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<span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>20th century onwards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_privatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_privatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reasons for privatization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_privatization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_privatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_privatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Forms of privatization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms_of_privatization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms of privatization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_privatization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secured_borrowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secured_borrowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Secured borrowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secured_borrowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_of_privatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_of_privatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Results of privatization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_of_privatization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_privatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_privatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Foreign privatization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_privatization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign privatization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_privatization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contrasting_cases_in_Eastern_Europe:_Romania_and_East_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrasting_cases_in_Eastern_Europe:_Romania_and_East_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Contrasting cases in Eastern Europe: Romania and East Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrasting_cases_in_Eastern_Europe:_Romania_and_East_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Opinion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opinion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opinion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economic theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privatization_of_private_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privatization_of_private_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Privatization of private companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privatization_of_private_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Privatization</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="خصخصة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خصخصة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96z%C9%99ll%C9%99%C5%9Fdirm%C9%99" title="Özəlləşdirmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Özəlləşdirmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Прыватызацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прыватызацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Прыватызацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прыватызацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Приватизация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Приватизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatitzaci%C3%B3" title="Privatització – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Privatització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizace" title="Privatizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Privatizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preifateiddio" title="Preifateiddio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Preifateiddio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisering" title="Privatisering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Privatisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B5%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="خوصصة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="خوصصة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisierung" title="Privatisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Privatisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erastamine" title="Erastamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erastamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ιδιωτικοποίηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιδιωτικοποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizaci%C3%B3n" title="Privatización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Privatización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatigo" title="Privatigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Privatigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribatizazio" title="Pribatizazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pribatizazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="خصوصی‌سازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خصوصی‌سازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation" title="Privatisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Privatisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizaci%C3%B3n" title="Privatización – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Privatización" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="민영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="निजीकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निजीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denacionalizacija" title="Denacionalizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Denacionalizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisasi" title="Privatisasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Privatisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einkav%C3%A6%C3%B0ing" title="Einkavæðing – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Einkavæðing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizzazione" title="Privatizzazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Privatizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%94" title="הפרטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಖಾಸಗೀಕರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖಾಸಗೀಕರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="პრივატიზება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრივატიზება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83" title="Жекешелендіру – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жекешелендіру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizatio" title="Privatizatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Privatizatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatiz%C4%81cija" title="Privatizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Privatizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizacija" title="Privatizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Privatizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizzazion" title="Privatizzazion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Privatizzazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatiz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Privatizáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Privatizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Приватизација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Приватизација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="खाजगीकरण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खाजगीकरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penswastaan" title="Penswastaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penswastaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Приватизациясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Приватизациясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BC%D1%87_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Өмч хувьчлал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өмч хувьчлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisering" title="Privatisering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Privatisering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="निजीकरण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निजीकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%96%B6%E5%8C%96" title="民営化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民営化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisering" title="Privatisering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Privatisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatsionalizatsiya" title="Denatsionalizatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Denatsionalizatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نجکاری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نجکاری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="خصوصي کول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خصوصي کول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prywatyzacja" title="Prywatyzacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prywatyzacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Privatização – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Privatização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizare" title="Privatizare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Privatizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Приватизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Приватизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizimi" title="Privatizimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Privatizimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="පෞද්ගලීකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෞද්ගලීකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Privatization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatiz%C3%A1cia" title="Privatizácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Privatizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denacionalizacija" title="Denacionalizacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Denacionalizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Приватизација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Приватизација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizacija" title="Privatizacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Privatizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yksityist%C3%A4minen" title="Yksityistäminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yksityistäminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisering" title="Privatisering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Privatisering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தனியார்மயமாக்கல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனியார்மயமாக்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83" title="Хосусыйлаштыру – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хосусыйлаштыру" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="การโอนกิจการของรัฐเป็นของเอกชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การโอนกิจการของรัฐเป็นของเอกชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zelle%C5%9Ftirme" title="Özelleştirme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özelleştirme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Приватизація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Приватизація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نجکاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نجکاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0_nh%C3%A2n_h%C3%B3a" title="Tư nhân hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tư nhân hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disban%C3%A5vlaedje" title="Disbanåvlaedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Disbanåvlaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="私有化 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="私有化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="私有化 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="私有化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="私有化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="私有化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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title="Privatisation">Privatisation</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transferring something from the public sphere to the private</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_privatizations_by_country" title="List of privatizations by country">List of privatizations by country</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denationalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Denationalization">Denationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interdependence" title="Economic interdependence">Economic interdependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">Marketization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming model</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">Shock therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_Adjustment_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Adjustment Programme">Structural Adjustment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranationalism">Supranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax cuts">Tax cuts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">Trickle-down</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Governance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Arab Free Trade Area">Greater Arab Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERCOSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="MERCOSUR">MERCOSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(United_States)" title="Third Way (United States)">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rougier" title="Louis Rougier">Louis Rougier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Yasuhiro Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Roger Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blatcherism" title="Blatcherism">Blatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_intellectual_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of intellectual property">Criticism of intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neoliberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Capitalism" title="Category:Capitalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">Businessperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">Capital markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competitive markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">Economic surplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_capital" title="Fictitious capital">Fictitious capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">Free price system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">Goods and services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">Investor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_hand_(economics)" title="Visible hand (economics)">Visible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">Surplus value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon capitalism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">MMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">Simple commodity production</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_capitalism" title="Community capitalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global capitalism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_capitalism" title="Merchant