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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of excavation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_excavation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_tell_and_temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_tell_and_temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of the tell and temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_tell_and_temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture and fittings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture_and_fittings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Interior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footprints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footprints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Footprints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footprints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarities_with_Solomon's_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_with_Solomon's_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Similarities with Solomon's Temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_with_Solomon's_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_in_2018–2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_in_2018–2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Destruction in 2018–2019</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Destruction_in_2018–2019-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Destruction in 2018–2019 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Destruction_in_2018–2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destruction_by_Turkish_military_in_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_by_Turkish_military_in_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Destruction by Turkish military in 2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_by_Turkish_military_in_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basalt_lion_stolen_by_Turkish-backed_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basalt_lion_stolen_by_Turkish-backed_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Basalt lion stolen by Turkish-backed group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basalt_lion_stolen_by_Turkish-backed_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warnings_gone_by_as_careless_and/or_deliberate_destruction_continues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warnings_gone_by_as_careless_and/or_deliberate_destruction_continues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Warnings gone by as careless and/or deliberate destruction continues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warnings_gone_by_as_careless_and/or_deliberate_destruction_continues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_end_of_Ain_Dara_and_the_ancient_basalt_lion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_end_of_Ain_Dara_and_the_ancient_basalt_lion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>The end of Ain Dara and the ancient basalt lion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_end_of_Ain_Dara_and_the_ancient_basalt_lion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ain Dara (archaeological site)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A)" title="عين دارة (موقع أثري) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عين دارة (موقع أثري)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Dara" title="Ain Dara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ain Dara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Ain_Dara" title="Tell Ain Dara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tell Ain Dara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_Ain_Dara" title="Templo de Ain Dara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Templo de Ain Dara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Dara_(site_arch%C3%A9ologique)" title="Ain Dara (site archéologique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ain Dara (site archéologique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempio_di_Ain_Dara" title="Tempio di Ain Dara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tempio di Ain Dara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99)" title="עין דארה (אתר ארכאולוגי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עין דארה (אתר ארכאולוגי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gir%C3%AA_Endar%C3%AA" title="Girê Endarê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Girê Endarê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Dara" title="Ain Dara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ain Dara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Dara-tempelet" title="Ain Dara-tempelet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ain Dara-tempelet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Айн-Дара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Айн-Дара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Daran_temppeli" title="Ain Daran temppeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ain Daran temppeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templet_i_Ain_Dara" title="Templet i Ain Dara – Swedish" lang="sv" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&params=36_27_33.7_N_36_51_7.5_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°27′33.7″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°51′7.5″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.459361°N 36.852083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.459361; 36.852083</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in Syria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other places with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Ain_Dara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ain Dara (disambiguation)">Ain Dara</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ain Dara temple</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ain_Dara_Alp1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ain_Dara_Alp1.jpg/220px-Ain_Dara_Alp1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ain_Dara_Alp1.jpg/330px-Ain_Dara_Alp1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ain_Dara_Alp1.jpg/440px-Ain_Dara_Alp1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The remains of the Ain Dara temple before 2018</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:280px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:280px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ain Dara (archaeological site) is located in Syria"><img alt="Ain Dara (archaeological site) is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/280px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/420px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/560px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:20.369%;left:25.027%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ain Dara (archaeological site)"><img alt="Ain Dara (archaeological