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hoof</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: horse hoof"> <meta name="keywords" content="horse hoof"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="horse hoof"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 65</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: horse hoof</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">65</span> A Finite Element Study of Laminitis in Horses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naeim%20Akbari%20Shahkhosravi">Naeim Akbari Shahkhosravi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Kakavand"> Reza Kakavand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helen%20M.%20S.%20Davies"> Helen M. S. Davies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amin%20Komeili"> Amin Komeili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Equine locomotion and performance are significantly affected by hoof health. One of the most critical diseases of the hoof is laminitis, which can lead to horse lameness in a severe condition. This disease exhibits the mechanical properties degradation of the laminar junction tissue within the hoof. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the biomechanics of the hoof, focusing specifically on excessive and cumulatively accumulated stresses within the laminar junction tissue. For this aim, the current study generated a novel equine hoof Finite Element (FE) model under dynamic physiological loading conditions and employing a hyperelastic material model. Associated tissues of the equine hoof were segmented from computed tomography scans of an equine forelimb, including the navicular bone, third phalanx, sole, frog, laminar junction, digital cushion, and medial- dorsal- lateral wall areas. The inner tissues were connected based on the hoof anatomy, and the hoof was under a dynamic loading over cyclic strides at the trot. The strain distribution on the hoof wall of the model was compared with the published in vivo strain measurements to validate the model. Then the validated model was used to study the development of laminitis. The ultimate stress tolerated by the laminar junction before rupture was considered as a stress threshold. The tissue damage was simulated through iterative reduction of the tissue’s mechanical properties in the presence of excessive maximum principal stresses. The findings of this investigation revealed how damage initiates from the medial and lateral sides of the tissue and propagates through the hoof dorsal area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horse%20hoof" title="horse hoof">horse hoof</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laminitis" title=" laminitis"> laminitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20model" title=" finite element model"> finite element model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=continuous%20damage" title=" continuous damage"> continuous damage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141669/a-finite-element-study-of-laminitis-in-horses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141669.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">64</span> Facility Detection from Image Using Mathematical Morphology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=In-Geun%20Lim">In-Geun Lim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung-Woong%20Ra"> Sung-Woong Ra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As high resolution satellite images can be used, lots of studies are carried out for exploiting these images in various fields. This paper proposes the method based on mathematical morphology for extracting the ‘horse's hoof shaped object’. This proposed method can make an automatic object detection system to track the meaningful object in a large satellite image rapidly. Mathematical morphology process can apply in binary image, so this method is very simple. Therefore this method can easily extract the ‘horse's hoof shaped object’ from any images which have indistinct edges of the tracking object and have different image qualities depending on filming location, filming time, and filming environment. Using the proposed method by which ‘horse's hoof shaped object’ can be rapidly extracted, the performance of the automatic object detection system can be improved dramatically. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=facility%20detection" title="facility detection">facility detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellite%20image" title=" satellite image"> satellite image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=object" title=" object"> object</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical%20morphology" title=" mathematical morphology"> mathematical morphology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67611/facility-detection-from-image-using-mathematical-morphology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67611.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">382</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">63</span> Multi-Modality Imaging of Aggressive Hoof Wall Neoplasia in Two Horses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hannah%20Nagel">Hannah Nagel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hayley%20Lang"> Hayley Lang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Albert%20Sole%20Guitart"> Albert Sole Guitart</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natasha%20Lean"> Natasha Lean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachel%20Allavena"> Rachel Allavena</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cleide%20Sprohnie-Barrera"> Cleide Sprohnie-Barrera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alex%20Young"> Alex Young</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aggressive neoplasia of the hoof is a rare occurrence in horses and has been only sporadically described in the literature. In the few cases reported intra-hoof wall, aggressive neoplasia has been documented radiographically and has been described with variable imaging characteristics. These include a well-defined osteolytic area, a smoothly outlined semi-circular defect, an extensive draining tract beneath the hoof wall, as well as an additional large area of osteolysis or an extensive central lytic region. A 20-year-old Quarterhorse gelding and a 10-year-old Thoroughbred gelding were both presented for chronic reoccurring lameness in the left forelimb and left hindlimb, respectively. Both of the cases displayed radiographic lesions that have been previously described but also displayed osteoproliferative expansile regions of additional bone formation. Changes associated with hoof neoplasia are often non-specific due to the nature and capacity of bone to react to pathological insult, which is either to proliferate or be absorbed. Both cases depict and describe imaging findings seen on radiography, contrast radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging before reaching a histological diagnosis of malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Although aggressive hoof wall neoplasia is rare, there are some imaging features which may raise our index of suspicion for an aggressive hoof wall lesion. This case report documents two horses with similar imaging findings who underwent multiple assessments, surgical interventions, and imaging modalities with a final diagnosis of malignant neoplasia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horse" title="horse">horse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hoof" title=" hoof"> hoof</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imaging" title=" imaging"> imaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiography" title=" radiography"> radiography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neoplasia" title=" neoplasia"> neoplasia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134173/multi-modality-imaging-of-aggressive-hoof-wall-neoplasia-in-two-horses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134173.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">62</span> Evaluation of Effectiveness of Three Common Equine Thrush Treatments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20S.%20Strait">A. S. Strait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20A.%20Bryk-Lucy"> J. A. Bryk-Lucy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20M.%20Ritchie"> L. M. Ritchie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thrush is a common disease of ungulates primarily affecting the frog and sulci, caused by the anaerobic bacteria Fusobacterium necrophorum. Thrush accounts for approximately 45.0% of hoof disorders in horses. Prevention and treatment of thrush are essential to prevent horses from developing severe infections and becoming lame. Proper knowledge of hoof care and thrush treatments is crucial to avoid financial costs, unsoundness and lost training time. Research on the effectiveness of numerous commercial and homemade thrush treatments is limited in the equine industry. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three common thrush treatments for horses: weekly application of Thrush Buster, daily dilute bleach solution spray, or Metronidazole pastes every other day. Cases of thrush diagnosed by a veterinarian or veterinarian-trained researcher were given a score, from 0 to 4, based on the severity of the thrush in each hoof (n=59) and randomly assigned a treatment. Cases were rescored each week of the three-week treatment, and the final and initial scores were compared to determine effectiveness. The thrush treatments were compared with Thrush Buster as the reference at a significance level of α=.05. Binomial Logistic Regression Modeling was performed, finding that the odds of a hoof treated with Metronidazole to be thrush-free was 6.1 times greater than a hoof treated with Thrush Buster (p=0.001), while the odds of a hoof that was treated with bleach to be thrush-free was only 0.97 times greater than a hoof treated with Thrush Buster (p=0.970), after adjustment for treatment week. Of the three treatments utilized in this study, Metronidazole paste applied to the affected areas every other day was the most effective treatment for thrush in horses. There are many other thrush remedies available, and further research is warranted to determine the efficacy of additional treatment options. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fusobacterium%20necrophorum" title="fusobacterium necrophorum">fusobacterium necrophorum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thrush" title=" thrush"> thrush</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equine" title=" equine"> equine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horse" title=" horse"> horse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lameness" title=" lameness"> lameness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148562/evaluation-of-effectiveness-of-three-common-equine-thrush-treatments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148562.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">61</span> Drawings as a Methodical Access to Reconstruct Children's Perspective on a Horse-Assisted Intervention</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annika%20Barzen">Annika Barzen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this article, the collection and analysis of drawings are implemented and discussed as a methodological approach to reconstruct children's perspective on horse-assisted interventions. For this purpose, drawings of three children (8-10 years old) were included in the research process in order to clarify the question of what insights can be derived from the drawings about the child's perspective on the intervention. The children were asked to draw a picture of themselves at the horse stable. Practical implementation considerations are disclosed. The developed analysis steps consider the work of two art historians (Erwin Panofsky and Max Imdahl) to capture the visual sense and to interpret the children's drawings. Relevant topics about the children's perspective can be inferred from the drawings. In the drawings, the following topics are important for the children: Overcoming challenges and fears in handling the horse, support from an adult in handling the horse and feeling self-confident and competent to act after completing tasks with the horse. The drawings show the main topics which are relevant for the children and can be used as a basis for conversation. All in all, the child's drawing offers a useful addition to other survey methods in order to gain further insights into the experiences of children in a horse-assisted setting. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%27s%20perspective" title="children's perspective">children's perspective</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interpret%20children%27s%20drawings" title=" interpret children's drawings"> interpret children's drawings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equine-assisted-intervention" title=" equine-assisted-intervention"> equine-assisted-intervention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methodical%20analysis" title=" methodical analysis"> methodical analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122137/drawings-as-a-methodical-access-to-reconstruct-childrens-perspective-on-a-horse-assisted-intervention" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122137.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">60</span> African Horse Sickness a Possible Threat to Horses in Al-Baha</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghanem%20Al-Ghamdi">Ghanem Al-Ghamdi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> African Horse Sickness causes significant challenges to horse practitioners and owners in Africa and possibly in certain locations in the Arab Pensila. The aim of this work was to observe a hot spot of epidemic in Al-Baha, Southwestern of Saudi Arabia that could be AHS. A five year-old horse farm that had eight horses with no history of clinical problems was visited in late October 2014. In August 2014, horses showed clinical signs of severe pain, congestion of mucus membranes, foam oozing of the nose, recumbency, difficult breath and ultimately death. The course of the disease averaged 2 days. The farm had no previous history of this episode. Other animals including camel, sheep reside the same farm sharing feeding and water sources however no obvious similar clinical problems were noticed among the two species. Five horses showed the clinical disease and all horses were lost. Veterinary help was not available for diagnosis or treatment. A follow up visit to the farm after one year indicated that the three remaining horses were healthy but were relocated to a different facility out the Al-Baha Region. The most likely cause of such clinical problem is African Horse Sickness, however clinical exam and sampling of other horses in the region is absolute must as well as examining arthropods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=African%20horse%20sickness" title="African horse sickness">African horse sickness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horses" title=" horses"> horses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al-Baha" title=" Al-Baha"> Al-Baha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saudi%20Arabia" title=" Saudi Arabia"> Saudi Arabia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40449/african-horse-sickness-a-possible-threat-to-horses-in-al-baha" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40449.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">59</span> Biogas Production from Lake Bottom Biomass from Forest Management Areas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dessie%20Tegegne%20Tibebu">Dessie Tegegne Tibebu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kirsi%20Mononen"> Kirsi Mononen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ari%20Pappinen"> Ari Pappinen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In areas with forest management, agricultural, and industrial activity, sediments and biomass are accumulated in lakes through drainage system, which might be a cause for biodiversity loss and health problems. One possible solution can be utilization of lake bottom biomass and sediments for biogas production. The main objective of this study was to investigate the potentials of lake bottom materials for production of biogas by anaerobic digestion and to study the effect of pretreatment methods for feed materials on biogas yield. In order to study the potentials of biogas production lake bottom materials were collected from two sites, Likokanta and Kutunjärvi lake. Lake bottom materials were mixed with straw-horse manure to produce biogas in a laboratory scale reactor. The results indicated that highest yields of biogas values were observed when feeds were composed of 50% lake bottom materials with 50% straw horse manure mixture-while with above 50% lake bottom materials in the feed biogas production decreased. CH4 content from Likokanta lake materials with straw-horse manure and Kutunjärvi lake materials with straw-horse manure were similar values when feed consisted of 50% lake bottom materials with 50% straw horse manure mixtures. However, feeds with lake bottom materials above 50%, the CH4 concentration started to decrease, impairing gas process. Pretreatment applied on Kutunjärvi lake materials showed a slight negative effect on the biogas production and lowest CH4 concentration throughout the experiment. The average CH4 production (ml g-1 VS) from pretreated Kutunjärvi lake materials with straw horse manure (208.9 ml g-1 VS) and untreated Kutunjärvi lake materials with straw horse manure (182.2 ml g-1 VS) were markedly higher than from Likokanta lake materials with straw horse manure (157.8 ml g-1 VS). According to the experimental results, utilization of 100% lake bottom materials for biogas production is likely to be impaired negatively. In the future, further analyses to improve the biogas yields, assessment of costs and benefits is needed before utilizing lake bottom materials for the production of biogas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20digestion" title="anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogas" title=" biogas"> biogas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lake%20bottom%20materials" title=" lake bottom materials"> lake bottom materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sediments" title=" sediments"> sediments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pretreatment" title=" pretreatment"> pretreatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34770/biogas-production-from-lake-bottom-biomass-from-forest-management-areas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34770.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">333</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">58</span> Allergy to Animal Hair in the Algerian Population</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meriche%20Hacene">Meriche Hacene</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Allergy to animal hair is hypersensitivity to animal appendages to look for in front of any rhinoconjunctivitis or asthma. An anamnesis associated with the prick-tests makes it possible to guide the diagnosis, which will be supplemented in case of doubt by specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) assays. The objective of our study is to study the characteristics of patients sensitized to animal hair. Patients and methods: Retrospective study conducted on 105 adult patients and 69 children over a period of 3 years, including patients who received a specific IgE assay (respiratory panel and pediatric panel) by immunodot method. Result: 105 adult patients, including 74 women and 31 men, with an average age of 41 years, of which 8.5% had sensitization to animal hair (5 men and 4 women), namely: cat (5%), horse (4.7%) and dog (3.8%). For the 69 children, a slight female predominance was noted (56%), with an average age of 7.5 years, of which (13%) are sensitized to animal hair (5 girls and 4 boys): cat (10%), while awareness of dog and horse hair was less frequent with an identical prevalence of (4.34%). The dominant symptoms are rhinorrhea and sneezing for both categories, respectively (40% and 26.6% in adults and 23% for both symptoms in children). Cross-sensitization was observed in the 2 series: 1 single cat-dog and cat-horse case and 2 dog-horse cases in adults. In children, 100% of patients with sensitization to dog hair had cross-sensitization to cat hair, only 1 case was observed for cat-horse cross-reactivity. Conclusion This work shows that allergy to animal hair is common. Studies on more representative samples are recommended. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20IgE" title="specific IgE">specific IgE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=allergy" title=" allergy"> allergy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cat" title=" cat"> cat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fed1" title=" fed1"> fed1</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167962/allergy-to-animal-hair-in-the-algerian-population" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167962.