters petitioning the British Crown for Algonquin Territorial Recognition previously agreed upon in the Treaties of 1701 and 1764, ratified by Algonquins and the British Crown. No responses were forthcoming from the British, and the Algonquins began to be relegated to a string of small reserves beginning in the 1830s. </p><p>Algonquins who agreed to move to these reserves or joined other historical bands were federally "recognized". Others maintained their attachment to the traditional territory and fur trading, and chose not to re-locate. These Algonquins were later called "stragglers" in the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_(County_of)_(electoral_district)" title="Ottawa (County of) (electoral district)">Ottawa</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontiac_County&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontiac County (page does not exist)">Pontiac</a> counties with some eventually settling in small towns such as <a href="/wiki/Renfrew,_Ontario" title="Renfrew, Ontario">Renfrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Algonquin" title="South Algonquin">Whitney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eganville,_Ontario" title="Eganville, Ontario">Eganville</a> as the 19th Century progressed. Many of these Algonquins were not recognized as "Status Indians". </p><p>The location of the former Lake of Two Mountains Band came to be known as Kahnesatake. As a large majority of the Algonquin population had left the area, with only the Christian Haudenosaunee and a few Algonquins remaining, it became recognized as a Mohawk reserve (though many in the community have at least partial Algonquin Ancestry). </p><p>Algonquins living in the northern regions of Algonquin Territory gradually moved to towns such as present day <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9miscaming" title="Témiscaming">Témiscaming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mattawa,_Ontario" title="Mattawa, Ontario">Mattawa</a>, amongst others in Ontario and Quebec, as territorial encroachment by settlers, and lumber and resource companies increased throughout the 19th and 20th centuries or various reserves set up in their traditional territories. In recent years, tensions with the lumber industry have flared up again among Algonquin communities, in response to the practice of clear-cutting. </p><p>In Ontario, an Algonquin land claim has been ongoing since 1983, encompassing much of the southeastern part of the province, stretching from near <a href="/wiki/North_Bay,_Ontario" title="North Bay, Ontario">North Bay</a> to near <a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury,_Ontario" title="Hawkesbury, Ontario">Hawkesbury</a> and including <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pembroke,_Ontario" title="Pembroke, Ontario">Pembroke</a>, and most of <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_Provincial_Park" title="Algonquin Provincial Park">Algonquin Provincial Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Algonquins never relinquished title to this area. An agreement-in-principle between the Algonquins of Ontario, the Government of Canada and the Government of Ontario was reached in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Algonquins dispute both the validity of both this settlement and the organization of the Algonquins of Ontario as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Algonquins from <a href="/wiki/Timiskaming_District,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Timiskaming District, Ontario">Timiskaming First Nation</a> played a significant part in the local popular opposition to the plan to convert <a href="/wiki/Adams_Mine" title="Adams Mine">Adams Mine</a> into a garbage dump. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rackets_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rackets_1.jpg/220px-Rackets_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rackets_1.jpg/330px-Rackets_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rackets_1.jpg/440px-Rackets_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Rackets (snowshoes) used by Algonquin tribes for elk hunting</figcaption></figure> <p>Historical Algonquin society was largely hunting and fishing-based. Being primarily a hunting nation, the people emphasized mobility. They used materials that were light and easy to transport. <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoes</a> were made of <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">birch bark</a>, sewed with spruce roots and rendered waterproof by the application of heated spruce <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> grease. During winter, <a href="/wiki/Toboggan" title="Toboggan">toboggans</a> were used to transport material, and people used <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">snowshoes</a> to get around. The women used <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">tikinaagan</i></span> (cradleboards) to carry their babies. It was built with wood and covered with an envelope made of leather or material. The baby was standing up with his feet resting on a small board. The mother would then put the <i>tikinàgan</i> on her back. This allowed the infant to look around and observe his surroundings. The child was kept close to the mother but also had much stimulation. </p><p>Algonquian-speaking people also practiced agriculture, particularly south of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, where the climate allows for a longer growing season. Notable indigenous crops historically farmed by Algonquins are the <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>. Around 800CE, Eastern Algonquins adopted maize agriculture from their neighbors in the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated223_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated223-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even among groups who mainly hunted, agricultural products were an important source of food. They obtained what was needed by trading with or raiding societies that practiced more agriculture. Eastern Algonquins created pots that could withstand not only thermal stress but the mechanical stress of rough use.