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Teams and positions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teams_and_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Teams and positions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Teams_and_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Offensive_unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offensive_unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Offensive unit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offensive_unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defensive_unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defensive_unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Defensive unit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defensive_unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_teams_unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_teams_unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Special teams unit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_teams_unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Rules </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rules-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rules subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Scoring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Field and equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duration_and_time_stoppages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duration_and_time_stoppages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Duration and time stoppages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duration_and_time_stoppages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advancing_the_ball_and_downs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advancing_the_ball_and_downs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Advancing the ball and downs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advancing_the_ball_and_downs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kicking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kicking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Kicking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kicking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officials_and_fouls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officials_and_fouls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Officials and fouls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officials_and_fouls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_brain_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_brain_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Safety and brain health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_brain_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leagues_and_tournaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leagues_and_tournaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Leagues and tournaments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leagues_and_tournaments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Leagues and tournaments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Leagues_and_tournaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_professional_leagues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_professional_leagues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Other professional leagues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_professional_leagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rival_leagues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rival_leagues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Rival leagues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rival_leagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complementary_national_leagues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complementary_national_leagues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Complementary national leagues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complementary_national_leagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 International play </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity_and_cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity_and_cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Popularity and cultural influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popularity_and_cultural_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Popularity and cultural influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Popularity_and_cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_and_related_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_and_related_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Variations and related sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_and_related_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">American football</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" > 96 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_voetbal" title="Amerikaanse voetbal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amerikaanse voetbal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football" title="American Football – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="American Football" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="अमेरिकी फुटबॉल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अमेरिकी फुटबॉल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanisc_f%C5%8Dtball" title="Americanisc fōtball – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Americanisc fōtball" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كرة القدم الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرة القدم الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BAtbol_americanu" title="Fútbol americanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fútbol americanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_futbolu" title="Amerika futbolu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amerika futbolu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="آمریکالی فوتبال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمریکالی فوتبال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok-sek_kha-ki%C3%BB" title="Bí-kok-sek kha-kiû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok-sek kha-kiû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Америка футболы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Америка футболы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Амерыканскі футбол – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амерыканскі футбол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Американски футбол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Американски футбол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_nogomet" title="Američki nogomet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Američki nogomet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbol_americ%C3%A0" title="Futbol americà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Futbol americà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americk%C3%BD_fotbal" title="Americký fotbal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Americký fotbal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAl-droed_Americanaidd" title="Pêl-droed Americanaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pêl-droed Americanaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikansk_fodbold" title="Amerikansk fodbold – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amerikansk fodbold" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballe" title="Footballe – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Footballe" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football" title="American Football – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="American Football" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_jalgpall" title="Ameerika jalgpall – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika jalgpall" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Αμερικανικό ποδόσφαιρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμερικανικό ποδόσφαιρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BAtbol_americano" title="Fútbol americano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fútbol americano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_piedpilkado" title="Usona piedpilkado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona piedpilkado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbol_amerikarra" title="Futbol amerikarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Futbol amerikarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فوتبال آمریکایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فوتبال آمریکایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football" title="American football – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="American football" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanskur_f%C3%B3tb%C3%B3ltur" title="Amerikanskur fótbóltur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Amerikanskur fótbóltur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_am%C3%A9ricain" title="Football américain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Football américain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaansk_fuotbal" title="Amerikaansk fuotbal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Amerikaansk fuotbal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peil_Mheirice%C3%A1nach" title="Peil Mheiriceánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peil Mheiriceánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluckan_coshey_Americaanagh" title="Bluckan coshey Americaanagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bluckan coshey Americaanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball-coise_Aimearaganach" title="Ball-coise Aimearaganach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ball-coise Aimearaganach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BAtbol_americano" title="Fútbol americano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fútbol americano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%8B%9D%EC%B6%95%EA%B5%AC" title="미식축구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미식축구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_P%C4%ABpeku" title="Amerika Pīpeku – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Amerika Pīpeku" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%AC" title="Ամերիկյան ֆուտբոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամերիկյան ֆուտբոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="अमेरिकी फ़ुटबॉल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमेरिकी फ़ुटबॉल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_nogomet" title="Američki nogomet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Američki nogomet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usan-futbalo" title="Usan-futbalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Usan-futbalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football" title="American football – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="American football" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepak_bola_Amerika" title="Sepak bola Amerika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sepak bola Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amer%C3%ADskur_f%C3%B3tbolti" title="Amerískur fótbolti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Amerískur fótbolti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_americano" title="Football americano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Football americano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C" title="פוטבול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוטבול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal-balan_gagrag_Am%C3%A9rika_Sar%C3%A9kat" title="Bal-balan gagrag Amérika Sarékat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bal-balan gagrag Amérika Sarékat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಮೇರಿಕದ ಫುಟ್‌ಬಾಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮೇರಿಕದ ಫುಟ್‌ಬಾಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ამერიკული ფეხბურთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამერიკული ფეხბურთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Америкалық футбол – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Америкалық футбол" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futiboli_ya_Marekani" title="Futiboli ya Marekani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Futiboli ya Marekani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbola_amer%C3%AEk%C3%AE" title="Futbola