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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Conquest and foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_and_foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extent_and_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent_and_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Extent and geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent_and_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secular_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Secular government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiastical_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiastical_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ecclesiastical government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiastical_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_Visigothic_reconquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_Visigothic_reconquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Decline and Visigothic reconquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_Visigothic_reconquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Spania" title="Provincia de Spania – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Provincia de Spania" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Византийска Испания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Византийска Испания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A0nia" title="Espània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Επαρχία της Σπανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επαρχία της Σπανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Spania" title="Provincia de Spania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincia de Spania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="استان اسپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استان اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espagne_byzantine" title="Espagne byzantine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Espagne byzantine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Spania" title="Provincia de Spania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Provincia de Spania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="스파니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스파니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanija" title="Spanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagna_bizantina" title="Spagna bizantina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spagna bizantina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="ספניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_Spaniae" title="Provincia Spaniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Provincia Spaniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Спанија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Спанија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A2nia" title="Espânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Византийская Испания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Византийская Испания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Спанија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Спанија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اسپانیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="西班尼亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西班尼亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spania&params=36.7167_N_4.4167_W_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°43′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°25′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.7167°N 4.4167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.7167; -4.4167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Spain&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Byzantine Spain</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of the Eastern Roman Empire</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Province of Spania<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Provincia Spaniæ</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">Province of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine (Roman) Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">552–624</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_560.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iberia_560.svg/250px-Iberia_560.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iberia_560.svg/330px-Iberia_560.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iberia_560.svg/500px-Iberia_560.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="762" /></a></span><br />Roman Spania in 560 CE, following the retaking of the Guadalquivir valley by the Visigoths.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Malaca</a> (Málaga) or <a href="/wiki/Carthago_Spartaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthago Spartaria">Carthago Spartaria</a> (Cartagena)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data">Late Antiquity</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Byzantine conquest by <a href="/wiki/Liberius_(praetorian_prefect)" title="Liberius (praetorian prefect)">Liberius</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">552</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Visigothic reconquest </div></th><td class="infobox-data">624</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><br /> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Spain" title="Category:History of Spain">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of <span class="fn org label">Spain</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/240px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/360px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/480px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="2313" /></a></span><br />18th century map of Iberia</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Prehistory" title="History of Spain">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Early_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="History of Spain">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginian Spain</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(575–206 BCE)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman Conquest</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(206–27 BCE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(218 BCE–472 CE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hispania" title="Diocese of Hispania">Diocese of Hispania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages#Early_medieval_Spain" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(409–585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Kingdom of the Visigoths</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(418–721)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byzantine Spania</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(552–624)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(711–716)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(711–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista"><i>Reconquista</i></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(711–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages#Medieval_Christian_Spain" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Christian kingdoms</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(718–1479)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Early_Modern_Spain" title="History of Spain">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1479–1516)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1482–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1492–1898)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1516–1700)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1556–1659)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1580–1640)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Bourbons</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1700–1808)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1701–1714)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta Decrees</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1707–1716)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdications_of_Bayonne" title="Abdications