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">57</span> Allergy to Animal Hair in the Algerian Population</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meriche%20Hacene">Meriche Hacene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gadiri%20Sabiha"> Gadiri Sabiha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Allergy to animal hair is hypersensitivity to animal appendages to look for in front of any rhinoconjunctivitis or asthma. An anamnesis associated with the prick-tests makes it possible to guide the diagnosis, which will be supplemented in case of doubt by specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) assays. The objective of our study is to study the characteristics of patients sensitized to animal hair. Patients and methods: Retrospective study conducted on 105 adult patients and 69 children over a period of 3 years, including patients who received a specific IgE assay (respiratory panel and pediatric panel) by immunodot method. Result: 105 adult patients, including 74 women and 31 men, with an average age of 41 years, of which 8.5% had sensitization to animal hair (5 men and 4 women), namely: cat (5%), horse (4.7%) and dog (3.8%). For the 69 children, a slight female predominance was noted (56%), with an average age of 7.5 years, of which (13%) are sensitized to animal hair (5 girls and 4 boys): cat (10%), while awareness of dog and horse hair was less frequent with an identical prevalence of (4.34%). The dominant symptoms are rhinorrhea and sneezing for both categories, respectively (40% and 26.6% in adults and 23% for both symptoms in children). Cross-sensitization was observed in the 2 series: 1 single cat-dog and cat-horse case and 2 dog-horse cases in adults. In children 100% of patients with sensitization to dog hair had cross-sensitization to cat hair, only 1 case was observed for cat-horse cross-reactivity. Conclusion: This work shows that allergy to animal hair is common. Studies on more representative samples are recommended. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title="children">children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=allegy%20to%20animals" title=" allegy to animals"> allegy to animals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20Ig%20E" title=" specific Ig E"> specific Ig E</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypersensitivity" title=" hypersensitivity"> hypersensitivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171778/allergy-to-animal-hair-in-the-algerian-population" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171778.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">56</span> Horse Race Model of Communication </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ariyaratna%20Athugala">Ariyaratna Athugala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mass media play a significant role in democratic societies. The Political Economy of the Mass Media postulates that elite media interlock with other institutional sectors in ownership, and editorial management effectively circumscribing their ability to remain analytically detached from other dominant institutional sectors. The production of meaning in news discourse is not valued neutral, but part of a larger process of presenting a hegemonic understanding of the world to audiences as the “production of consent.” The horse race model argues that “the raw material of news” pressures six bands that ultimately shape the news audiences receive. The six bands are as follows: Crown piece (raw material), brow band (professionalism), throat latch (gatekeeper), a bit (construction), nose band (perception), and reins (ownership). dThe horse race model suggests that media ultimately serve to “manufacture consent” for a range of self-serving elite opinion options. These bands determine what events are deemed newsworthy, how they are covered, where they are placed within the media and how much coverage they receive. Highly descriptive in nature, the horse race model of communication is concerned with the question of whether media can be seen to play a hegemonic role in the society oriented towards legitimization, hegemonic pressures and ideological construction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hegemonic%20pressures" title="hegemonic pressures">hegemonic pressures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horse%20race" title=" horse race"> horse race</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ideological%20construction" title=" ideological construction"> ideological construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=six%20bands" title=" six bands"> six bands</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40972/horse-race-model-of-communication" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40972.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">249</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">55</span> Horse Racing on Life Support: How to save the Sport of Kings in the United States</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mick%20Jackowski">Mick Jackowski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In terms of popularity in the United States, horse racing has been in a steady state of decline since the 1970s. This trend can be attributed to deterioration in the prestige of the sport, due to a shift in cultural values around the treatment of horses, as well as the growing interest of other sports and gambling options. Despite this drift, horse racing still commands a significant piece of the sport landscape through specific events like the Triple Crown and the Breeders Cup. The 2024 Kentucky Derby enjoyed it largest peak television audience (20.1 million) ever. It is because of this still significant attraction to thoroughbred racing that hope exists, not only for the survivability of one of the oldest organized sports in North America, but also for its future growth. But the spectacle that makes select races very popular must be expanded to tracks around the country on a regular basis. The first step is to create a centralized governing body that regulates operation of all races at all tracks in the country, instead of the state-by-state government fiefdoms that currently oversee operations in each jurisdiction. One league office, if you will, can also better coordinate marketing efforts to promote races. These promotions, though, must be targeted to specific audiences, focusing on the strengths that horse racing has in relation to other recreational activities. The industry should utilize a multi-segment strategy that targets the following four groups: Families, Young Adults, Fashion-Conscious, and Sports Bettors. Beyond the traditional marketing mix, the most vital means of establishing and maintaining relationships with each of these consumer segments is through community building. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20building" title="community building">community building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horse%20racing" title=" horse racing"> horse racing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sport%20marketing" title=" sport marketing"> sport marketing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thoroughbreds" title=" thoroughbreds"> thoroughbreds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192655/horse-racing-on-life-support-how-to-save-the-sport-of-kings-in-the-united-states" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192655.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">19</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">54</span> Comparison of Phynotypic Traits of Three Arabian Horse Strains</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saria%20Almarzook">Saria Almarzook</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monika%20Reissmann"> Monika Reissmann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gudrun%20Brockmann"> Gudrun Brockmann</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to its history, occurrence in different ecosystems and diverse using, the modern horse (Equus caballus) shows large variability in size, appearance, behavior and habits. At all times, breeders try to create groups (breeds, strains) representing high homology but showing clear differences in comparison to other groups. A great interest of analyzing phenotypic and genetic traits looking for real diversity and genetic uniqueness existents for Arabian horses in Syria. 90 Arabian horses from governmental research center of Arabian horses in Damascus were included. The horses represent three strains (Kahlawi, Saklawi, Hamdani) originated from different geographical zones. They were raised on the same farm, under stable conditions. Twelve phenotypic traits were measured: wither height (WH), croup width (CW), croup height (CH), neck girth (NG), thorax girth (TG), chest girth (ChG), chest depth (ChD), chest width (ChW), back line length (BLL), body length (BL), fore cannon length (FCL) and hind cannon length (HCL). The horses were divided into groups according to age (less than 2 years, 2-4 years, 4-9 years, over 9 years) and to sex (male, female). The statistical analyzes show that age has significant influence of WH while the strain has only a very limited effect. On CW, NG, BLL, FCL and HCL, there is only a significant influence of sex. Age has significant effect on CH and BL. All sources of classes have a significant effect on TG, ChG, ChD and ChW. Strain has a significant effect on the BL. These results provide first information for real biodiversity in and between the strains and can be used to develop the breeding work in the Arabian horse breed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabian%20horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenotypic%20traits" title=" phenotypic traits"> phenotypic traits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strains" title=" strains"> strains</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syria" title=" Syria"> Syria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28063/comparison-of-phynotypic-traits-of-three-arabian-horse-strains" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28063.