amerîkî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Futbola amerîkî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpastum_Americanum" title="Harpastum Americanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Harpastum Americanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerik%C4%81%C5%86u_futbols" title="Amerikāņu futbols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amerikāņu futbols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikieti%C5%A1kasis_futbolas" title="Amerikietiškasis futbolas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amerikietiškasis futbolas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikai_futball" title="Amerikai futball – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amerikai futball" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="അമേരിക്കൻ ഫുട്ബോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമേരിക്കൻ ഫുട്ബോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="अमेरिकन फुटबॉल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अमेरिकन फुटबॉल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="فوتبول امريكانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فوتبول امريكانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_sepak_Amerika" title="Bola sepak Amerika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bola sepak Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football" title="American football – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="American football" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="अमेरिकन फुटबल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अमेरिकन फुटबल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="アメリカンフットボール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカンフットボール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikansk_fotball" title="Amerikansk fotball – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amerikansk fotball" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikansk_fotball" title="Amerikansk fotball – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amerikansk fotball" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotb%C3%B2l_american" title="Fotbòl american – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fotbòl american" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_futboli" title="Amerika futboli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amerika futboli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbol_ameryka%C5%84ski" title="Futbol amerykański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Futbol amerykański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futebol_americano" title="Futebol americano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Futebol americano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotbal_american" title="Fotbal american – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fotbal american" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Американский футбол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американский футбол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_fitba" title="American fitba – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="American fitba" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futboll_Amerikan" title="Futboll Amerikan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Futboll Amerikan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futtibboll_Miricanu" title="Futtibboll Miricanu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Futtibboll Miricanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football" title="American football – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="American football" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americk%C3%BD_futbal" title="Americký futbal – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Americký futbal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C5%A1ki_nogomet" title="Ameriški nogomet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ameriški nogomet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تۆپی پێی ئەمریکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆپی پێی ئەمریکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амерички фудбал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амерички фудбал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_fudbal" title="Američki fudbal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Američki fudbal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikkalainen_jalkapallo" title="Amerikkalainen jalkapallo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amerikkalainen jalkapallo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikansk_fotboll" title="Amerikansk fotboll – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amerikansk fotboll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanong_putbol" title="Amerikanong putbol – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Amerikanong putbol" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/American_football_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="American football (disambiguation)">American football (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">American football</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Larry_Fitzgerald_catches_TD_at_2009_Pro_Bowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Larry_Fitzgerald_catches_TD_at_2009_Pro_Bowl.jpg/250px-Larry_Fitzgerald_catches_TD_at_2009_Pro_Bowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Larry_Fitzgerald_catches_TD_at_2009_Pro_Bowl.jpg/375px-Larry_Fitzgerald_catches_TD_at_2009_Pro_Bowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Larry_Fitzgerald_catches_TD_at_2009_Pro_Bowl.jpg/500px-Larry_Fitzgerald_catches_TD_at_2009_Pro_Bowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Fitzgerald" title="Larry Fitzgerald">Larry Fitzgerald</a> (in blue) catches a pass while <a href="/wiki/Cortland_Finnegan" title="Cortland Finnegan">Cortland Finnegan</a> (in red) plays defense at the <a href="/wiki/2009_Pro_Bowl" title="2009 Pro Bowl">2009 Pro Bowl</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">International Federation of American Football</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_(word)" title="Football (word)">Football</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">First played</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/1869_Princeton_vs._Rutgers_football_game" title="1869 Princeton vs. Rutgers football game">November 6, 1869</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick, New Jersey</a>, U.S. (<a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football" title="Princeton Tigers football">Princeton</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football" title="Rutgers Scarlet Knights football">Rutgers</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Team members</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">11 (both teams may <a href="/wiki/Free_substitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Free substitution">freely substitute</a> players between downs)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team sport</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball game">ball game</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_(gridiron_football)" title="Ball (gridiron football)">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_helmet" title="Football helmet">Football helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padding" title="Padding">Pads</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder pads (sport)">shoulder</a>, thigh, <a href="/wiki/Knee_pads" class="mw-redirect" title="Knee pads">knee</a>, and optionally <a href="/wiki/Elbow_pads" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbow pads">elbow pads</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Venue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="#Field_and_equipment">Football field</a> (rectangular: 120 yards long, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>53+1⁄3 yards wide)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Glossary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of American football">Glossary of American football</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Country or region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Worldwide (most popular in North America)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_sport" title="Demonstration sport">Demonstrated</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="American football at the 1904 Summer Olympics">1904</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="American football at the 1932 Summer Olympics">1932 Summer Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">flag football</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028 Summer Olympics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Invitational sport at <a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_2005_World_Games" title="American football at the 2005 World Games">2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_2017_World_Games" title="American football at the 2017 World Games">2017</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flag_football_at_the_2022_World_Games" title="Flag football at the 2022 World Games">2022 (flag football)</a> Games</td></tr></tbody></table> American football, referred to simply as football in the United States and Canada and also known as <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron football</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[nb 1]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">team sport</a> played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular <a href="/wiki/American_football_field" title="American football field">field</a> with goalposts at each end. The <a href="/wiki/Offense_(sports)" title="Offense (sports)">offense</a>, the team with possession of the oval-shaped <a href="/wiki/Ball_(gridiron_football)" title="Ball (gridiron football)">football</a>, attempts to advance down the field by <a href="/wiki/Rush_(gridiron_football)" title="Rush (gridiron football)">running with the ball</a> or <a href="/wiki/Forward_pass#Gridiron_football" title="Forward pass">throwing it</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Defense_(sports)" title="Defense (sports)">defense</a>, the team without possession of the ball, aims to stop the offense's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves. The offense must advance the ball at least ten <a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">yards</a> in four <a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">downs</a> or plays; if they fail, they <a href="/wiki/Turnover_on_downs" title="Turnover on downs">turn over</a> the football to the defense, but if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs to continue the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football#drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of American football">drive</a>. Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team's <a href="/wiki/End_zone" title="End zone">end zone</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Touchdown" title="Touchdown">touchdown</a> or kicking the ball through the opponent's goalposts for a <a href="/wiki/Field_goal" title="Field goal">field goal</a>. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins. American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The first American football game was played on <a href="/wiki/1869_New_Jersey_vs._Rutgers_football_game" class="mw-redirect" title="1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game">November 6, 1869</a>, between two college teams, <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football" title="Rutgers Scarlet Knights football">Rutgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football" title="Princeton Tigers football">Princeton</a>, using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time. A set of rule changes drawn up from <a href="/wiki/1880_college_football_season" title="1880 college football season">1880</a> onward by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a>, the "Father of American Football", established the <a href="/wiki/Snap_(gridiron_football)" title="Snap (gridiron football)">snap</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage" title="Line of scrimmage">line of scrimmage</a>, eleven-player teams, and the concept of downs. Later rule changes legalized the <a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">forward pass</a>, created the <a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Neutral zone (gridiron football)">neutral zone</a>, and specified the size and shape of the football. The sport <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football" title="Comparison of American and Canadian football">is closely related</a> to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a>, which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game, although its rules were <a href="/wiki/Burnside_rules" title="Burnside rules">developed independently</a> from those of Camp. Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football. The two sports are considered the primary variants of <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron football</a>. American football is the most popular <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the United States">sport in the United States</a> in terms of broadcast viewership audience. The most popular forms of the game are <a href="/wiki/Professional_football_(gridiron)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional football (gridiron)">professional</a> and <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a>, with the other major levels being <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">high-school</a> and youth football. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_football&action=edit">[update]</a>, nearly 1.04 million high-school athletes play the sport in the U.S., with another 81,000 college athletes in the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics" title="National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics">NAIA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL) has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_attendance_figures#Top_leagues_in_average_attendance" title="List of sports attendance figures">highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the world</a>. Its championship game, the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>, ranks among the most-watched club sporting events globally. In 2022, the league had an annual revenue of around $18.6 billion,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> making it the most valuable sports league in the world.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Other professional and amateur leagues exist worldwide, but the sport does not have the international popularity of other American sports like <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> or <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>; the sport maintains a growing following in the rest of North America, Europe, Brazil, and Japan. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_names">Etymology and names</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Football_(word)" title="Football (word)">Football (word)</a></div> In the United States, American football is referred to as "football".<a href="#cite_note-Football_Or_Soccer?_What's_In_A_Name?-8">[7]</a> The term "football" was officially established in the rulebook for the <a href="/wiki/1876_college_football_season" title="1876 college football season">1876 college football season</a>, when the sport first shifted from soccer-style rules to rugby-style rules. Although it could easily have been called "rugby" at this point, Harvard, one of the primary proponents of the rugby-style game, compromised and did not request the name of the sport be changed to "rugby".<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> The terms "<a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron</a>" or "American football" are favored in English-speaking countries where other types of <a href="/wiki/Football_(word)" title="Football (word)">football</a> are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-'In_the_six'_and_football's_other_strange_Americanisms-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Living_off_the_grid:_American_football_in_coastal_Australia-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">History of American football</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_football_in_the_United_States" title="American football in the United States">American football in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">American football</a> series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:115%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">History of American football</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: lightsteelblue"> Origins of American football</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_American_football" title="Modern history of American football">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Princeton_vs._Rutgers_football_game" title="1869 Princeton vs. Rutgers football game">First game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_(1902)" title="National Football League (1902)">First pro league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudge_Heffelfinger" title="Pudge Heffelfinger">First pro player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: lightsteelblue"> Close relations to other codes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_game" title="Boston game">Boston game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_division_football" title="Old division football">Old division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: lightsteelblue"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football" title="Comparison of American and Canadian football">Canadian football comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_American_football" title="Concussions in American football">Concussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football_terms" title="Glossary of American football terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="College Football Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame (College)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Pro Football Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame (Pro)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_American_football" title="Homosexuality in American football">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of American football and rugby league">Rugby league comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of American football and rugby union">Rugby union comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_football_by_year" title="Category:American football by year">Years</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_college_football_seasons" title="List of college football seasons">College seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Football League seasons">NFL seasons</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:lightsteelblue 2px solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_football" title="Portal:American football">American football Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_American_football" title="Template:History of American football"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_American_football" title="Template talk:History of American football"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_American_football" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of American football"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> American football evolved from the sports of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a>. Rugby, like American football, is a sport in which two competing teams vie for control of a ball, which can be kicked through a set of goalposts or run into the opponent's goal area to score points.<a href="#cite_note-The_basics_of_rugby_union-12">[11]</a> What is considered to be the first American football game was played on <a href="/wiki/1869_Princeton_vs._Rutgers_football_game" title="1869 Princeton vs. Rutgers football game">November 6, 1869</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football" title="Rutgers Scarlet Knights football">Rutgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football" title="Princeton Tigers football">Princeton</a>, two college teams. They consisted of 25 players per team and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head, or sides, with the objective being to advance it into the opponent's goal. Rutgers won the game 6–4.<a href="#cite_note-Rutgers-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-No_Christian_End-14">[13]</a> Collegiate play continued for several years with games played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19, 1873, to create a standard set of rules for use by all schools. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet (122 m × 76 m) were specified. Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball.<a href="#cite_note-No_Christian_End-14">[13]</a> After playing <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> using both American (known as "the <a href="/wiki/Boston_game" title="Boston game">Boston game</a>") for the first game and Canadian (rugby) rules for the second one,<a href="#cite_note-No_Christian_End-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-bostonpost-15">[14]</a> the Harvard players preferred the Canadian style of having only 11 men on the field, running the ball without having to be chased by an opponent, the forward pass, tackling, and using an oblong instead of a round ball.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> An 1875 Harvard–Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two Princeton athletes who were impressed by it. They introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Football_Researchers_Association" title="Professional Football Researchers Association">Professional Football Researchers Association</a> compared to "selling <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerators</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimos</a>".<a href="#cite_note-No_Christian_End-14">[13]</a> Princeton, Harvard, Yale, and Columbia then agreed to intercollegiate play using a form of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> rules with a modified scoring system.<a href="#cite_note-Camp_and_His_Followers-18">[17]</a> These schools formed the <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Football_Association" title="Intercollegiate Football Association">Intercollegiate Football Association</a>, although Yale did not join until 1879. Yale player <a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a>, now regarded as the "Father of American Football",<a href="#cite_note-Camp_and_His_Followers-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFL1869-19">[18]</a> secured rule changes in 1880 that reduced the size of each team from 15 to 11 players and instituted the <a href="/wiki/Snap_(gridiron_football)" title="Snap (gridiron football)">snap</a> to replace the chaotic and inconsistent <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(rugby)" title="Scrum (rugby)">scrum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Camp_and_His_Followers-18">[17]</a> While the game between Rutgers and Princeton is commonly considered the first American football game, several years prior in 1862, the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Football_Club" title="Oneida Football Club">Oneida Football Club</a> formed as the oldest known football club in the United States. The team consisted of graduates of Boston's elite preparatory schools and played from 1862 to 1865.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_the_game">Evolution of the game</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Camp_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18048.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Walter Camp standing by the railing on a bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Walter_Camp_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18048.jpg/220px-Walter_Camp_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18048.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Walter_Camp_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18048.jpg/330px-Walter_Camp_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Walter_Camp_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a>, the "Father of American Football", in 1878 when Camp was captain of <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_football" title="Yale Bulldogs football">Yale University's football team</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WCMorris_Spokesman-Review_cartoons_099_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoon showing a figure with a skeletal head holding a football upright with extended arms while lying down on a football field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/WCMorris_Spokesman-Review_cartoons_099_%281%29.jpg/220px-WCMorris_Spokesman-Review_cartoons_099_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/WCMorris_Spokesman-Review_cartoons_099_%281%29.jpg/330px-WCMorris_Spokesman-Review_cartoons_099_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/WCMorris_Spokesman-Review_cartoons_099_%281%29.jpg/440px-WCMorris_Spokesman-Review_cartoons_099_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>The dangers associated with the sport depicted in a 1908 cartoon by <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Morris" title="William Charles Morris">William Charles Morris</a></figcaption></figure> The introduction of the snap resulted in an unexpected consequence. Before the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position. However, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they could now hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, in a game between Yale and Princeton, both teams used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records. Each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0–0 tie. This "block game" proved extremely unpopular with both teams' spectators and fans.