site)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Syria</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ain_Dara,_Aleppo_Governorate" title="Ain Dara, Aleppo Governorate">Ain Dara</a> village, <a href="/wiki/Afrin_District" title="Afrin District">Afrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&params=36_27_33.7_N_36_51_7.5_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°27′33.7″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°51′7.5″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.459361°N 36.852083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.459361; 36.852083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Temple</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Acropolis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">30 m (98 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">20 m (66 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">600 m<sup>2</sup> (6,500 sq ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category">stone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1300 BC to 740 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aramean" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramean">Aramean</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1980–1985</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">ruins</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ain Dara temple</b> is a destroyed <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Hittite">Syro-Hittite</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> noted for its similarities to <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a>, also known as the "First <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>", as described in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KingStager2001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingStager2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Long2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hess1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located near the village of <a href="/wiki/Ain_Dara,_Aleppo_Governorate" title="Ain Dara, Aleppo Governorate">Ain Dara</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Afrin_District" title="Afrin District">Afrin District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. </p><p>According to the excavator, Ali Abu Assaf, it existed from <a href="/wiki/1300_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="1300 BC">1300 BC</a> until <a href="/wiki/740_BC" title="740 BC">740 BC</a> and remained almost unchanged during the construction of Solomon's Temple (1000–900 BC) as it had been before<sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so it predates the First Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temples of <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbaqat" title="Mumbaqat">Mumbaqat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> (Temple D) are also comparable, as is the nearby <a href="/wiki/8th_century_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="8th century BCE">8th century BCE</a> temple at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Tayinat" title="Tell Tayinat">Tell Tayinat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess1999_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving sculptures depict lions and <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinxes</a>, which are comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherubim</a> of the First Temple. </p><p>Massive footprints were carved into the floor; whether of giants, humans, or animals is debatable.<sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also left to speculation is to whom the temple is dedicated. Ain Dara may have been devoted to <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, the female <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian deity</a> of fertility and civilisation,<sup id="cite_ref-FreedmanMyers2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreedmanMyers2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> version of Ishtar, <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">ʿAṯtart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LemaireAdams2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LemaireAdams2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also might have been dedicated to the male storm deity <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a>, or it might have been an <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> on a road known as <a href="/wiki/Via_Maris" title="Via Maris">the international coastal highway</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WaltonBaker2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaltonBaker2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Assad_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad government">Assad government</a>, the temple was significantly damaged by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish jets</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Afrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military operation in Afrin">Turkish military operation in Afrin</a> in late January 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports indicate that at least 60% percent of the structure was reduced to rubble.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire front facade of the temple has been destroyed in photos and video released online. The site's emblematic basalt lion was stolen in December 2019 by members of the <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Division_(Aleppo)" title="Hamza Division (Aleppo)">Hamza Division</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-al-Sabbagh_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-Sabbagh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ain Dara temple is located in north Syria, 67 kilometres (42 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> near the Syro-Turkish border. It was built on a terrace known as the "<a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a>". The tell itself is precipitous-faced and overlooks the <a href="/wiki/Afrin_River" title="Afrin River">Afrin Valley</a>. The area is divided in two parts, the main tell that is 25 m (82 ft) above the surrounding plain, and the lower acropolis which covers an area of 25 ha (60 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-Hess1999_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StoneZimansky1999_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoneZimansky1999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2016)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)#The_lower_acropolis,_still_an_acropolis,_must_also_be_above_the_plain._Cintrasting_tell_with_acropolis_is_plain_wrong." title="Talk:Ain Dara (archaeological site)">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Just east of the temple site is the modern-day village of <a href="/wiki/Ain_Dara,_Aleppo_Governorate" title="Ain Dara, Aleppo Governorate">Ain Dara</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_excavation">History of excavation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of excavation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ain_Dara_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ain_Dara_crop.jpg/220px-Ain_Dara_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ain_Dara_crop.jpg/330px-Ain_Dara_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ain_Dara_crop.jpg/440px-Ain_Dara_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="1557" /></a><figcaption>Colossal basalt lion found in 1955</figcaption></figure> <p>The discovery of the temple was the result of a fortuitous finding of a colossal basalt lion in 1955. Excavations in 1956, 1962, and 1964 were conducted by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dunand" title="Maurice Dunand">Maurice Dunand</a> and Feisal Seirafi; beginning in 1976, Ali Abu Assaf continued the work.