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">391</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">53</span> Application of New Sprouted Wheat Brine for Delicatessen Products From Horse Meat, Beef and Pork</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gulmira%20Kenenbay">Gulmira Kenenbay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urishbay%20Chomanov"> Urishbay Chomanov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aruzhan%20Shoman"> Aruzhan Shoman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rabiga%20Kassimbek"> Rabiga Kassimbek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main task of the meat-processing industry is the production of meat products as the main source of animal protein, ensuring the vital activity of the human body, in the required volumes, high quality, diverse assortment. Providing the population with high-quality food products what are biologically full, balanced in composition of basic nutrients and enriched by targeted physiologically active components, is one of the highest priority scientific and technical problems to be solved. In this regard, the formulation of a new brine from sprouted wheat for meat delicacies from horse meat, beef and pork has been developed. The new brine contains flavored aromatic ingredients, juice of the germinated wheat and vegetable juice. The viscosity of meat of horse meat, beef and pork were studied during massaging. Thermodynamic indices, water activity and binding energy of horse meat, beef and pork with application of new brine are investigated. A recipe for meat products with vegetable additives has been developed. Organoleptic evaluation of meat products was carried out. Physicochemical parameters of meat products with vegetable additives are carried out. Analysis of the obtained data shows that the values of the index aw (water activity) and the binding energy of moisture in the experimental samples of meat products are higher than in the control samples. It has been established by investigations that with increasing water activity and the binding energy of moisture, the tenderness of ready meat delicacies increases with the use of a new brine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compounding" title="compounding">compounding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20products" title=" functional products"> functional products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delicatessen%20products" title=" delicatessen products"> delicatessen products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brine" title=" brine"> brine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetable%20additives" title=" vegetable additives"> vegetable additives</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75253/application-of-new-sprouted-wheat-brine-for-delicatessen-products-from-horse-meat-beef-and-pork" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75253.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">178</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">52</span> Three-Stage Anaerobic Co-digestion of High-Solids Food Waste and Horse Manure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kai-Chee%20Loh">Kai-Chee Loh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jingxin%20Zhang"> Jingxin Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yen-Wah%20Tong"> Yen-Wah Tong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hydrolysis and acidogenesis are the rate-controlling steps in an anaerobic digestion (AD) process. Considering that the optimum conditions for each stage can be diverse diverse, the development of a multi-stage AD system is likely to the AD efficiency through individual optimization. In this research, we developed a highly integrate three-stage anaerobic digester (HM3) to combine the advantages of dry AD and wet AD for anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and horse manure. The digester design comprised mainly of three chambers - high-solids hydrolysis, high-solids acidogenesis and wet methanogensis. Through comparing the treatment performance with other two control digesters, HM3 presented 11.2 ~22.7% higher methane yield. The improved methane yield was mainly attributed to the functionalized partitioning in the integrated digester, which significantly accelerated the solubilization of solid organic matters and the formation of organic acids, as well as ammonia in the high-solids hydrolytic and acidogenic stage respectively. Additionally, HM3 also showed the highest volatile solids reduction rate among the three digesters. Real-time PCR and pyrosequencing analysis indicated that the abundance and biodiversity of microorganisms including bacteria and archaea in HM3 was much higher than that in the control reactors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20digestion" title="anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-solids" title=" high-solids"> high-solids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20waste%20and%20horse%20manure" title=" food waste and horse manure"> food waste and horse manure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20community" title=" microbial community"> microbial community</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37897/three-stage-anaerobic-co-digestion-of-high-solids-food-waste-and-horse-manure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37897.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">51</span> A Retrospective Study on Causes, Surgery Findings, Results and Follow up of 30 Horses with Colic in Tehran, Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farajallah%20Adibhashemi">Farajallah Adibhashemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A retrospective study on causes, surgery findings, results and the follow up of 30 horses with colic in Tehran, Iran. Colic is the main problem horse industry.The causes of colic are related to management like food, sport and medical care. In this study that has been done between 2012-2015 for 30 horses referred to teaching hospital of veterinary medicine faculty of the University of Tehran. Seventy percent of causes was related to management of feeding and twenty percent was for malsporting. The rest of causes was from the anti parasite in bad root. The surgery findings were as follows: 60% displacement of dorsal right and left colon, 20% in impaction of pelvic flexure,10% impaction of the cecum, and 10% impaction of the stomach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horse" title="horse">horse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colic" title=" colic"> colic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tehran" title=" Tehran"> Tehran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37361/a-retrospective-study-on-causes-surgery-findings-results-and-follow-up-of-30-horses-with-colic-in-tehran-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37361.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">50</span> Voluntary Water Intake of Flavored Water in Euhydrated Horses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brianna%20M.%20Soule">Brianna M. Soule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jesslyn%20A.%20Bryk-Lucy"> Jesslyn A. Bryk-Lucy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linda%20M.%20Ritchie"> Linda M. Ritchie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Colic, defined as abdominal pain in the horse, has several known predisposing factors. Decreased water intake has been shown to predispose equines to impaction colic. The objective of this study was to determine if offering flavored water (sweet feed or banana extract) would increase voluntary water intake in horses to serve as an assessable, noninvasive method for farm managers, veterinarians, or owners to decrease the risk of impaction colic. An a priori power analysis, which was conducted using G*Power version 3.1.9.7, indicated that the minimum sample size required to achieve 80% power for detecting a large effect at a significance level of α = .05 was 19 horses for a one-way repeated measures ANOVA with three treatment levels and assuming a non-sphericity correction of ε=0.5. After a three-day control period, 21 horses were randomly divided into two sequences and offered either banana or sweet feed flavored water. Horses always had a bucket of unflavored water available. A repeated measure study design was used to measure water consumption of each horse over a 62-hour period. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to determine whether there were statistically significant differences among the means for the three-day average water intake (ml/kg). Although not statistically significant (F(2, 38) = 1.28, p = .290, partial η2 = .063), the three-day average water intake was largest for banana flavored water (M = 53.51, SD = 9.25 ml/kg), followed by sweet feed (M = 52.93, SD = 11.99 ml/kg), and, finally, unflavored water (M = 50.40, SD = 10.82 ml/kg). Paired-samples t-tests were used to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between the three-day average water intake (ml/kg) for flavored versus unflavored water. The average unflavored water intake (M = 29.3 ml/kg, SD = 8.9) over the measurement period was greater than the banana flavored water (M = 27.7 ml/kg, SD = 9.8), but the average consumption of the sweet feed flavored water (M = 30.4 ml/kg, SD = 14.6) was greater than unflavored water (M = 24.3 ml/kg, SD = 11.4). None of these differences in average intake were statistically significant (p > .244). Future research is warranted to determine if other flavors significantly increase voluntary water intake in horses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colic" title="colic">colic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equine" title=" equine"> equine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equine%20science" title=" equine science"> equine science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20intake" title=" water intake"> water intake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flavored%20water" title=" flavored water"> flavored water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horses" title=" horses"> horses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equine%20management" title=" equine management"> equine management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equine%20health" title=" equine health"> equine health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horse%20health" title=" horse health"> horse health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horse%20health%20care%20management" title=" horse health care management"> horse health care management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colic%20prevention" title=" colic prevention"> colic prevention</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148648/voluntary-water-intake-of-flavored-water-in-euhydrated-horses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148648.