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point</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: boiling point"> <meta name="keywords" content="boiling point"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="boiling point"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 5074</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: boiling point</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5074</span> Enhanced Boiling Heat Transfer Using Wettability Patterned Surfaces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong%20Il%20Shim">Dong Il Shim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geehong%20Choi"> Geehong Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Donghwi%20Lee"> Donghwi Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Namkyu%20Lee"> Namkyu Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyung%20Hee%20Cho"> Hyung Hee Cho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Effective cooling technology is required to secure thermal stability in extreme heat generated systems such as integrated electronic devices and power generated systems. Pool boiling heat transfer is one of the powerful cooling mechanisms using phase change phenomena. Critical heat flux (CHF) and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) are main factors to evaluate the performance of boiling heat transfer. CHF is the limitation of boiling heat transfer before film boiling which occurs thermal failure. Surface wettability is an important surface characteristic of boiling heat transfer. A hydrophilic surface has higher CHF through effective working fluid supply to local hot spots. A hydrophobic surface promotes the onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) to enhance HTC. In this study, superbiphilic surfaces, which is combined with superhydrophillic and superhydrophobic, are applied on boiling experiments to maximize boiling performance. We conducted pool boiling heat transfer using DI water at a saturated temperature and recorded bubble dynamics using a high-speed camera with 2000 fps. As a result, superbiphilic patterned surfaces promote ONB and enhance both CHF and HTC. This study demonstrates the enhanced boiling performance using superbiphilic surfaces by effective nucleation and separation of liquid/vapor pathway. We expect that further enhancement of heat transfer could be achieved in future work using optimized patterned surfaces. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling%20heat%20transfer" title="boiling heat transfer">boiling heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wettability" title=" wettability"> wettability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20heat%20flux" title=" critical heat flux"> critical heat flux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer%20coefficient" title=" heat transfer coefficient"> heat transfer coefficient</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89416/enhanced-boiling-heat-transfer-using-wettability-patterned-surfaces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89416.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5073</span> Comparison of the Distillation Curve Obtained Experimentally with the Curve Extrapolated by a Commercial Simulator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L%C3%ADvia%20B.%20Meirelles">Lívia B. Meirelles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erika%20C.%20A.%20N.%20Chrisman"> Erika C. A. N. Chrisman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fl%C3%A1via%20B.%20de%20Andrade"> Flávia B. de Andrade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lilian%20C.%20M.%20de%20Oliveira"> Lilian C. M. de Oliveira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> True Boiling Point distillation (TBP) is one of the most common experimental techniques for the determination of petroleum properties. This curve provides information about the performance of petroleum in terms of its cuts. The experiment is performed in a few days. Techniques are used to determine the properties faster with a software that calculates the distillation curve when a little information about crude oil is known. In order to evaluate the accuracy of distillation curve prediction, eight points of the TBP curve and specific gravity curve (348 K and 523 K) were inserted into the HYSYS Oil Manager, and the extended curve was evaluated up to 748 K. The methods were able to predict the curve with the accuracy of 0.6%-9.2% error (Software X ASTM), 0.2%-5.1% error (Software X Spaltrohr). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distillation%20curve" title="distillation curve">distillation curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20distillation" title=" petroleum distillation"> petroleum distillation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=true%20boiling%20point%20curve" title=" true boiling point curve"> true boiling point curve</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68293/comparison-of-the-distillation-curve-obtained-experimentally-with-the-curve-extrapolated-by-a-commercial-simulator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68293.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">441</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5072</span> Enhancement of Pool Boiling Regimes by Sand Deposition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Mazor">G. Mazor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Ladizhensky"> I. Ladizhensky</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Shapiro"> A. Shapiro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Nemirovsky"> D. Nemirovsky</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A lot of researches was dedicated to the evaluation of the efficiency of the uniform constant and temporary coatings enhancing a heat transfer rate. Our goal is an investigation of the sand coatings distributed by both uniform and non-uniform forms. The sand of different sizes (0.2-0.4-0.6 mm) was attached to a copper ball (30 mm diameter) surface by means of PVA adhesive as a uniform layer. At the next stage, sand spots were distributed over the ball surface with an areal density that ranges between one spot per 1.18 cm² (for low-density spots) and one spot per 0.51 cm² (for high-density spots). The spot's diameter value varied from 3 to 6.5 mm and height from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. All coatings serve as a heat transfer enhancer during the quenching in liquid nitrogen. Highest heat flux densities, achieved during quenching, lie in the range 10.8-20.2 W/cm², depending on the sand layer structure. Application of the enhancing coating increases an amount of heat, evacuated by highly effective nucleate and transition boiling, by a factor of 4.5 as compared to the bare sample. The non-uniform sand coatings were increasing the heat transfer rate value under all pool boiling conditions: nucleate boiling, transfer boiling and the most severe film boiling. A combination of uniform sand coating together with high-density sand spots increased the average heat transfer rate by a factor of 3. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer%20enhancement" title="heat transfer enhancement">heat transfer enhancement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nucleate%20boiling" title=" nucleate boiling"> nucleate boiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=film%20boiling" title=" film boiling"> film boiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transfer%20boiling" title=" transfer boiling"> transfer boiling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118417/enhancement-of-pool-boiling-regimes-by-sand-deposition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118417.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5071</span> Process Optimization for Albanian Crude Oil Characterization </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xhaklina%20Cani">Xhaklina Cani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilirjan%20Malollari"> Ilirjan Malollari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismet%20Beqiraj"> Ismet Beqiraj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lorina%20Lici"> Lorina Lici</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oil characterization is an essential step in the design, simulation, and optimization of refining facilities. To achieve optimal crude selection and processing decisions, a refiner must have exact information refer to crude oil quality. This includes crude oil TBP-curve as the main data for correct operation of refinery crude oil atmospheric distillation plants. Crude oil is typically characterized based on a distillation assay. This procedure is reasonably well-defined and is based on the representation of the mixture of actual components that boil within a boiling point interval by hypothetical components that boil at the average boiling temperature of the interval. The crude oil assay typically includes TBP distillation according to ASTM D-2892, which can characterize this part of oil that boils up to 400 C atmospheric equivalent boiling point. To model the yield curves obtained by physical distillation is necessary to compare the differences between the modelling and the experimental data. Most commercial use a different number of components and pseudo-components to represent crude oil. Laboratory tests include distillations, vapor pressures, flash points, pour points, cetane numbers, octane numbers, densities, and viscosities. The aim of the study is the drawing of true boiling curves for different crude oil resources in Albania and to compare the differences between the modeling and the experimental data for optimal characterization of crude oil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TBP%20distillation%20curves" title="TBP distillation curves">TBP distillation curves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crude%20oil" title=" crude oil"> crude oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50929/process-optimization-for-albanian-crude-oil-characterization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50929.