capitalism">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_capitalism" title="Progressive capitalism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">Rentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Culture of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreening" title="Evergreening">Evergreening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodizations_of_capitalism" title="Periodizations of capitalism">Periodizations of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_capitalism" title="Inclusive capitalism">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/20px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/40px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Privatization</b> (rendered <b>privatisation</b> in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector. It is also sometimes used as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> when a heavily regulated private company or industry becomes less regulated. Government functions and services may also be privatised (which may also be known as "franchising" or "out-sourcing"); in this case, private entities are tasked with the implementation of government programs or performance of government services that had previously been the purview of state-run agencies. Some examples include revenue collection, <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">water supply</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">prison management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another definition is that privatization is the sale of a <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprise</a> or <a href="/wiki/Municipally_owned_corporation" title="Municipally owned corporation">municipally owned corporation</a> to private investors; in this case shares may be traded in the public market for the first time, or for the first time since an enterprise's previous <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>. This type of privatization can include the <a href="/wiki/Demutualization" title="Demutualization">demutualization</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">mutual organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Public-private_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private partnership">public-private partnership</a> in order to form a <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crisis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crisis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Separately, privatization can refer to the purchase of all <a href="/wiki/Shares_outstanding" title="Shares outstanding">outstanding shares</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">publicly traded</a> company by <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private equity</a> investors, which is more often called <b>"going private"</b>. Before and after this process the company is privately owned, but after the buyout its shares are withdrawn from being traded at a public <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>privatizing</i> first appeared in English, with quotation marks, in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, in April 1923, in a translation of a German speech referring to the potential for German state railroads to be bought by American companies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In German, the word <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisierung" class="extiw" title="de:Privatisierung">Privatisierung</a></i> has been used since at least the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the word came to German through French from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">privatus</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>reprivatization</i>, again translated directly from German (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reprivatisierung</i></span>), was used frequently in the mid-1930s as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> reported on Nazi Germany's sale of nationalized banks back to public shareholders following the 1931 economic crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word became common in the late 1970s and early 1980s as part of UK prime minister <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Margaret Thatcher's economic policies</a>. She was drawing on the work of the pro-privatization Member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/David_Howell,_Baron_Howell_of_Guildford" title="David Howell, Baron Howell of Guildford">David Howell</a>, who was himself drawing on the Austrian-American management expert <a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a>'s 1969 book, <i>The Age of Discontinuity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>privatization</i> may mean different things depending on the context in which it is used. It can mean moving something from the public sphere into the private sphere, but it may also be used to describe something that was always private, but heavily regulated, which becomes less regulated through a process of <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>. The term may also be used descriptively for something that has always been private, but could be public in other jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also private entities that may perform public functions. These entities could also be described as privatized. Privatization may mean the government sells state-owned businesses to private interests, but it may also be discussed in the context of the privatization of services or government functions, where private entities are tasked with the implementation of government programs or the performance of government services. <a href="/wiki/Gillian_E._Metzger" title="Gillian E. Metzger">Gillian E. Metzger</a> has written that: "Private entities [in the US] provide a vast array of social services for the government; administer core aspects of government programs; and perform tasks that appear quintessentially governmental, such as promulgating standards or regulating third-party activities." Metzger mentions an expansion of privatization that includes health and welfare programs, public education, and prisons.<sup id="cite_ref-metzger_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metzger-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_privatizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of privatizations">List of privatizations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-20th_century">Pre-20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of privatization dates from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, when governments contracted out almost everything to the private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> private individuals and companies performed the majority of services including tax collection (<a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">tax farming</a>), army supplies (<a href="/wiki/Defense_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense contractor">military contractors</a>), religious sacrifices and construction. However, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> also created <a href="/wiki/Government-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-owned corporation">state-owned enterprises</a>—for example, much of the grain was eventually produced on estates owned by the Emperor. David Parker and David S. Saal suggest that the cost of bureaucracy was one of the reasons for the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps one of the first ideological movements towards privatization came during <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s golden age of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> came into prominence for the first time at a state level, and it advocated the <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> principle of <a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a> (無為), literally meaning "do nothing".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rulers were counseled by the Taoist clergy that a strong ruler was virtually invisible. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, most of Europe was still by and large following the <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> economic model. By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> began once more to practice privatization, especially with regards to their manufacturing industries. This was a reversal of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> policies, which had themselves overturned earlier policies in favor of more rigorous state control.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain, the privatization of common lands is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a> (in Scotland as the <a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>). Significant privatizations of this nature occurred from 1760 to 1820, preceding the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in that country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_onwards">20th century onwards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century onwards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first mass privatization of state property occurred in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> between 1933 and 1937: "It is a fact that the government of the National Socialist Party sold off public ownership in several state-owned firms in the middle of the 1930s. The firms belonged to a wide range of sectors: steel, mining, banking, local public utilities, shipyard, ship-lines, railways, etc. In addition to this, delivery of some public services produced by public administrations prior to the 1930s, especially social services and services related to work, was transferred to the private sector, mainly to several organizations within the Nazi Party."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> privatized its <a href="/wiki/Steel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel industry">steel industry</a> in the 1950s, and the <a href="/wiki/West_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West German">West German</a> government embarked on large-scale privatization, including sale of the <a href="/wiki/Majority_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority stake">majority stake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> to small investors in public share offerings in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was in the 1980s under <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> in the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in the United States that privatization gained worldwide momentum. Notable privatizations in the UK included <a href="/wiki/Britoil" title="Britoil">Britoil</a> (1982), the radioactive-chemicals company <a href="/wiki/Amersham_plc" title="Amersham plc">Amersham International</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">British Telecom</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Sealink" title="Sealink">Sealink</a> ferries (1984), <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">British Petroleum</a> (gradually privatized between 1979 and 1987), <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a> (1985 to 1987), <a href="/wiki/British_Gas_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="British Gas plc">British Gas</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Rover_Group" title="Rover Group">Rover Group</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/British_Leyland" title="British Leyland">British Leyland</a>, 1988), <a href="/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Steel Corporation">British Steel Corporation</a> (1988), <a href="/wiki/Girobank" title="Girobank">Girobank</a> (1989), and the <a href="/wiki/Water_privatisation_in_England_and_Wales" title="Water privatisation in England and Wales">regional water authorities</a> of England and Wales (mostly in 1989). After 1979, <a href="/wiki/Council_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Council housing">council house</a> tenants in the UK were given the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_buy" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to buy">right to buy</a> their homes at a heavily discounted price; one million had purchased their residences by 1986.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Such efforts culminated in 1993 when <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Rail</a> was privatized under Thatcher's successor, <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>. British Rail had been formed by prior <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of private rail companies. The privatization was controversial, and <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Impact of the privatisation of British Rail">its impact is still debated today</a>, as doubling of passenger numbers and investment was balanced by an increase in <a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail subsidy">rail subsidy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These privatizations received mixed views from the public and the parliament. Even former Conservative prime minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> was critical of the policy, likening it to "selling the family silver".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were around 3 million shareholders in Britain when Thatcher <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">took office in 1979</a>, but the subsequent sale of state-run firms saw the number of shareholders double by 1985. By the time of her resignation in 1990, there were more than 10 million shareholders in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Privatization in Latin America was extensive in the 1980s and 1990s, as a result of a Western liberal economic policy. Companies providing public services such as <a href="/wiki/Water_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water management">water management</a>, transportation, and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> were rapidly sold off to the private sector. In the 1990s, privatization revenue from 18 Latin American countries totaled 6% of gross domestic product.<sup id="cite_ref-Nellis_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nellis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private investment in infrastructure from 1990 and 2001 reached $360.5 billion, $150 billion more than in the next emerging economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Nellis_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nellis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While economists generally give favorable evaluations of the impact of privatization in Latin America,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opinion polls and public protests across the countries suggest that a large segment of the public is dissatisfied with or have negative views of privatization in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, the governments in Eastern and Central Europe engaged in extensive privatization of state-owned enterprises in Eastern and Central Europe and Russia, with assistance from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the German <a href="/wiki/Treuhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Treuhand">Treuhand</a>, and other governmental and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">Nippon Telegraph and Telephone</a>'s privatization in 1987 involved the largest share offering in financial history at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-megginson205_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-megginson205-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 15 of the world's 20 largest public share offerings have been privatizations of telecoms.