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehmann2002_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_tell_and_temple">History of the tell and temple</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of the tell and temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest habitation signs on the tell are from the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period during the fourth millennium BC, and the tell remained occupied until the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a> (1517 -1917).<sup id="cite_ref-Hess1999_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ali Abu Assaf discovered the temple and inferred that it was built in three structural phases in the period from about 1300 BC to 740 BC. The first phase was from 1300 to 1000 BC, the second phase from 1000 to 900 BC, and third phase from 900 to 740 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess1999_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_and_fittings">Architecture and fittings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Architecture and fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_outline">General outline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General outline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AinDara,SE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/AinDara%2CSE.jpg/220px-AinDara%2CSE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/AinDara%2CSE.jpg/330px-AinDara%2CSE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/AinDara%2CSE.jpg/440px-AinDara%2CSE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Ain Dara Temple before the Turkish bombing destroyed it in early 2018.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SYRIE_295.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/SYRIE_295.jpg/220px-SYRIE_295.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/SYRIE_295.jpg/330px-SYRIE_295.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/SYRIE_295.jpg/440px-SYRIE_295.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the outer wall of the Ain Dara temple, showing two lions</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ain Dara <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_antis" title="Temple in antis">temple</a>, as excavated, has revealed a three-part layout with structural blocks of basalt on limestone foundations. However, it has been conjectured that the temple probably had a mud-brick superstructure covered with wood paneling, which has not survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess1999_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exterior">Exterior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exterior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A courtyard built with sandstones provides the approach to the temple. The courtyard is paved with flagstones where a chalkstone basin for ceremonial purposes is seen.<sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple, 30 by 20 m (98 by 66 ft) in size, faces southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess1999_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its exterior contains a <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherubim</a> relief.<sup id="cite_ref-Block2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entrance porch, or portico, marked by two basalt piers or pillars, and a wide hall, were not roofed over and were part of an open courtyard. The entrance pillars appear to have architectural and <a href="/wiki/Cultic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultic">cultic</a> significance.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess1999_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a> and two lions decorate the temple portico flanking the three steps (out of four) made from basalt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior">Interior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SYRIE_291.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/SYRIE_291.jpg/220px-SYRIE_291.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/SYRIE_291.jpg/330px-SYRIE_291.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/SYRIE_291.jpg/440px-SYRIE_291.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed wall of Ain Dara Temple with cherubim relief in lower panel</figcaption></figure> <p>The main sections include the porch, a middle room and an inner room or <a href="/wiki/Sanctum_sanctorum" title="Sanctum sanctorum">sanctum sanctorum</a>. The middle room is 6 metres (20 ft) by 15.5 metres (51 ft) in area and is lined with lion reliefs, <a href="/wiki/Guilloch%C3%A9" title="Guilloché">guilloché</a>, and panels resembling windows. The square main hall is 16 metres (52 ft) by 16 metres (52 ft); at the rear end of this hall reliefs and a <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> were added. There are basalt <a href="/wiki/Reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliefs">reliefs</a> in the lower wall panels. An elevated podium (0.75 m (2 ft 6 in) high platform), a niche, and a secondary wall are part of the visible remains. </p><p>In the small shrine area situated at the innermost area of the temple, the wall has carved sockets and grooves,<sup id="cite_ref-Hess1999_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which point to the former presence of a wooden screen. A ramp joins the main room to the platform area and the sanctum. The back wall of the sanctum has a niche which probably housed a statue of a god or goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paved floors and wall reliefs are visible in the multistoried hallways, at least three stories high, that flank three sides of the temple,<sup id="cite_ref-Hess1999_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with at least one southern entrance. Figure-eight lattice patterns are included on two false, recessed windows that were carved into the temple walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Long2002_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While all these were dated as part of first- and second-phase creations, the material remains unearthed at the site identify additions made in the third phase of construction, an "<a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a> with a series of side chambers on three sides of the temple". It has also been inferred that these chambers were part of the pre-existing temple platform and not linked to the main temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footprints">Footprints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footprints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:358px;max-width:358px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SYRIE_294.