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5070</span> The Effects of Blanching, Boiling and Steaming on Ascorbic Acid Content, Total Phenolic Content, and Colour in Cauliflowers (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huei%20Lin%20Lee">Huei Lin Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wee%20Sim%20Choo"> Wee Sim Choo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effects of blanching, boiling and steaming on the ascorbic acid content, total phenolic content and colour in cauliflower (Brassica oleraceavar. Botrytis) was investigated. It was found that blanching was the best thermal processing to be applied on cauliflower compared to boiling and steaming processes. Blanching and steaming processes on cauliflower retained most of the ascorbic acid content (AAC) compared to those of boiling. As for the total phenolic content (TPC), blanching process retained a higher TPC in cauliflower compared to those of boiling and steaming processes. There were no significant differences between the TPC of boiled and steamed cauliflowers. As for the colour measurement, there were no significant differences in the colour of the cauliflower at different lead time (after processing to the point of consumption) of 30 minutes interval up to 3 hours but there were slight variations in L*, a*, and b* values among the thermal processed cauliflowers (blanched, boiled and steamed). The cauliflowers in this study were found to give a desirable white colour (L* value in the range of 77-83) in all the three thermal processes (blanching, boiling and steaming). There was no significant difference on the effect of lead time (30-minutes interval up to 3 hours) in raw and all the three thermal processed (blanched, boiled and steamed) cauliflowers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ascorbic%20acid" title="ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cauliflower" title=" cauliflower"> cauliflower</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colour" title=" colour"> colour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenolics" title=" phenolics"> phenolics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17263/the-effects-of-blanching-boiling-and-steaming-on-ascorbic-acid-content-total-phenolic-content-and-colour-in-cauliflowers-brassica-oleracea-var-botrytis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17263.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5069</span> Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Hydrophilic Millimeter Copper Free Particles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abbasali%20Abouei%20Mehrizi">Abbasali Abouei Mehrizi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hao%20Wang"> Hao Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leping%20Zhou"> Leping Zhou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Modification of surface wettability is one of the conventional approaches to manipulate the boiling heat transfer. Instead of direct surface modification, in the present study, the surface is decorated with free copper particles with different hydrophobicity. We used millimeter-sized copper particles with two different hydrophobicity. The surface is covered with untreated, hydrophilic, and a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic copper particles separately, and the heat flux and wall superheat temperature was measured experimentally and compared with the bare polished copper surface. The results show that the untreated copper particles can slightly improve the boiling heat transfer when the hydrophilic copper particles have better performance. Combining hydrophilic and hydrophobic copper particles reduces boiling heat transfer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling%20heat%20transfer" title="boiling heat transfer">boiling heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20balls" title=" copper balls"> copper balls</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrophobic" title=" hydrophobic"> hydrophobic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrophilic" title=" hydrophilic"> hydrophilic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163360/boiling-heat-transfer-enhancement-using-hydrophilic-millimeter-copper-free-particles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163360.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5068</span> Electric Field Effect on the Rise of Single Bubbles during Boiling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Masoudnia">N. Masoudnia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Fatahi"> M. Fatahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An experimental study of saturated pool boiling on a single artificial nucleation site without and with the application of an electric field on the boiling surface has been conducted. N-pentane is boiling on a copper surface and is recorded with a high speed camera providing high quality pictures and movies. The accuracy of the visualization allowed establishing an experimental bubble growth law from a large number of experiments. This law shows that the evaporation rate is decreasing during the bubble growth, and underlines the importance of liquid motion induced by the preceding bubble. Bubble rise is therefore studied: once detached, bubbles accelerate vertically until reaching a maximum velocity in good agreement with a correlation from literature. The bubbles then turn to another direction. The effect of applying an electric field on the boiling surface in finally studied. In addition to changes of the bubble shape, changes are also shown in the liquid plume and the convective structures above the surface. Lower maximum rising velocities were measured in the presence of electric fields, especially with a negative polarity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20bubbles" title="single bubbles">single bubbles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20field" title=" electric field"> electric field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling" title=" boiling"> boiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effect" title=" effect "> effect </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50072/electric-field-effect-on-the-rise-of-single-bubbles-during-boiling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5067</span> Convective Boiling of CO₂ in Macro and Mini-Channels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adonis%20Menezes">Adonis Menezes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julio%20C.%20Passos"> Julio C. Passos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work deals with the theoretical and experimental investigation of the convective boiling of CO₂ in macro and mini-channels. A review of the state of the art of convective boiling studies in mini-channels and conventional channels for operating with CO₂ was carried out, with special attention to the flow patterns and pressure drop maps in single-phase and two-phase flows. To carry out an experimental analysis of the convective boiling of CO₂, a properly instrumented experimental bench was built, which allows a parametric analysis for different thermodynamic conditions, such as mass velocities between 200 and 1300 kg/(m².s), pressures between 20 and 70bar, temperature monitoring at the entrance of the mini-channels, heat flow and pressure drop in the test section. The visualization of flow patterns was possible with the use of a high-speed CMOS camera. The results obtained are in line with those found in the literature, both for flow patterns and for the heat transfer coefficient. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20dioxide" title="carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convective%20boiling" title=" convective boiling"> convective boiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO%E2%82%82" title=" CO₂"> CO₂</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mini-channels" title=" mini-channels"> mini-channels</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136203/convective-boiling-of-co2-in-macro-and-mini-channels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136203.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5066</span> Determination of Lead , Cadmium, Nickel and Zinc in Some Green Tea Samples Collected from Libyan Markets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamal%20A.%20Mayouf">Jamal A. Mayouf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hashim%20Salih%20Al%20Bayati"> Hashim Salih Al Bayati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eltayeb%20M.