<a href="#cite_note-Camp_and_His_Followers-18">[17]</a> A rule change was necessary to prevent this strategy from taking hold, and a reversion to the scrum was considered. However, Camp successfully proposed a rule in 1882 that limited each team to three <a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">downs</a>, or tackles, to advance the ball 5 yards (4.6 m). Failure to advance the ball the required distance within those three downs would result in control of the ball being forfeited to the other team. This change effectively made American football a separate sport from rugby, and the resulting five-yard lines added to the field to measure distances made it resemble a <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_(cooking)" title="Gridiron (cooking)">gridiron</a> in appearance. Other major rule changes included a reduction of the field size to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">110 by 53+1⁄3 yards (100.6 m × 48.8 m) and the adoption of a scoring system that awarded four points for a touchdown, two for a safety and a <a href="/wiki/Conversion_(gridiron_football)" title="Conversion (gridiron football)">goal following a touchdown</a>, and five for a <a href="/wiki/Field_goal" title="Field goal">goal from the field</a>. Additionally, tackling below the waist was legalized,<a href="#cite_note-Camp_and_His_Followers-18">[17]</a> and a static <a href="/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage" title="Line of scrimmage">line of scrimmage</a> was instituted.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Despite these new rules, football remained a violent sport. Dangerous mass-formations like the <a href="/wiki/Flying_wedge" title="Flying wedge">flying wedge</a> resulted in serious injuries and deaths.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> A 1905 peak of 19 fatalities nationwide resulted in a threat by President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> to abolish the game unless major changes were made.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> In response, 62 colleges and universities met in New York City to discuss rule changes on December 28, 1905. These proceedings resulted in the formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States, later renamed the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> (NCAA).<a href="#cite_note-NCAA-24">[23]</a> The legal <a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">forward pass</a> was introduced in 1906, although its effect was initially minimal due to the restrictions placed on its use. The idea of a 40-yard-wider field was opposed by Harvard due to the size of the new <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Stadium#Influence_on_American_Football" title="Harvard Stadium">Harvard Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Other rule changes introduced that year included the reduction of playing time from 70 to 60 minutes and an increase of the distance required for a first down from 5 to 10 yards (4.6 to 9.1 m). To reduce infighting and dirty play between teams, the <a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Neutral zone (gridiron football)">neutral zone</a> was created along the width of the football before the snap.<a href="#cite_note-Blondy_Wallace_and_the_Biggest_Football_Scandal_Ever:_1906-26">[25]</a> Scoring was also adjusted: points awarded for field goals were reduced to three in 1909<a href="#cite_note-NFL1869-19">[18]</a> and points for touchdowns were raised to six in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-NFL1911-27">[26]</a> Also in 1912, the field was shortened to 100 yards (91 m) long, two 10-yard-long (9.1 m) end zones were created, and teams were given four downs instead of three to advance the ball 10 yards (9.1 m).<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Danzig1956-29">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roughing_the_passer" title="Roughing the passer">roughing the passer</a> penalty was implemented in 1914, and eligible players were first allowed to catch the ball anywhere on the field in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_era">Professional era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pudge_heffelfinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of William Heffelfinger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pudge_heffelfinger.jpg/170px-Pudge_heffelfinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Pudge_heffelfinger.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pudge_Heffelfinger" title="Pudge Heffelfinger">Pudge Heffelfinger</a>, widely regarded as the first professional football player</figcaption></figure> On November 12, 1892, <a href="/wiki/Pudge_Heffelfinger" title="Pudge Heffelfinger">Pudge Heffelfinger</a> was paid $500 (equivalent to $16,956 in 2023) to play a game for the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Athletic_Association" title="Allegheny Athletic Association">Allegheny Athletic Association</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Athletic_Club_(football)" title="Pittsburgh Athletic Club (football)">Pittsburgh Athletic Club</a>. This is the first recorded instance of a player being <a href="/wiki/Professional_football_(gridiron)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional football (gridiron)">paid to participate in a game of American football</a>, although many athletic clubs in the 1880s offered indirect benefits, such as helping players attain employment, giving out trophies or watches that players could pawn for money, or paying double in expense money. Despite these extra benefits, the game had a strict sense of amateurism at the time, and direct payment to players was frowned upon, if not prohibited outright.<a href="#cite_note-birth-31">[30]</a> Over time, <a href="/wiki/Professional_football_(gridiron)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional football (gridiron)">professional play</a> became increasingly common, and with it came rising salaries and unpredictable player movement, as well as the illegal payment of college players who were still in school. The <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL), a group of professional teams that was originally established in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association, aimed to solve these problems. This new league's stated goals included an end to bidding wars over players, prevention of the use of college players, and abolition of the practice of paying players to leave another team.<a href="#cite_note-The_First_25_Years-32">[31]</a> By 1922, the NFL had established itself as America's premier professional football league.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The dominant form of football at the time was played at the <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">collegiate level</a>. The upstart NFL received a boost to its legitimacy in 1925, however, when an NFL team, the <a href="/wiki/Pottsville_Maroons" title="Pottsville Maroons">Pottsville Maroons</a>, defeated a team of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football" title="Notre Dame Fighting Irish football">Notre Dame</a> all-stars in an <a href="/wiki/1925_NFL_Championship_controversy#Background" title="1925 NFL Championship controversy">exhibition game</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Curse-34">[33]</a> A greater emphasis on the passing game helped professional football to distinguish itself further from the college game during the late 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-The_First_25_Years-32">[31]</a> Football, in general, became increasingly popular following the <a href="/wiki/1958_NFL_Championship_game" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 NFL Championship game">1958 NFL Championship game</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Colts" title="Baltimore Colts">Baltimore Colts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Giants" title="New York Giants">New York Giants</a>, still referred to as the "Greatest Game Ever Played". The game, a 23–17 overtime victory by the Colts, was seen by millions of television viewers and had a major influence on the popularity of the sport. This, along with the innovations introduced by the new <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League" title="American Football League">American Football League</a> (AFL) in the early 1960s, helped football to become the most popular sport in the United States by the mid-1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Greatest_game_ever_played-35">[34]</a> The rival AFL arose in 1960 and challenged the NFL's dominance. The AFL began in relative obscurity but eventually thrived, with an initial television contract with the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> television network. The AFL's existence forced the conservative NFL to expand to Dallas and Minnesota in an attempt to destroy the new league. Meanwhile, the AFL introduced many new features to professional football in the United States: official time was kept on a scoreboard clock rather than on a watch in the referee's pocket, as the NFL did; optional two-point conversions by pass or run after touchdowns; names on the jerseys of players; and several others, including expansion of the role of minority players, actively recruited by the league in contrast to the NFL. The AFL also signed several star college players who had also been drafted by NFL teams. Competition for players heated up in 1965, when the AFL <a href="/wiki/New_York_Jets" title="New York Jets">New York Jets</a> signed rookie <a href="/wiki/Joe_Namath" title="Joe Namath">Joe Namath</a> to a then-record $437,000 contract (equivalent to $4.23 million in 2023). A five-year, $40 million <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> television contract followed, which helped to sustain the young league. The bidding war for players ended in 1966 when NFL owners approached the AFL regarding a merger, and the two leagues <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93NFL_merger" title="AFL–NFL merger">agreed on one</a> that took full effect in 1970. This agreement provided for a common draft that would take place each year, and it instituted an annual World Championship game to be played between the champions of each league. This championship game began play at the end of the 1966 season. Once the merger was completed, it was no longer a championship game between two leagues and reverted to the NFL championship game, which came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Second_25_Years-36">[35]</a> College football maintained a tradition of postseason <a href="/wiki/Bowl_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowl games">bowl games</a>. Each bowl game was associated with a particular conference and earning a spot in a bowl game was the reward for winning a conference. This arrangement was profitable, but it tended to prevent the two top-ranked teams from meeting in a true national championship game, as they would normally be committed to the bowl games of their respective conferences. Several systems have been used since 1992 to determine a national champion of college football. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Bowl_Coalition" title="Bowl Coalition">Bowl Coalition</a>, in place from 1992 to 1994. This was replaced in 1995 by the <a href="/wiki/Bowl_Alliance" title="Bowl Alliance">Bowl Alliance</a>, which gave way to the <a href="/wiki/Bowl_Championship_Series" title="Bowl Championship Series">Bowl Championship Series</a> (BCS) in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-BCS-37">[36]</a> The BCS arrangement <a href="/wiki/BCS_controversies" class="mw-redirect" title="BCS controversies">proved to be controversial</a>, and was replaced in 2014 by the <a href="/wiki/College_Football_Playoff" title="College Football Playoff">College Football Playoff</a> (CFP).