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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukeban" title="Sukeban – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sukeban" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%BC%80%EB%B0%98" title="스케반 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스케반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukeban" title="Sukeban – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sukeban" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9F" title="סוקבאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוקבאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szukeban" title="Szukeban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szukeban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3" title="スケバン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スケバン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukeban" title="Sukeban – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sukeban" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukeban" title="Sukeban – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sukeban" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukeban" title="Sukeban – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sukeban" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukeban" title="Sukeban – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sukeban" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сукебан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сукебан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сукебан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сукебан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%95%AA%E9%95%BF" title="女番长 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="女番长" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q834818#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary"><i>Sukeban</i></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1960s–1970s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data">Seinen manga,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinky Violence films,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all-girl <i>Bōsōzoku</i> gangs<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>Sukeban</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">スケバン/助番</span></span>)</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> term meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">delinquent</a> girl</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, and the female equivalent to the male <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Banch%C5%8D_(position)" title="Banchō (position)">banchō</a></i></span> in Japanese culture. The usage of the word <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sukeban</i></span> refers to either the leader of a girl gang or the entire gang itself,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and is not used to refer to any one member of a girl gang.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyond_Polite_Japanese_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyond_Polite_Japanese-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sukeban</i></span> was originally used by delinquents, but has been used by the general population to describe the <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> since 1972. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sukeban</i></span> were formed as a direct result of male gangs' refusal to accept female members, consequently the term has come to refer to the massive movement that brought <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> to public attention at a time when men of the <a href="/wiki/Yakuza" title="Yakuza">yakuza</a> were thriving.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sukeban</i></span> reportedly first appeared in Japan during the 1960s, presenting themselves as the female equivalent to the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">banchō</i></span> gangs, which were composed mostly of men. During the 1970s, as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">banchō</i></span> gangs began to die out, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sukeban</i></span> girl gangs began to rise in number. Gangs were initially small groups of girls sneaking cigarettes in school bathrooms, but eventually grew in numbers, as did their level of criminality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These gangs were commonly associated by violence and shop-lifting. Gangs ranged in size from Tokyo's United Shoplifters group, comprising roughly 80 members, to the Kanto Women Delinquent Alliance, rumored to have had around 20,000 members. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Criminal activities and violence of the girl gangs in Japan reached such a high that sketches used to identify them in Japanese police pamphlets in the 1980s described aspects of their fashion as "omens of downfall".<sup id="cite_ref-Womansword_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Womansword-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukeban&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance_and_other_signifiers">Appearance and other signifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukeban&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Appearance and other signifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common signifiers of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sukeban</i></span> include <a href="/wiki/Hair_coloring#Exotic_hair_colorants" title="Hair coloring">brightly-dyed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Permanent_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent wave">permed</a> hair, in colours of either <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blonde</a> or light brown.