%20Emmima"> Eltayeb M. Emmima</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Green tea is one of the most common drinks in all cities of Libyan. Heavy metal contents such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) were determined in four green tea samples collected from Libyan market and their tea infusions by using atomic emission spectrophotometry after acid digestion. The results obtained indicate that the concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn in tea infusions samples ranged from 0.07-0.12, 0.19-0.28, 0.09-0.15, 0.18-0.43 mg/l after boiling for 5 min., 0.06-0.08, 0.18-0.23, 0.08-0.14, 0.17-0.27 mg/l after boiling for 10 min., 0.07-0.11, 0.18-0.24, 0.08-0.14, 0.21-0.34 mg/l after boiling for 15 min. respectively. On the other hand, the concentrations of the same element mentioned above obtained in tea leaves ranged from 6.0-18.0, 36.0-42.0, 16.0-20.0, 44.0-132.0 mg/kg respectively. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn in tea leaves samples were higher than Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) limit and World Health Organization(WHO) permissible limit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling" title="boiling">boiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infusion" title=" infusion"> infusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metals" title=" metals"> metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tea" title=" tea "> tea </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26808/determination-of-lead-cadmium-nickel-and-zinc-in-some-green-tea-samples-collected-from-libyan-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">397</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5065</span> Rising of Single and Double Bubbles during Boiling and Effect of Electric Field in This Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Gholam%20Ale%20Mohammad">Masoud Gholam Ale Mohammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mojtaba%20Hafezi%20Birgani"> Mojtaba Hafezi Birgani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An experimental study of saturated pool boiling on a single artificial nucleation site without and with the application of an electric field on the boiling surface has been conducted. N-pentane is boiling on a copper surface and is recorded with a high speed camera providing high quality pictures and movies. The accuracy of the visualization allowed establishing an experimental bubble growth law from a large number of experiments. This law shows that the evaporation rate is decreasing during the bubble growth, and underlines the importance of liquid motion induced by the preceding bubble. Bubble rise is therefore studied: once detached, bubbles accelerate vertically until reaching a maximum velocity in good agreement with a correlation from literature. The bubbles then turn to another direction. The effect of applying an electric field on the boiling surface in finally studied. In addition to changes in the bubble shape, changes are also shown in the liquid plume and the convective structures above the surface. Lower maximum rising velocities were measured in the presence of electric fields, especially with a negative polarity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20and%20double%20bubbles" title="single and double bubbles">single and double bubbles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20field" title=" electric field"> electric field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling" title=" boiling"> boiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rising" title=" rising"> rising</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87592/rising-of-single-and-double-bubbles-during-boiling-and-effect-of-electric-field-in-this-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87592.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">226</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5064</span> Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Copper Metallic Foam during Convective Boiling in a Plate Heat Exchanger</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.Kouidri">A.Kouidri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.Madani"> B.Madani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work deals with the study of the heat transfer in a rectangular channel equipped with a metallic foam. The tested metallic foam sample is made from copper with 20 PPI (Pore per Inch Linear) and 93% of porosity and the working fluid used is the n-pentane. In the present work the independent variables are the velocity in the range from 0.02 to 0.06 m/s and a boiling heat flux rate varying between 30 and 70 kW/m2. The heat transfer coefficient is presented versus boiling heat flux, vapor quality and superheat ΔTsat. The thermal results are compared to those found for a plain tube for the same conditions. The comparison with the plain tube shows that the insert of a metallic foam enhances the heat transfer coefficient by a factor between 1.3 and 3. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling" title="boiling">boiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metallic%20foam" title=" metallic foam"> metallic foam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plate%20heat%20exchanger" title=" plate heat exchanger"> plate heat exchanger</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43857/heat-transfer-enhancement-using-copper-metallic-foam-during-convective-boiling-in-a-plate-heat-exchanger" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43857.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">475</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5063</span> Effect of Hydraulic Diameter on Flow Boiling Instability in a Single Microtube with Vertical Upward Flow</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qian%20You">Qian You</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Hassan"> Ibrahim Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyes%20Kadem"> Lyes Kadem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An experiment is conducted to fundamentally investigate flow oscillation characteristics in different sizes of single microtubes in vertical upward flow direction. Three microtubes have 0.889 mm, 0.533 mm, and 0.305 mm hydraulic diameters with 100 mm identical heated length. The mass flux of the working fluid FC-72 varies from 700 kg/m2•s to 1400 kg/m2•s, and the heat flux is uniformly applied on the tube surface up to 9.4 W/cm2. The subcooled inlet temperature is maintained around 24°C during the experiment. The effect of hydraulic diameter and mass flux are studied. The results showed that they have interactions on the flow oscillations occurrence and behaviors. The onset of flow instability (OFI), which is a threshold of unstable flow, usually appears in large microtube with diversified and sustained flow oscillations, while the transient point, which is the point when the flow turns from one stable state to another suddenly, is more observed in small microtube without characterized flow oscillations due to the bubble confinement. The OFI/transient point occurs early as hydraulic diameter reduces at a given mass flux. The increased mass flux can delay the OFI/transient point occurrence in large hydraulic diameter, but no significant effect in small size. Although the only transient point is observed in the smallest tube, it appears at small heat flux and is not sensitive to mass flux; hence, the smallest microtube is not recommended since increasing heat flux may cause local dryout. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20boiling%20instability" title="flow boiling instability">flow boiling instability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20diameter%20effect" title=" hydraulic diameter effect"> hydraulic diameter effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=a%20single%20microtube" title=" a single microtube"> a single microtube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20upward%20flow" title=" vertical upward flow"> vertical upward flow</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29887/effect-of-hydraulic-diameter-on-flow-boiling-instability-in-a-single-microtube-with-vertical-upward-flow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29887.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">600</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5062</span> Determination of Mercury in Gold Ores by CVAAS Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ratna%20Siti%20Khodijah">Ratna Siti Khodijah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mirzam%20Abdurrachman"> Mirzam Abdurrachman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gold is recovered from gold ores. Within the ores, there are not only gold but also several types of precious metals. Copper, silver, and platinum group elements (ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, rhenium, osmium, and iridium) are metals commonly found in the ores. These metals combine to form an ore because they have the same properties. It is due to their position in periodic-system-of-elements are near to gold. However, the presence of mercury in every gold ore has not been mentioned, even though it is located right next to gold in the periodic-system-of-elements and they are located in the same block, d-block. Thus, it is possible that mercury is contained in the ores. Moreover, the elements of the same group with mercury—zinc and cadmium—sometimes can be found in the ores. It is suspected that mercury can not be detected because the processing of gold ores usually using fire assay method. Before the ores melting, mercury would evaporate because it has the lowest boiling point of all precious metal in the ores. Therefore, it suggested doing research on the presence of mercury in gold ores by CVAAS method. The results of this study would obtain the amount of mercury in gold ores that should be purified. So it can be produced economically if possible. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling%20point" title="boiling point">boiling point</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=d-block" title=" d-block"> d-block</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20assay" title=" fire assay"> fire assay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precious%20metal" title=" precious metal"> precious metal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72809/determination-of-mercury-in-gold-ores-by-cvaas-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72809.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5061</span> Application of Neural Networks to Predict Changing the Diameters of Bubbles in Pool Boiling Distilled Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Nikkhah%20Rashidabad">V. Nikkhah Rashidabad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Manteghian"> M. Manteghian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Masoumi"> M. Masoumi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Mousavian"> S. Mousavian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Ashouri"> D. Ashouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, the capability of neural networks in modeling and learning complicated and nonlinear relations has been used to develop a model for the prediction of changes in the diameter of bubbles in pool boiling distilled water. The input parameters used in the development of this network include element temperature, heat flux, and retention time of bubbles. The test data obtained from the experiment of the pool boiling of distilled water, and the measurement of the bubbles form on the cylindrical element. The model was developed based on training algorithm, which is typologically of back-propagation type. Considering the correlation coefficient obtained from this model is 0.9633. This shows that this model can be trusted for the simulation and modeling of the size of bubble and thermal transfer of boiling. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bubble%20diameter" title="bubble diameter">bubble diameter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20flux" title=" heat flux"> heat flux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20network" title=" neural network"> neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=training%20algorithm" title=" training algorithm"> training algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2793/application-of-neural-networks-to-predict-changing-the-diameters-of-bubbles-in-pool-boiling-distilled-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2793.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">443</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5060</span> Numerical Investigation of AL₂O₃ Nanoparticle Effect on a Boiling Forced Swirl Flow Field</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ataollah%20Rabiee1">Ataollah Rabiee1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Hossein%20Kamalinia"> Amir Hossein Kamalinia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Atf"> Alireza Atf </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most important issues in the design of nuclear fusion power plants is the heat removal from the hottest region at the diverter. Various methods could be employed in order to improve the heat transfer efficiency, such as generating turbulent flow and injection of nanoparticles in the host fluid. In the current study, Water/AL₂O₃ nanofluid forced swirl flow boiling has been investigated by using a homogeneous thermophysical model within the Eulerian-Eulerian framework through a twisted tape tube, and the boiling phenomenon was modeled using the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) approach. In addition to comparing the results with the experimental data and their reasonable agreement, it was evidenced that higher flow mixing results in more uniform bulk temperature and lower wall temperature along the twisted tape tube. The presence of AL₂O₃ nanoparticles in the boiling flow field showed that increasing the nanoparticle concentration leads to a reduced vapor volume fraction and wall temperature. The Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results show that the average heat transfer coefficient in the tube increases both by increasing the nanoparticle concentration and the insertion of twisted tape, which significantly affects the thermal field of the boiling flow. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticle" title="nanoparticle">nanoparticle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling" title=" boiling"> boiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two%20phase%20flow" title=" two phase flow"> two phase flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alumina" title=" alumina"> alumina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ITER" title=" ITER"> ITER</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126611/numerical-investigation-of-al2o3-nanoparticle-effect-on-a-boiling-forced-swirl-flow-field" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126611.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5059</span> Modeling of Full Range Flow Boiling Phenomenon in 23m Long Vertical Steam Generator Tube</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaitanya%20R.%20Mali">Chaitanya R. Mali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Vinod"> V. Vinod</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashwin%20W.%20Patwardhan"> Ashwin W. Patwardhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Design of long vertical steam generator (SG) tubes in nuclear power plant involves an understanding of different aspects of flow boiling phenomenon such as flow instabilities, flow regimes, dry out, critical heat flux, pressure drop, etc. The knowledge of the prediction of local thermal hydraulic characteristics is necessary to understand these aspects. For this purpose, the methodology has been developed which covers all the flow boiling regimes to model full range flow boiling phenomenon. In this methodology, the vertical tube is divided into four sections based on vapor fraction value at the end of each section. Different modeling strategies have been applied to the different sections of the vertical tube. Computational fluid dynamics simulations have been performed on a vertical SG tube of 0.0126 m inner diameter and 23 m length. The thermal hydraulic parameters such as vapor fraction, liquid temperature, heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, heat flux distribution have been analyzed for different designed heat duties (1.1 MW (20%) to 3.3 MW (60%)) and flow conditions (10 % to 80 %). The sensitivity of different boiling parameters such as bubble departure diameter, nucleation site density, bubble departure frequency on the thermal hydraulic parameters was also studied. Flow instability has been observed at 20 % designed heat duty and 20 % flow conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20hydraulics" title="thermal hydraulics">thermal hydraulics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling" title=" boiling"> boiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vapor%20fraction" title=" vapor fraction"> vapor fraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity" title=" sensitivity"> sensitivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106204/modeling-of-full-range-flow-boiling-phenomenon-in-23m-long-vertical-steam-generator-tube" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106204.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5058</span> Effects of Boiling Temperature and Time on Colour, Texture and Sensory Properties of Volutharpa ampullacea perryi Meat</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xianbao%20Sun">Xianbao Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinlong%20Zhao"> Jinlong Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shudong%20He"> Shudong He</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jing%20Li"> Jing Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Volutharpa ampullacea perryi is a high-protein marine shellfish. However, few data are available on the effects of boiling temperatures and time on quality of the meat. In this study, colour, texture and sensory characteristics of Volutharpa ampullacea perryi meat during the boiling cooking processes (75-100 °C, 5-60 min) were investigated by colors analysis, texture profile analysis (TPA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and sensory evaluation. The ratio of cooking loss gradually increased with the increase of temperature and time. The colour of meat became lighter and more yellower from 85 °C to 95 °C in a short time (5-20 min), but it became brown after a 30 min treatment. TPA results showed that the Volutharpa ampullacea perryi meat were more firm and less cohesive after a higher temperature (95-100 °C) treatment even in a short period (5-15 min). Based on the SEM analysis, it was easily found that the myofibrils structure was destroyed at a higher temperature (85-100 °C). Sensory data revealed that the meat cooked at 85-90 °C in 10-20 min showed higher scores in overall acceptance, as well as color, hardness and taste. Based on these results, it could be constructed that Volutharpa ampullacea perryi meat should be heated on a suitable condition (such as 85 °C 15 min or 90 °C 10 min) in the boiling cooking to be ensure a better acceptability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Volutharpa%20ampullacea%20perryi%20meat" title="Volutharpa ampullacea perryi meat">Volutharpa ampullacea perryi meat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling%20cooking" title=" boiling cooking"> boiling cooking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colour" title=" colour"> colour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensory" title=" sensory"> sensory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=texture" title=" texture"> texture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74170/effects-of-boiling-temperature-and-time-on-colour-texture-and-sensory-properties-of-volutharpa-ampullacea-perryi-meat" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74170.