of Bayonne">Abdications of Bayonne</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1808)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Napoleonic Spain</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1808–1813)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1810–1814)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Constitution of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1812)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Valen%C3%A7ay" title="Treaty of Valençay">Treaty of Valençay</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1813)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII#Restoration" title="Ferdinand VII">Absolutist restoration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810%E2%80%931873)#Reaction_(1814–1820)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1810–1873)">Sexenio Absolutista</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1814–1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1820–1823)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ominous_Decade" title="Ominous Decade">Ominous Decade</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1823–1833)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Reign of Isabella II of Spain">Reign of Isabella II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regencies_on_behalf_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain#The_regency_of_Maria_Christina" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies on behalf of Isabella II of Spain">Regency of María Cristina</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1833–1840)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1833–1840)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regencies_on_behalf_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain#The_regency_of_Espartero" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies on behalf of Isabella II of Spain">Regency of Espartero</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1840–1843)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_moderada" title="Década moderada">Década moderada</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1844–1854)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Carlist_War" title="Second Carlist War">Second Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1846–1849)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bienio_progresista" title="Bienio progresista">Bienio progresista</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1854–1856)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Glorious Revolution</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1868)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><i><a href="/wiki/Sexenio_Democr%C3%A1tico" title="Sexenio Democrático">Sexenio Democrático</a></i></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_(1868%E2%80%931871)" title="Provisional Government (1868–1871)">Provisional Government</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1868–1871)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain#King_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Reign of Amadeo I</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1870–1873)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Carlist_War" title="Third Carlist War">Third Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1872–1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1873–1874)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XII" title="Reign of Alfonso XII">Reign of Alfonso XII</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1874–1885)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Regency of Maria Christina of Austria">Regency of María Cristina</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1885–1902)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XIII" title="Reign of Alfonso XIII">Reign of Alfonso XIII</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1886–1931)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1898)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_I" title="Spain during World War I">Spain during World War I</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1914–1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(–1927)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1923–1930)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda_of_D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer"><i>Dictablanda</i> of Dámaso Berenguer</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1930–1931)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic">Provisional Government</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Biennium" title="First Biennium">First Biennium</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1931–1933)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War#The_"black_biennium"" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Second Biennium</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1933–1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">Revolution and Asturian miners' strike</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">1936 general election</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">1936 coup d'état</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">1936 Revolution</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1936–1939)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Nationalist victory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain during World War II</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939–1945)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1941–1944)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939–1965)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_government_in_exile" title="Spanish Republican government in exile">Republican exile</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939–1977)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_conflict" title="Basque conflict">Basque conflict</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1959–2011)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">Contemporary history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1975–1978)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Current constitution</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1978)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt">1981 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombings</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">2008–2014 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Barcelona_attacks" title="2017 Barcelona attacks">2017 Barcelona attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Catalan declaration of independence</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2020–2022)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Spain#History" title="Law enforcement in Spain">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain#History" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_territorial_organization_of_Spain" title="History of the territorial organization of Spain">Territorial organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></i></li><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/17px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/26px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/33px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Spain" title="Template:History of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Spain" title="Template talk:History of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Spania</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Provincia Spaniae</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> from 552 until 624<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the south of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>. It was established by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in an effort to restore the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">western provinces of the Empire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 409 the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Suevi">Suevi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, who had broken through the Roman border defences on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> two years before, crossed the Pyrenees into the Iberian peninsula. Nevertheless, effective Roman rule was maintained over most areas till after the death of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a> in 461.