<sup id="cite_ref-megginson205_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-megginson205-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> policy of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> started allowing privatization of the centrally planned economy. Large privatization of the Soviet economy occurred over the next few years as the country <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolved</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries followed suit after the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> introduced non-communist governments. </p><p><b>Freedom House's privatization index, 1998 and 2002</b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>'s privatization index rated transition countries from 1 (maximum progress) to 7 (no progress). The table below shows the privatization index for various Eastern European countries in 1998 and 2002:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Privatization<br />index </th> <th>1998 </th> <th>2002 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></span></b></td> <td>4.0</td> <td>3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span data-sort-value="Czech Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></span></b></td> <td>2.0</td> <td>1.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span data-sort-value="Hungary"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></span></b></td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span data-sort-value="Poland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></span></b></td> <td>2.25</td> <td>2.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></span></b></td> <td>4.5</td> <td>3.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span data-sort-value="Slovakia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></span></b></td> <td>3.25</td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span data-sort-value="Slovenia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></span></b></td> <td>2.5</td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span></b></td> <td>3.0</td> <td>3.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The largest public shares offering in France involved <a href="/wiki/Orange_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange SA">France Télécom</a>. </p><p>Egypt undertook widespread privatization under <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>. Following his overthrow in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 revolution</a>, most of the public began to call for re-nationalization, citing allegations of the privatized firms practicing <a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">crony capitalism</a> under the old regime.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons_for_privatization">Reasons for privatization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reasons for privatization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various reasons why a government may decide to privatize; commonly due to economic reasons. The economic factors that influence a government's decision to privatize assume this will lower government debt. Studies have shown that governments are more likely to privatise with higher public debt, typically because governments do not have the needed time to wait for a return.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another economic factor that influences this area is the resulting efficiency of SOEs once privatised. Commonly, governments aren’t able to provide the required investments required to ensure profitability for various reasons. These factors may lead to a government deciding to privatize.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_privatization">Forms of privatization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Forms of privatization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Privatization" title="Special:EditPage/Privatization">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are several main methods<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of privatization: </p> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Share_issue_privatization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Share issue privatization (page does not exist)">Share issue privatization</a>: shares sale on the <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_sale_privatization" class="mw-redirect" title="Asset sale privatization">Asset sale privatization</a>: asset divestiture to a strategic investor, usually by <a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">auction</a> or through the <a href="/wiki/Treuhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Treuhand">Treuhand</a> model.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voucher_privatization" title="Voucher privatization">Voucher privatization</a>: distribution of vouchers, which represent part ownership of a corporation, to all citizens, usually for free or at a very low price.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_from_below" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatization from below">Privatization from below</a>: start of new private businesses in formerly socialist countries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_buyout" title="Management buyout">Management buyout</a>: purchase of public shares by management of the company, sometimes by borrowing from external lenders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee stock ownership plan">Employee buyout</a>: distribution of shares for free or at a very low price to workers or management of the organization.</li></ol> <p>The choice of sale method is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">capital market</a> and the political and firm-specific factors. Privatization through the stock market is more likely to be the method used when there is an established capital market capable of absorbing the shares. A market with high liquidity can facilitate the privatization. If the capital markets are insufficiently developed, however, it would be difficult to find enough buyers. The shares may have to be underpriced, and the sales may not raise as much capital as would be justified by the fair value of the company being privatized. Many governments, therefore, elect for listings in more sophisticated markets, for example, <a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Hong Kong</a> stock exchanges. </p><p>Governments in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">transition countries</a> more often resort to direct asset sales to a few investors, partly because those countries do not yet have a stock market with high capital. </p><p>Voucher privatization occurred mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">transition economies</a> in Central and Eastern Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. Additionally, privatization from below had made important contribution to economic growth in transition economies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In one study assimilating some of the literature on "privatization" that occurred in Russian and Czech Republic transition economies, the authors identified three methods of privatization: "privatization by sale", "mass privatization", and "mixed privatization". Their calculations showed that "mass privatization" was the most effective method.<sup id="cite_ref-methods_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methods-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in economies "characterized by shortages" and maintained by the state bureaucracy, wealth was accumulated and concentrated by "gray/black market" operators. Privatizing industries by sale to these individuals did not mean a transition to "effective private sector owners [of former] state assets". Rather than mainly participating in a market economy, these individuals could prefer elevating their personal status or prefer accumulating political power. Instead, outside foreign investment led to the efficient conduct of former state assets in the private sector and market economy.<sup id="cite_ref-methods_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methods-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through privatization by direct asset sale or the stock market, bidders compete to offer higher prices, generating more revenue for the state. Voucher privatization, on the other hand, could represent a genuine transfer of assets to the general population, creating a sense of participation and inclusion. A market could be created if the government permits transfer of vouchers among voucher holders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secured_borrowing">Secured borrowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Secured borrowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some privatization transactions can be interpreted as a form of a <a href="/wiki/Secured_loan" title="Secured loan">secured loan</a><sup id="cite_ref-roin_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roin-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are criticized as a "particularly noxious form of governmental debt".<sup id="cite_ref-roin_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roin-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this interpretation, the upfront payment from the privatization sale corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">principal amount</a> of the loan, while the proceeds from the underlying asset correspond to secured interest payments—the transaction can be considered substantively the same as a secured loan, though it is structured as a sale.<sup id="cite_ref-roin_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roin-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation is particularly argued to apply to recent municipal transactions in the United States, particularly for fixed term, such as the 2008 sale of the proceeds from <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Parking_Meters" title="Chicago Parking Meters">Chicago parking meters</a> for 75 years. It is argued that this is motivated by "politicians' desires to borrow money surreptitiously",<sup id="cite_ref-roin_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roin-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to legal restrictions on and political resistance to alternative sources of revenue, viz, raising taxes or issuing debt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results_of_privatization">Results of privatization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Results of privatization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Privatization had different outcomes around the world. Results of privatization may vary depending on the privatization model employed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Stelzer" title="Irwin Stelzer">Irwin Stelzer</a>, "it is somewhere between difficult and impossible to separate the effects of privatisation from the effects of such things as trends in the economy".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to research performed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a><sup id="cite_ref-nellis_kikeri_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nellis_kikeri-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/William_L._Megginson" title="William L. Megginson">William L. Megginson</a><sup id="cite_ref-megginson_netter_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-megginson_netter-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the early 2000s, privatization in competitive industries with well-informed consumers, consistently improved efficiency. According to <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a>, the more competitive the industry, the greater the improvement in output, profitability, and efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such efficiency gains mean a one-off increase in <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, but through improved incentives to innovate and reduce costs also tend to raise the rate of <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>More recent research and literature review performed by Professor Saul Estrin and Adeline Pelletier concluded that "the literature now reflects a more cautious and nuanced evaluation of privatization" and that "private ownership alone is no longer argued to automatically generate economic gains in developing economies".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2008 study published in <i>Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics</i>, liberalization and privatization have produced mixed results.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although typically there are many costs associated with these efficiency gains,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many economists argue<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> that these can be dealt with by appropriate government support through <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution (economics)">redistribution</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Retraining" title="Retraining">retraining</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Yet, some empirical literature suggests that privatization could also have very modest effects on efficiency and quite regressive distributive impact. In the first attempt at a social welfare analysis of the British privatization program under the Conservative governments of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> during the 1980s and 1990s, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Florio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massimo Florio (page does not exist)">Massimo Florio</a> points to the absence of any productivity shock resulting strictly from ownership change. Instead, the impact on the previously nationalized companies of the UK productivity leap under the Conservatives varied in different industries. In some cases, it occurred prior to privatization, and in other cases, it occurred upon privatization or several years afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2012 study published by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> argues that privatisation in Europe had mixed effects on service quality and has achieved only minor productivity gains, driven mainly by lower labour input combined with other cost cutting strategies that led to a deterioration of employment and working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a different study by the commission found that the UK rail network (which was privatized from 1994 to 1997) was most improved out of all the 27 EU nations from 1997 to 2012. The report examined a range of 14 different factors and the UK came top in four of the factors, second and third in another two and fourth in three, coming top overall.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Impact of the privatisation of British Rail">impact of the privatisation of British Rail</a> has been the subject of much debate, with the stated benefits including improved customer service, and more investment; and stated drawbacks including higher fares, lower punctuality and increased rail subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Privatizations in Russia and Latin America were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state-owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have widely reported the grand corruption that accompanied those sales, according to research released by the World Bank there has been increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, according to the World Bank extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other research suggests that privatization in Russia resulted in a dramatic rise in the level of economic inequality and a collapse in GDP and industrial output.