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5057</span> Bioethanol Production from Wild Sorghum (Sorghum arundinacieum) and Spear Grass (Heteropogon contortus)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adeyinka%20Adesanya">Adeyinka Adesanya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isaac%20Bamgboye"> Isaac Bamgboye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is a growing need to develop the processes to produce renewable fuels and chemicals due to the economic, political, and environmental concerns associated with fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass is an excellent renewable feedstock because it is both abundant and inexpensive. This project aims at producing bioethanol from lignocellulosic plants (Sorghum Arundinacieum and Heteropogon Contortus) by biochemical means, computing the energy audit of the process and determining the fuel properties of the produced ethanol. Acid pretreatment (0.5% H2SO4 solution) and enzymatic hydrolysis (using malted barley as enzyme source) were employed. The ethanol yield of wild sorghum was found to be 20% while that of spear grass was 15%. The fuel properties of the bioethanol from wild sorghum are 1.227 centipoise for viscosity, 1.10 g/cm3 for density, 0.90 for specific gravity, 78 °C for boiling point and the cloud point was found to be below -30 °C. That of spear grass was 1.206 centipoise for viscosity, 0.93 g/cm3 for density 1.08 specific gravity, 78 °C for boiling point and the cloud point was also found to be below -30 °C. The energy audit shows that about 64 % of the total energy was used up during pretreatment, while product recovery which was done manually demanded about 31 % of the total energy. Enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation total energy input were 1.95 %, 1.49 % and 1.04 % respectively, the alcoholometric strength of bioethanol from wild sorghum was found to be 47 % and the alcoholometric strength of bioethanol from spear grass was 72 %. Also, the energy efficiency of the bioethanol production for both grasses was 3.85 %. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignocellulosic%20biomass" title="lignocellulosic biomass">lignocellulosic biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wild%20sorghum" title=" wild sorghum"> wild sorghum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spear%20grass" title=" spear grass"> spear grass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochemical%20conversion" title=" biochemical conversion"> biochemical conversion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67839/bioethanol-production-from-wild-sorghum-sorghum-arundinacieum-and-spear-grass-heteropogon-contortus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67839.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5056</span> Determination of Cadmium , Lead, Nickel, and Zinc in Some Green Tea Samples Collected from Libyan Markets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamal%20%20A.%20Mayouf">Jamal A. Mayouf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hashim%20Salih%20Al%20Bayati"> Hashim Salih Al Bayati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Green tea is one of the most common drinks in all cities of Libyan. Heavy metal contents such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) were determined in four green tea samples collected from Libyan market and their tea infusions by using atomic emission spectrophotometry after acid digestion. The results obtained indicate that the concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni, and Zn in tea infusions samples ranged from 0.07-0.12, 0.19-0.28, 0.09-0.15, 0.18-0.43 mg/l after boiling for 5 min., 0.06-0.08, 0.18-0.23, 0.08-0.14, 0.17-0.27 mg/l after boiling for 10 min., 0.07-0.11, 0.18-0.24, 0.08-0.14, 0.21-0.34 mg/l after boiling for 15 min. respectively. On the other hand, the concentrations of the same element mentioned above obtained in tea leaves ranged from 6.0-18.0, 36.0-42.0, 16.0-20.0, 44.0-132.0 mg/kg respectively. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn in tea leaves samples were higher than Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) limit and World Health Organization(WHO) permissible limit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tea" title="tea">tea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infusion" title=" infusion"> infusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metals" title=" metals"> metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libya" title=" Libya "> Libya </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13753/determination-of-cadmium-lead-nickel-and-zinc-in-some-green-tea-samples-collected-from-libyan-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13753.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5055</span> CFD Study of Subcooled Boiling Flow at Elevated Pressure Using a Mechanistic Wall Heat Partitioning Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Machimontorn%20Promtong">Machimontorn Promtong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sherman%20C.%20P.%20Cheung"> Sherman C. P. Cheung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guan%20H.%20Yeoh"> Guan H. Yeoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Vahaji"> Sara Vahaji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiyuan%20Tu"> Jiyuan Tu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The wide range of industrial applications involved with boiling flows promotes the necessity of establishing fundamental knowledge in boiling flow phenomena. For this purpose, a number of experimental and numerical researches have been performed to elucidate the underlying physics of this flow. In this paper, the improved wall boiling models, implemented on ANSYS CFX 14.5, were introduced to study subcooled boiling flow at elevated pressure. At the heated wall boundary, the Fractal model, Force balance approach and Mechanistic frequency model are given for predicting the nucleation site density, bubble departure diameter, and bubble departure frequency. The presented wall heat flux partitioning closures were modified to consider the influence of bubble sliding along the wall before the lift-off, which usually happens in the flow boiling. The simulation was performed based on the Two-fluid model, where the standard k-ω SST model was selected for turbulence modelling. Existing experimental data at around 5 bars were chosen to evaluate the accuracy of the presented mechanistic approach. The void fraction and Interfacial Area Concentration (IAC) are in good agreement with the experimental data. However, the predicted bubble velocity and Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) are over-predicted. This over-prediction may be caused by consideration of only dispersed and spherical bubbles in the simulations. In the future work, the important physical mechanisms of bubbles, such as merging and shrinking during sliding on the heated wall will be incorporated into this mechanistic model to enhance its capability for a wider range of flow prediction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subcooled%20boiling%20flow" title="subcooled boiling flow">subcooled boiling flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics%20%28CFD%29" title=" computational fluid dynamics (CFD)"> computational fluid dynamics (CFD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanistic%20approach" title=" mechanistic approach"> mechanistic approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-fluid%20model" title=" two-fluid model"> two-fluid model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67603/cfd-study-of-subcooled-boiling-flow-at-elevated-pressure-using-a-mechanistic-wall-heat-partitioning-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67603.