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sukeban</i></span> also modified their <a href="/wiki/Japanese_school_uniform#Sailor_outfit" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese school uniform">school uniform</a> by wearing coloured socks, rolling up their sleeves and lengthening their skirt, which were sometimes decorated with gang-affiliated symbols, <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> and/or slogans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long skirts were a rejection of the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">miniskirt</a>, which had become popular in the 1960s during the sexual revolution. Though their skirts were long, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sukeban</i></span> often cut their shirts to expose their midriffs. Converse sneakers were also another addition, and their clothes often had handmade modifications, including badges and buttons. They wore very little make-up and sported thin eyebrows. Adding to these features, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sukeban</i></span> usually wore surgical masks,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often carried with them razor blades, bamboo swords and chains, which could be concealed under their skirts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The style of the <i>sukeban</i> have been interpreted as a rebellion against traditional gender norms, sexism, and the objectification of women, while, more specifically, the length of their skirts has been read as a reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codes_of_Conduct_and_similar_attitudes">Codes of Conduct and similar attitudes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukeban&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Codes of Conduct and similar attitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sukeban</i></span> girls followed strict rules and codes of conduct within their gangs. Each gang possessed a hierarchy as well as their own means of punishment; cigarette burns were considered a minor punishment for stealing a boyfriend or disrespecting a senior member. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sukeban</i></span> were reported to engage in activities such as stimulant use, shoplifting, theft, and violence, but if arrested, could be charged with the lesser offence of "pre-delinquency".<sup id="cite_ref-Womansword_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Womansword-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beyond_Polite_Japanese_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyond_Polite_Japanese-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stimulants used often included sniffing paint thinner or glue.<sup id="cite_ref-vintagenewsdaily_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vintagenewsdaily-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_cultural_influence">Media and cultural influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukeban&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Media and cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s and 1980s, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sukeban</i></span> became popular characters in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">seinen</a></i></span> manga.<sup id="cite_ref-Womansword_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Womansword-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sukeban</i></span> characters could also be seen in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">shōjō</a></i></span> manga publications. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sukeban_Deka" title="Sukeban Deka">Sukeban Deka</a></i></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Yajikita_College" title="Tales of Yajikita College">Tales of Yajikita College</a></i> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hana_no_Asuka-gumi!" title="Hana no Asuka-gumi!">Hana no Asuka-gumi!</a></i></span> were three popular <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōjo</i></span> series that had a mostly <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sukeban</i></span> cast.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink film</a> director <a href="/wiki/Norifumi_Suzuki" title="Norifumi Suzuki">Norifumi Suzuki</a> made the first films in the seven-film <i>Girl Boss</i> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sukeban</i></span>) series. He also started the four-film <i><a href="/wiki/Terrifying_Girls%27_High_School" title="Terrifying Girls' High School">Terrifying Girls' High School</a></i> series (1971–1972) featuring <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sukeban</i></span> characters. Both series featured prominent <i>Pinky violent</i> actresses <a href="/wiki/Reiko_Ike" title="Reiko Ike">Reiko Ike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miki_Sugimoto" title="Miki Sugimoto">Miki Sugimoto</a>, as well as former beauty queen Reiko Oshida. On December 6, 2005, Panik House company released a four-disc <a href="/wiki/DVD_region_code" title="DVD region code">region-1</a> <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> collection surveying <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sukeban</i></span> films entitled <i>The Pinky Violence Collection</i>. These films challenged traditional constructions of gender and female sexuality in postwar Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese crime writer Jake Adelstein said with regards to <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sukeban</i></span>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What is unusual is that in the yakuza, women have no authority and there are almost no female members. That the female gangs even existed is an oddity in Japan's generally sexist male-dominated deviant culture... the world was about feminism and liberation, and perhaps they felt like women have the right to be just as stupid, promiscuous, risk-seeking, adrenaline junkies and violent as their male counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukeban&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Oira_Sukeban" title="Oira Sukeban">Oira Sukeban</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Ds%C5%8Dzoku" title="Bōsōzoku">Bōsōzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yank%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankī">Yankī</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC_(%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4)" class="extiw" title="ja:ヤンキー (不良少年)">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teamer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teamer (page does not exist)">Teamer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" class="extiw" title="ja:チーマー">ja</a>]</span> (Chīmā)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_Gang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Color Gang (page does not exist)">Color Gang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" class="extiw" title="ja:カラーギャング">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukeban&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt-Rees2019" class="citation web cs1">Schmidt-Rees, Hannah (16 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.per-spex.com/articles/fashion-history/2019/2/16/sukeban-the-forgotten-story-of-japans-girl-gangs">"Sukeban - The Forgotten Story of Japans Girl Gangs"</a>. <i>Perspex</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perspex&rft.atitle=Sukeban+-+The+Forgotten+Story+of+Japans+Girl+Gangs&rft.date=2019-02-16&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Rees&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.per-spex.com%2Farticles%2Ffashion-history%2F2019%2F2%2F16%2Fsukeban-the-forgotten-story-of-japans-girl-gangs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukeban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGravili2023" class="citation web cs1">Gravili, Mattia (27 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yokogaomag.com/editorial/sukeban">"SUKEBAN: Japan's 70s Delinquent Girl Gangs"</a>. <i>Yokogao</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yokogao&rft.atitle=SUKEBAN%3A+Japan%27s+70s+Delinquent+Girl+Gangs&rft.date=2023-12-27&rft.aulast=Gravili&rft.aufirst=Mattia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yokogaomag.com%2Feditorial%2Fsukeban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukeban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHealy2015" class="citation web cs1">Healy, Claire Marie (5 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/28261/1/remembering-japans-badass-70s-schoolgirl-gangs">"Remembering Japan's badass 70s schoolgirl gangs"</a>. <i>Dazed</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dazed&rft.atitle=Remembering+Japan%27s+badass+70s+schoolgirl+gangs&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Claire+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dazeddigital.com%2Ffashion%2Farticle%2F28261%2F1%2Fremembering-japans-badass-70s-schoolgirl-gangs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukeban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/anime4/jslang/jibiki.htm">"The Japanese Slang Jiko"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Slang+Jiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fanime4%2Fjslang%2Fjibiki.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukeban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyond_Polite_Japanese-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beyond_Polite_Japanese_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beyond_Polite_Japanese_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yonekawa, Akihiko. <i>Beyond Polite Japanese: A Dictionary of Japanese Slang and Colloquialisms</i>, 2001, pages 26–27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2773-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2773-3">978-4-7700-2773-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Womansword-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Womansword_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Womansword_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Womansword_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCherry1991" class="citation book cs1">Cherry, Kittredge (1991) [1987]. "Christmas Cake Sweepstakes: Girlhood to Wedding". <i>Womansword: What Japanese Words Say About Women</i> (paperback) (First mass market ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7700-1655-7" title="Special:BookSources/4-7700-1655-7"><bdi>4-7700-1655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christmas+Cake+Sweepstakes%3A+Girlhood+to+Wedding&rft.btitle=Womansword%3A+What+Japanese+Words+Say+About+Women&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.edition=First+mass+market&rft.pub=Kodansha+International+Ltd.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=4-7700-1655-7&rft.aulast=Cherry&rft.aufirst=Kittredge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukeban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japadventure.com/sukeban-subculture">"1970's Sukeban Subculture: Japanese Delinquent Gangs"</a>. <i>japadventure.com</i>. 2 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=japadventure.com&rft.atitle=1970%27s+Sukeban+Subculture%3A+Japanese+Delinquent+Gangs&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapadventure.com%2Fsukeban-subculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukeban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebb2016" class="citation web cs1">Webb, Beth (16 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/mgmzxv/how-vicious-schoolgirl-gangs-sparked-media-frenzy-japan-sukeban">"How Vicious Schoolgirl Gangs Sparked a Media Frenzy in Japan"</a>. <i>vice.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vice.com&rft.atitle=How+Vicious+Schoolgirl+Gangs+Sparked+a+Media+Frenzy+in+Japan&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmgmzxv%2Fhow-vicious-schoolgirl-gangs-sparked-media-frenzy-japan-sukeban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukeban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groovyhistory.com/sukeban-school-girl-gangs-japan">"The True Story Of Sukeban: Violent Girl Gangs Of '70s Japan"</a>. <i>groovyhistory.com</i>. 