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, vassals of the Roman Empire who had settled in <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> by imperial invitation (416), increasingly filled the vacuum left as the Vandals moved into <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. In 468 they attacked and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Suevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Suevi">Suevi</a>, who had occupied Roman <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> and were threatening to expand. The Visigoths ended the Roman administration in Spain in 473, and their overlordship of most of the eastern and central peninsula was established by 476. A large-scale migration of the Visigoths into Iberia began in 494 under <a href="/wiki/Alaric_II" title="Alaric II">Alaric II</a>, and it became the seat of their power after they lost most of their territory in Gaul to the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vouill%C3%A9" title="Battle of Vouillé">Battle of Vouillé</a> in 507. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquest_and_foundation">Conquest and foundation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conquest and foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 534, Roman general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> re-established the Byzantine province of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> with the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> in northern Africa. Despite his efforts, the Vandal king <a href="/wiki/Gelimer" title="Gelimer">Gelimer</a> had been unable to effect an alliance with the Gothic king <a href="/wiki/Theudis" title="Theudis">Theudis</a>, who probably took the opportunity of the collapse of Vandal authority to conquer <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> (Septem) across the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Gibraltar">Straits of Gibraltar</a> in 533, possibly to keep it out of Byzantine hands. This citadel was nevertheless seized the following year by an expedition dispatched by Belisarius. Ceuta (which was briefly recaptured by the Visigoths in 540<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) became a part of Mauretania. It was an important base for reconnaissance of Spain in the years leading up to the peninsula's invasion by Justinian's forces in 552. </p><p>In 550, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Agila_I" title="Agila I">Agila I</a>, Spain was troubled by a series of revolts, two of which were serious. The citizens of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> rebelled against Gothic or <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> rule and Agila was roundly defeated, his son killed, and the royal treasure lost. He himself retreated to <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date of the other major revolt cannot be arrived at precisely. Either at the commencement of his reign (549) or as late as 551, a nobleman named <a href="/wiki/Athanagild" title="Athanagild">Athanagild</a> took <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Baetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetica">Baetica</a>, and presumed to rule as king in opposition to Agila. Exactly who approached the Byzantines for assistance and when is also disputed; the primary sources are divided.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the name of the general of the Byzantine army is disputed. Although <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patrician</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberius_(praetorian_prefect)" title="Liberius (praetorian prefect)">Liberius</a> was its commander: </p> <blockquote> <p>He [Theudis] was succeeded by Agila, who holds the kingdom to the present day. Athanagild has rebelled against him and is even now provoking the might of the Roman Empire. So Liberius the Patrician is on the way with an army to oppose him.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>James J. O'Donnell, in his biography of Liberius, casts doubt on this statement, since the patrician was an octogenarian at the time, and <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> reports he had returned to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> when the Byzantines invaded Hispania and could not have led the invasion. O'Donnell states that "Jordanes may have heard that Liberius' name was being mentioned for commander of the Spanish expedition, but, in the end, the fact of his relief from command of the forces in Sicily makes the story of his voyage to Spain incredible."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, according to <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_de_regibus_Gothorum,_Vandalorum_et_Suevorum" title="Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum">History of the Goths</a></i>, it was Athanagild, in autumn of 551 or winter of 552, who begged Justinian for help. The army was probably sent in 552 and made landfall in June or July. Roman forces landed probably at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Guadalete" title="Guadalete">Guadalete</a> or perhaps <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> and joined with Athanagild to defeat Agila as he marched south from Mérida towards Seville in August or September 552.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war dragged on for two more years. Liberius returned to Constantinople by May 553 and it is probable that a Byzantine force from Italy, which had only recently been pacified after the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93552)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic War (535–552)">Gothic War</a>, landed at <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a> in early March 555 and marched inland to <a href="/wiki/Baza,_Granada" title="Baza, Granada">Baza</a> (Basti) in order to join up with their compatriots near Seville. Their landing at Cartagena was violent. The native population, which included the family of <a href="/wiki/Leander_of_Seville" title="Leander of Seville">Leander of Seville</a>, was well disposed to the Visigoths and the Byzantine government of the city was forced to suppress their freedoms, an oppression which lasted decades into their occupation. Leander and most of his family fled and his writings preserve the strong anti-Byzantine sentiment. </p><p>In late March 555, the supporters of Agila, in fear of the recent Byzantine successes, turned and assassinated him, making Athanagild the king of the Goths. Quickly the new king tried to rid Spain of the Byzantines, but failed. The Byzantines occupied many coastal cities in Baetica and this region was to remain a Byzantine province until its reconquest by the Visigoths barely seventy years later. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justinien_527-565.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Justinien_527-565.svg/220px-Justinien_527-565.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Justinien_527-565.svg/330px-Justinien_527-565.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Justinien_527-565.svg/440px-Justinien_527-565.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>The Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent under Justinian I. Justinian's inherited empire in red with his conquests, including Spania, in orange. It is the westernmost province.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent_and_geography">Extent and geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extent and geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Byzantine province of Spania never extended very far inland and received relatively little attention from East Roman authorities, probably because it was designed as a defensive bulwark against a Gothic invasion of Africa, which would have been an unnecessary distraction at a time when the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persian Empire</a> was a larger threat in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important cities of Byzantine Spania were Málaga and Cartagena, the probable landing sites of the Byzantine army, which was renamed from <i>Carthago Nova</i> to <i>Carthago Spartaria</i>. It is unknown which of those two cities was the provincial capital, but it was almost certainly one of them. The cities were the centres of Byzantine power and while a few were retaken by Agila, the ones which were retained were a bulwark against Visigothic attempts at reconquest. The Goths easily ravaged the countryside of Spania but were inept at sieges and the fortified towns were safe centres of Roman administration. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Spain_-_565-586.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Byzantine_Spain_-_565-586.svg/250px-Byzantine_Spain_-_565-586.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Byzantine_Spain_-_565-586.svg/330px-Byzantine_Spain_-_565-586.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Byzantine_Spain_-_565-586.svg/500px-Byzantine_Spain_-_565-586.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Spania at its greatest extent, with cities indicated and lost territory.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are few cities which can be confidently considered to have been under Byzantine government in the period. The city of <a href="/wiki/Medina_Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Sidonia">Medina Sidonia</a> (Asidona) was held until 572, when it was reconquered by <a href="/wiki/Leovigild" class="mw-redirect" title="Leovigild">Leovigild</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gisgonza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gisgonza (page does not exist)">Gisgonza</a> (also Gigonza, ancient Sagontia)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was also held until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Witteric" title="Witteric">Witteric</a> (603–610) and it indicates that the south of the province of Baetica was completely Byzantine from Málaga to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Guadalete" title="Guadalete">Guadalete</a>. In the province of <a href="/wiki/Carthaginiensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginiensis">Carthaginiensis</a>, wherein lay its provincial capital Cartagena, the city of Baza was also Byzantine and it probably resisted the inroads of Leovigild into that territory in 570, though it was Visigothic by 589. </p><p>Among the cities which have been disputed as being Byzantine, Córdoba is the greatest. Some historians have suspected it of being the first capital of the province of Spania and ascribed the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ecija" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecija">Ecija</a> (Astigi), <a href="/wiki/Cabra,_Spain" title="Cabra, Spain">Cabra</a> (Egabra), <a href="/wiki/Guadix" title="Guadix">Guadix</a> (Acci), and <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> (Illiberris) to the Byzantines on this basis, but there is no positive evidence in the sources of Roman rule in any of these cities. Córdoba was in a state of rebellion, briefly joined by Seville from 566 to 567, until Leovigild put it down in 572. It may have had a local government during this period, or may have recognised Byzantine suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from the southern parts of the provinces of Baetica and Carthaginiensis (the southern <a href="/wiki/Levante,_Spain" title="Levante, Spain">Levante</a>), the Byzantines also held Ceuta across from the Gibraltar and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, which had fallen to them along with the rest of the Vandal kingdom. Ceuta, though it had been Visigothic and was destined to be associated with the Iberian peninsula for its subsequent history, was attached to the province of Mauretania Secunda. The Balearics with Baetica and Carthaginiensis formed the new province of Spania. By the year 600 Spania had dwindled to little more than Málaga and Cartagena and the Balearics; it extended no further north than the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Spain)" title="Sierra Nevada (Spain)">Sierra Nevada</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_of_Cyprus" title="George of Cyprus">George of Cyprus</a> recorded only one <i>civitas</i> (city, people) in the province: the "Mesopotamians", though the meaning of this is uncertain. José Soto Chica and Ana María Berenjeno identify this city with modern <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a> through a translation of the Greek "Mesopotamenoi" to the Arabic "al-Djazirat", of similar meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapida_comenciolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lapida_comenciolo.jpg/220px-Lapida_comenciolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lapida_comenciolo.jpg/330px-Lapida_comenciolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lapida_comenciolo.jpg/440px-Lapida_comenciolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1pida_de_Comenciolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lápida de Comenciolo (page does not exist)">Lápida de Comenciolo</a>, an inscription from Cartagena recording the patriciate of Comenciolus</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_government">Secular government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secular government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chief administrative official in Spania was the <i>magister militum Spaniae</i>, meaning "master of the military of Spain". The <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a></i> governed civil and military affairs in the province and was subordinate only to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Emperor</a>. Typically the <i>magister</i> was a member of the highest aristocratic class and bore the rank of <a href="/wiki/Patrikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrikios">patrician</a>. The office, though it only appears in records for the first time in 589, was probably a creation of Justinian, as was the mint, which issued provincial currency until the end of the province (c. 625). </p><p>There were five known <i>magistri</i> in the history of the province, though this certainly does not represent the whole. Two are passingly mentioned by Isidore as successive governors in the time of <a href="/wiki/Suinthila" class="mw-redirect" title="Suinthila">Suinthila</a>, but he omits their names. The first known governor, Comenciolus (possibly <a href="/wiki/Comentiolus" title="Comentiolus">Comentiolus</a>), repaired the gates of Cartagena in lieu of the "barbarians" (i.e. the Visigoths) and left an inscription (dated 1 September 589) in the city which survives to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> and may reflect the continued use of Latin as the administrative language of the province. (It does not, however, imply that Cartagena was the capital of Spania.) Around 600 there was a governor named Comitiolus who bore the rank of <i>gloriosus</i>, the highest rank after that of emperor. The patrician and <i>magister</i> Caesarius made a peace treaty with <a href="/wiki/Sisebut" title="Sisebut">Sisebut</a> in 614 and conferred with the emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, who was more concerned with matters in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. </p><p>The border between Spania and Visigothic kingdom was not closed. Travel between the border for personal and mercantile reasons was allowed and the two regions experienced prolonged periods of peace. The ease of traversing the frontier was noted by the exiled Leander, whose brother more than once crossed it without hindrance. The border had been determined by a treaty (<i>pacta</i>) between Athanagild and Justinian I, but the date of the treaty is still debated. It may have been part of the initial conditions of Byzantine assistance in 551 or 552 or it may have been a product of the war between Goth and Roman in 555 or later. It was certainly signed before Justinian's death in 565. The legitimacy of the <i>pacta</i> was recognised as late as the 7th century, which accounts for the ease of travel and trade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiastical_government">Ecclesiastical government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The province of Spania was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Latin Christian</a>, while the Byzantine governors were the same, though many were <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christians</a>. Despite this, the relationship between subject and ruler and between church and state seems to have been no better than in Arian Visigothic Spain. The church of Spania was also less independent of the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> than the Gothic church, which was composed largely of Hispano-Romans. The two churches were separate. No clerics of one ever attended councils of the other. Indeed, no provincial council ever met in Spania. The theological controversies of each, however, were shared: the one stirred up by Vincent of Zaragoza's conversion to Arianism sparked a response from the bishop of Málaga. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucerna_bizantina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lucerna_bizantina.jpg/220px-Lucerna_bizantina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lucerna_bizantina.jpg/330px-Lucerna_bizantina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lucerna_bizantina.jpg/440px-Lucerna_bizantina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine oil lamp from Cartagena</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a> interfered successfully in the various bishoprics of the province more than any pope ever did in the Visigothic kingdom. He came to the defence of the property of two deposed bishops and lorded it over the <i>magister militum</i> Comitiolus, whom he accused of interfering in ecclesiastical affairs. He implicitly accused <a href="/w/index.php?title=Licinianus_of_Cartagena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Licinianus of Cartagena (page does not exist)">Licinianus of Cartagena</a> of ordaining ignoramuses to the priesthood, but Licinianus simply replied that to not do so would leave the diocese of the province empty: a sad commentary on the state of clerical education in Spania.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The architectural and artistic style prevalent in Spania was not that of Byzantium proper but rather the Byzantinist styles of northern Africa. Two churches, one at <a href="/wiki/Algezares" title="Algezares">Algezares</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> and that of <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pedro de Alcántara">San Pedro de Alcántara</a> near Málaga, have been excavated and studied archaeologically. Only in the Balearic Islands did the style of Greece and Thrace take a foothold. And though Byzantine stylistic markers are present throughout Spain, in the Gothic regions they do not share connections with the African styles prevalent in Spania. </p><p>In the vicinity of Cartagena, pottery has been discovered bearing distinctively African <i><a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a></i> that further testify to the close ties between the provinces of Spania and Mauretania Secunda. Cartagena has in recent years been excavated quite thoroughly and a housing complex probably created for Byzantine soldiers occupying the city discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many artefacts of the Byzantine presence can be seen in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Cartagena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museo Arqueológico de Cartagena (page does not exist)">Museo Arqueológico de Cartagena</a>. Nevertheless, the city, like most in Spain at that time was much diminished in population and area under the Byzantine government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_and_Visigothic_reconquest">Decline and Visigothic reconquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline and Visigothic reconquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispania_586_AD.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hispania_586_AD.PNG/250px-Hispania_586_AD.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hispania_586_AD.PNG/330px-Hispania_586_AD.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hispania_586_AD.PNG/500px-Hispania_586_AD.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Spania in 586 after the conquests of Leovigild (with dates of conquest on map).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the reigns of Athanagild and Leovigild, the Byzantines were unable to push their offensive forward and the Visigoths made some successful pushes back. Around 570, Leovigild ravaged Bastetania (Bastitania or Bastania, the region of Baza) and took Medina Sidonia through the treachery of an insider named Framidaneus (possibly a Goth). He may have taken Baza and he certainly raided into the environs of Málaga, defeating a relief army sent from there. He took many cities and fortresses in the <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquivir</a> valley and defeated a large army of <i>rustici</i> (rustics), according to <a href="/wiki/John_of_Biclarum" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Biclarum">John of Biclarum</a>, who may have been referring to an army of bandits called <i><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></i> who had established themselves in the disputed buffer zone between Gothic and Roman control.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 577 in <i>Orospeda</i>, a region under Byzantine control, Leovigild defeated more <i>rustici rebellantes</i>, probably <i>Bagaudae</i>. After two seasons of campaigning against the Romans, however, Leovigild concentrated his military efforts elsewhere. </p><p>During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Reccared" class="mw-redirect" title="Reccared">Reccared</a>, the Byzantines again took the offensive and probably even regained or gained ground. Reccared recognised the legitimacy of the Byzantine frontier and wrote to Pope Gregory requesting a copy be sent from the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Maurice">Emperor Maurice</a>. Gregory simply replied that the text of the treaty had been lost in a fire during Justinian's reign and warned Reccared that he would not want it found because it would have probably granted the Byzantines more territory than they actually then possessed (August 599). Leovigild's gains against the Roman government were greater than the Roman reconquests of Reccared's reign; the Byzantine province of Spania was in decline. </p><p>Among later kings, <a href="/wiki/Witteric" title="Witteric">Witteric</a> campaigned frequently against Spania, though his generals were more successful than he. The latter captured the small town of Gisgonza. <a href="/wiki/Gundemar" title="Gundemar">Gundemar</a> moved the primatial see of Carthaginiensis from Byzantine Cartagena to Visigothic <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> in 610 and campaigned against Spania in 611, but to no effect. Sisebut more than any king before him became the scourge of the Byzantines in Spain. In 614 and 615, he carried out two massive expeditions against them and conquered Málaga before 619, when its bishop appears at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Seville" title="Second Council of Seville">Second Council of Seville</a>. He conquered as far as the Mediterranean coast and razed many cities to the ground, enough even to catch the attention of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> chronicler <a href="/wiki/Fredegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredegar">Fredegar</a>: </p> <blockquote> <p><i>. . . et plures civitates ab imperio Romano Sisebodus litore maris abstulit et usque fundamentum destruxit.</i> </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>. . . king Sisbodus took many cities from the Roman empire along the coast, destroying them and reducing them to rubble.