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">318</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5054</span> Multiphase Flow Regime Detection Algorithm for Gas-Liquid Interface Using Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serkan%20Solmaz">Serkan Solmaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Baptiste%20Gouriet"> Jean-Baptiste Gouriet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicolas%20Van%20de%20Wyer"> Nicolas Van de Wyer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christophe%20Schram"> Christophe Schram</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Efficiency of the cooling process for cryogenic propellant boiling in engine cooling channels on space applications is relentlessly affected by the phase change occurs during the boiling. The effectiveness of the cooling process strongly pertains to the type of the boiling regime such as nucleate and film. Geometric constraints like a non-transparent cooling channel unable to use any of visualization methods. The ultrasonic (US) technique as a non-destructive method (NDT) has therefore been applied almost in every engineering field for different purposes. Basically, the discontinuities emerge between mediums like boundaries among different phases. The sound wave emitted by the US transducer is both transmitted and reflected through a gas-liquid interface which makes able to detect different phases. Due to the thermal and structural concerns, it is impractical to sustain a direct contact between the US transducer and working fluid. Hence the transducer should be located outside of the cooling channel which results in additional interfaces and creates ambiguities on the applicability of the present method. In this work, an exploratory research is prompted so as to determine detection ability and applicability of the US technique on the cryogenic boiling process for a cooling cycle where the US transducer is taken place outside of the channel. Boiling of the cryogenics is a complex phenomenon which mainly brings several hindrances for experimental protocol because of thermal properties. Thus substitute materials are purposefully selected based on such parameters to simplify experiments. Aside from that, nucleate and film boiling regimes emerging during the boiling process are simply simulated using non-deformable stainless steel balls, air-bubble injection apparatuses and air clearances instead of conducting a real-time boiling process. A versatile detection algorithm is perennially developed concerning exploratory studies afterward. According to the algorithm developed, the phases can be distinguished 99% as no-phase, air-bubble, and air-film presences. The results show the detection ability and applicability of the US technique for an exploratory purpose. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonic" title=" ultrasonic"> ultrasonic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiphase%20flow" title=" multiphase flow"> multiphase flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling" title=" boiling"> boiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryogenics" title=" cryogenics"> cryogenics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detection%20algorithm" title=" detection algorithm"> detection algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98507/multiphase-flow-regime-detection-algorithm-for-gas-liquid-interface-using-ultrasonic-pulse-echo-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98507.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5053</span> Experimental Investigation of Nucleate Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics on Copper Surface with Laser-Textured Stepped Microstructures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luvindran%20Sugumaran">Luvindran Sugumaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Nashrul%20Mohd%20Zubir"> Mohd Nashrul Mohd Zubir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazi%20Md%20Salim%20Newaz"> Kazi Md Salim Newaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tuan%20Zaharinie%20Tuan%20Zahari"> Tuan Zaharinie Tuan Zahari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suazlan%20Mt%20Aznam"> Suazlan Mt Aznam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aiman%20Mohd%20Halil"> Aiman Mohd Halil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the rapid advancement of integrated circuits and the increasing trend towards miniaturizing electronic devices, the amount of heat produced by electronic devices has consistently exceeded the maximum limit for heat dissipation. Currently, the two-phase cooling technique based on phase change pool boiling heat transfer has received a lot of attention because of its potential to fully utilize the latent heat of the fluid and produce a highly effective heat dissipation capacity while keeping the equipment's operating temperature within an acceptable range. There are numerous strategies available for the alteration of heating surfaces, but to find the best, simplest, and most dependable one remains a challenge. Lately, surface texturing via laser ablation has been used in a variety of investigations, demonstrating its significant potential for enhancing the pool boiling heat transfer performance. In this research, the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer performance of laser-textured copper surfaces of different patterns was investigated. The bare copper surface serves as a reference to compare the performance of laser-structured surfaces. It was observed that the heat transfer coefficients were increased with the increase of surface area ratio and the ratio of the peak-to-valley height of the microstructure. Laser machined grain structure produced extra nucleation sites, which ultimately caused the improved pool boiling performance. Due to an increase in nucleation site density and surface area, the enhanced nucleate boiling served as the primary heat transfer mechanism. The pool boiling performance of the laser-textured copper surfaces is superior to the bare copper surface in all aspects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer%20coefficient" title="heat transfer coefficient">heat transfer coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20texturing" title=" laser texturing"> laser texturing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20structured%20surface" title=" micro structured surface"> micro structured surface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pool%20boiling" title=" pool boiling"> pool boiling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165865/experimental-investigation-of-nucleate-pool-boiling-heat-transfer-characteristics-on-copper-surface-with-laser-textured-stepped-microstructures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165865.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5052</span> Experimental Investigation of Nucleate Pool Boiling Heat Transfer on Laser-Structured Copper Surfaces of Different Patterns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luvindran%20Sugumaran">Luvindran Sugumaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Nashrul%20Mohd%20Zubir"> Mohd Nashrul Mohd Zubir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazi%20Md%20Salim%20Newaz"> Kazi Md Salim Newaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tuan%20Zaharinie%20Tuan%20Zahari"> Tuan Zaharinie Tuan Zahari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suazlan%20Mt%20Aznam"> Suazlan Mt Aznam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aiman%20Mohd%20Halil"> Aiman Mohd Halil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With reference to Energy Roadmap 2050, the minimization of greenhouse gas emissions and the enhancement of energy efficiency are the two key factors that could facilitate a radical change in the world's energy infrastructure. However, the energy demands of electronic devices skyrocketed with the advent of the digital age. Currently, the two-phase cooling technique based on phase change pool boiling heat transfer has received a lot of attention because of its potential to fully utilize the latent heat of the fluid and produce a highly effective heat dissipation capacity while keeping the equipment's operating temperature within an acceptable range. There are numerous strategies available for the alteration of heating surfaces, but finding the best, simplest, and most dependable one remains a challenge. Lately, surface texturing via laser ablation has been used in a variety of investigations, demonstrating its significant potential for enhancing the pool boiling heat transfer performance. In this research, the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer performance of laser-structured copper surfaces of different patterns was investigated. The bare copper surface serves as a reference to compare the performance of laser-structured surfaces. It was observed that the heat transfer coefficients were increased with the increase of surface area ratio and the ratio of the peak-to-valley height of the microstructure. Laser machined grain structure produced extra nucleation sites, which ultimately caused the improved pool boiling performance. Due to an increase in nucleation site density and surface area, the enhanced nucleate boiling served as the primary heat transfer mechanism. The pool boiling performance of the laser-structured copper surfaces is superior to the bare copper surface in all aspects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer%20coefficient" title="heat transfer coefficient">heat transfer coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20structuring" title=" laser structuring"> laser structuring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20structured%20surface" title=" micro structured surface"> micro structured surface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pool%20boiling" title=" pool boiling"> pool boiling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163989/experimental-investigation-of-nucleate-pool-boiling-heat-transfer-on-laser-structured-copper-surfaces-of-different-patterns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163989.