18 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=groovyhistory.com&rft.atitle=The+True+Story+Of+Sukeban%3A+Violent+Girl+Gangs+Of+%2770s+Japan&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroovyhistory.com%2Fsukeban-school-girl-gangs-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukeban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHealy2015" class="citation web cs1">Healy, Claire Marie (5 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/28261/1/remembering-japans-badass-70s-schoolgirl-gangs">"Remembering Japan's badass 70s schoolgirl gangs"</a>. <i>Dazed</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dazed&rft.atitle=Remembering+Japan%27s+badass+70s+schoolgirl+gangs&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Claire+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dazeddigital.com%2Ffashion%2Farticle%2F28261%2F1%2Fremembering-japans-badass-70s-schoolgirl-gangs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukeban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGravili2023" class="citation web cs1">Gravili, Mattia (27 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yokogaomag.com/editorial/sukeban">"SUKEBAN: Japan's 70s Delinquent Girl Gangs"</a>. <i>Yokogao</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yokogao&rft.atitle=SUKEBAN%3A+Japan%27s+70s+Delinquent+Girl+Gangs&rft.date=2023-12-27&rft.aulast=Gravili&rft.aufirst=Mattia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yokogaomag.com%2Feditorial%2Fsukeban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukeban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt-Rees2019" class="citation web cs1">Schmidt-Rees, Hannah (16 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.per-spex.com/articles/fashion-history/2019/2/16/sukeban-the-forgotten-story-of-japans-girl-gangs">"Sukeban - The Forgotten Story of Japans Girl Gangs"</a>. <i>Perspex</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perspex&rft.atitle=Sukeban+-+The+Forgotten+Story+of+Japans+Girl+Gangs&rft.date=2019-02-16&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Rees&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.per-spex.com%2Farticles%2Ffashion-history%2F2019%2F2%2F16%2Fsukeban-the-forgotten-story-of-japans-girl-gangs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukeban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vintagenewsdaily-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vintagenewsdaily_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEveryday2018" class="citation web cs1">Everyday, Vintage (October 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vintagenewsdaily.com/sukeban-20-amazing-photographs-capture-badass-girl-gangs-in-japan-from-the-1970s-and-1980s/">"Sukeban: 20 Amazing Photographs Capture Badass Girl Gangs in Japan From the 1970s and 1980s"</a>. <i>vintagenewsdaily.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vintagenewsdaily.com&rft.atitle=Sukeban%3A+20+Amazing+Photographs+Capture+Badass+Girl+Gangs+in+Japan+From+the+1970s+and+1980s&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft.aulast=Everyday&rft.aufirst=Vintage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvintagenewsdaily.com%2Fsukeban-20-amazing-photographs-capture-badass-girl-gangs-in-japan-from-the-1970s-and-1980s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukeban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://okazu.yuricon.com/2004/03/03/yuri-mangayuri-anime-sukeban-deka/">Yuri Manga: Sukeban Deka Review</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuricon#Publishing_and_Outreach" title="Yuricon">Okazu</a>, Erica Friedman of <a href="/wiki/Yuricon" title="Yuricon">Yuricon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905235728/http://okazu.yuricon.com/2004/03/03/yuri-mangayuri-anime-sukeban-deka/">Archived</a> September 5, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKozma2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kozma, Alicia (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386/jjkc.3.1.37_1">"Pinky Violence: Shock, awe and the exploitation of sexual liberation"</a>. <i>Journal of Japanese and Korean Cinema</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fjjkc.3.1.37_1">10.1386/jjkc.3.1.37_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-4905">1756-4905</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147655347">147655347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+and+Korean+Cinema&rft.atitle=Pinky+Violence%3A+Shock%2C+awe+and+the+exploitation+of+sexual+liberation&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147655347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1756-4905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fjjkc.3.1.37_1&rft.aulast=Kozma&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1386%2Fjjkc.3.1.37_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukeban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukeban&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ashcraft, Brian with Ueda Shoko (2010). <i>Japanese Schoolgirl Confidential: How Teenage Girls Made a Nation Cool</i>. Kodansha. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-3115-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-3115-0">978-4-7700-3115-0</a>.</li> <li>Weisser, Yuko Mihara (2nd Quarter 2001). "Japanese Fighting Divas 101". <i>Asian Cult Cinema</i> #31.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_subcultures" title="Template:Japanese subcultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_subcultures" title="Template talk:Japanese subcultures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_subcultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese subcultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_subcultures49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Japanese subcultures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Ds%C5%8Dzoku" title="Bōsōzoku">Bōsōzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom">Fujoshi/fudanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganguro" title="Ganguro">Ganguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyaru" title="Gyaru">Gyaru</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gyaruo" title="Gyaruo">gyaruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogal" title="Kogal">Kogal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">Lolita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omorashi" title="Omorashi">Omorashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">Otaku</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sukeban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyaru-moji" title="Gyaru-moji">Gyaru-moji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukeban&oldid=1278464005">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukeban&oldid=1278464005</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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