<a href="#cite_note-Presidents_get_playoff_plan_right-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teams_and_positions">Teams and positions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_football_positions" title="American football positions">American football positions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:43BaseDefense.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing a green background with a white horizontal line dividing it into two-halves, with eleven small blue squares representing defense players in a formation above the line, and eleven small red circles representing offense players in another formation below the line, with two text captions "Defense" and "Offense", the former placed above the line and the latter below the line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/43BaseDefense.svg/220px-43BaseDefense.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/43BaseDefense.svg/330px-43BaseDefense.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/43BaseDefense.svg/440px-43BaseDefense.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of a typical pre-snap formation. The offense (red) is lined up in a variation of the <a href="/wiki/I_formation" title="I formation">I formation</a>, while the defense (blue) is lined up in the <a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%933_defense" title="4–3 defense">4–3 defense</a>. Both formations are legal.</figcaption></figure> A football game is played between two teams of 11 players each.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._21-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._15-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_p._11-42">[41]</a> Playing with more on the field is punishable by a penalty.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._21-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._107-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._71-72-44">[43]</a> Teams may substitute <a href="/wiki/Free_substitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Free substitution">any number of their players</a> between downs;<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_pp._21-22-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_pp._53-54-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._45-46-47">[46]</a> this "platoon" system replaced the original system, which featured limited substitution rules, and has resulted in teams utilizing specialized offensive, defensive and <a href="/wiki/American_football_positions#Special_teams" title="American football positions">special teams</a> units.<a href="#cite_note-The_innovator-48">[47]</a> The number of players allowed on an active roster varies by league; the NFL has a 53-man roster,<a href="#cite_note-The_Anatomy_of_a_53-Man_Roster_in_the_NFL-49">[48]</a> while NCAA Division I allows teams to have 63 scholarship players in the FCS and 85 scholarship players in the FBS, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA_votes_to_eliminate_annual_initial_counter_limits-50">[49]</a> Individual players in a football game must be designated with a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_number_(American_football)" title="Uniform number (American football)">uniform number</a> between 1 and 99, though some teams may <a href="/wiki/Retired_number" title="Retired number">"retire" certain numbers</a>, making them unavailable to players. NFL teams are required to number their players by a league-approved numbering system, and any exceptions must be approved by the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner#Sports" title="Commissioner">commissioner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._21-40">[39]</a> NCAA and NFHS teams are "strongly advised" to number their offensive players according to a league-suggested numbering scheme.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_pp._21-22-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._16-17-52">[51]</a> Although the sport is played almost exclusively by men, women are <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_football_players" class="mw-redirect" title="List of female American football players">eligible to play</a> in high school, college, and professional football. No woman has ever played in the NFL, but women have played in high school and college football games.<a href="#cite_note-For_women,_tackling_NFL_is_a_long_shot-53">[52]</a> In 2018, 1,100 of the 225,000 players in <a href="/wiki/Pop_Warner_Little_Scholars" title="Pop Warner Little Scholars">Pop Warner Little Scholars</a> youth football were girls, and around 11% of the 5.5 million Americans who report playing tackle football are female according to the Sports and Fitness Industry Association.<a href="#cite_note-More_Girls_Are_Playing_Football-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offensive_unit">Offensive unit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricanes_Quarterback.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hurricanes_Quarterback.JPG/220px-Hurricanes_Quarterback.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hurricanes_Quarterback.JPG/330px-Hurricanes_Quarterback.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hurricanes_Quarterback.JPG/440px-Hurricanes_Quarterback.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A quarterback for the <a href="/wiki/Kiel_Baltic_Hurricanes" title="Kiel Baltic Hurricanes">Kiel Baltic Hurricanes</a> under center, ready to take the snap</figcaption></figure> The role of the offensive unit is to advance the football down the field with the ultimate goal of scoring a <a href="/wiki/Touchdown" title="Touchdown">touchdown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_in_a_nutshell-55">[54]</a> The offensive team must line up in a legal <a href="/wiki/Formation_(American_football)" title="Formation (American football)">formation</a> before they can snap the ball. An offensive formation is considered illegal if there are more than four players in the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football#backfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of American football">backfield</a> or fewer than five players numbered 50–79 on the offensive line.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._15-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_pp._21-24-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._57-58-57">[56]</a> Players can line up temporarily in a position whose eligibility is different from what their number permits as long as they report the change immediately to the referee, who then informs the defensive team of the change.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_pp._36,_40-58">[57]</a> Neither team's players, except the <a href="/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)" title="Center (gridiron football)">center</a> (C), are allowed to line up in or cross the neutral zone until the ball is snapped. Interior offensive linemen are not allowed to move until the snap of the ball.<a href="#cite_note-Common_Penalties_in_American_Football-59">[58]</a> The main backfield positions are the <a href="/wiki/Quarterback" title="Quarterback">quarterback</a> (QB), <a href="/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)" title="Halfback (American football)">halfback/tailback</a> (HB/TB), and <a href="/wiki/Fullback_(gridiron_football)" title="Fullback (gridiron football)">fullback</a> (FB). The quarterback is the leader of the offense. Either the quarterback or a coach calls the plays. Quarterbacks typically inform the rest of the offense of the play in the <a href="/wiki/Huddle#American_football" title="Huddle">huddle</a> before the team lines up. The quarterback lines up behind the center to take the snap and then hands the ball off, throws it, or runs with it.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_in_a_nutshell-55">[54]</a> The primary role of the halfback, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Running_back" title="Running back">running back</a> or tailback, is to carry the ball on running plays. Halfbacks may also serve as receivers. Fullbacks tend to be larger than halfbacks and function primarily as blockers, but they are sometimes used as runners in short-yardage or goal-line situations.<a href="#cite_note-Football_Players'_Roles_in_Team_Offense_and_Defense-60">[59]</a> They are seldom used as receivers.<a href="#cite_note-Fullbacks_back_en_vogue-61">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lineman_(gridiron_football)#offensive_line" title="Lineman (gridiron football)">offensive line</a> (OL) consists of several players whose primary function is to <a href="/wiki/Blocking_(American_football)" title="Blocking (American football)">block</a> members of the defensive line from tackling the ball carrier on running plays or <a href="/wiki/Quarterback_sack" title="Quarterback sack">sacking</a> the quarterback on passing plays.<a href="#cite_note-Football_Players'_Roles_in_Team_Offense_and_Defense-60">[59]</a> The leader of the offensive line is the center, who is responsible for snapping the ball to the quarterback, blocking,<a href="#cite_note-Football_Players'_Roles_in_Team_Offense_and_Defense-60">[59]</a> and for making sure that the other linemen do their jobs during the play.<a href="#cite_note-Centers:_The_Unsung_Heroes_of_Football-62">[61]</a> On either side of the center are the <a href="/wiki/Guard_(gridiron_football)" title="Guard (gridiron football)">guards</a> (G), while <a href="/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)" title="Tackle (gridiron football position)">tackles</a> (T) line up outside the guards. The principal receivers are the <a href="/wiki/Wide_receiver" title="Wide receiver">wide receivers</a> (WR) and the <a href="/wiki/Tight_end" title="Tight end">tight ends</a> (TE).<a href="#cite_note-Football's_Offensive_Team:_The_Receivers-63">[62]</a> Wide receivers line up on or near the line of scrimmage, split outside the line. The main goal of the wide receiver is to catch passes thrown by the quarterback,<a href="#cite_note-Football_Players'_Roles_in_Team_Offense_and_Defense-60">[59]</a> but they may also function as decoys or as blockers during running plays. Tight ends line up outside the tackles and function both as receivers and as blockers.<a href="#cite_note-Football_Players'_Roles_in_Team_Offense_and_Defense-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defensive_unit">Defensive unit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arian_Foster_fumble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of defensive players tackling an offensive player who has just lost control of the football" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arian_Foster_fumble.jpg/220px-Arian_Foster_fumble.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arian_Foster_fumble.jpg/330px-Arian_Foster_fumble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arian_Foster_fumble.jpg/440px-Arian_Foster_fumble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a> defensive players force <a href="/wiki/Houston_Texans" title="Houston Texans">Houston Texans</a> running back <a href="/wiki/Arian_Foster" title="Arian Foster">Arian Foster</a> to fumble the ball.</figcaption></figure> The role of the defense is to prevent the offense from scoring by <a href="/wiki/Tackle_(football_move)#American_and_Canadian_football" title="Tackle (football move)">tackling</a> the ball carrier or by forcing <a href="/wiki/Turnover_(gridiron_football)" title="Turnover (gridiron football)">turnovers</a>. Turnovers include <a href="/wiki/Interception" title="Interception">interceptions</a> (a defender catching a forward pass intended for the offense) and forced <a href="/wiki/Fumble" title="Fumble">fumbles</a> (taking possession of the ball from the ball-carrier).<a href="#cite_note-NFL_in_a_nutshell-55">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Defensive_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Defensive line">defensive line</a> (DL) consists of <a href="/wiki/Defensive_end" title="Defensive end">defensive ends</a> (DE) and <a href="/wiki/Defensive_tackle" title="Defensive tackle">defensive tackles</a> (DT). Defensive ends line up on the ends of the line, while defensive tackles line up inside, between the defensive ends. The primary responsibilities of defensive ends and defensive tackles are to stop running plays on the outside and inside, respectively, to pressure the quarterback on passing plays, and to occupy the line so that the <a href="/wiki/Linebacker" title="Linebacker">linebackers</a> can break through.