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a>-backed rapid privatization schemes saw half the Russian population fall into destitution in just several years as unemployment climbed to double digits by the early to mid 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> medical journal has found that as many as a million working men died as a result of economic shocks associated with mass privatization in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> during the 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a further study suggested that there were errors in their method and "correlations reported in the original article are simply not robust."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsequent body of scholarship, while still controversial, demonstrates that rapid privatization schemes associated with <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economic reforms did result in poorer health outcomes in former Eastern Bloc countries during the transition to markets economies, with the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> contributing to the debate by stating "IMF economic reform programs are associated with significantly worsened tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates in post-communist Eastern European and former Soviet countries."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheidel" title="Walter Scheidel">Walter Scheidel</a>, a specialist in ancient history, posits that <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> and wealth concentration in the top percentile "had been made possible by the transfer of state assets to private owners."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Latin America, on the one hand, according to John Nellis's research for <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Global_Development" title="Center for Global Development">Center for Global Development</a>, economic indicators, including firm profitability, productivity, and growth, project positive <a href="/wiki/Microeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microeconomic">microeconomic</a> results.<sup id="cite_ref-Nellis_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nellis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, however, privatisation has been largely met with a negative criticism and citizen coalitions. This <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> criticism highlights the ongoing conflict between varying visions of economic development. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> emphasizes the societal concerns of self-regulating markets through a concept known as a "double movement". In essence, whenever societies move towards increasingly unrestrained, free-market rule, a natural and inevitable societal correction emerges to undermine the contradictions of capitalism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was the case in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Cochabamba_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Cochabamba protests">2000 Cochabamba protests</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Privatization in Latin America has invariably experienced increasing push-back from the public. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Shirley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Shirley (page does not exist)">Mary Shirley</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Ronald_Coase_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Ronald Coase Institute (page does not exist)">The Ronald Coase Institute</a> suggests that implementing a less efficient but more politically mindful approach could be more sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, a survey by the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Protection_of_Child_Rights" title="National Commission for Protection of Child Rights">National Commission for Protection of Child Rights</a> (NCPCR) – Utilization of Free Medical Services by Children Belonging to the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) in Private Hospitals in New Delhi, 2011–12: A Rapid Appraisal – indicates under-utilization of the free beds available for EWS category in private hospitals in Delhi, though they were allotted land at subsidized rates.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia a "People's Inquiry into Privatisation" (2016/17) found that the impact of privatisation on communities was negative. The report from the inquiry "Taking Back Control" <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> made a range of recommendations to provide accountability and transparency in the process. The report highlighted privatisation in healthcare, aged care, child care, social services, government departments, electricity, prisons and vocational education featuring the voices of workers, community members and academics. </p><p>Some reports show that the results of privatization are experienced differently between men and women for numerous reasons: when <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public services</a> are privatized women are expected to take on the health and social care of <a href="/wiki/Dependant" title="Dependant">dependents</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> women have less access to privatized goods,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> employs a larger proportion of women than does the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the women in the public sector are more likely to be <a href="/wiki/Unionized" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionized">unionized</a> than those in the private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chile, women are disproportionately affected by the privatization of the pension system because factors such as "women's longer life expectancy, earlier retirement age, and lower rates of labor-force participation, lower salaries" affect their ability to accumulate funds for retirement which leads to lower pensions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Low_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Low income">Low-income</a> women face an even greater burden; Anjela Taneja, of <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> India says "The privatization of public services...implies limited or no access to essential services for women living in poverty, who are often the ones more in need of these services." </p><p>The increase in privatization since the 1980s has been a factor in rising <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth inequality in the United States">wealth</a> inequality in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_privatization">Foreign privatization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign privatization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to low levels of native <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a> in the former Central and Eastern Europe, the rapid privatization preferred by international institutions (<a href="/wiki/EBRD" class="mw-redirect" title="EBRD">EBRD</a>, <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>) and other foreign banks was a <i>de facto</i> call for international bidding, reflecting the assumption that foreign investment would play a major role.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contrasting_cases_in_Eastern_Europe:_Romania_and_East_Germany">Contrasting cases in Eastern Europe: Romania and East Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Contrasting cases in Eastern Europe: Romania and East Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In post-<a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunification</a> East Germany, by the end of June 1992, the <i><a href="/wiki/Treuhandanstalt" title="Treuhandanstalt">Treuhandanstalt</a></i> had privatized 8,175 companies, with 5,950 left on hand (4,340 remaining to be sold and the remainder to be liquidated).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> June 1992 was also when the last East German on the board of the <i>Treuhand</i> left.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1994, <i>Treuhand</i> had sold almost everything, having only 65 firms left to privatize as of December 1994. More than 80% of the privatized businesses were bought by foreigners (chiefly West Germans – 75%).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romania's first privatization took place on 3 August 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was "very little" privatization during 1992: only 22 state-owned enterprises were privatized. The pace picked up throughout the following year, with more than 260 companies privatized.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four of the 22 enterprises privatized in 1992 were sold to foreign investors.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, 265 companies were privatized, followed by 604 in 1994. Two companies were sold to foreign investors during this period, one each in 1993 and 1994. At the start of 1999, 4,330 companies were left to be privatized, with 5,476 having been sold during 1993–1998.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 1998, only 2.4% of privatized companies had foreign participation.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion">Opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Privatization" title="Special:EditPage/Privatization">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Arguments for and against the controversial subject of privatization are presented here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of privatization argue that, over time, this can lead to lower prices, improved quality, more choices, less corruption, less <a href="/wiki/Red_tape" title="Red tape">red tape</a>, and/or quicker delivery. Many proponents do not argue that everything should be privatized. According to them, <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural monopolies">natural monopolies</a> could be problematic. However, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalists">anarcho-capitalists</a> prefer that every function of the state be privatized, including <a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">defense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_dispute_resolution" title="Alternative dispute resolution">dispute resolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-libertarianpapers_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libertarianpapers-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of privatization make the following arguments: </p> <ul><li>Performance: state-run industries tend to be <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratic">bureaucratic</a>. A political government may only be motivated to improve a function when its poor performance becomes politically sensitive.</li> <li>Increased efficiency: private companies and firms have a greater incentive to produce goods and services more efficiently to increase profits.</li> <li>Specialization: a private <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> has the ability to focus all relevant human and financial resources onto specific functions. A state-owned firm does not have the necessary resources to <a href="/wiki/Departmentalization" title="Departmentalization">specialize</a> its goods and services as a result of the general products provided to the greatest number of people in the <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a>.</li> <li>Improvements: conversely, the government may put off improvements due to political sensitivity and special interests—even in cases of companies that are run well and better serve their customers' needs.</li> <li>Corruption: a state-monopolized function is prone to <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a>; decisions are made primarily for political reasons, personal gain of the decision-maker (i.e. "graft"), rather than economic ones. Corruption (or <a href="/wiki/Principal%E2%80%93agent_problem" title="Principal–agent problem">principal–agent</a> issues) in a state-run corporation affects the ongoing asset stream and company performance, whereas any corruption that may occur during the privatization process is a one-time event and does not affect ongoing cash flow or performance of the company.</li> <li>Accountability: managers of privately owned companies are accountable to their owners/shareholders and to the consumer, and can only exist and thrive where needs are met. Managers of publicly owned companies are required to be more accountable to the broader community and to political "stakeholders". This can reduce their ability to directly and specifically serve the needs of their customers, and can bias investment decisions away from otherwise profitable areas.</li> <li>Civil-liberty concerns: a company controlled by the state may have access to information or assets which may be used against dissidents or any individuals who disagree with their policies.</li> <li>Goals: a political government tends to run an industry or company for <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> goals rather than <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a> ones.</li> <li>Capital: a privately held companies can sometimes more easily raise investment capital in the financial markets when such local markets exist and are suitably liquid. While interest rates for private companies are often higher than for government debt, this can serve as a useful constraint to promote efficient investments by private companies, instead of cross-subsidizing them with the overall credit-risk of the country. Investment decisions are then governed by market interest rates. State-owned industries have to compete with demands from other government departments and special interests. In either case, for smaller markets, <a href="/wiki/Political_risk" title="Political risk">political risk</a> may add substantially to the cost of capital.</li> <li>Security: governments have had the tendency to "bail out" poorly run businesses, often due to the sensitivity of job losses, when economically, it may be better to let the business fold.</li> <li>Lack of market discipline: poorly managed state companies are insulated from the same discipline as private companies, which could go bankrupt, have their management removed, or be taken over by competitors. Private companies are also able to take greater risks and then seek bankruptcy protection against creditors if those risks turn sour.</li> <li>Natural monopolies: the existence of <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural monopolies">natural monopolies</a> does not mean that these sectors must be state owned. Governments can enact or are armed with <a href="/wiki/Anti-trust_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-trust legislation">anti-trust legislation</a> and bodies to deal with anti-competitive behavior of all companies public or private.</li> <li>Concentration of wealth: ownership of and profits from successful enterprises tend to be dispersed and diversified—particularly in voucher privatization. The availability of more investment vehicles stimulates capital markets and promotes liquidity and job creation.