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Sisebut probably also razed Cartagena, which was so completely desolated that it never reappeared in Visigothic Spain. Because the Goths were unable to undertake decent sieges, they were forced to reduce the defences of all fortified places they took in order to prevent later armies from using them against them. Because Cartagena was destroyed but Málaga was spared, it has been inferred that the former fell first while the Byzantine presence was still large enough to constitute a threat. Málaga fell some time after when the Byzantines were so reduced as to no longer form a danger to Visigothic hegemony over the whole peninsula. </p><p>In 621, the Byzantines still held a few towns, but Suinthila recovered them shortly and by 624 the entire province of Spania was in Visigothic hands save the Balearic Islands, which were an economic backwater in the 7th century. Like the <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Giudicati" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicati">giudicati</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Corsica" title="Medieval Corsica">Corsica</a> in that period, the Balearics were only nominally Byzantine. They were finally separated from the Empire by the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> incursions of the 8th through 10th centuries. </p><p>Sometime during the joint reign of <a href="/wiki/Egica" title="Egica">Egica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wittiza" title="Wittiza">Wittiza</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Byzantine fleet</a> raided the coasts of southern Spain and was driven off by a local count named <a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Visigoth)" title="Theodemir (Visigoth)">Theudimer</a>. The dating of this event is disputed: it may have occurred as part of <a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a>' expedition to relieve <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, under assault by the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, in 697; perhaps later, around 702; or perhaps late in Wittiza's reign. What is almost universally accepted is that it was an isolated incident connected with other military activities (probably against the Arabs or <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a>) and not an attempt to reestablish the lost province of Spania. As Professor Thompson states, "We know nothing whatever of the context of this strange event."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dates vary. Some (Collins) put the date of landing as early as 551, other (Wallace-Hadrill) as late as 554. The conquest of the last vestiges of the province has been dated to 625 (Collins) or 629 (W-H).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kulikowski, <i>Late Roman Spain and its Cities</i> (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, p. 16. The Byzantines attacked on Sunday, while the Goths had laid down their arms to honour the Sabbath.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isidore of Seville, <i>History of the Goths</i>, translation by Guido Donini and Gordon B. Ford, <i>Isidore of Seville's History of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi</i>, 2nd revised ed. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1970), chapter 47, pp. 21f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, pp. 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordanes, <i><a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a></i>, translated by Charles Christopher Mierow, <i>The Gothic History of Jordanes</i>, 1915 (Cambridge: Speculum Historiale, 1966), LVIII, 303, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Donnell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27831089">"Liberius the Patrician"</a>, <i>Traditio</i> <b>37</b> (1981), p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, p. 325, based on Isidore.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long misidentified as <a href="/wiki/Sig%C3%BCenza" title="Sigüenza">Sigüenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Sagunto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_Gigonza" title="Castillo de Gigonza">Castillo de Gigonza</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, p. 49, considers it unlikely that Córdoba could have been in revolt for so long without coming under Byzantine rule. Thompson, p. 322, sees the lack of primary evidence for Byzantine government in any of the aforementioned cities as conclusive that the Byzantines never could have held Córdoba directly.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Soto Chica y Ana María Berenjeno (2014). «La última posesión bizantina en la península ibérica: Mesopotamenoi-Mesopotaminoi. Nuevas aportaciones para su identificación.». <i>II Jornadas de Estudios Bizantinos: De Roma a Bizancio: el territorio en el sureste peninsular</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, p. 331. The gate was augmented with towers, porticoes, and a vaulted chamber.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, pp. 219–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, pp. 52–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fredegar, IV, vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, p. 249.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Primary</dt></dl> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFredegarJohn_Michael_Wallace-Hadrill,_trans.1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fredegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredegar">Fredegar</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Wallace-Hadrill" class="mw-redirect" title="John Michael Wallace-Hadrill">John Michael Wallace-Hadrill</a>, trans. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203233532/http://www.bu.edu/english/levine/grch4+5.htm"><i>The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its Continuations</i></a>. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/english/levine/grch4+5.htm">the original</a> on 3 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Book+of+the+Chronicle+of+Fredegar+with+its+Continuations&rft.place=Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Fredegar&rft.au=John+Michael+Wallace-Hadrill%2C+trans.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fenglish%2Flevine%2Fgrch4%2B5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJordanesCharles_C._Mierow,_trans." class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Mierow" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles C. Mierow">Charles C. Mierow</a>, trans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html"><i>The Origin and Deeds of the Goths</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Deeds+of+the+Goths&rft.au=Jordanes&rft.au=Charles+C.+Mierow%2C+trans.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2F~vandersp%2FCourses%2Ftexts%2Fjordgeti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Secondary</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBachrach1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bachrach" title="Bernard Bachrach">Bachrach, B. S.</a> (1973). "A Reassessment of Visigothic Jewish Policy, 589–711". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>78</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1853939">10.2307/1853939</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1853939">1853939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=A+Reassessment+of+Visigothic+Jewish+Policy%2C+589%E2%80%93711&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1853939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1853939%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Collins" title="Roger Collins">Collins, R.</a> (2004). <i>Visigothic Spain, 409–711</i>. Oxford: Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visigothic+Spain%2C+409%E2%80%93711&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1955" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Grierson" title="Philip Grierson">Grierson, Philip</a> (1955). "Una ceca bizantina en españa". <i>Numario Hispánico</i>. <b>4</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">305–</span>14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numario+Hisp%C3%A1nico&rft.atitle=Una+ceca+bizantina+en+espa%C3%B1a&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelal_Ouriachen2009" class="citation book cs1">Helal Ouriachen, El Housin (2009). <i>La ciudad bética durante la Antigüedad Tardía: Persistencias y mutaciones locales en relación con la realidad urbana del Mediterraneo y del Atlántico</i>. Granada: Universidad de Granada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+ciudad+b%C3%A9tica+durante+la+Antig%C3%BCedad+Tard%C3%ADa%3A+Persistencias+y+mutaciones+locales+en+relaci%C3%B3n+con+la+realidad+urbana+del+Mediterraneo+y+del+Atl%C3%A1ntico&rft.place=Granada&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Granada&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Helal+Ouriachen&rft.aufirst=El+Housin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._A._Thompson" title="E. A. Thompson">Thompson, E. A.