<a href="#cite_note-Football_Players'_Roles_in_Team_Offense_and_Defense-60">[59]</a> Linebackers line up behind the defensive line but in front of the defensive backfield. They are divided into two types: middle linebackers (MLB) and outside linebackers (OLB). Linebackers tend to serve as the defensive leaders and call the defensive plays, given their vantage point of the offensive backfield. Their roles include defending the run, pressuring the quarterback, and tackling backs, wide receivers, and tight ends in the passing game.<a href="#cite_note-Football's_Defensive_Team:_The_Linebackers-64">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Defensive_back" title="Defensive back">defensive backfield</a>, often called the secondary, consists of <a href="/wiki/Cornerback" title="Cornerback">cornerbacks</a> (CB) and <a href="/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)" title="Safety (gridiron football position)">safeties</a> (S). Safeties are themselves divided into free safeties (FS) and strong safeties (SS).<a href="#cite_note-Football_Players'_Roles_in_Team_Offense_and_Defense-60">[59]</a> Cornerbacks line up outside the defensive formation, typically opposite a receiver to be able to cover them. Safeties line up between the cornerbacks but farther back in the secondary. Safeties tend to be viewed as "the last line of defense" and are responsible for stopping deep passing plays as well as breakout running plays.<a href="#cite_note-Football_Players'_Roles_in_Team_Offense_and_Defense-60">[59]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_teams_unit">Special teams unit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeff_Reed_kickoff_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four players run up the field as the kicker executes a kickoff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jeff_Reed_kickoff_2006.jpg/220px-Jeff_Reed_kickoff_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jeff_Reed_kickoff_2006.jpg/330px-Jeff_Reed_kickoff_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jeff_Reed_kickoff_2006.jpg/440px-Jeff_Reed_kickoff_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption> Kicker <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Reed_(American_football)" title="Jeff Reed (American football)">Jeff Reed</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a> executes a kickoff.</figcaption></figure> The special teams unit is responsible for all kicking plays. The special teams unit of the team in control of the ball tries to execute field goal (FG) attempts, <a href="/wiki/Punt_(gridiron_football)" title="Punt (gridiron football)">punts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kickoff_(gridiron_football)" title="Kickoff (gridiron football)">kickoffs</a>, while the opposing team's unit will aim to block or return them.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_in_a_nutshell-55">[54]</a> Three positions are specific to the field goal and PAT (point-after-touchdown) unit: the <a href="/wiki/Placekicker" title="Placekicker">placekicker</a> (K or PK), <a href="/wiki/Holder_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holder (American football)">holder</a> (H), and <a href="/wiki/Long_snapper" title="Long snapper">long snapper</a> (LS). The long snapper's job is to snap the football to the holder, who will catch and position it for the placekicker. There is not usually a holder on kickoffs, because the ball is kicked off a tee; however, a holder may be used in certain situations, such as if wind is preventing the ball from remaining upright on the tee. The player on the receiving team who catches the ball is known as the <a href="/wiki/Kickoff_returner" class="mw-redirect" title="Kickoff returner">kickoff returner</a> (KR).<a href="#cite_note-The_Role_of_Special_Teams_in_a_Football_Game-65">[64]</a> The positions specific to punt plays are the <a href="/wiki/Punter_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punter (football)">punter</a> (P), long snapper, <a href="/wiki/Upback" title="Upback">upback</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gunner_(American_football)" title="Gunner (American football)">gunner</a>. The long snapper snaps the football directly to the punter, who then drops and kicks it before it hits the ground. Gunners line up split outside the line and race down the field, aiming to tackle the <a href="/wiki/Punt_returner" class="mw-redirect" title="Punt returner">punt returner</a> (PR)—the player who catches the punt. Upbacks line up a short distance behind the line of scrimmage, providing additional protection to the punter.<a href="#cite_note-Football_Special_Teams:_Players_on_a_Punt_Team-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules">Rules</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_football_rules" title="American football rules">American football rules</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scoring">Scoring</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Navy_-_Tusla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A player pursued by an opponent dives into the end zone in front of an official to score a touchdown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2006_Navy_-_Tusla.jpg/220px-2006_Navy_-_Tusla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2006_Navy_-_Tusla.jpg/330px-2006_Navy_-_Tusla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2006_Navy_-_Tusla.jpg/440px-2006_Navy_-_Tusla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>A player for the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen_football" title="Navy Midshipmen football">Navy Midshipmen</a> (dark jersey) scores a touchdown while a defender from the <a href="/wiki/Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football" title="Tulsa Golden Hurricane football">Tulsa Golden Hurricane</a> (in white) looks on. The goal line is marked by the small orange pylon.</figcaption></figure> In football, the winner is the team that has scored more points at the end of the game. There are multiple ways to score in a football game. The touchdown (TD), worth six points, is the most valuable scoring play in American football. A touchdown is scored when a live ball is advanced into, caught, or recovered in the opposing team's end zone.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_in_a_nutshell-55">[54]</a> The scoring team then attempts a try, more commonly known as the point(s)-after-touchdown (PAT) or conversion, which is a single scoring opportunity. This is generally attempted from the two- or three-yard line, depending on the level of play. If the PAT is scored by a place kick or drop kick through the goal posts, it is worth one point, typically called the extra point. If the PAT is scored by what would normally be a touchdown, it is worth two points; this is known as a <a href="/wiki/Two-point_conversion" title="Two-point conversion">two-point conversion</a>. In general, the extra point is almost always successful, while the two-point conversion is a much riskier play with a higher probability of failure; accordingly, extra point attempts are far more common than two-point conversion attempts.<a href="#cite_note-Duke-67">[66]</a> A field goal (FG), worth three points, is scored when the ball is place kicked or drop kicked through the uprights and over the crossbars of the defense's goalposts.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._57-59-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._79-80-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_p._66-70">[69]</a> In practice, almost all field goal attempts are done via place kick. While drop kicks were common in the early days of the sport, the shape of modern footballs makes it difficult to reliably drop kick the ball. The last successful scoring play by drop kick in the NFL was accomplished in 2006; prior to that, the last successful drop kick had been made in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> After a PAT attempt or successful field goal, the scoring team must kick the ball off to the other team.<a href="#cite_note-Beginner's_Guide_to_Football-72">[71]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_score)" title="Safety (gridiron football score)">safety</a> is scored when the ball carrier is tackled in the carrier's own end zone. Safeties are worth two points, which are awarded to the defense.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_in_a_nutshell-55">[54]</a> In addition, the team that conceded the safety must kick the ball to the scoring team via a <a href="/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_score)#Resuming_play_after_a_safety" title="Safety (gridiron football score)">free kick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._60-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_and_equipment">Field and equipment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_football_field" title="American football field">American football field</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Jones_Dome_endzone_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a football field taken from the end zone showing goal posts in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Edward_Jones_Dome_endzone_view.jpg/220px-Edward_Jones_Dome_endzone_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Edward_Jones_Dome_endzone_view.jpg/330px-Edward_Jones_Dome_endzone_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Edward_Jones_Dome_endzone_view.jpg/440px-Edward_Jones_Dome_endzone_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption> A football field as seen from behind one end zone. The tall, yellow goal posts mark where the ball must pass for a successful field goal or extra point. The large, rectangular area marked with the team name is the end zone.</figcaption></figure> Football games are played on a rectangular <a href="/wiki/American_football_field" title="American football field">field</a> that measures 120 yards (110 m) long and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">53+1⁄3 yards (48.8 m) wide. Lines marked along the ends and sides of the field are known as the end lines and <a href="/wiki/Sidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidelines">sidelines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Goal_line_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goal line (American football)">Goal lines</a> are marked 10 yards (9.1 m) inward from each end line.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._v,_1-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_pp._18-19,_23–24-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._11-12,_13,_28-76">[75]</a> Weighted pylons are placed the sidelines on the inside corner of the intersections with the goal lines and end lines. White markings on the field identify the distance from the end zone. Inbound lines, or <a href="/wiki/Hash_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hash marks">hash marks</a>, are short parallel lines that mark off 1-yard (0.91 m) increments. <a href="/wiki/Yard_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Yard lines">Yard lines</a>, which can run the width of the field, are marked every 5 yards (4.6 m). A one-yard-wide line is placed at each end of the field; this line is marked at the center of the two-yard line in professional play and at the three-yard line in college play. Numerals that display the distance from the closest goal line in yards are placed on both sides of the field every ten yards.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._v,_1-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_pp._18-19,_23–24-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._11-12,_13,_28-76">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Goalposts" class="mw-redirect" title="Goalposts">Goalposts</a> are located at the center of the plane of the two end lines. The crossbar of these posts is 10 feet (3.0 m) above the ground, with vertical uprights at the end of the crossbar 18 feet 6 inches (5.64 m) apart for professional and collegiate play, and 23 feet 4 inches (7.11 m) apart for high school play.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._2-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._18-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_p._14-15-79">[78]</a> The uprights extend vertically 35 feet (11 m) on professional fields, a minimum of 10 yards (9.1 m) on college fields, and a minimum of 10 feet (3.0 m) on high school fields. Goal posts are padded at the base, and orange ribbons are normally placed at the tip of each upright as indicators of wind strength and direction.