</li> <li>Political influence: nationalized industries are prone to interference from <a href="/wiki/Politicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicians">politicians</a> for <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> or <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> reasons. Examples include making an industry buy supplies from local producers (when that may be more expensive than buying from abroad), forcing an industry to freeze its prices/fares to satisfy the electorate or control <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, increasing its staffing to reduce <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, or moving its operations to <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">marginal constituencies</a>.</li> <li>Profits: corporations exist to generate profits for their shareholders. Private companies make a profit by enticing <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a> to buy their products in preference to their competitors' (or by increasing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_demand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primary demand (page does not exist)">primary demand</a> for their products, or by reducing costs). Private corporations typically profit more if they serve the needs of their clients well. Corporations of different sizes may target different market niches in order to focus on marginal groups and satisfy their demand. A company with good <a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">corporate governance</a> will therefore be incentivized to meet the needs of its customers efficiently.</li> <li>Job gains: as the economy becomes more efficient, more profits are obtained and no government subsidies and less taxes are needed, there will be more private money available for investments and consumption and more profitable and better-paid jobs will be created than in the case of a more regulated economy.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2010)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opponents of privatization in general—or of certain privatizations in particular—believe that <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">public goods and services</a> should remain primarily in the hands of government in order to ensure that everyone in society has access to them (such as law enforcement, basic <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, and basic <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>). There is a <a href="/wiki/Positive_externality" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive externality">positive externality</a> when the government provides society at large with public goods and services such as <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">defense</a> and disease control. Some national constitutions in effect define their governments' "core businesses" as being the provision of such things as justice, tranquility, defense, and general welfare. These governments' direct provision of security, stability, and safety, is intended to be done for the common good (in the public interest) with a long-term (for posterity) perspective. As for <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural monopolies">natural monopolies</a>, opponents of privatization claim that they aren't subject to fair competition, and better administrated by the state. </p><p>Although private companies may provide a similar good or service alongside the government,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2021)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> opponents of privatization are critical about completely transferring the provision of public goods, services and assets into private hands for the following reasons: </p> <ul><li>Performance: a democratically elected government is accountable to the people through a legislature, Congress or <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a>, and is motivated to safeguarding the assets of the nation. The profit motive may be subordinated to social objectives.</li> <li>Improvements: the government is motivated to performance improvements as well run businesses contribute to the State's revenues.</li> <li>Corruption: government ministers and civil servants are bound to uphold the highest ethical standards, and standards of probity are guaranteed through codes of conduct and declarations of interest. However, the selling process could lack transparency, allowing the purchaser and civil servants controlling the sale to gain personally.</li> <li>Accountability: the public has less control and oversight of private companies although these remain answerable to various stakeholders, including shareholders, clients, suppliers, regulators, employees and collaborators.</li> <li>Civil-liberty concerns: a democratically elected government is accountable to the people through a <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>, and can intervene when civil liberties are threatened.</li> <li>Goals: the government may seek to use state companies as instruments to further social goals for the benefit of the nation as a whole.</li> <li>Capital: governments can raise money in the financial markets most cheaply to re-lend to state-owned enterprises, although this preferential access to capital markets risks undermining financial discipline because of the assurance of a bailout from the government.</li> <li>Cuts in essential services: if a government-owned company providing an essential service (such as the water supply) to all citizens is privatized, its new owner(s) could lead to the abandoning of the social obligation to those who are less able to pay, or to regions where this service is unprofitable.</li> <li>Natural monopolies: privatization will not result in true competition if a <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">natural monopoly</a> exists.</li> <li>Concentration of wealth: profits from successful enterprises end up in private hands instead of being available for public use.</li> <li>Political influence: governments may more easily exert pressure on state-owned firms to help implement government policy.</li> <li>Profit: private companies do not have any goal other than to maximize profits.</li> <li>Privatization and poverty: it is acknowledged by many studies that there are winners and losers with privatization. The number of losers—which may add up to the size and severity of poverty—can be unexpectedly large if the method and process of privatization and how it is implemented are seriously flawed (e.g. lack of transparency leading to state-owned assets being appropriated at minuscule amounts by those with political connections, absence of regulatory institutions leading to transfer of monopoly rents from public to private sector, improper design and inadequate control of the privatization process leading to <a href="/wiki/Asset_stripping" title="Asset stripping">asset stripping</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Job loss: due to the additional financial burden placed on privatized companies to succeed without any government help, unlike the public companies, jobs could be lost to keep more money in the company.</li> <li>Reduced wages and benefits: a 2014 report by In the Public Interest, a resource center on privatization,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that "outsourcing public services sets off a downward spiral in which reduced worker wages and benefits can hurt the local economy and overall stability of middle and working class communities."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inferior quality products: private, for-profit companies cut corners on providing quality goods and services in order to maximize profit.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_theory">Economic theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economic theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In economic theory, privatization has been studied in the field of <a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">contract theory</a>. When contracts are complete, institutions such as (private or public) property are difficult to explain, since every desired incentive structure can be achieved with sufficiently complex contractual arrangements, regardless of the institutional structure. All that matters is who are the decision makers and what is their available information. In contrast, when contracts are incomplete, institutions matter. A leading application of the incomplete contract paradigm in the context of privatization is the model by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Hart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer" title="Andrei Shleifer">Shleifer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Vishny" title="Robert W. Vishny">Vishny</a> (1997).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their model, a manager can make investments to increase quality (but they may also increase costs) and investments to decrease costs (but they may also reduce quality). It turns out that it depends on the particular situation whether private ownership or public ownership is desirable. The Hart-Shleifer-Vishny model has been further developed in various directions, e.g. to allow for mixed public-private ownership and endogenous assignments of the investment tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privatization_of_private_companies">Privatization of private companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Privatization of private companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Privatization can also refer to the purchase of all <a href="/wiki/Shares_outstanding" title="Shares outstanding">outstanding shares</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">publicly traded</a> private company by <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private equity</a> investors, which is more often called "going private". The buyout withdraws the company's shares from being traded at a public <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the involvement of internal and external investors, it may occur through a <a href="/wiki/Leveraged_buyout" title="Leveraged buyout">leveraged buyout</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Management_buyout" title="Management buyout">management buyout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tender_offer" title="Tender offer">tender offer</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hostile_takeover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostile takeover">hostile takeover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatization" title="Corporatization">Corporatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitisation" title="Equitisation">Equitisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalizations_by_country" title="List of nationalizations by country">List of nationalizations by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privatizations_by_country" title="List of privatizations by country">List of privatizations by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">Marketization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_sector_development" title="Private sector development">Private sector development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_owned_public_space" title="Privately owned public space">Privately owned public space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">Structural adjustment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chowdhury, F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Public+Companies+Go+Private%3F&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Farticles%2Fstocks%2F08%2Fpublic-companies-privatize-go-private.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1923/04/07/archives/asserts-americans-plot-with-french-german-engineer-calls-ruhr.html">"Asserts Americans 'Plot' With French"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 7 April 1923 [7 April 1923]. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Asserts+Americans+%27Plot%27+With+French&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1923-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1923%2F04%2F07%2Farchives%2Fasserts-americans-plot-with-french-german-engineer-calls-ruhr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKämmerer2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kämmerer, Jörn Axel (2001). <i>Privatisierung</i> (in German). 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L. Rev</i>. <b>103</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1367–</span>1502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3593390">10.2307/3593390</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3593390">3593390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colum.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Privatization+as+Delegation&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1367-%3C%2Fspan%3E1502&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3593390&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3593390%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.columbia.edu%2Ffaculty_scholarship%2F144%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>International Handbook on Privatization</i> by David Parker, David S. Saal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiZheng2001">Li & Zheng 2001</a>, p. 241<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLiZheng2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bouye, Thomas M., Manslaughter, markets, and moral economy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bel, Germà (2010-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/11716/1/162.pdf">"Against the mainstream: Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>63</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2009.00473.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00473.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2445%2F11716">2445/11716</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0289">1468-0289</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154486694">154486694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Against+the+mainstream%3A+Nazi+privatization+in+1930s+Germany1&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2445%2F11716&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154486694%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-0289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2009.00473.x&rft.aulast=Bel&rft.aufirst=Germ%C3%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiposit.ub.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2445%2F11716%2F1%2F162.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirrell2013" class="citation news cs1">Birrell, Ian (2013-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/15/nostalgia-british-rail-trains-better">"Forget the nostalgia for British Rail – our trains are better than ever"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Forget+the+nostalgia+for+British+Rail+%E2%80%93+our+trains+are+better+than+ever&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.aulast=Birrell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Faug%2F15%2Fnostalgia-british-rail-trains-better&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805111345/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/harold-macmillan-2/">"Harold Macmillan"</a>. <i>Number10.gov.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/harold-macmillan-2/">the original</a> on 5 August 2011 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Number10.