</a> (1969). <i>The Goths in Spain</i>. Oxford: Clarendon. Cf. the appendix "The Byzantine Province", pp. 320–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goths+in+Spain&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVallejo_Girvés2012" class="citation book cs1">Vallejo Girvés, Margarita (2012). <i>Hispania y Bizancio: Una relación desconocida</i>. Madrid: Akal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hispania+y+Bizancio%3A+Una+relaci%C3%B3n+desconocida&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Akal&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Vallejo+Girv%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Margarita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallace-Hadrill1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Wallace-Hadrill" class="mw-redirect" title="John Michael Wallace-Hadrill">Wallace-Hadrill, J. M.</a> (1967). <i>The Barbarian West, 400–1000</i> (3rd ed.). London: Hutchison.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbarian+West%2C+400%E2%80%931000&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Hutchison&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Wallace-Hadrill&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Jamie (2010). "Defending Byzantine Spain: Frontiers and Diplomacy". <i>Early Medieval Europe</i>. <b>18</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">292–</span>319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-8847.2010.00300.x">10.1111/j.1471-8847.2010.00300.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153988205">153988205</a>.</cite><span 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)660" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template talk:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="List of Late Roman provinces">Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces</a> (4th–7th centuries AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">As found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i>. Provincial administration reformed and <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 293. Permanent <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefectures</a> established after the death of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Africa</a> established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Theme_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme system">theme system</a> in c. 640–660, although in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Roman_Empire_(395–476)660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gaul" title="Diocese of Gaul">Diocese of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Poeninae_et_Graiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Poeninae et Graiae">Alpes Poeninae et Graiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Prima">Belgica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Secunda">Belgica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis I">Lugdunensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis II">Lugdunensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis III">Lugdunensis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis IV">Lugdunensis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Sequanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima Sequanorum">Maxima Sequanorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Diocese of Vienne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica I">Aquitanica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica II">Aquitanica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis I">Narbonensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis II">Narbonensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennensis" title="Viennensis">Viennensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Spain">Diocese of Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Balearica" title="Hispania Balearica">Balearica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Britains" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of the Britains">Diocese of the Britains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Prima" title="Britannia Prima">Britannia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis" title="Maxima Caesariensis">Maxima Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)" title="Valentia (Roman Britain)">Valentia (?)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Suburbicarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy">Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="Province of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia et Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campania (Roman province)">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_et_Bruttium" title="Lucania et Bruttium">Lucania et Bruttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum Suburbicarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuscia_et_Umbria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuscia et Umbria (page does not exist)">Tuscia et Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valeria_Suburbicaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valeria Suburbicaria (page does not exist)">Valeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Annonarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Annonarian Italy">Diocese of Annonarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminia_et_Picenum_Annonarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium">Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria_(Roman_province)" title="Liguria (Roman province)">Liguria</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (Roman province)">Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Prima" title="Raetia Prima">Raetia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetia Secunda">Raetia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_et_Histria" title="Venetia et Histria">Venetia et Histria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_(Roman_province)" title="Tripolitania (Roman province)">Tripolitania (Roman province)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Eastern_Roman_Empire_(395–c._640)660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (395–c. 640)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Illyricum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_mediterraneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum mediterraneum">Noricum mediterraneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_ripense" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum ripense">Noricum ripense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_ripensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria ripensis">Valeria ripensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Prima" title="Moesia Prima">Moesia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Creta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Prima">Macedonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Secunda">Macedonia II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalia">Thessalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture<br />of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(Roman_province)" title="Europa (Roman province)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemimontus" title="Haemimontus">Haemimontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Secunda">Moesia II</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(province)" title="Rhodope (province)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor" title="Scythia Minor">Scythia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Diocese of Asia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontus_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespontus (province)">Hellespontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_(Roman_province)" title="Islands (Roman