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5051</span> Experimental Investigation of Nucleate Pool Boiling Heat Transfer on Laser-Structured Copper Surfaces of Different Patterns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luvindran%20Sugumaran">Luvindran Sugumaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Nashrul%20Mohd%20Zubir"> Mohd Nashrul Mohd Zubir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazi%20Md%20Salim%20Newaz"> Kazi Md Salim Newaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tuan%20Zaharinie%20Tuan%20Zahari"> Tuan Zaharinie Tuan Zahari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suazlan%20Mt%20Aznam"> Suazlan Mt Aznam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aiman%20Mohd%20Halil"> Aiman Mohd Halil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With reference to Energy Roadmap 2050, the minimization of greenhouse gas emissions, and the enhancement of energy efficiency are the two key factors that could facilitate a radical change in the world's energy infrastructure. However, the energy demands of electronic devices skyrocketed with the advent of the digital age. Currently, the two-phase cooling technique based on phase change pool boiling heat transfer has received a lot of attention because of its potential to fully utilize the latent heat of the fluid and produce a highly effective heat dissipation capacity while keeping the equipment's operating temperature within an acceptable range. There are numerous strategies available for the alteration of heating surfaces, but to find the best, simplest, and most dependable one remains a challenge. Lately, surface texturing via laser ablation has been used in a variety of investigations, demonstrating its significant potential for enhancing the pool boiling heat transfer performance. In this research, the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer performance of laser-structured copper surfaces of different patterns was investigated. The bare copper surface serves as a reference to compare the performance of laser-structured surfaces. It was observed that the heat transfer coefficients were increased with the increase of surface area ratio and the ratio of the peak-to-valley height of the microstructure. Laser machined grain structure produced extra nucleation sites, which ultimately caused the improved pool boiling performance. Due to an increase in nucleation site density and surface area, the enhanced nucleate boiling served as the primary heat transfer mechanism. The pool boiling performance of the laser-structured copper surfaces is superior to the bare copper surface in all aspects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer%20coefficient" title="heat transfer coefficient">heat transfer coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20structuring" title=" laser structuring"> laser structuring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20structured%20surface" title=" micro structured surface"> micro structured surface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pool%20boiling" title=" pool boiling"> pool boiling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165129/experimental-investigation-of-nucleate-pool-boiling-heat-transfer-on-laser-structured-copper-surfaces-of-different-patterns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165129.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5050</span> Experimental Investigation of Nucleate Pool Boiling Heat Transfer on Laser-Structured Copper Surfaces of Different Patterns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luvindran%20Sugumaran">Luvindran Sugumaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Nashrul%20Mohd%20Zubir"> Mohd Nashrul Mohd Zubir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazi%20Md.%20Salim%20Newaz"> Kazi Md. Salim Newaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tuan%20Zaharinie%20Tuan%20Zahari"> Tuan Zaharinie Tuan Zahari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suazlan%20Mt%20Aznam"> Suazlan Mt Aznam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aiman%20Mohd%20Halil"> Aiman Mohd Halil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With reference to Energy Roadmap 2050, the minimization of greenhouse gas emissions and the enhancement of energy efficiency are the two key factors that could facilitate a radical change in the world's energy infrastructure. However, the energy demands of electronic devices skyrocketed with the advent of the digital age. Currently, the two-phase cooling technique based on phase change pool boiling heat transfer has received a lot of attention because of its potential to fully utilize the latent heat of the fluid and produce a highly effective heat dissipation capacity while keeping the equipment's operating temperature within an acceptable range. There are numerous strategies available for the alteration of heating surfaces, but to find the best, simplest, and most dependable one remains a challenge. Lately, surface texturing via laser ablation has been used in a variety of investigations, demonstrating its significant potential for enhancing the pool boiling heat transfer performance. In this research, the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer performance of laser-structured copper surfaces of different patterns was investigated. The bare copper surface serves as a reference to compare the performance of laser-structured surfaces. It was observed that the heat transfer coefficients were increased with the increase of surface area ratio and the ratio of the peak-to-valley height of the microstructure. Laser-machined grain structure produced extra nucleation sites, which ultimately caused the improved pool boiling performance. Due to an increase in nucleation site density and surface area, the enhanced nucleate boiling served as the primary heat transfer mechanism. The pool boiling performance of the laser-structured copper surfaces is superior to the bare copper surface in all aspects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer%20coefficient" title="heat transfer coefficient">heat transfer coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20structuring" title=" laser structuring"> laser structuring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20structured%20surface" title=" micro structured surface"> micro structured surface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pool%20boiling" title=" pool boiling"> pool boiling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165173/experimental-investigation-of-nucleate-pool-boiling-heat-transfer-on-laser-structured-copper-surfaces-of-different-patterns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165173.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5049</span> The Effect of Adding CuO Nanoparticles on Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement in Horizontal Flattened Tubes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Akhavan-Behabadi">M. A. Akhavan-Behabadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Najafi"> M. Najafi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Abbasi"> A. Abbasi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An empirical investigation was performed in order to study the heat transfer characteristics of R600a flow boiling inside horizontal flattened tubes and the simultaneous effect of nanoparticles on boiling heat transfer in flattened channel. Round copper tubes of 8.7 mm I.D. were deformed into flattened shapes with different inside heights of 6.9, 5.5, and 3.4 mm as test areas. The effect of different parameters such as mass flux, vapor quality and inside height on heat transfer coefficient was studied. Flattening the tube caused a significant enhancement in heat transfer performance, so that the maximum augmentation ratio of 163% was obtained in flattened channel with lowest internal height. A new correlation was developed based on the present experimental data to predict the heat transfer coefficient in flattened tubes. This correlation estimated 90% of the entire database within ±20%. The best flat channel with the point of view of heat transfer performance was selected to study the effect of nanoparticle on heat transfer enhancement. Four homogenized mixtures containing 1% weight fraction of R600a/oil with different CuO nanoparticles concentration including 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% mass fraction of R600a/oil/CuO were studied. Observations show that heat transfer was improved by adding nanoparticles, which lead to maximum enhancement of 79% compare to the pure refrigerant at the same test condition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano%20fluids" title="nano fluids">nano fluids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flattend%20tube" title=" flattend tube"> flattend tube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport%20phenomena" title=" transport phenomena"> transport phenomena</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16639/the-effect-of-adding-cuo-nanoparticles-on-boiling-heat-transfer-enhancement-in-horizontal-flattened-tubes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16639.