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">49</span> Ultrasonographic Study of Normal Scapula in Horse</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Saeed%20Ahrari-Khafi">Mohamad Saeed Ahrari-Khafi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abutorab%20Tabatabai-Naini"> Abutorab Tabatabai-Naini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niloofar%20Ajvadi"> Niloofar Ajvadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Scapular fracture is not common in horses, due to the proper protection of scapular muscles. However, if it happens, it can cause lameness in horses. Because of the overlapping of the scapula on the contralateral scapula and the thorax, usually radiography cannot be helpful in evaluation, except in small amount of its ventral part. Although ultrasonography is mainly used for diagnosis of soft tissue injuries, it also can be used for evaluation of bone surface abnormalities. This study was intended to document the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the equine scapula. Right forelimb of six horses was used. To facilitate the image assessment, a zoning system was developed. Ultrasonography was performed by using a 5-11 MHz linear array transducer. Ultrasonographic anatomy of scapula in different parts and planes was imaged and documented, hoping to help practitioners to diagnose fractures and injuries. Results showed that ultrasonography is capable to depict different parts of the scapula and regional muscles, and can be used for detecting fractures and other abnormalities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horse" title="horse">horse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scapula" title=" scapula"> scapula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scapular%20fracture" title=" scapular fracture"> scapular fracture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonography" title=" ultrasonography"> ultrasonography</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48876/ultrasonographic-study-of-normal-scapula-in-horse" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48876.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> A Survey on Frequency of Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis in Horses in Ahvaz South-West of Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20R.%20Ghadrdan-Mashhadi">Ali R. Ghadrdan-Mashhadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hosein%20Hamidi-Nejat"> Hosein Hamidi-Nejat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parisa%20Alizadehnia"> Parisa Alizadehnia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cryptosporidia and Giardia are protozoan parasites that have worldwide distribution and infect a variety of animals. Although, the infection to these parasites rarely caused to illness in horses, but some veterinarian recorded the clinical signs (such as diarrhea and malabsorbtion) especially in foals. In present study, the frequency of Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis in horses in Ahvaz investigated. The feces samples were taken from 100 horses that keep in seven horse breeding clubs, during spring and summer. The ages of horses were from 1 month to 27 years old. Fecal samples were stained by modified Ziehl-Neelsen and Tri-chrome methods. Results were analyzed with Chi-square Test and Fisher’s exact test. The results showed that the rate of infection to Cryptosporidium and Giardia were 18% and 40%, respectively. There weren't significant differences between infection to Cryptosporidium and Giardia with sex, age and fecal constancy. Although, the rate of infection to Cryptosporidium in studied horses is very similar to other studies but it seems, the rate of infection to Giardia is high in compare to other studies were done in the other countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptosporidium" title=" cryptosporidium"> cryptosporidium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=giardia" title=" giardia"> giardia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horse" title=" horse"> horse</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39460/a-survey-on-frequency-of-cryptosporidiosis-and-giardiasis-in-horses-in-ahvaz-south-west-of-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39460.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">47</span> Horse Exposition to Coxiella burnetii in France: Antibody Dynamics in Serum, Environmental Risk Assessment and Potential Links with Symptomatology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jouli%C3%A9%20Aur%C3%A9lien">Joulié Aurélien</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isabelle%20Desjardins"> Isabelle Desjardins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elsa%20Jourdain"> Elsa Jourdain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sophie%20Pradier"> Sophie Pradier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dufour%20Philippe"> Dufour Philippe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elodie%20Rousset"> Elodie Rousset</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agn%C3%A8s%20Leblond"> Agnès Leblond</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. It may infect a broad range of host species, including horses. Although the role of horses in C. burnetii infections remains unknown, their use as sentinel species may be interesting to better assess the human risk exposure. Thus, we aimed to assess the C. burnetii horse exposition in a French endemic area by describing the antibody dynamics detected in serum; investigating the pathogen circulation in the horse environment, and exploring potential links with unexplained syndromes. Blood samples were collected in 2015 and 2016 on 338 and 294 horses, respectively and analyzed by ELISA. Ticks collected on horses were identified, and C. burnetii DNA detection was performed by qPCR targeting the IS1111 gene. Blood sample analyses revealed a significant increase of the seroprevalence in horses between both years, from 11% [7.67; 14.43] to 25% [20.06; 29.94]. On 36 seropositive horses in 2015 and 73 in 2016, 5 and four respectively showed clinical signs compatible with a C. burnetii infection (i.e., chronic fever or respiratory disorders, unfitness and unexplained weight loss). DNA was detected in almost 40% of ticks (n=59/148 in 2015 and n=103/305 in 2016) and exceptionally in dust samples (n=2/46 in 2015 and n=1/14 in 2016) every year. The C. burnetti detection in both the serum and the environment of horses confirm their exposure to the bacterium. Therefore, consideration should be given to target a relevant sentinel species to better assess the Q fever surveillance depending on the epidemiological context. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ELISA" title="ELISA">ELISA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Q%20fever" title=" Q fever"> Q fever</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=qPCR" title=" qPCR"> qPCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syndromic%20surveillance" title=" syndromic surveillance"> syndromic surveillance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63674/horse-exposition-to-coxiella-burnetii-in-france-antibody-dynamics-in-serum-environmental-risk-assessment-and-potential-links-with-symptomatology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63674.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">46</span> Measuring the Effect of Co-Composting Oil Sludge with Pig, Cow, Horse And Poultry Manures on the Degradation in Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Concentrations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ubani%20Onyedikachi">Ubani Onyedikachi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atagana%20Harrison%20Ifeanyichukwu"> Atagana Harrison Ifeanyichukwu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thantsha%20Mapitsi%20Silvester"> Thantsha Mapitsi Silvester</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Components of oil sludge (PAHs) are known cytotoxic, mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic compounds also bacteria and fungi have been found to degrade PAHs to innocuous compounds. This study is aimed at measuring the effect of pig, cow, horse and poultry manures on the degradation in selected PAHs present in oil sludge. Soil spiked with oil sludge was co-composted differently with each manure in a ratio of 2:1 (w/w) spiked soil: manure and wood-chips in a ratio of 2:1 (w/v) spiked soil: wood-chips. Control was set up similar as the one above but without manure. The mixtures were incubated for 10 months at room temperature. Compost piles were turned weekly and moisture level was maintained at between 50% and 70%. Moisture level, pH, temperature, CO2 evolution and oxygen consumption were measured monthly and the ash content at the end of experimentation. Highest temperature reached was 27.5 °C in all compost heaps, pH ranged from 5.5 to 7.8 and CO2 evolution was highest in poultry manure at 18.78μg/dwt/day. Microbial growth and activities were enhanced; bacteria identified were Bacillus, Arthrobacter and Staphylococcus species. Percentage reduction in PAHs was measured using automated soxhlet extractor with Dichloromethane coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results from PAH measurements showed reduction between 77% and 99%. Co-composting of spiked soils with animal manures enhanced the reduction in PAHs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=animal%20manures" title="animal manures">animal manures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioremediation" title=" bioremediation"> bioremediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-composting" title=" co-composting"> co-composting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20refinery%20sludge" title=" oil refinery sludge"> oil refinery sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PAHs" title=" PAHs"> PAHs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31222/measuring-the-effect-of-co-composting-oil-sludge-with-pig-cow-horse-and-poultry-manures-on-the-degradation-in-selected-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-concentrations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31222.