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated223_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated223-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">Archaeological</a> sites on Morrison Island near <a href="/wiki/Pembroke,_Ontario" title="Pembroke, Ontario">Pembroke</a>, within the territory of the later <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Kitcisìpiriniwak</i></span>, reveal a 1,000-year-old culture that manufactured <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> tools and weapons. Copper ore was extracted north of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> and distributed down to present-day northern <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. Local pottery artifacts from this period show widespread similarities that indicate the continuing use of the river for cultural exchange throughout the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a> and beyond. </p><p>Beginning at the latest in c. 1 CE, the Algonquin Nation inhabited the islands and shores along Kitcisìpi (Algonquin Language name translating to The Great River, known now as the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>). By the 17th century European Explorers found them well established as a hunter-gatherer society in control of the river. On Morrison Island, at the location where 5,000-year-old copper artifacts were discovered, the <span title="Algonquin-language text"><i lang="alq">Kitcisìpiriniwak</i></span> levied a toll on canoe flotillas descending the river. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethnobotany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algonquins of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> gather the berries of <i><a href="/wiki/Ribes_glandulosum" title="Ribes glandulosum">Ribes glandulosum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Viburnum_nudum" title="Viburnum nudum">Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides</a></i> as food, and eat and sell the fruit of <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtilloides" title="Vaccinium myrtilloides">Vaccinium myrtilloides</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They take an <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Epigaea_repens" title="Epigaea repens">Epigaea repens</a></i> leaves for kidney disorders and apply a poultice of the gum or needles of <i><a href="/wiki/Abies_balsamea" title="Abies balsamea">Abies balsamea</a></i> to open sores, insect bites, boils and infections. The needles are a sudatory for women after childbirth and are infused for a laxative tea, while the roots treat heart disease.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communities">Communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of their first meeting with the French in 1603, the various Algonquin bands probably had a combined population somewhere in the neighborhood of 6,000. The British estimate in 1768 was 1,500. As of 2000, there are close to 8,000 Algonquins in Canada, organized into ten separate First Nations: nine in Quebec and one in Ontario. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic">Historic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algonquian Nations documented as early as 1630: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec">Quebec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kichesipirini" title="Kichesipirini">Kichesipirini</a> ("people of the great river") — They were the largest and most powerful group of Algonquins. Known variously as: <i>Kitcisìpirini</i>, <i>Kitcisìpiriniwak</i>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Algoumequins de l'Isle-aux-Allumettes</i></span>, Big River People, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Gens d l'Isle</i></span>, <span title="Wyandot-language text"><i lang="wyn">Honkeronon</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot language</a>), Island Algonquian, Island Indians, Island Nation, People from the Island, <i>Kichesippiriniwek</i>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Nation de l'Isle</i></span>, Nation of the Isle, and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Savages de l'Isle</i></span>. Their main village was on <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrison Island">Morrison Island</a>.</li> <li>Kinounchepirini ("people of the Pickerel-waters") — Also known as <i>Keinouche</i>, <i>Kinouchebiiriniwek</i>, <i>Kinònjepìriniwak</i>, <i>Kinonche</i>, Pickerel, Pike and <i>Quenongebin</i>. Sometimes they were listed as an Algonquian band, but after 1650 they were associated with the Ottawa and were originally found along the lower Ottawa River below <a href="/wiki/Allumette_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Allumette Island">Allumette Island</a>.</li> <li>Otaguottaouemin — Also known as <i>Kotakoutouemi</i> or <i>Outaoukotwemiwek</i>. They were located along the Upper Ottawa River above <a href="/wiki/Allumette_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Allumette Island">Allumette Island</a>.</li> <li>Sàgaiganininiwak ("people of the lake") — Also known as <i>Saghiganirini</i>.</li> <li>Saginitaouigama — Also known as <i>Sagachiganiriniwek</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weskarini_Algonquin_First_Nation" title="Weskarini Algonquin First Nation">Weskarini</a> ("people of the deer[-clan]") — Also known as the <i>Wàwàckeciriniwak</i>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Petite Nation</i></span>, Little Nation, <i>Ouaouechkairini</i>, <i>Ouassouarini</i>, <i>Ouescharini</i>, <span title="Wyandot-language text"><i lang="wyn">Ouionontateronon</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot language</a>), or Petite Nation. Their traditional home land is located on the north side of the Ottawa River along the Lievre River and the <a href="/wiki/Rouge_River_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouge River (Quebec)">Rouge River</a> in Quebec.