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">432</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5048</span> Flow Boiling Heat Transfer at Low Mass and Heat Fluxes: Heat Transfer Coefficient, Flow Pattern Analysis and Correlation Assessment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ernest%20Gyan%20Bediako">Ernest Gyan Bediako</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petra%20Dancova"> Petra Dancova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomas%20Vit"> Tomas Vit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Flow boiling heat transfer remains an important area of research due to its relevance in thermal management systems and other applications. Despite the enormous work done in the field of flow boiling heat transfer over the years to understand how flow parameters such as mass flux, heat flux, saturation conditions and tube geometries influence the characteristics of flow boiling heat transfer, there are still many contradictions and lack of agreement on the actual mechanisms controlling heat transfer and how flow parameters impact the heat transfer. This work thus seeks to experimentally investigate the heat transfer characteristics and flow patterns at low mass fluxes, low heat fluxes and low saturation pressure conditions which are of less attention in literature but prevalent in refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump applications. In this study, flow boiling experiment was conducted for R134a working fluid in a 5 mm internal diameter stainless steel horizontal smooth tube with mass flux ranging from 80- 100 kg/m2 s, heat fluxes ranging from 3.55kW/m2 - 25.23 kW/m2 and saturation pressure of 460 kPa. Vapor quality ranged from 0 to 1. A well-known flow pattern map created by Wojtan et al. was used to predict the flow patterns noticed during the study. The experimental results were correlated with well-known flow boiling heat transfer correlations in literature. The findings show that, heat transfer coefficient was influenced by both mass flux and heat fluxes. However, for an increasing heat flux, nucleate boiling was observed to be the dominant mechanism controlling the heat transfer especially at low vapor quality region. For an increasing mass flux, convective boiling was the dominant mechanism controlling the heat transfer especially in the high vapor quality region. Also, the study observed an unusual high heat transfer coefficient at low vapor qualities which could be due to periodic wetting of the walls of the tube due to slug flow pattern and stratified wavy flow patterns. The flow patterns predicted by Wojtan et al. flow pattern map were mixture of slug and stratified wavy, purely stratified wavy and dry out. Statistical assessment of the experimental data with various well-known correlations from literature showed that, none of the correlations reported in literature could predicted the experimental data with enough accuracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20boiling" title="flow boiling">flow boiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer%20coefficient" title=" heat transfer coefficient"> heat transfer coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20flux" title=" mass flux"> mass flux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20flux." title=" heat flux."> heat flux.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157649/flow-boiling-heat-transfer-at-low-mass-and-heat-fluxes-heat-transfer-coefficient-flow-pattern-analysis-and-correlation-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157649.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5047</span> Influence of Thermal Processing Methods on Antinutrient of Artocarpus heterophyllus Seeds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marina%20Zulkifli">Marina Zulkifli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Faizal%20Mashhod"> Mohd Faizal Mashhod</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noriham%20Abdullah"> Noriham Abdullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to determine the antinutrient compounds of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seeds as affected by thermal processes. Two types of heat treatments were applied namely boiling and microwave cooking. Results of this study showed that boiling caused a significant decrease in phytate content (30.01%), oxalate content (33.22%), saponin content (35.69%) and tannin content (44.58%) as compared to microwave cooking and raw seed. The percentage loss of antinutrient compounds in microwaved seed was: phytate 24.58%, oxalate 27.28%, saponin 16.50% and tannin 32.21%. Hence, these findings suggested that boiling is an effective treatment to reduce the level of toxic compounds in foods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jackfruit" title="jackfruit">jackfruit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20treatments" title=" heat treatments"> heat treatments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antinutrient%20compounds" title=" antinutrient compounds"> antinutrient compounds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20processing" title=" thermal processing"> thermal processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14651/influence-of-thermal-processing-methods-on-antinutrient-of-artocarpus-heterophyllus-seeds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14651.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">433</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5046</span> Analysis of Two-Phase Flow Instabilities in Conventional Channel of Nuclear Power Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Abdur%20Rashid%20Sarkar">M. Abdur Rashid Sarkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riffat%20Mahmud"> Riffat Mahmud</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Boiling heat transfer plays a crucial role in cooling nuclear reactor for safe electricity generation. A two phase flow is susceptible to thermal-hydrodynamic instabilities, which may cause flow oscillations of constant amplitude or diverging amplitude. These oscillations may induce boiling crisis, disturb control systems, or cause mechanical damage. Based on their mechanisms, various types of instabilities can be classified for a nuclear reactor. From a practical engineering point of view one of the major design difficulties in dealing with multiphase flow is that the mass, momentum, and energy transfer rates and processes may be quite sensitive to the geometric configuration of the heat transfer surface. Moreover, the flow within each phase or component will clearly depend on that geometric configuration. The complexity of this two-way coupling presents a major challenge in the study of multiphase flows and there is much that remains to be done. Yet, the parametric effects on flow instability such as the effect of aspect ratio, pressure drop, channel length, its orientation inlet subcooling and surface roughness etc. have been analyzed. Another frequently occurring instability, known as the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability has been briefly reviewed. Various analytical techniques for predicting parametric effect on the instability are analyzed in terms of their applicability and accuracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two%20phase%20flows" title="two phase flows">two phase flows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling%20crisis" title=" boiling crisis"> boiling crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal-hydrodynamic%20instabilities" title=" thermal-hydrodynamic instabilities"> thermal-hydrodynamic instabilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20cooled%20nuclear%20reactors" title=" water cooled nuclear reactors"> water cooled nuclear reactors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kelvin%E2%80%93helmholtz%20instability" title=" kelvin–helmholtz instability"> kelvin–helmholtz instability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40906/analysis-of-two-phase-flow-instabilities-in-conventional-channel-of-nuclear-power-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40906.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">397</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5045</span> CFD Modeling of Boiling in a Microchannel Based On Phase-Field Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahim%20Jafari">Rahim Jafari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tuba%20Okutucu-%C3%96zyurt"> Tuba Okutucu-Özyurt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics of a vaporized elongated bubble in a rectangular microchannel have been simulated based on Cahn-Hilliard phase-field method. In the simulations, the initially nucleated bubble starts growing as it comes in contact with superheated water. The growing shape of the bubble compared with the available experimental data in the literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microchannel" title="microchannel">microchannel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling" title=" boiling"> boiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cahn-Hilliard%20method" title=" Cahn-Hilliard method"> Cahn-Hilliard method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18878/cfd-modeling-of-boiling-in-a-microchannel-based-on-phase-field-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18878.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling%20point&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling%20point&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling%20point&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling%20point&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling%20point&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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