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">45</span> Chance One’s Arm: Critical Evaluation on Laws of Sports Gambling in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Archen%20Sara%20Vincent">Archen Sara Vincent</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gambling is the practice or act of betting or wagering on uncertain events with the hope of winning money or any other valuable assets. Nowadays, the practice of gambling can be seen in almost all grounds of events, especially in sports. In sports, this is commonly known among people as sports betting. The history of gambling can be traced about 2,000 years back. It originated from Greeks, from Greeks to the Romans, then to England, where betting on horse races was much popular among the elites. The evolution of gambling in sports has made a greater impact in the modern era. In India, the legality of gambling in sports is regulated by The Public Gambling Act 1867, which prohibits gambling activities in public places. The major draw of this statute is that it does not have specific laws regarding online sports gambling. Section 30 of The Indian Contract Act 1872 considers wagering agreements void. However, there are certain exceptions for this section, that is, (1) state-owned lotteries and (2) wagering on horse races with a sum of Rupees 500 or upward. As per the Indian Constitution, the rules regarding sports gambling are within the powers of the state legislatures. Some of the states have enacted their own laws which explicitly permit or prohibit gambling within their jurisdiction. Recently in Tamilnadu, The Tamilnadu Gaming Act was amended in 2021 to completely ban online gambling and betting. Moreover, the Central Government has introduced the Online Gaming and Prevention of Fraud Bill, 2018, to legalize and regulate sports betting in India. However, this bill has not yet been passed as law. Now as the Indian legal system does not have a specific rule regarding online sports gambling, sports betting companies use this major drawback and attract people to use the gambling and betting apps by advertising with well-known sports players and other celebrities. This paper aims to critically evaluate gambling in sports and the laws relating to it in India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=history%20of%20gambling" title="history of gambling">history of gambling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=The%20Public%20Gambling%20Act%201862" title=" The Public Gambling Act 1862"> The Public Gambling Act 1862</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20legislations" title=" state legislations"> state legislations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gambling%20in%20India" title=" gambling in India"> gambling in India</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171188/chance-ones-arm-critical-evaluation-on-laws-of-sports-gambling-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171188.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">44</span> Transport Medium That Prevents the Conversion of Helicobacter Pylori to the Coccoid Form</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eldar%20Mammadov">Eldar Mammadov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Konul%20Mammadova"> Konul Mammadova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aytaj%20Ilyaszada"> Aytaj Ilyaszada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: According to many studies, it is known that H. pylori transform into the coccoid form, which cannot be cultured and has poor metabolic activity.In this study, we succeeded in preserving the spiral shape of H.pylori for a long time by preparing a biphase transport medium with a hard bottom (Muller Hinton with 7% HRBC (horse red blood cells) agar 5ml) and liquid top part (BH (brain heart) broth + HS (horse serum)+7% HRBC+antibiotics (Vancomycin 5 mg, Trimethoprim lactate 25 mg, Polymyxin B 1250 I.U.)) in cell culture flasks with filter caps. For comparison, we also used a BH broth medium with 7% HRBC used for the transport of H.pylori. Methods: Rapid urease test positive 7 biopsy specimens were also inoculated into biphasic and BH broth medium with 7% HRBC, then put in CO2 Gaspak packages and sent to the laboratory. Then both mediums were kept in the thermostat at 37 °C for 1 day. After microscopic, PCR and urease test diagnosis, they were transferred to Columbia Agar with 7% HRBC. Incubated at 37°C for 5-7 days, cultures were examined for colony characteristics and bacterial morphology. E-test antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed. Results: There were 3 growths from biphasic transport medium passed to Columbia agar with 7% HRBC and only 1 growth from BH broth medium with 7% HRBC. It was also observed that after the first 3 days in BH broth medium with 7%, H.pylori passed into coccoid form and its biochemical activity weakened, while its spiral shape did not change for 2-3 weeks in the biphase transport medium. Conclusions: By using the biphase transport medium we have prepared; we can culture the bacterium by preventing H.pylori from spiraling into the coccoid form. In our opinion, this may result in the wide use of culture method for diagnosis of H.pylori, study of antibiotic susceptibility and molecular genetic analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinical%20trial" title="clinical trial">clinical trial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.pylori" title=" H.pylori"> H.pylori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coccoid%20form" title=" coccoid form"> coccoid form</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport%20medium" title=" transport medium"> transport medium</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164277/transport-medium-that-prevents-the-conversion-of-helicobacter-pylori-to-the-coccoid-form" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164277.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">43</span> Surface Modification of Cotton Using Slaughterhouse Wastes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Granch%20Berhe%20Tseghai">Granch Berhe Tseghai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lodrick%20Wangatia%20Makokha"> Lodrick Wangatia Makokha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cotton dyeing using reactive dyes is one of the major water polluter; this is due to large amount of dye and salt remaining in effluent. Recent adverse climate change and its associated effect to human life have lead to search for more sustainable industrial production. Cationization of cotton to improve its affinity for reactive dye has been earmarked as a major solution for dyeing of cotton with no or less salt. Synthetic cationizing agents of ammonium salt have already been commercialized. However, in nature there are proteinous products which are rich in amino and ammonium salts which can be carefully harnessed to be used as cationizing agent for cotton. The hoofs and horns have successfully been used to cationize cotton so as to improve cotton affinity to the dye. The cationization action of the hoof and horn extract on cotton was confirmed by dyeing the pretreated fabric without salt and comparing it with conventionally dyed and untreated salt free dyed fabric. UV-VIS absorption results showed better dye absorption (62.5% and 50% dye bath exhaustion percentage for cationized and untreated respectively) while K/S values of treated samples were similar to conventional sample. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cationization" title="cationization">cationization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cotton" title=" cotton"> cotton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proteinous%20products" title=" proteinous products"> proteinous products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactive%20dyes" title=" reactive dyes"> reactive dyes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23903/surface-modification-of-cotton-using-slaughterhouse-wastes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23903.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">340</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">42</span> Expert System: Debugging Using MD5 Process Firewall</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20U.%20Om%20Kumar">C. U. Om Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Kishore"> S. Kishore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Geetha"> A. Geetha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An Operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources by providing services to computer programs. One of the important user expectations of the operating system is to provide the practice of defending information from unauthorized access, disclosure, modification, inspection, recording or destruction. Operating system is always vulnerable to the attacks of malwares such as computer virus, worm, Trojan horse, backdoors, ransomware, spyware, adware, scareware and more. And so the anti-virus software were created for ensuring security against the prominent computer viruses by applying a dictionary based approach. The anti-virus programs are not always guaranteed to provide security against the new viruses proliferating every day. To clarify this issue and to secure the computer system, our proposed expert system concentrates on authorizing the processes as wanted and unwanted by the administrator for execution. The Expert system maintains a database which consists of hash code of the processes which are to be allowed. These hash codes are generated using MD5 message-digest algorithm which is a widely used cryptographic hash function. The administrator approves the wanted processes that are to be executed in the client in a Local Area Network by implementing Client-Server architecture and only the processes that match with the processes in the database table will be executed by which many malicious processes are restricted from infecting the operating system. The add-on advantage of this proposed Expert system is that it limits CPU usage and minimizes resource utilization. Thus data and information security is ensured by our system along with increased performance of the operating system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virus" title="virus">virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=worm" title=" worm"> worm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trojan%20horse" title=" Trojan horse"> Trojan horse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=back%20doors" title=" back doors"> back doors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ransomware" title=" Ransomware"> Ransomware</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spyware" title=" Spyware"> Spyware</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adware" title=" Adware"> Adware</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Scareware" title=" Scareware"> Scareware</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sticky%20software" title=" sticky software"> sticky software</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=process%20table" title=" process table"> process table</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MD5" title=" MD5"> MD5</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CPU%20usage%20and%20resource%20utilization" title="CPU usage and resource utilization ">CPU usage and resource utilization </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15661/expert-system-debugging-using-md5-process-firewall" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15661.