province)">Islands</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia (370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Pacatiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Pacatiana">Phrygia Pacatiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Salutaris">Phrygia Salutaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Diocese of Pontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Prima">Armenia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Secunda">Armenia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Maior" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Maior">Armenia Maior</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Satrapies">Armenian Satrapies</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia III">Armenia III (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia IV">Armenia IV (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Prima">Cappadocia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Secunda">Cappadocia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Prima">Galatia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Secunda">Galatia II Salutaris</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Helenopontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorias" title="Honorias">Honorias</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_Polemoniacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Polemoniacus">Pontus Polemoniacus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Prima">Cilicia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Secunda">Cilicia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphratensis" title="Euphratensis">Euphratensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_III_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaestina III Salutaris">Palaestina III Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice Prima">Phoenice I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_II_Libanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice II Libanensis">Phoenice II Libanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">Syria I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_II_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria II Salutaris">Syria II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorias_(province)" title="Theodorias (province)">Theodorias (528)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus I">Aegyptus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus II">Aegyptus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Aegypti" title="Arcadia Aegypti">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica I">Augustamnica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica II">Augustamnica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Superior">Libya Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Inferior">Libya Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Superior">Thebais Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Inferior">Thebais Inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_territories660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus (536)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spania (552)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Septem Provinciae</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Re-established after <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">reconquest</a> by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Illyricum">Diocese of Illyricum</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Placed under the <a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a> in 536</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s administrative reorganization in 534–536</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages668" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Kingdoms" title="Template:Spanish Kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Kingdoms" title="Template talk:Spanish Kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages668" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Spain in the Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Early_Middle_Ages27"><b><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cantabria" title="Duchy of Cantabria">Duchy of Cantabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Vasconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Vasconia">Duchy of Vasconia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Al-Andalus_(711-1492)31"><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></b> (711-1492)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Province of the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#First_period_(11th_century)" title="Taifa">First Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid Emirate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#Second_period_(12th_century)" title="Taifa">Second Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#Third_period_(13th_century)" title="Taifa">Third Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Feudal_Christian_realms45"><b><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Feudal Christian realms</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Castile">County of Castile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> → <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> (<i>Castile-León</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Toledo_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)">Kingdom of Toledo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_counties" title="Catalan counties">Catalan counties</a> (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Pamplona">Kingdom of Pamplona</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Viguera" title="Kingdom of Viguera">Kingdom of Viguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Najera" title="Kingdom of Najera">Kingdom of Najera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Artajona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Artajona (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Artajona</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxoako_Erresuma" class="extiw" title="eu:Artaxoako Erresuma">eu</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aragon" title="County of Aragon">County of Aragon</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> → <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic monarchs">Visigothic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Suebic monarchs">Suebic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of al-Andalus">Monarchs of al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">Monarchs of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asturian_monarchs" title="List of Asturian monarchs">Monarchs of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">Monarchs of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_monarchs" title="List of Galician monarchs">Monarchs of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Monarchs of Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">Monarchs of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Majorca" title="List of monarchs of Majorca">Monarchs of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Monarchs of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Valencian_monarchs" title="List of Valencian monarchs">Monarchs of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish military orders">Military orders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spania&params=36.7167_N_4.4167_W_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°43′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°25′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.7167°N 4.4167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.7167; -4.4167</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spania&oldid=1259457532">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spania&oldid=1259457532</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_550s" title="Category:States and territories established in the 550s">States and territories established in the 550s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_7th_century" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 7th century">States and territories 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