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ontario">Ontario</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ontario"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Iroquet — They were known as <i>Hiroquet</i>, <i>Hirocay</i>, <i>Iroquay</i>, <i>Yroquetto</i>, and to the Huron as the <span title="Wyandot-language text"><i lang="wyn">Atonontrataronon</i></span> or <span title="Wyandot-language text"><i lang="wyn">Ononchataronon</i></span>; they lived along Ontario's <a href="/wiki/South_Nation_River" title="South Nation River">South Nation River</a>.</li> <li>Matàwackariniwak "people of the bulrushed-shore" — Also known as <i>Madawaska</i>, <i>Madwaska</i>, <i>Matouchkarine</i>, <i>Matouashita</i>, <i>Mataouchkarini</i>, <i>Matouechkariniwek</i> and <i>Matouescarini</i>; the <a href="/wiki/Madawaska_River_(Ontario)" title="Madawaska River (Ontario)">Madawaska River</a> in the Upper <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley" title="Ottawa Valley">Ottawa Valley</a> is named after this band.</li> <li>Nibachis — Located at <a href="/wiki/Muskrat_Lake" title="Muskrat Lake">Muskrat Lake</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Cobden,_Ontario" title="Cobden, Ontario">Cobden, Ontario</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Status_nations_in_Quebec">Status nations in Quebec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Status nations in Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitigan_Zibi_Anishinabeg" title="Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg">Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitigan_Zibi,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitigan Zibi, Quebec">Kitigan Zibi</a> near <a href="/wiki/Maniwaki,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniwaki, Quebec">Maniwaki</a> (population 3,237)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timiskaming_First_Nation" title="Timiskaming First Nation">Timiskaming First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-du-Nord,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame-du-Nord, Quebec">Notre-Dame-du-Nord, Quebec</a> (population 2,129)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Anishinabe_du_Lac_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation Anishinabe du Lac Simon">Nation Anishinabe du Lac Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lac-Simon,_Abitibi-T%C3%A9miscamingue,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac-Simon, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec">Lac-Simon, Quebec</a> (population 2,149)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abitibiwinni_First_Nation" title="Abitibiwinni First Nation">Conseil de la Première Nation Abitibiwinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pikogan,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikogan, Quebec">Pikogan, Quebec</a> (population 1,059)</li> <li>Eagle Village First Nation, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9miscaming,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Témiscaming, Quebec">Témiscaming, Quebec</a> (population 991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Point_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Point First Nation">Long Point First Nation</a>, Winneway River, Quebec (population 866)</li> <li>Algonquins of Barrière Lake, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Lake,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Lake, Quebec">Lac Rapide</a> (population 791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitcisakik_Anicinape_Community" title="Kitcisakik Anicinape Community">Kitcisakik Anicinape Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Or,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Val-d'Or, Quebec">Val-d'Or, Quebec</a> (population 494)</li> <li>Wolf Lake First Nation, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9miscaming,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Témiscaming, Quebec">Témiscaming, Quebec</a> (population 232) — formed from three historical bands: <ul><li>Dumoine Lake Band of Algonquin, (historical)</li> <li>Grassy Lake Band of Algonquin, (historical)</li> <li>Lac des Quinze Band of Algonquin, (historical)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Status_nations_in_Ontario">Status nations in Ontario</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Status nations in Ontario"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matachewan_First_Nation" title="Matachewan First Nation">Matachewan First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matachewan" title="Matachewan">Matachewan</a>, Ontario (population 787) — formed in part by Algonquins<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temagami_First_Nation" title="Temagami First Nation">Temagami First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temagami" title="Temagami">Temagami</a>, Ontario (population 841) — formed in part by Algonquins<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahgoshig_First_Nation" title="Wahgoshig First Nation">Wahgoshig First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_River-Matheson,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Black River-Matheson, Ontario">Black River-Matheson, Ontario</a> (population 332) — formed in part by Algonquins<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquins_of_Pikw%C3%A0kanag%C3%A0n_First_Nation" title="Algonquins of Pikwàkanagàn First Nation">Algonquins of Pikwàkanagàn First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Algona-Wilberforce,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="North Algona-Wilberforce, Ontario">Golden Lake, Ontario</a> (population 2,635)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Indian_Bible" title="Eliot Indian Bible">Eliot Indian Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Trail" title="Great Trail">Great Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saguenay" title="Kingdom of Saguenay">Kingdom of Saguenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieskaret" title="Pieskaret">Pieskaret</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-one-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-one_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090802164225/http://www.afn.ca/article.asp?id=59">"Assembly of First Nations - The Story"</a>. <i>The Assembly of First Nations</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afn.ca/article.asp?id=59">the original</a> on 2009-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Assembly+of+First+Nations&rft.atitle=Assembly+of+First+Nations+-+The+Story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afn.ca%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquin+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell (1997:401 n. 133, 136)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bright, William (2004). <i>Native American Place Names of the United States</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Artuso, Christian. 