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SYRIE_294.jpg/175px-SYRIE_294.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SYRIE_294.jpg/263px-SYRIE_294.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SYRIE_294.jpg/350px-SYRIE_294.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SYRIE_293.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/SYRIE_293.jpg/175px-SYRIE_293.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/SYRIE_293.jpg/263px-SYRIE_293.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/SYRIE_293.jpg/350px-SYRIE_293.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: The left footprint (ca. 1 metre in length). Right: The right footprint (about 1 metre in length)</div></div></div></div> <p>A pair of large, bare footprints, each about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in length, are carved into the stone floors of the portico, followed by a single footprint carved beyond the first two, and another single footprint carved into the threshold. "These footprints undoubtedly represent the deity to whom the temple was dedicated, probably Ba'al Hadad, striding into his abode, towards the throne room."<sup id="cite_ref-WaltonBaker2009_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaltonBaker2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StoneZimansky1999_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoneZimansky1999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This parallels <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_43" title="Ezekiel 43">Ezekiel 43</a>:7, where <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> explains that the Temple in Jerusalem "is the place of My throne and the place for the soles of My feet".<sup id="cite_ref-WaltonBaker2009_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaltonBaker2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such an individual would be 20 m (66 ft) in height based on the size of the footprints. </p><p>Monson has also noted that the deities in all the Ain Dara temple reliefs have "shoes with curled-up toes". The source of the footprints is debatable.<sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similarities_with_Solomon's_Temple"><span id="Similarities_with_Solomon.27s_Temple"></span>Similarities with Solomon's Temple</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Similarities with Solomon's Temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solomon%27sTempleEast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Solomon%27sTempleEast.png/220px-Solomon%27sTempleEast.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Solomon%27sTempleEast.png 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Conceptual sketch of elevation of <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> as explained in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the 1980–1985 excavations, the similarities between the temple at Ain Dara with Solomon's Temple in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> as described in the Biblical texts, though not seen on the ground, were discussed by archaeologists and historians. Already the smaller 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Tell_Tayinat" title="Tell Tayinat">Tell Tayinat</a> temple, discovered during excavations in 1936 and located about 50 miles (80 km) away, had "caused a sensation because of its similarities to Solomon's Temple."<sup id="cite_ref-Hess1999_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many features in common with Solomon's Temple as described in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a>. The layout of Dara is similar to that of the Biblical temple, which was also of a long room plan with the three-room configuration of a portico at the entrance followed by the main chamber with the shrine. The difference is in the antechamber, which is an add-on in the Ain Dara temple. The size of the Solomon temple was 35 m (115 ft) by 9 m (30 ft) while that of the Ain Dara is 30 m (98 ft) long by 20 m (66 ft) wide without side chambers. Other similarities include </p> <ul><li>a location on a <a href="/wiki/High_place" title="High place">high place</a> overlooking a city</li> <li>erected on a raised platform, with a narrow portico and a roof supported on pillars flanked by reliefs on the walls and carvings of similar motifs</li> <li>the raised podium.</li></ul> <p>In brief, 33 of the architectural elements found in Ain Dara are tallied with 65 of the features mentioned in the Biblical description of Solomon's Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Monson_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destruction_in_2018–2019"><span id="Destruction_in_2018.E2.80.932019"></span>Destruction in 2018–2019</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Destruction in 2018–2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_by_Turkish_military_in_2018">Destruction by Turkish military in 2018</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Destruction by Turkish military in 2018"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late January 2018, both the <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_of_Antiquities_and_Museums" title="Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums">Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums</a> and pro-rebel <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> reported major destruction of the temple following <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrikes</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a> in the course of their <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Afrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military operation in Afrin">Afrin offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aerial bombardments of the Ain Dara site were first reported by a local resident via Dutch news network <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting" title="Nederlandse Omroep Stichting">NOS</a> on 23 January 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As reported on MSN news, with the headline "Blown to bits", it is clear the temple was heavily damaged. "For 3,000 years, the lion sculptures of Syria's Ain Dara stood as testaments to the Iron Age. But as Turkish bombardment pounds the region, they have little left but their paws."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> As stated by the Directorate of Antiquities in Afrin on 31 January 2018: </p><blockquote><p> "Turkish forces revealed the occupation of Syrian geography in its real face, especially the Turkish state, since the declaration of war on Afrin canton on 20 January 2018, as it escalated <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> to go beyond the targeting of military forces to include shelling villages and towns full of civilians from the elderly, children and women To the rich and varied history and civilization of the province from prehistoric times to the present day."