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">427</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> The Effects of a Hippotherapy Simulator in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Canan%20Gunay%20Yazici">Canan Gunay Yazici</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zubeyir%20Sar%C4%B1"> Zubeyir Sarı</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devrim%20Tarakci"> Devrim Tarakci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Hippotherapy considered as global techniques used in rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy as it improved gait pattern, balance, postural control, balance and gross motor skills development but it encounters some problems (such as the excess of the cost of horses' care, nutrition, housing). Hippotherapy simulator is being developed in recent years to overcome these problems. These devices aim to create the effects of hippotherapy made with a real horse on patients by simulating the movements of a real horse. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of hippotherapy simulator on gross motor functions, sitting postural control and dynamic balance of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: Fourteen children with CP, aged 6–15 years, seven with a diagnosis of spastic hemiplegia, five of diplegia, two of triplegia, Gross Motor Function Classification System level I-III. The Horse Riding Simulator (HRS), including four-speed program (warm-up, level 1-2-3), was used for hippotherapy simulator. Firstly, each child received Neurodevelopmental Therapy (NDT; 45min twice weekly eight weeks). Subsequently, the same children completed HRS+NDT (30min and 15min respectively, twice weekly eight weeks). Children were assessed pre-treatment, at the end of 8th and 16th week. Gross motor function, sitting postural control, dynamic sitting and standing balance were evaluated by Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88, Dimension B, D, E and Total Score), Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), Pedalo® Sensamove Balance Test and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) respectively. Unit of Scientific Research Project of Marmara University supported our study. Results: All measured variables were a significant increase compared to baseline values after both intervention (NDT and HRS+NDT), except for dynamic sitting balance evaluated by Pedalo®. Especially HRS+NDT, increase in the measured variables was considerably higher than NDT. After NDT, the Total scores of GMFM-88 (mean baseline 62,2 ± 23,5; mean NDT: 66,6 ± 22,2; p < 0,05), TIS (10,4 ± 3,4; 12,1 ± 3; p < 0,05), PBS (37,4 ± 14,6; 39,6 ± 12,9; p < 0,05), Pedalo® sitting (91,2 ± 6,7; 92,3 ± 5,2; p > 0,05) and Pedalo® standing balance points (80,2 ± 10,8; 82,5 ± 11,5; p < 0,05) increased by 7,1%, 2%, 3,9%, 5,2% and 6 % respectively. After HRS+NDT treatment, the total scores of GMFM-88 (mean baseline: 62,2 ± 23,5; mean HRS+NDT: 71,6 ± 21,4; p < 0,05), TIS (10,4 ± 3,4; 15,6 ± 2,9; p < 0,05), PBS (37,4 ± 14,6; 42,5 ± 12; p < 0,05), Pedalo® sitting (91,2 ± 6,7; 93,8 ± 3,7; p > 0,05) and standing balance points (80,2 ± 10,8; 86,2 ± 5,6; p < 0,05) increased by 15,2%, 6%, 7,3%, 6,4%, and 11,9%, respectively, compared to the initial values. Conclusion: Neurodevelopmental therapy provided significant improvements in gross motor functions, sitting postural control, sitting and standing balance of children with CP. When the hippotherapy simulator added to the treatment program, it was observed that these functions were further developed (especially with gross motor functions and dynamic balance). As a result, this pilot study showed that the hippotherapy simulator could be a useful alternative to neurodevelopmental therapy for the improvement of gross motor function, sitting postural control and dynamic balance of children with CP. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=balance" title="balance">balance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cerebral%20palsy" title=" cerebral palsy"> cerebral palsy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hippotherapy" title=" hippotherapy"> hippotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rehabilitation" title=" rehabilitation"> rehabilitation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87845/the-effects-of-a-hippotherapy-simulator-in-children-with-cerebral-palsy-a-pilot-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87845.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">40</span> The Effect of PETTLEP Imagery on Equestrian Jumping Tasks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurwina%20Anuar">Nurwina Anuar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aswad%20Anuar"> Aswad Anuar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Imagery is a popular mental technique used by athletes and coaches to improve learning and performance. It has been widely investigated and beneficial in the sports context. However, the imagery application in equestrian sport has been understudied. Thus, the effectiveness of imagery should encompass the application in the equestrian sport to ensure its application covert all sports. Unlike most sports (e.g., football, badminton, tennis, ski) which are both mental and physical are dependent solely upon human decision and response, equestrian sports involves the interaction of human-horse collaboration to success in the equestrian tasks. This study aims to investigate the effect of PETTLEP imagery on equestrian jumping tasks, motivation and imagery ability. It was hypothesized that the use of PETTLEP imagery intervention will significantly increase in the skill equestrian jumping tasks. It was also hypothesized that riders’ imagery ability and motivation will increase across phases. The participants were skilled riders with less to no imagery experience. A single-subject ABA design was employed. The study was occurred over five week’s period at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Equestrian Park. Imagery ability was measured using the Sport Imagery Assessment Questionnaires (SIAQ), the motivational measured based on the Motivational imagery ability measure for Sport (MIAMS). The effectiveness of the PETTLEP imagery intervention on show jumping tasks were evaluated by the professional equine rider on the observational scale. Results demonstrated the improvement on all equestrian jumping tasks for the most participants from baseline to intervention. Result shows the improvement on imagery ability and participants’ motivations after the PETTLEP imagery intervention. Implication of the present study include underlining the impact of PETTLEP imagery on equestrian jumping tasks. The result extends the previous research on the effectiveness of PETTLEP imagery in the sports context that involves interaction and collaboration between human and horse. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PETTLEP%20imagery" title="PETTLEP imagery">PETTLEP imagery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imagery%20ability" title=" imagery ability"> imagery ability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equestrian" title=" equestrian"> equestrian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equestrian%20jumping%20tasks" title=" equestrian jumping tasks"> equestrian jumping tasks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82648/the-effect-of-pettlep-imagery-on-equestrian-jumping-tasks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82648.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> A Descriptive Study of the Mineral Content of Conserved Forage Fed to Horses in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and France</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Louise%20Jones">Louise Jones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafael%20De%20Andrade%20Moral"> Rafael De Andrade Moral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20C.%20Stephens"> John C. Stephens</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Minerals are an essential component of correct nutrition. Conserved hay/haylage is an important component of many horse's diets. Variations in the mineral content of conserved forage should be considered when assessing dietary intake. Objectives: This study describes the levels and differences in 15 commonly analysed minerals in conserved forage fed to horses in the United Kingdom (UK), Ireland (IRL), and France (FRA). Methods: Hay (FRA n=92, IRL n=168, UK n=152) and haylage samples (UK n=287, IRL n=49) were collected during 2017-2020. Mineral analysis was undertaken using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Statistical analysis was performed using beta regression, Gaussian, or gamma models, depending on the nature of the response variable. Results: There are significant differences in the mineral content of the UK, IRL, and FRA conserved forage samples. FRA hay samples had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of Sulphur (0.16 ± 0.0051 %), Calcium (0.56 ± 0.0342%), Magnesium (0.16 ± 0.0069 mg/ kg DM), Iron (194 ± 23.0 mg/kg DM), Cobalt (0.21 ± 0.0244 mg/kg DM) and Copper (4.94 ± 0.196 mg/kg DM) content compared to hay from the other two countries. UK hay samples had significantly less (p < 0.05) Selenium (0.07 ± 0.0084 mg/kg DM), whilst IRL hay samples were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Chloride (0.9 ± 0.026mg/kg DM) compared to hay from the other two countries. IRL haylage samples were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Phosphorus (0.26 ± 0.0102 %), Sulphur (0.17 ± 0.0052 %), Chloride (1.01 ± 0.0519 %), Calcium (0.54 ± 0.0257 %), Selenium (0.17 ± 0.0322 mg/kg DM) and Molybdenum (1.47 ± 0.137 mg/kg DM) compared to haylage from the UK. Main Limitations: Forage samples were obtained from professional yards and may not be reflective of forages fed by most horse owners. Information regarding soil type, species of grass, fertiliser treatment, harvest, or storage conditions were not included in this study. Conclusions: At a DM intake of 2% body weight, conserved forage as sampled in this study will be insufficient to meet Zinc, Iodine, and Copper NRC maintenance requirements, and Se intake will also be insufficient for horses fed the UK conserved forage. Many horses receive hay/haylage as the main component of their diet; this study highlights the need to consider forage analysis when making dietary recommendations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conserved%20forage" title="conserved forage">conserved forage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hay" title=" hay"> hay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haylage" title=" haylage"> haylage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minerals" title=" minerals"> minerals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137448/a-descriptive-study-of-the-mineral-content-of-conserved-forage-fed-to-horses-in-the-united-kingdom-ireland-and-france" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137448.