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._2-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._18-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_p._14-15-79">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ball_(gridiron_football)" title="Ball (gridiron football)">football</a> itself is a <a href="/wiki/Prolate_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolate spheroid">prolate spheroid</a> leather ball, similar to the balls used in rugby or <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bounce_of_an_oval_shaped_football-80">[79]</a> To contain the <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a> within it, a pig's bladder was commonly used before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial rubber">artificial rubber</a> inside the leather outer shell to <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">sustain crushing forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-si1-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-pendle-82">[81]</a> At all levels of play, the football is inflated to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">12+1⁄2 to 13+1⁄2 psi (86 to 93 kPa), or just under one atmosphere, and weighs 14 to 15 ounces (400 to 430 g);<a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_p._14-15-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._20-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._3-84">[83]</a> beyond that, the exact dimensions vary slightly. In professional play the ball has a long axis of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">11 to 11+1⁄4 inches (28 to 29 cm), a long circumference of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">28 to 28+1⁄2 inches (71 to 72 cm), and a short circumference of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">21 to 21+1⁄4 inches (53 to 54 cm).<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> In college and high school play the ball has a long axis of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">10+7⁄8 to 11+7⁄16 inches (27.6 to 29.1 cm), a long circumference of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">27+3⁄4 to 28+1⁄2 inches (70 to 72 cm), and a short circumference of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">20+3⁄4 to 21+1⁄4 inches (53 to 54 cm).<a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_p._14-15-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._20-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duration_and_time_stoppages">Duration and time stoppages</h3></div> Football games last for a total of 60 minutes in professional and college play and are divided into two halves of 30 minutes and four quarters of 15 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._14-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._45-87">[86]</a> High school football games are 48 minutes in length with two halves of 24 minutes and four quarters of 12 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._38-39-88">[87]</a> The two halves are separated by a <a href="/wiki/Half-time" title="Half-time">halftime</a> period, and the first and third quarters are followed by a short break.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._14-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._45-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_p._39-89">[88]</a> Before the game starts, the referee and each team's <a href="/wiki/Captain_(sports)" title="Captain (sports)">captain</a> meet at midfield for a <a href="/wiki/Coin_toss" class="mw-redirect" title="Coin toss">coin toss</a>. The visiting team can call either "heads" or "tails"; the winner of the toss chooses whether to receive or kick off the ball or which goal they wish to defend. They can defer their choice until the second half. Unless the winning team decides to defer, the losing team chooses the option the winning team did not select—to receive, kick, or select a goal to defend to begin the second half. Most teams choose to receive or defer, because choosing to kick the ball to start the game allows the other team to choose which goal to defend.<a href="#cite_note-TMQ's_all-haiku_NFL_preview-90">[89]</a> Teams switch goals following the first and third quarters.<a href="#cite_note-How_Football_Game_Time_Is_Measured_in_Quarters-91">[90]</a> If a down is in progress when a quarter ends, play continues until the down is completed.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._14-18-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_pp._47-53-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._38-45-94">[93]</a> If certain fouls are committed during play while time has expired, the quarter may be extended through an <a href="/wiki/Untimed_play" title="Untimed play">untimed down</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ask_the_official:_Extra-point_ruling_and_untimed_downs-95">[94]</a> Games last longer than their defined length due to play stoppages—the average NFL game lasts slightly over three hours.<a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-96">[95]</a> Time in a football game is measured by the game clock. An operator is responsible for starting, stopping and operating the game clock based on the direction of the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Official_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Official (American football)">official</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._14-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_pp._16,_41-97">[96]</a> A separate <a href="/wiki/Play_clock" title="Play clock">play clock</a> is used to show the amount of time within which the offense must initiate a play. The play clock is set to 25 seconds after certain administrative stoppages in play and to 40 seconds when play is proceeding without such stoppages. If the offense fails to start a play before the play clock reads "00", a <a href="/wiki/Delay_of_game#American" title="Delay of game">delay of game</a> foul is called on the offense.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._14-18-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_pp._41,_46–47-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2019-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advancing_the_ball_and_downs">Advancing the ball and downs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delhomme_goes_deep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A quarterback is shown in the process of throwing a forward pass. His offensive linemen are in front of him." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Delhomme_goes_deep.jpg/220px-Delhomme_goes_deep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Delhomme_goes_deep.jpg/330px-Delhomme_goes_deep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Delhomme_goes_deep.jpg/440px-Delhomme_goes_deep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1548" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Panthers" title="Carolina Panthers">Carolina Panthers</a> quarterback <a href="/wiki/Jake_Delhomme" title="Jake Delhomme">Jake Delhomme</a> (number 17) in the motion of throwing a forward pass</figcaption></figure> There are two main ways the offense can advance the ball: <a href="/wiki/Rush_(gridiron_football)" title="Rush (gridiron football)">running</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forward_pass#Gridiron_football" title="Forward pass">passing</a>. In a typical play, the center passes the ball backwards and between their legs to the quarterback in a process known as the <a href="/wiki/Snap_(gridiron_football)" title="Snap (gridiron football)">snap</a>. The quarterback then either hands the ball off to a running back, throws the ball, or runs with it. The play ends when the player with the ball is tackled or goes out-of-bounds or a pass hits the ground without a player having caught it. A forward pass can be legally attempted only if the passer is behind the line of scrimmage; only one forward pass can be attempted per down.<a href="#cite_note-Beginner's_Guide_to_Football-72">[71]</a> As in rugby, players can also <a href="/wiki/Lateral_pass" title="Lateral pass">pass the ball backwards</a> at any point during a play.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> In the NFL, a down also ends immediately if the runner's helmet comes off.<a href="#cite_note-When_a_runner's_helmet_comes_off,_he's_down-101">[100]</a> The offense is given a series of four plays, known as <a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">downs</a>. If the offense advances ten or more yards in the four downs, they are awarded a new set of four downs. If they fail to advance ten yards, possession of the football is turned over to the defense. In most situations, if the offense reaches their fourth down they will <a href="/wiki/Punt_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punt (American football)">punt</a> the ball to the other team, which forces them to begin their drive from farther down the field; if they are in <a href="/wiki/Field_goal_range" title="Field goal range">field goal range</a>, they might attempt to score a field goal instead.<a href="#cite_note-Beginner's_Guide_to_Football-72">[71]</a> A group of officials, the chain crew, keeps track of both the downs and the distance measurements.<a href="#cite_note-The_Orchestration_of_the_Chain_Gang-102">[101]</a> On television, a yellow line is electronically superimposed on the field to show the first down line to the viewing audience.<a href="#cite_note-Yellow_line-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kicking">Kicking</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Connor_Barth_attempts_field_goal_8_November_2015_151108-F-ID984-017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A placekicker attempts a field goal by kicking the ball from the hands of a holder." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Connor_Barth_attempts_field_goal_8_November_2015_151108-F-ID984-017.jpg/220px-Connor_Barth_attempts_field_goal_8_November_2015_151108-F-ID984-017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Connor_Barth_attempts_field_goal_8_November_2015_151108-F-ID984-017.jpg/330px-Connor_Barth_attempts_field_goal_8_November_2015_151108-F-ID984-017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Connor_Barth_attempts_field_goal_8_November_2015_151108-F-ID984-017.jpg/440px-Connor_Barth_attempts_field_goal_8_November_2015_151108-F-ID984-017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="2335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers" title="Tampa Bay Buccaneers">Tampa Bay Buccaneers</a> placekicker <a href="/wiki/Connor_Barth" title="Connor Barth">Connor Barth</a> attempts a field goal by kicking the ball from the hands of a holder. This is the standard method to score field goals or extra points.<a href="#cite_note-PFRA-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-dropkick_diagram-105">[104]</a></figcaption></figure> There are two categories of kicks in football: scrimmage kicks, which can be executed by the offensive team on any down from behind or on the line of scrimmage,<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._50-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._34-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_p._32-108">[107]</a> and free kicks.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._6-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._30-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_p._27-111">[110]</a> The free kicks are the <a href="/wiki/Kickoff_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kickoff (American football)">kickoff</a>, which starts the first and third quarters and overtime and follows a try attempt or a successful field goal; the safety kick follows a safety.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._34-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_pp._8-9-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._31-32-113">[112]</a> On a kickoff, the ball is placed at the 35-yard line of the kicking team in professional and college play and at the 40-yard line in high school play. The ball may be drop kicked or place kicked. If a place kick is chosen, the ball can be placed on the ground or a tee; a holder may be used in either case. On a safety kick, the kicking team kicks the ball from their own 20-yard line. They can punt, drop kick or place kick the ball, but a tee may not be used in professional play. Any member of the receiving team may catch or advance the ball. The ball may be recovered by the kicking team once it has gone at least ten yards and has touched the ground or has been touched by any member of the receiving team.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_pp._29-30-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_pp._61-64-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._15,_46,_52–53-116">[115]</a> The three types of scrimmage kicks are place kicks, drop kicks, and punts. Only place kicks and drop kicks can score points.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._57-59-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._79-80-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_p._66-70">[69]</a> The place kick is the standard method used to score points,<a href="#cite_note-PFRA-104">[103]</a> because the pointy shape of the football makes it difficult to reliably drop kick.