<br /> "On 27 January 2018, the Turkish state warplanes bombarded and damaged the ancient "Ein -Darat" temple, despite its distance from the fighting fronts and the areas of engagement, by about 20 kilometers. Accordingly, the Directorate of Antiquities in Afrin canton and all the bodies and councils associated with Democratic Autonomous Administration and civil institutions condemn this savage shelling of sites and archaeological sites that are the property of all mankind. We call on the international community and all organizations involved in this field to intervene immediately, seriously and Turkish Cultural and Human Heritage in Afrin canton".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Culture (Syria)">Syrian Ministry of Culture</a> issued a statement condemning the attack on the site as "aggression of the Turkish regime on archaeological sites in the northern countryside of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>" and called on international organizations to denounce the attack on Ain Dara.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basalt_lion_stolen_by_Turkish-backed_group">Basalt lion stolen by Turkish-backed group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Basalt lion stolen by Turkish-backed group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early December 2019, Al-Hamzat backed by Turkish forces, took part in <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Operation Peace Spring</a>, journeying out to eventually plunder the already Turkish-bombed disaster area of 'Ain Dara's archaeological site. It was reported across multiple news outlets including the Syrian information news network of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_News_Agency" title="Syrian Arab News Agency">SANA</a>, that this group also carried out illegal excavations in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a> and looted facilities near <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a> region of Northeast Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-al-Sabbagh_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-Sabbagh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ain_Dara_Lion_(4090391114).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ain_Dara_Lion_%284090391114%29.jpg/220px-Ain_Dara_Lion_%284090391114%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ain_Dara_Lion_%284090391114%29.jpg/330px-Ain_Dara_Lion_%284090391114%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ain_Dara_Lion_%284090391114%29.jpg/440px-Ain_Dara_Lion_%284090391114%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The giant basalt Lion which was stolen in December 2019 by Turkish backed Syrian rebels.</figcaption></figure><p> The basalt lion sculpture, which was discovered in 1956, like the Ain Dara temple itself, is now gone:</p><blockquote><p>"On December 20th [2019], the Turkish army and its mercenaries attacked Afrin with tanks, artillery and jets causing massive destruction of the city....Recent footage of a military exercise by a pro-Turkish militia (National Liberation Front) who established a shooting range against the archaeological hill of Ain Dara in the occupied Afrin province invaded and controlled by Turkish forces and their proxy militias last year, revealed the tragic disappearance of the famous historical masterpiece known as The Lion of Afrin. Ain Dara itself was targeted by Turkish jets in 2018 as Turkish units and their proxy forces advanced on the area known for its archaeological wealth that featured one of the world's oldest temples often compared in significance to the Temple of Solomon... The disappearance of the Lion of Afrin marks another war crime against Syrian history and humanity at large."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warnings_gone_by_as_careless_and/or_deliberate_destruction_continues"><span id="Warnings_gone_by_as_careless_and.2For_deliberate_destruction_continues"></span>Warnings gone by as careless and/or deliberate destruction continues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Warnings gone by as careless and/or deliberate destruction continues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.N. organizations and human rights groups have heavily warned since February 2019 that Turkish backed rebel forces were carrying out systematic violent and deadly attacks against Kurdish civilians in Afrin.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “<i>The commission finds there are reasonable grounds to believe that armed group members in Afrin committed the war crimes of hostage-taking, cruel treatment, torture, and pillage</i>,” the United Nations report said.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_end_of_Ain_Dara_and_the_ancient_basalt_lion">The end of Ain Dara and the ancient basalt lion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The end of Ain Dara and the ancient basalt lion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> After months of warnings, on 17 December 2019, the Prensa Latina news source detailed the looting of Ain Dara, reporting: </p><blockquote><p>"...these elements carried out illegal excavations in areas of the town of Afrin, in the north of Aleppo and looted properties and facilities in the village of Tal Mohammed and near that of Ras Al Ayn, in that of Hasaka. Various sources also indicated that in the village of Joga, near the aforementioned Afrin, terrorists of the <b>Al Hamzat</b> organization <b>seized a Basalt Lion at the Archaeological site of Ain Dara</b>"...<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>There are many tell [archaeological mound] sites in the surrounding area, such as <a href="/wiki/Tall_Sulaym%C4%81n%C4%AB" title="Tall Sulaymānī">Tall Sulaymānī</a>, which in Arabic means "Tell of Solomon". Furthermore, to the east also is <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>, the second largest city in the al-Hasakah Governorate, which was home to a significant Jewish community in ancient times. It was also the modern center of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, formed after the 1915 <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian Genocide</a>, which followed the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocides</a> perpetrated against the Syrian Christians during WWI. An estimated 20,000 Christians left the city of Qamishli after the 2011 Syrian War erupted.