1998. <i>noogom gaa-izhi-anishinaabemonaaniwag: Generational Difference in Algonquin</i>. Winnipeg: The University of Manitoba Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Cuoq" title="Jean-André Cuoq">Cuoq, Jean André</a>. 1886. <i>Lexique de la Langue Algonquine</i>, Montréal: J. Chapleau & Fils.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton-Banai1988" class="citation book cs1">Benton-Banai, Edward (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/951157608"><i>The Mishomis Book: The Voice of The Ojibwe</i></a>. Michigan: Red School House, University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893487-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893487-00-0"><bdi>978-1-893487-00-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mishomis+Book%3A+The+Voice+of+The+Ojibwe&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pub=Red+School+House%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-893487-00-0&rft.aulast=Benton-Banai&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F951157608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquin+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs of Ottawa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboriginalaffairs.gov.on.ca/english/negotiate/algonquin/map.asp">Claim Map</a>. Accessed 2010-11-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/document/algonquins-ontario-proposed-agreement-principle">"Algonquins of Ontario Proposed Agreement-in-Principle"</a>. Government of Ontario<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algonquins+of+Ontario+Proposed+Agreement-in-Principle&rft.pub=Government+of+Ontario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontario.ca%2Fdocument%2Falgonquins-ontario-proposed-agreement-principle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquin+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/algonquin-land-deal-illegal-1.3475359">"Chiefs say proposed Algonquin land claim deal illegal, fraudulent"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. March 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Chiefs+say+proposed+Algonquin+land+claim+deal+illegal%2C+fraudulent&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Findigenous%2Falgonquin-land-deal-illegal-1.3475359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquin+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated223-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated223_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated223_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2010" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Dean R. (2010). <i>Archaeology of Native North America</i>. New York: Prentice Hall. p. 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Native+North+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Dean+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgonquin+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, Meredith Jean 1980 Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65 (p. 88)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, Meredith Jean 1980 Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65 (p. 216)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 124</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Daniel Clément, <i>The Algonquins.</i> Hull, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1996.</li> <li>Yvon H. Couture, <i>Les Algonquins.</i> Val d'Or, Quebec: Éditions Hyperborée, 1983.</li> <li>Robert Michael Morrissey, <i>Empire by Collaboration: Indians, Colonists, and Governments in Colonial Illinois Country.</i> Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.</li> <li>Evan T. Pritchard, <i>No Word for Time: The Way of the Algonquin People.</i> Tulsa, OK: Council Oak Books, 1997.</li> <li>Richard White, <i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815.</i> Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1991.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonquin_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.algonquinnation.ca">Algonquin Nation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813175225/http://www.aafna.ca/history.html">Ardoch Algonguin First Nation's website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ottawaalgonquins.com">Ottawa Algonquin First Nation's website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307031428/http://www.ottawaalgonquins.com/">Archived</a> 2009-03-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009082821/http://www.bac-o-gi.com/history.html">The Bonnechere Algonquin Community's website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312221111/http://www.esnips.com/web/kichesipirini">Kichesipirini Algonquin First Nation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tanakiwin.com">Tanakiwin - Algonquin Nation in present-day Ontario, Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolatsga.org/alg.html">History of the Algonkin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050107094124/http://www.tolatsga.org/alg.html">Archived</a> 2005-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/a/algonquin.php">Algonquin Language sample</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210255/http://www.nfb.ca/enclasse/doclens/visau/index.php?mode=view&filmId=50242&language=english&sort=title">Watch the documentary <i>Ojigkwanong - Encounter with an Algonquin Sage</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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