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Harold+Macmillan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.number10.gov.uk%2Fhistory-and-tour%2Fharold-macmillan-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/4446012.stm">"Thatcher years in graphics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 2005-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thatcher+years+in+graphics&rft.date=2005-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fin_pictures%2F4446012.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nellis-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nellis_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nellis_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nellis_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Privatization in Latin America: The rapid rise, recent fall, and continuing puzzle of a contentious economic policy" by John Nellis, Rachel Menezes, Sarah Lucas. Center for Global Development Policy Brief, Jan 2004, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Distributive Impact of Privatization in Latin America: Evidence from Four Countries" by David McKenzie, Dilip Mookherjee, Gonzalo Castañeda and Jaime Saavedra. Brookings Institution Press, 2008, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Why is Sector Reform So Unpopular in Latin America?" by Mary Shirley. The Ronald Coase Institute Working Papers, 2004, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-megginson205-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-megginson205_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-megginson205_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Financial Economics of Privatisation By William L. Megginson, pp. 205–206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrahamLindahlKocaoglu2021" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Norman A.; Lindahl, Folke; Kocaoglu, Timur (19 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tiUgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45"><i>Norman A. Graham, Folke Lindahl, Timur Kocaoglu, Rowman & Littlefield, Mar 19, 2021, </i>Making Russia and Turkey Great Again?: Putin and Erdogan in Search of Lost Empires and Autocratic Power<i>, p. 45</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781793610232" title="Special:BookSources/9781793610232"><bdi>9781793610232</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204101725/https://books.google.ro/books?id=tiUgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Performance+and+punctuality+%28PPM%29+%E2%80%93+Network+Rail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkrail.co.uk%2Fabout%2Fperformance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/4832/92-of-uk-trains-arrive-on-time/">"92% of UK trains arrive on time"</a>. <i>Global Railway Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Railway+Review&rft.atitle=92%25+of+UK+trains+arrive+on+time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalrailwayreview.com%2Fnews%2F4832%2F92-of-uk-trains-arrive-on-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21056703">Have train fares gone up or down since British Rail?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314152818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21056703">Archived</a> 2018-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 22 January 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Privatisation in Competitive Sectors: The Record to Date. Sunita Kikeri and John Nellis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2860, June 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idei.fr/doc/conf/veol/straub_martimort.pdf">Privatisation and Corruption</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718134340/http://idei.fr/doc/conf/veol/straub_martimort.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. David Martimort and Stéphane Straub.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmstromRichard_Smith2000" class="citation journal cs1">Holmstrom, Nancy; Richard Smith (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/2000/02/01/the-necessity-of-gangster-capitalism">"The Necessity of Gangster Capitalism: Primitive Accumulation in Russia and China"</a>. <i>Monthly Review</i>. <b>51</b> (9). Monthly Review Foundation: 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14452%2FMR-051-09-2000-02_1">10.14452/MR-051-09-2000-02_1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Necessity+of+Gangster+Capitalism%3A+Primitive+Accumulation+in+Russia+and+China&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14452%2FMR-051-09-2000-02_1&rft.aulast=Holmstrom&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Richard+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2F2000%2F02%2F01%2Fthe-necessity-of-gangster-capitalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMattei2022" class="citation book cs1">Mattei, Clara E. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo181707138.html"><i>The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">301–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226818399" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226818399"><bdi>978-0226818399</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"If, in 1987–1988, 2 percent of the Russian people lived in poverty (i.e., survived on less than $4 a day), by 1993–1995 the number reached 50 percent: in just seven years half the Russian population became destitute</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Capital+Order%3A+How+Economists+Invented+Austerity+and+Paved+the+Way+to+Fascism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0226818399&rft.aulast=Mattei&rft.aufirst=Clara+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FC%2Fbo181707138.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702113600/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2009/090115.html">"Death surge linked with mass privatisation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2009/090115.html">the original</a> on 2014-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+surge+linked+with+mass+privatisation&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fnews_stories%2F2009%2F090115.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7828901.stm">Privatisation 'raised death rate'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306005653/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7828901.stm">Archived</a> 2016-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>,</i> 15 January 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEarleGehlbach2010" class="citation journal cs1">Earle, John S.; Gehlbach, Scott (2010-01-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2810%2960159-6">"Did mass privatisation really increase post-communist mortality?"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>375</b> (9712): 372, author reply 372–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2810%2960159-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60159-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20113819">20113819</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35337211">35337211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Did+mass+privatisation+really+increase+post-communist+mortality%3F&rft.volume=375&rft.issue=9712&rft.pages=372%2C+author+reply+372-374&rft.date=2010-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35337211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20113819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2810%2960159-6&rft.aulast=Earle&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Gehlbach%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252810%252960159-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhodseeOrenstein2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Ghodsee" title="Kristen Ghodsee">Ghodsee, Kristen</a>; Orenstein, Mitchell A. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197549230.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197549247" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197549247"><bdi>978-0197549247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Stock+of+Shock%3A+Social+Consequences+of+the+1989+Revolutions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197549230.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0197549247&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft.au=Orenstein%2C+Mitchell+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197549230.001.0001%2Foso-9780197549230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScheidel2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheidel" title="Walter Scheidel">Scheidel, Walter</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgZpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222"><i>The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691165028" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691165028"><bdi>978-0691165028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Leveler%3A+Violence+and+the+History+of+Inequality+from+the+Stone+Age+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0691165028&rft.aulast=Scheidel&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgZpDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Why is Sector Reform So Unpopular in Latin America?" by Mary Shirley. The Ronald Coase Institute Working Paper, 2004, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerappadan2013" class="citation news cs1">Perappadan, Bindu shajan (August 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/private-hospitals-shun-destitute-children/article5031905.ece">"Private hospitals shun destitute children"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/cpsu/pages/1573/attachments/original/1508714447/Taking_Back_Control_FINAL.pdf?1508714447">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World-psi.org&rft.atitle=Privatisation+and+Women%27s+Human+Rights+%3A+Factsheet+for+CSW63+advocacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld-psi.org%2Funcsw%2Fwordpress%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2FFactSheetCSW63_Privatisation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrizzia2005" class="citation journal cs1">Prizzia, Ross (Nov 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1422&context=jiws">"An International Perspective of Privatization and Women Workers"</a>. <i>Journal of International Women's Studies</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">54–</span>68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=An+International+Perspective+of+Privatization+and+Women+Workers&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2005-11&rft.aulast=Prizzia&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvc.bridgew.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1422%26context%3Djiws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/governance/five-facts-gender-equity-public-sector">"Five facts on gender equity in the public sector"</a>. <i>blogs.worldbank.org</i>. 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Five+facts+on+gender+equity+in+the+public+sector&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.worldbank.org%2Fgovernance%2Ffive-facts-gender-equity-public-sector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStinson" class="citation journal cs1">Stinson, Jane. "Why Privatization is a Women's Issue". <i>Canadian Women's Studies</i>. <b>23</b>: <span class="nowrap">18–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.925.3111">10.1.1.925.3111</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+Privatization+is+a+Women%27s+Issue&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.925.3111%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Stinson&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPicchi2021" class="citation news cs1">Picchi, Aimee (December 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wealth-inequality-billionaires-piketty-report/">"The new Gilded Age: 2,750 people have more wealth than half the planet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=The+new+Gilded+Age%3A+2%2C750+people+have+more+wealth+than+half+the+planet&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.aulast=Picchi&rft.aufirst=Aimee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fwealth-inequality-billionaires-piketty-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrensteinBloomLindstrom2008" class="citation book cs1">Orenstein, Mitchell Alexander; Bloom, Stephen R.; Lindstrom, Nicole (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N6AESa9YazMC&pg=PA116"><i>Mitchell Alexander Orenstein, Stephen R. Bloom, Nicole Lindstrom, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008, </i>Transnational Actors in Central and East European Transitions<i>, pp. 116–117</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Pre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822973447" title="Special:BookSources/9780822973447"><bdi>9780822973447</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204101820/https://books.google.ro/books?id=N6AESa9YazMC&pg=PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitchell+Alexander+Orenstein%2C+Stephen+R.+Bloom%2C+Nicole+Lindstrom%2C+University+of+Pittsburgh+Press%2C+2008%2C+Transnational+Actors+in+Central+and+East+European+Transitions%2C+pp.+116%E2%80%93117&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Pre&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780822973447&rft.aulast=Orenstein&rft.aufirst=Mitchell+Alexander&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Stephen+R.&rft.au=Lindstrom%2C+Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN6AESa9YazMC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffries1993" class="citation book cs1">Jeffries, Ian (27 May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pe6JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA588"><i>Ian Jeffries, Routledge, May 27, 1993, </i>Socialist Economies and the Transition to the Market: A Guide<i>, p. 588</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134903603" title="Special:BookSources/9781134903603"><bdi>9781134903603</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204101726/https://books.google.ro/books?id=pe6JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA588">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ian+Jeffries%2C+Routledge%2C+May+27%2C+1993%2C+Socialist+Economies+and+the+Transition+to+the+Market%3A+A+Guide%2C+p.+588&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993-05-27&rft.isbn=9781134903603&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpe6JAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderEberlein2015" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Volker; Eberlein, Burkard (26 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n6a4CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA106"><i>Volker Schneider, Burkard Eberlein, Springer, May 26, 2015, </i>Complex Democracy: Varieties, Crises, and Transformations<i>, p. 106</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319158501" title="Special:BookSources/9783319158501"><bdi>9783319158501</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204101726/https://books.google.ro/books?id=n6a4CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volker+Schneider%2C+Burkard+Eberlein%2C+Springer%2C+May+26%2C+2015%2C+Complex+Democracy%3A+Varieties%2C+Crises%2C+and+Transformations%2C+p.+106&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.isbn=9783319158501&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft.au=Eberlein%2C+Burkard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn6a4CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDesai1997" class="citation book cs1">Desai, Padma (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zXsMgTVgM_QC&pg=PA187"><i>Padma Desai, MIT Press, 1997, </i>Going Global: Transition from Plan to Market in the World Economy<i>, p. 187</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262041614" title="Special:BookSources/9780262041614"><bdi>9780262041614</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204101726/https://books.google.ro/books?id=zXsMgTVgM_QC&pg=PA187">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Padma+Desai%2C+MIT+Press%2C+1997%2C+Going+Global%3A+Transition+from+Plan+to+Market+in+the+World+Economy%2C+p.