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qamishli is situated at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a>, located near the area of ancient <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a>, which was founded during the 3000 BC era. Excavations have been on hold during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian War</a> since 2011, but unlike Ain Dara, the Urkesh site is protected by Kurdish YPG troops since 2016. Additionally, in the town of Urkesh, the copper <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_foundation_pegs" title="Hurrian foundation pegs">Louvre lion</a> and accompanying stone tablet bearing the earliest known text in <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a> was discovered, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian period</a> of 2300 – 2159 BC. A <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_foundation_pegs" title="Hurrian foundation pegs">second, copper lion</a> found there, is on permanent exhibit in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KingStager2001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KingStager2001_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKingStager2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._King" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip J. King">King, Philip J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stager" title="Lawrence Stager">Stager, Lawrence E.</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeinbiblicalis0000king"><i>Life in Biblical Israel</i></a></span>. Louisville, Ky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeinbiblicalis0000king/page/334">334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+Biblical+Israel&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Ky&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft.au=Stager%2C+Lawrence+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeinbiblicalis0000king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin+Dara+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long2002-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long2002_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long2002_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2002" class="citation book cs1">Long, Jesse (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LS1VUQyXpbAC&pg=PA110"><i>1 & 2 Kings</i></a>. College Press. pp. 110–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-882-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-882-0"><bdi>978-0-89900-882-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+%26+2+Kings&rft.pages=110-111&rft.pub=College+Press&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89900-882-0&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLS1VUQyXpbAC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin+Dara+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hess1999-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hess1999_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess1999_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess1999_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess1999_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess1999_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess1999_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess1999_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess1999_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess1999_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess1999_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess1999_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonson1999" class="citation book cs1">Monson, John M. (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk_xLfQ_SRAC&pg=PA16">"The Temple of Solomon: Heart of Jerusalem"</a>. In Hess, Richard S.; Wenham, Gordon J. (eds.). <i>Zion, city of our God</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 12–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4426-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4426-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-4426-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Temple+of+Solomon%3A+Heart+of+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=Zion%2C+city+of+our+God&rft.pages=12-19&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4426-2&rft.aulast=Monson&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLk_xLfQ_SRAC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin+Dara+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monson_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonson" class="citation web cs1">Monson, John M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714084050/http://www.michaelsheiser.com/PaleoBabble/Ayn%20Dara%20Parallel%20to%20Solomons%20Temple.pdf">"The New 'Ain Dara Temple: Closest Solomonic Parallel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. michaelsheiser.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelsheiser.com/PaleoBabble/Ayn%20Dara%20Parallel%20to%20Solomons%20Temple.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+%27Ain+Dara+Temple%3A+Closest+Solomonic+Parallel&rft.pub=michaelsheiser.com&rft.aulast=Monson&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michaelsheiser.com%2FPaleoBabble%2FAyn%2520Dara%2520Parallel%2520to%2520Solomons%2520Temple.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin+Dara+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hicks2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hicks2001_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2001" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, John Mark (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTQ6RXcBPNEC&pg=PA272"><i>1 & 2 Chronicles</i></a>. College Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-883-7"><bdi>978-0-89900-883-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+%26+2+Chronicles&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=College+Press&rft.date=2001-03&rft.isbn=978-0-89900-883-7&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=John+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTQ6RXcBPNEC%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin+Dara+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreedmanMyers2000-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FreedmanMyers2000_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanMyersBeck2000" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA1265"><i>Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 1265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=1265&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=David+Noel&rft.au=Myers%2C+Allen+C.&rft.au=Beck%2C+Astrid+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9sYIRXZZ2MC%26pg%3DPA1265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin+Dara+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LemaireAdams2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LemaireAdams2009_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemaireAdamsBaruch_Halpern2009" class="citation book cs1">Lemaire, Andra(c); Adams, Dr Samuel; Baruch Halpern (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1SXbIFYu-ZAC&pg=PA297"><i>Book of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception</i></a>. BRILL. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17729-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17729-1"><bdi>978-90-04-17729-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Kings%3A+Sources%2C+Composition%2C+Historiography+and+Reception&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17729-1&rft.aulast=Lemaire&rft.aufirst=Andra%28c%29&rft.au=Adams%2C+Dr+Samuel&rft.au=Baruch+Halpern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1SXbIFYu-ZAC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin+Dara+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaltonBaker2009-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaltonBaker2009_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaltonBaker2009_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaltonBaker2009_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltonBakerBodiPaul_W._Ferris2009" class="citation book cs1">Walton, John H.; Baker, David W.; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bodi" title="Daniel Bodi">Bodi, Daniel</a>; Paul W. Ferris (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUaatH0qtVQC&pg=PA494"><i>Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel</i></a>. Zondervan. p. 494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-25576-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-25576-5"><bdi>978-0-310-25576-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaiah%2C+Jeremiah%2C+Lamentations%2C+Ezekiel%2C+Daniel&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-310-25576-5&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Baker%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Bodi%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Paul+W.+Ferris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUaatH0qtVQC%26pg%3DPA494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin+Dara+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-temple/syrian-government-says-turkish-shelling-damaged-ancient-temple-idUSKBN1FH08F">"Syrian government says Turkish shelling damaged ancient temple"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709191313/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-temple/syrian-government-says-turkish-shelling-damaged-ancient-temple-idUSKBN1FH08F">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+government+says+Turkish+shelling+damaged+ancient+temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-temple%2Fsyrian-government-says-turkish-shelling-damaged-ancient-temple-idUSKBN1FH08F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin+Dara+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/29/turkish-bombing-damages-3000-year-old-temple-northern-syria/">Turkish bombing damages 3,000-year-old temple in northern Syria</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-Sabbagh-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al-Sabbagh_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al-Sabbagh_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Sabbagh2019" class="citation web cs1">al-Sabbagh, Hazem (16 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=180602">"American newspaper: Militants affiliated with Turkey stole basalt lion statue from Ain Dara archeological site"</a>. <i>Syrian Arab News Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Arab+News+Agency&rft.atitle=American+newspaper%3A+Militants+affiliated+with+Turkey+stole+basalt+lion+statue+from+Ain+Dara+archeological+site&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft.aulast=al-Sabbagh&rft.aufirst=Hazem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D180602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin+Dara+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StoneZimansky1999-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StoneZimansky1999_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StoneZimansky1999_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneZimansky1999" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Elizabeth Caecilia; Zimansky, Paul E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xgs-AQAAIAAJ"><i>The Iron age settlement at ʻAin Dara, Syria: survey and surroundings</i></a>. J. and E. Hedges. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-103-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-103-4"><bdi>978-1-84171-103-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+age+settlement+at+%CA%BBAin+Dara%2C+Syria%3A+survey+and+surroundings&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=J.+and+E.+Hedges&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-84171-103-4&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Caecilia&rft.au=Zimansky%2C+Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxgs-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin+Dara+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehmann2002-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lehmann2002_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lehmann, Gunnar (February 2002). 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The American Schools of Oriental Research: 83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357717">10.2307/1357717</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357717">1357717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%28s%29%3A+The+Iron+Age+Settlement+at+%CA%BFAin+Dara%2C+Syria%3A+Survey+and+Soundings+by+Elizabeth+C.+Stone%3B+Paul+E.+Zimansky&rft.issue=325&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357717&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357717%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin+Dara+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Block2008-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Block2008_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2008" class="citation book cs1">Block, Daniel I. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Searching+for+the+Temple+of+King+Solomon&rft.pub=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.date=2013-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fbiblical-sites-places%2Ftemple-at-jerusalem%2Fsearching-for-the-temple-of-king-solomon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAin+Dara+%28archaeological+site%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-temple/syrian-government-says-turkish-shelling-damaged-ancient-temple-idUSKBN1FH08F">"Syrian government says Turkish shelling damaged ancient temple"</a>. <i>reuters.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 28 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Via Bible History Daily, accessed 9 January 2020. With description of the temple, damage assessment, before-and-after photos.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/dosseman_syria/aindara">Pictures from 2010</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Ain%20Dara%20(Syria)">Photos of Ain Dara</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Center_of_Research" title="American Center of Research">American Center of Research</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&oldid=1240909476">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain_Dara_(archaeological_site)&oldid=1240909476</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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