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">227</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> Nutritional Value Determination of Different Varieties of Oats and Barley Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Method for the Horses Nutrition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Viliene">V. Viliene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Sasyte"> V. Sasyte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Raceviciute-Stupeliene"> A. Raceviciute-Stupeliene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Gruzauskas"> R. Gruzauskas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In horse nutrition, the most suitable cereal for their rations composition could be defined as oats and barley. Oats have high nutritive value because it provides more protein, fiber, iron and zinc than other whole grains, has good taste, and an activity of stimulating metabolic changes in the body. Another cereal – barley is very similar to oats as a feed except for some characteristics that affect how it is used; however, barley is lower in fiber than oats and is classified as a "heavy" feed. The value of oats and barley grain, first of all is dependent on its composition. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has long been considered and used as a significant method in component and quality analysis and as an emerging technology for authenticity applications for cereal quality control. This paper presents the chemical and amino acid composition of different varieties of barley and oats, also digestible energy of different cereals for horses. Ten different spring barley (n = 5) and oats (n = 5) varieties, grown in one location in Lithuania, were assayed for their chemical composition (dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, crude fiber, starch) and amino acids content, digestible amino acids and amino acids digestibility. Also, the grains digestible energy for horses was calculated. The oats and barley samples reflectance spectra were measured by means of NIRS using Foss-Tecator DS2500 equipment. The chemical components: fat, crude protein, starch and fiber differed statistically (P<0.05) between the oats and barley varieties. The highest total amino acid content between oats was determined in variety Flamingsprofi (4.56 g/kg) and the lowest – variety Circle (3.57 g/kg), and between barley - respectively in varieties Publican (3.50 g/kg) and Sebastian (3.11 g/kg). The different varieties of oats digestible amino acid content varied from 3.11 g/kg to 4.07 g/kg; barley different varieties varied from 2.59 g/kg to 2.94 g/kg. The average amino acids digestibility of oats varied from 74.4% (Liz) to 95.6% (Fen) and in barley - from 75.8 % (Tre) to 89.6% (Fen). The amount of digestible energy in the analyzed varieties of oats and barley was an average compound 13.74 MJ/kg DM and 14.85 MJ/kg DM, respectively. An analysis of the results showed that different varieties of oats compared with barley are preferable for horse nutrition according to the crude fat, crude fiber, ash and separate amino acids content, but the analyzed barley varieties dominated the higher amounts of crude protein, the digestible Liz amount and higher DE content, and thus, could be recommended for making feed formulation for horses combining oats and barley, taking into account the chemical composition of using cereal varieties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barley" title="barley">barley</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digestive%20energy" title=" digestive energy"> digestive energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horses" title=" horses"> horses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutritional%20value" title=" nutritional value"> nutritional value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oats" title=" oats"> oats</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58639/nutritional-value-determination-of-different-varieties-of-oats-and-barley-using-near-infrared-spectroscopy-method-for-the-horses-nutrition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58639.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">205</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> The Subtle Influence of Hindu Doctrines on Film Industry: A Case Study of Movie Avatar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cemil%20Kutlut%C3%BCrk">Cemil Kutlutürk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hindu culture and religious doctrines such as caste, reincarnation, yoga, nirvana have always proved a popular theme for the film industry. The analyzing of these motifs in the movies with a scientific approach enables to individuals either to comprehend the messages and deep meanings of films or to understand others’ religious beliefs systems and daily lives in a properly way. The primary aim of this study is to handle the subtle influence of Hindu doctrines on cinema industry by focusing on James Cameron’s film, Avatar and its relationship with Hindu concept of avatara by referring to original Hindu sacred texts where this doctrine is basically clarified. The Sanskrit word avatara means to come down or to descend. Although an avatara is commonly considered as an appearance of any deity on earth, the term refers the Vishnu’s descending on earth. When the movie avatar and avatara doctrine are compared, various similarities have noteworthy revealed. Firstly in the movie, Jake is chosen by Eywa to protect Pandora from evils. Similarly in the movie, avatar is born when there is a rise of jealousy and unrighteousness. The same concept is found in avatara doctrine. According to this belief whenever righteousness (dharma) wanes and unrighteousness (adharma) increases God incarnates himself as an avatara. In Hindu tradition, the ten avataras of Vishnu are the most popular. This standard list of ten avataras includes the Fish, the Tortoise, the Boar, the Man-Lion (Narasimha), the Dwarf, Parasurama, Rama, Krishna, the Buddha and Kalki. In the movie the avatar has tail, eyes, nose, ear which is similar to Narasimha (half man-half lion) avatara. On the other hand use of bow and arrow by Navis in the film, evokes us Rama avatara whose basic gun is same. Navis fly on a dragon like bird called Ikra and ride a horse-like quadruped animal. The vehicle for transformation of the avatar in the movie is also resemblance with the idea of Garuda, the great mythical bird, which is used by Vishnu in Hindu mythology. In addition, the last avatara, Kalki, will be seen on a white horse according to Puranas. The basic difference is that for Hinduism avatara means descent of a God, yet in the movie, a human being named Jake Sully, is manifested as humanoid of another planet, this is called as avatar. While in the movie the avatar manifests himself in another planet, Pandora, in Hinduism avataras descent on this world. On the other hand, in Hindu scriptures, there are many avataras and they are categorized according to their functions and attributes. These sides of avatara doctrine cannot be also seen clearly in the film. Even though there are some differences between each other, the main hypothesis of this study is that the general character of the movie is similar to avatara doctrine. In the movie instead of emphasizing on a specific avatara, qualities of different Vishnu avataras have been properly used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=film%20industry" title="film industry">film industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hinduism" title=" Hinduism"> Hinduism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incarnation" title=" incarnation"> incarnation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20Cameron" title=" James Cameron"> James Cameron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=movie%20avatar" title=" movie avatar"> movie avatar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42261/the-subtle-influence-of-hindu-doctrines-on-film-industry-a-case-study-of-movie-avatar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42261.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">401</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">36</span> Detection of Heroin and Its Metabolites in Urine Samples: A Chemiluminescence Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonu%20Gandhi">Sonu Gandhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neena%20Capalash"> Neena Capalash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prince%20Sharma"> Prince Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Raman%20Suri"> C. Raman Suri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A sensitive chemiluminescence immunoassay (CIA) for heroin and its major metabolites is reported. The method is based on the competitive reaction of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled anti-MAM antibody and free drug in spiked urine samples. A hapten-protein conjugate was synthesized by using acidic derivative of monoacetyl morphine (MAM) coupled to carrier protein BSA and was used as an immunogen for the generation of anti-MAM (monoacetyl morphine) antibody. A high titer of antibody (1:64,0000) was obtained and the relative affinity constant (Kaff) of antibody was 3.1×107 l/mol. Under the optimal conditions, linear range and reactivity for heroin, mono acetyl morphine (MAM), morphine and codeine were 0.08, 0.09, 0.095 and 0.092 ng/mL respectively. The developed chemiluminescence inhibition assay could detect heroin and its metabolites in standard and urine samples up to 0.01 ng/ml. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heroin" title="heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metabolites" title=" metabolites"> metabolites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemiluminescence%20immunoassay" title=" chemiluminescence immunoassay"> chemiluminescence immunoassay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horse%20radish%20peroxidase" title=" horse radish peroxidase "> horse radish peroxidase </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44063/detection-of-heroin-and-its-metabolites-in-urine-samples-a-chemiluminescence-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44063.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary 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