+187&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780262041614&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Padma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzXsMgTVgM_QC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEastPontin2016" class="citation book cs1">East, Roger; Pontin, Jolyon (6 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-G3qDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185"><i>Roger East, Jolyon Pontin, Bloomsbury Publishing, Oct 6, 2016, </i>Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe: Revised Edition<i>, p. 185</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474287487" title="Special:BookSources/9781474287487"><bdi>9781474287487</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204101726/https://books.google.ro/books?id=-G3qDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roger+East%2C+Jolyon+Pontin%2C+Bloomsbury+Publishing%2C+Oct+6%2C+2016%2C+Revolution+and+Change+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+Revised+Edition%2C+p.+185&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft.isbn=9781474287487&rft.aulast=East&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Pontin%2C+Jolyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-G3qDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoper2004" class="citation book cs1">Roper, Stephen D. (2 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ml1NgjOJs8C&pg=PA95"><i>Stephen D. Roper, Routledge, Aug 2, 2004, </i>Romania: The Unfinished Revolution<i>, p. 95</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135287580" title="Special:BookSources/9781135287580"><bdi>9781135287580</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204101727/https://books.google.ro/books?id=3ml1NgjOJs8C&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stephen+D.+Roper%2C+Routledge%2C+Aug+2%2C+2004%2C+Romania%3A+The+Unfinished+Revolution%2C+p.+95&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft.isbn=9781135287580&rft.aulast=Roper&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ml1NgjOJs8C%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPop2006" class="citation book cs1">Pop, Liliana (19 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_co0exeiMYC&pg=PA88"><i>Liliana Pop, Manchester University Press, Sep 19, 2006, </i>Democratising Capitalism?: The Political Economy of Post-Communist Transformations in Romania, 1989–2001<i>, p. 88</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719070945" title="Special:BookSources/9780719070945"><bdi>9780719070945</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204101800/https://books.google.ro/books?id=v_co0exeiMYC&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liliana+Pop%2C+Manchester+University+Press%2C+Sep+19%2C+2006%2C+Democratising+Capitalism%3F%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Post-Communist+Transformations+in+Romania%2C+1989%E2%80%932001%2C+p.+88&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006-09-19&rft.isbn=9780719070945&rft.aulast=Pop&rft.aufirst=Liliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv_co0exeiMYC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JKfWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>OECD, OECD Publishing, Oct 29, 2002, </i>OECD Economic Surveys: Romania 2002<i>, p. 64</i></a>. OECD. 29 October 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789264194120" title="Special:BookSources/9789264194120"><bdi>9789264194120</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204101727/https://books.google.ro/books?id=JKfWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD%2C+OECD+Publishing%2C+Oct+29%2C+2002%2C+OECD+Economic+Surveys%3A+Romania+2002%2C+p.+64&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2002-10-29&rft.isbn=9789264194120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJKfWAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2013" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Roderick (28 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyOzJaYLxN0C&pg=PA94"><i>Roderick Martin, OUP Oxford, Mar 28, 2013, </i>Constructing Capitalisms: Transforming Business Systems in Central and Eastern Europe<i>, p. 94</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965766-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965766-7"><bdi>978-0-19-965766-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204101727/https://books.google.ro/books?id=SyOzJaYLxN0C&pg=PA94">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roderick+Martin%2C+OUP+Oxford%2C+Mar+28%2C+2013%2C+Constructing+Capitalisms%3A+Transforming+Business+Systems+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%2C+p.+94&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965766-7&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyOzJaYLxN0C%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-libertarianpapers-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-libertarianpapers_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertarianpapers.org/articles/2011/lp-3-3.pdf">"Review of Kosanke's Instead of Politics – Don Stacy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001010127/http://libertarianpapers.org/articles/2011/lp-3-3.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Libertarian Papers Vol. 3, ART. NO. 3 (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091018193244/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Europe/HL352.cfm">Central Europe's Mass-Production Privatization</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Unfit/doc" title="Template:Unfit/doc">[unfit]</a></sup>, Heritage Lecture #352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDagdeviren2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dagdeviren (2006). "Revisiting privatisation in the context of poverty alleviation". <i>Journal of International Development</i>. <b>18</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">469–</span>488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjid.1244">10.1002/jid.1244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Development&rft.atitle=Revisiting+privatisation+in+the+context+of+poverty+alleviation&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E488&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjid.1244&rft.au=Dagdeviren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Moberg (6 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/16811/privatization_IPTI_report">Privatizing Government Services Doesn’t Only Hurt Public Workers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625103322/http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/16811/privatization_IPTI_report">Archived</a> 2014-06-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/In_These_Times_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="In These Times (publication)">In These Times</a>.</i> Retrieved 28 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inthepublicinterest.org/RaceToTheBottom">Race to the Bottom: How Outsourcing Public Services Rewards Corporations and Punishes the Middle Class</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20140604184737/http%3A//www.inthepublicinterest.org/RaceToTheBottom">Archived</a> 2014-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives. In the Public Interest, 3 June 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua Holland (17 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://billmoyers.com/2014/07/17/how-a-bogus-industry-funded-study-helped-spur-a-privatization-disaster-in-michigan/">How a Bogus, Industry-Funded Study Helped Spur a Privatization Disaster in Michigan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723140523/http://billmoyers.com/2014/07/17/how-a-bogus-industry-funded-study-helped-spur-a-privatization-disaster-in-michigan/">Archived</a> 2014-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Moyers_%26_Company" title="Moyers & Company">Moyers & Company</a>.</i> Retrieved 20 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartShleiferVishny1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hart, Oliver; Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:30727607">"The Proper Scope of Government: Theory and an Application to Prisons"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>112</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1127–</span>1161. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.318.7133">10.1.1.318.7133</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F003355300555448">10.1162/003355300555448</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5533">0033-5533</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16270301">16270301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Proper+Scope+of+Government%3A+Theory+and+an+Application+to+Prisons&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1127-%3C%2Fspan%3E1161&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.318.7133%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16270301%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-5533&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F003355300555448&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Shleifer%2C+Andrei&rft.au=Vishny%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A30727607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoppeSchmitz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2010). "Public versus private ownership: Quantity contracts and the allocation of investment tasks". <i>Journal of Public Economics</i>. <b>94</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">258–</span>268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2009.11.009">10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Economics&rft.atitle=Public+versus+private+ownership%3A+Quantity+contracts+and+the+allocation+of+investment+tasks&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2009.11.009&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Eva+I.&rft.au=Schmitz%2C+Patrick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2009" class="citation journal cs1">Alexander, Jason (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621122134/http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/288/">"Contracting Through the Lens of Classical Pragmatism: An Exploration of Local Government Contracting"</a>. <i>An Applied Research Project Submitted to the Department of Political Science, Texas State University-San Marcos, in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Public Administration, Spring 2009</i>. Texas State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/288/">the original</a> on 21 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=An+Applied+Research+Project+Submitted+to+the+Department+of+Political+Science%2C+Texas+State+University-San+Marcos%2C+in+Partial+Fulfillment+for+the+Requirements+for+the+Degree+of+Masters+of+Public+Administration%2C+Spring+2009&rft.atitle=Contracting+Through+the+Lens+of+Classical+Pragmatism%3A+An+Exploration+of+Local+Government+Contracting&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecommons.txstate.edu%2Farp%2F288%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDovalina2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dovalina, Jessica (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625140633/http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/108/">"Assessing the Ethical Issues Found in the Contracting Out Process"</a>. <i>An Applied Research Project Submitted to the Department of Political Science, Texas State University–San Marcos, in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Public Administration, Spring 2006</i>. Texas State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/108/">the original</a> on 25 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=An+Applied+Research+Project+Submitted+to+the+Department+of+Political+Science%2C+Texas+State+University%E2%80%93San+Marcos%2C+in+Partial+Fulfillment+for+the+Requirements+for+the+Degree+of+Masters+of+Public+Administration%2C+Spring+2006&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+Ethical+Issues+Found+in+the+Contracting+Out+Process&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dovalina&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecommons.txstate.edu%2Farp%2F108%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSegerfeldt2006" class="citation web cs1">Segerfeldt, Fredrik (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716155421/http://www.stockholm-network.org/downloads/events/d41d8cd9-Amigo%20Segerfeldt.pdf">"Water for sale: how business and the market can resolve the world's water crisis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stockholm Network</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stockholm-network.org/downloads/events/d41d8cd9-Amigo%20Segerfeldt.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stockholm+Network&rft.atitle=Water+for+sale%3A+how+business+and+the+market+can+resolve+the+world%27s+water+crisis&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Segerfeldt&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stockholm-network.org%2Fdownloads%2Fevents%2Fd41d8cd9-Amigo%2520Segerfeldt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack2000" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Bernard; et al. (2000). "Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong?". <i>Stanford Law Review</i>. <b>52</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1731–</span>1808. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1229501">10.2307/1229501</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F41203">2027.42/41203</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229501">1229501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Russian+Privatization+and+Corporate+Governance%3A+What+Went+Wrong%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1731-%3C%2Fspan%3E1808&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F41203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1229501%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1229501&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeghali2013" class="citation book cs1">Feghali, Khalil (2013). <i>La privatisation au Liban : allocation des ressources et efficacité de la gestion</i>. Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-343-00839-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-343-00839-4"><bdi>978-2-343-00839-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+privatisation+au+Liban+%3A+allocation+des+ressources+et+efficacit%C3%A9+de+la+gestion&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-343-00839-4&rft.aulast=Feghali&rft.aufirst=Khalil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoppeSchmitz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2010). "Public versus private ownership: quantity contracts and the allocation of investment tasks". <i>Journal of Public Economics</i>. <b>94</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">258–</span>268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2009.11.009">10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Economics&rft.atitle=Public+versus+private+ownership%3A+quantity+contracts+and+the+allocation+of+investment+tasks&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2009.11.009&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Eva+I.&rft.au=Schmitz%2C+Patrick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKemp2007" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Roger L. (2007). <i>Privatization: The Provision of Public Services by the Private Sector</i>. Jefferson City, NC and London: McFarland & Co., Inc., Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3250-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3250-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-3250-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Privatization%3A+The+Provision+of+Public+Services+by+the+Private+Sector&rft.place=Jefferson+City%2C+NC+and+London&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3250-9&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Unindexed</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeito,_David_T.Peter_GordonAlexander_TabarrokPaul_Johnson2002" class="citation book cs1">Beito, David T.; Peter Gordon; Alexander Tabarrok; Paul Johnson (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/volunta_xxx_2002_00_9922"><i>The voluntary city: choice, community, and civil society</i></a></span>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press/The Independent Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08837-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08837-9"><bdi>978-0-472-08837-9</bdi></a>. editors and forward.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+voluntary+city%3A+choice%2C+community%2C+and+civil+society&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press%2FThe+Independent+Institute&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08837-9&rft.au=Beito%2C+David+T.&rft.au=Peter+Gordon&rft.au=Alexander+Tabarrok&rft.au=Paul+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvolunta_xxx_2002_00_9922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBel2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bel, Germà (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.es/graap/JEP.pdf">"The coining of 'privatisation´and Germany's National Socialist Party"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>. <b>20</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">187–</span>194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.20.3.187">10.1257/jep.20.3.187</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+coining+of+%27privatisation%C2%B4and+Germany%27s+National+Socialist+Party&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.20.3.187&rft.aulast=Bel&rft.aufirst=Germ%C3%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ub.es%2Fgraap%2FJEP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Clarke, Thomas (ed.) (1994) "International Privatisation: Strategies and Practices" Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-013569-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-013569-8">3-11-013569-8</a></li> <li>Clarke, Thomas and Pitelis, Christos (eds.) (1995) "The Political Economy of Privatisation" London and New York: Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12705-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12705-X">0-415-12705-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD'SouzaMegginson1999" class="citation journal cs1">D'Souza, Juliet; Megginson, William L. (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051002001501/http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/M/William.L.Megginson-1/prv90pap.pdf">"The Financial and Operating Performance of Privatised Firms during the 1990s"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Finance</i>. <b>1999</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/M/William.L.Megginson-1/prv90pap.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Finance&rft.atitle=The+Financial+and+Operating+Performance+of+Privatised+Firms+during+the+1990s&rft.volume=1999&rft.date=1999-08&rft.aulast=D%27Souza&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rft.au=Megginson%2C+William+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty-staff.ou.edu%2FM%2FWilliam.L.Megginson-1%2Fprv90pap.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>von Hayek, Friedrich, (1960) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_Liberty" title="The Constitution of Liberty">The Constitution of Liberty</a></i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Kosar, Kevin R. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33777.pdf">"Privatisation and the Federal Government: An Introduction"</a>, <i>Report from the Congressional Research Service</i></li> <li>Mayer, Florian (2006) <i>Vom Niedergang des unternehmerisch tätigen Staates: Privatisierungspolitik in Großbritannien, Frankreich, Italien und Deutschland</i>, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-531-14918-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-531-14918-0">3-531-14918-0</a></li> <li>Megginson and Netter, From state to market: A survey of empirical studies on privatization, <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Literature" title="Journal of Economic Literature">Journal of Economic Literature</a> 39(2), June 2001, 321–389.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOnses,_Richard2004" class="citation book cs1">Onses, Richard (2004). <a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_logic" title="Fuzzy logic"><i>Benchmarking Privatization: the building of privatization index using fuzzy logic</i></a>. Valladolid: International Conference on Modeling and Simulation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-688-7867-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-688-7867-6"><bdi>978-84-688-7867-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benchmarking+Privatization%3A+the+building+of+privatization+index+using+fuzzy+logic&rft.place=Valladolid&rft.pub=International+Conference+on+Modeling+and+Simulation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-84-688-7867-6&rft.au=Onses%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOnses,_Richard2004" class="citation book cs1">Onses, Richard (2004). <i>The privatization leaders guide</i>. e-privatization.com publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-607-9613-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-607-9613-8"><bdi>978-84-607-9613-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+privatization+leaders+guide&rft.pub=e-privatization.com+publication&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-84-607-9613-8&rft.au=Onses%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Perrone" title="Nico Perrone">Nico Perrone</a> (2002), <i>Economia pubblica rimossa</i>, Milan, Giuffrè <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-14-10088-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-14-10088-8">88-14-10088-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoole2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Poole, Robert W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n244.xml">"Privatization"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n244">10.4135/9781412965811.n244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Privatization&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n244&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Flibertarianism%2Fn244.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, Adam (1776) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li> <li>Sprague, Jeb 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911203901/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38646">Haiti: Workers Protest Privatisation Layoffs</a>. Inter Press Service.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz, Joseph</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Globalization and Its Discontents">Globalization and Its Discontents</a></i></li> <li>von Weizsäcker, Ernst, Oran Young, and Matthias Finger (editors): <i>Limits to Privatisation</i>. Earthscan, London 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84407-177-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84407-177-4">1-84407-177-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolin,_Sheldon2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Wolin" title="Sheldon Wolin">Wolin, Sheldon</a> (2008). <i>Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13566-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13566-3"><bdi>978-0-691-13566-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+Incorporated%3A+Managed+Democracy+and+the+Specter+of+Inverted+Totalitarianism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13566-3&rft.au=Wolin%2C+Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span> (<b>Trad. esp.</b>: <i>Democracia S. A.</i>, Buenos Aires/Madrid, Katz editores S.A, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96859-46-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-96859-46-3">978-84-96859-46-3</a>)</li> <li>Zullo, Roland. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171020115418/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2009.01447.x/abstract">Does Fiscal Stress Induce Privatization? Correlates of Private and Intermunicipal Contracting, 1992–2002</a>. Governance 22.3 (July): 459–481.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Privatization" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Privatization">Privatization</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/privatization" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/privatization">privatization</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020114742/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552644">Privatization's Rise</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703120627/http://www.psiru.org/publicationsindex.asp">Reports of the Public Services International Research Unit at the University of Greenwich</a> Research database with many articles on the effects of privatization</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker,_David1991" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, David (1991). "Privatisation ten years on : a critical analysis of its rationale and results". <i>Cranfield CERES</i>. Cranfield University, School of Management. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1826%2F606">1826/606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cranfield+CERES&rft.atitle=Privatisation+ten+years+on+%3A+a+critical+analysis+of+its+rationale+and+results&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1826%2F606&rft.au=Parker%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatization" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitalism208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism" title="Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism" title="Template talk:Capitalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitalism208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Aspects and <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">perspectives</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_production" title="Anarchy of production">Anarchy of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">Centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopreneurship" title="Ecopreneurship">Ecopreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of capitalist theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy#Capitalism" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">Market failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchantilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantilism">Merchantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">Oligopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social capitalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Cultural aspects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">Economic mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li>Mainstream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law#In_relation_to_economics" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility" title="Labour market flexibility">Labour market flexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_supply" title="Labour supply">Labour supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_venture_capital" title="Social venture capital">Social venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antithesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market socialism">Free-market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Property479" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Property_navbox" title="Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Property_navbox" title="Template talk:Property navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Property479" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By owner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_land" title="Communal land">Communal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_land" title="Customary land">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estate (landed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_property" title="Intangible property">Intangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_property" title="Tangible property">Tangible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_commons_(economics)" title="Digital commons (economics)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_commons" title="Information commons">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">Bundle of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">fictitious commodities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">Common good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excludability" title="Excludability">Excludability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_possession_theory_of_property" title="First possession theory of property">First possession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_appropriation" title="Original appropriation">appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">Free-rider problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_rent" title="Law of rent">Law of rent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">Rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">anticommons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acequia" title="Acequia"><i>Acequia</i> (watercourse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido"><i>Ejido</i> (agrarian land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Forest types</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">Huerta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">Forest-dwelling (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law#Land_rights" title="Land law">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_rights" title="Littoral rights">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergregal" title="Bergregal">Bergregal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (transit)">Right of way (transit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (property access)">Right of way (property access)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior-appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Disposession</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory taking">Regulatory taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a></li> <li>spousal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Husband-selling">husband-selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars<br /><span class="nobold">(<i>key work</i>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Law_(Bastiat_book)" title="The Law (Bastiat book)">The Law</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">The Gift</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">What Is Property?</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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