<a href="#cite_note-PFRA-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-dropkick_diagram-105">[104]</a> Once the ball has been kicked from a scrimmage kick, it can be advanced by the kicking team only if it is caught or recovered behind the line of scrimmage. If it is touched or recovered by the kicking team beyond this line, it becomes dead at the spot where it was touched.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_pp._33-34,_50–53-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_pp._55-56,_63–64-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._49,_53–54-119">[118]</a> The kicking team is prohibited from interfering with the receiver's opportunity to catch the ball. The receiving team has the option of signaling for a <a href="/wiki/Fair_catch" title="Fair catch">fair catch</a>, which prohibits the defense from blocking into or tackling the receiver. The play ends as soon as the ball is caught, and the ball may not be advanced.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._7-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_pp._30,_66–67-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_p._2756,-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Officials_and_fouls">Officials and fouls</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Official_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Official (American football)">Official (American football)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chain_crew" title="Chain crew">Chain crew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Penalty_(gridiron_football)" title="Penalty (gridiron football)">Penalty (gridiron football)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_football_referees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seven officials are pictured meeting at the infield. Officials meeting at midfield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/American_football_referees.jpg/220px-American_football_referees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/American_football_referees.jpg/330px-American_football_referees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/American_football_referees.jpg/440px-American_football_referees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="2108" /></a><figcaption>Officials meeting at midfield</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_down_measurement_at_EWU_at_Cal_2009-09-12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Officials are using a chain to measure for a first down." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/First_down_measurement_at_EWU_at_Cal_2009-09-12.JPG/220px-First_down_measurement_at_EWU_at_Cal_2009-09-12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/First_down_measurement_at_EWU_at_Cal_2009-09-12.JPG/330px-First_down_measurement_at_EWU_at_Cal_2009-09-12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/First_down_measurement_at_EWU_at_Cal_2009-09-12.JPG/440px-First_down_measurement_at_EWU_at_Cal_2009-09-12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption> Officials use the chains to measure for a first down. Here, the ball is just short of the pole and therefore short of a first down.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_down_marker.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a down indicator box on a pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/First_down_marker.png/220px-First_down_marker.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/First_down_marker.png/330px-First_down_marker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/First_down_marker.png/440px-First_down_marker.png 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption> A modern down indicator box is mounted on a pole and is used to mark the current line of scrimmage. The number on the marker is changed using a dial.</figcaption></figure> Officials are responsible for enforcing game rules and monitoring the clock. All officials carry a <a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistle</a> and wear black-and-white striped shirts and black hats except for the referee, whose hat is white. Each carries a <a href="/wiki/Penalty_flag" title="Penalty flag">weighted yellow flag</a> that is thrown to the ground to signal that a <a href="/wiki/Penalty_(gridiron_football)" title="Penalty (gridiron football)">foul</a> has been called. An official who spots multiple fouls will throw their hat as a secondary signal.<a href="#cite_note-American_Football_Officials-123">[122]</a> Women can serve as officials; <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Thomas_(American_football_official)" title="Sarah Thomas (American football official)">Sarah Thomas</a> became the NFL's first female official in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The seven officials (of a standard seven-man crew; lower levels of play up to the college level use fewer officials) on the field are each tasked with a different set of responsibilities:<a href="#cite_note-American_Football_Officials-123">[122]</a> <ul><li>The referee is positioned behind and to the side of the offensive backs. The referee is charged with oversight and control of the game and is the authority on the score, the down number, and any rule interpretations in discussions among the other officials. The referee announces all penalties and discusses the infraction with the offending team's captain, monitors for illegal hits against the quarterback, makes requests for first-down measurements, and notifies the head coach whenever a player is ejected. The referee positions themselves to the passing arm side of the quarterback. In most games, the referee is responsible for spotting the football prior to a play from scrimmage.</li> <li>The umpire is positioned in the defensive backfield, except in the NFL, where the umpire is positioned lateral to the referee on the opposite side of the formation. The umpire watches play along the line of scrimmage to make sure that no more than 11 offensive players are on the field before the snap, and that no offensive linemen are <a href="/wiki/Ineligible_receiver_downfield" title="Ineligible receiver downfield">illegally downfield</a> on pass plays. The umpire monitors contact between offensive and defensive linemen and calls most of the <a href="/wiki/Holding_(American_football)" title="Holding (American football)">holding</a> penalties. The umpire records the number of timeouts taken and the winner of the coin toss and game score. They also assist the referee in situations involving possession of the ball close to the line of scrimmage, determines whether player equipment is legal, and dries wet balls prior to the snap if a game is played in rain.</li> <li>The back judge is positioned deep in the defensive backfield, behind the umpire. The back judge ensures that the defensive team has no more than 11 players on the field and determines whether catches are legal, whether field goal or extra point attempts are good, and whether a <a href="/wiki/Pass_interference" title="Pass interference">pass interference</a> violation occurred. The back judge is also responsible for the play clock, the time between each play, when a visible play clock is not used.</li> <li>The head linesman/down judge is positioned on one end of the line of scrimmage. The head linesman/down judge watches for any line-of-scrimmage and illegal use-of-hands violations and assists the line judge with illegal shift or illegal motion calls. The head linesman/down judge also rules on out-of-bounds calls that happen on their side of the field, oversees the chain crew, and marks the forward progress of a runner when a play has been whistled dead.</li> <li>The side judge is positioned twenty yards downfield of the head linesman. The side judge mainly duplicates the functions of the field judge. On field goal and extra point attempts, the side judge is positioned lateral to the umpire.</li> <li>The line judge is positioned on the end of the line of scrimmage, opposite the head linesman. They supervise player substitutions, the line of scrimmage during punts, and game timing. The line judge notifies the referee when time has expired at the end of a quarter and notifies the head coach of the home team when five minutes remain for halftime. In the NFL, the line judge also alerts the referee when <a href="/wiki/Two-minute_warning" title="Two-minute warning">two minutes remain in the half</a>. If the clock malfunctions or becomes inoperable, the line judge becomes the official timekeeper.</li> <li>The field judge is positioned twenty yards downfield from the line judge. The field judge monitors and controls the <a href="/wiki/Play_clock" title="Play clock">play clock</a>, counts the number of defensive players on the field, and watches for offensive pass interference and illegal use-of-hands violations by offensive players. The field judge also makes decisions regarding catches, recoveries, the ball spot when a player goes out of bounds, and illegal touching of fumbled balls that have crossed the line of scrimmage. On field goal and extra point attempts, the field judge is stationed under the upright opposite the back judge.</li> <li>The center judge is an eighth official used only in the top level of college football. The center judge stands lateral to the referee, the same way the umpire does in the NFL. The center judge is responsible for spotting the football after each play and has many of the same responsibilities as the referee, except announcing penalties.</li></ul> Another set of officials, the <a href="/wiki/Chain_crew" title="Chain crew">chain crew</a>, are responsible for moving the chains. The chains, consisting of two large sticks with a 10-yard-long chain between them, are used to measure for a first down. The chain crew stays on the sidelines during the game, but if requested by the officials they will briefly bring the chains on to the field to measure. A typical chain crew will have at least three people—two members of the chain crew will hold either of the two sticks, while a third will hold the down marker. The down marker, a large stick with a dial on it, is flipped after each play to indicate the current down and is typically moved to the approximate spot of the ball. The chain crew system has been used for over 100 years and is considered an accurate measure of distance, rarely subject to criticism from either side.<a href="#cite_note-The_Orchestration_of_the_Chain_Gang-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_brain_health">Safety and brain health</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protective_equipment_in_gridiron_football" title="Protective equipment in gridiron football">Protective equipment in gridiron football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_issues_in_American_football" title="Health issues in American football">Health issues in American football</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vince_Agnew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a player wearing a helmet, with shoulder pads and thigh pads visible under their uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vince_Agnew.jpg/220px-Vince_Agnew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vince_Agnew.jpg/330px-Vince_Agnew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vince_Agnew.jpg/440px-Vince_Agnew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vince_Agnew" title="Vince Agnew">Vince Agnew</a> wearing a helmet with his shoulder pads and thigh pads visible under his uniform</figcaption></figure> Football is a full-contact sport, and injuries are relatively common. Most injuries occur during training sessions, particularly ones that involve contact between players.<a href="#cite_note-Sports_Medicine-125">[124]</a> To try to prevent injuries, players are required to wear a set of equipment. At a minimum players must wear a <a href="/wiki/Football_helmet" title="Football helmet">football helmet</a> and a set of <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder pads (sport)">shoulder pads</a>, but individual leagues may require additional padding such as thigh pads and guards, knee pads, chest protectors, and <a href="/wiki/Mouthguard" title="Mouthguard">mouthguards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_pp._24-27-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_p._22-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._17-19-128">[127]</a> Most injuries occur in the lower extremities, particularly in the knee, but a significant number also affect the upper extremities. The most common types of injuries are <a href="/wiki/Strain_(injury)" title="Strain (injury)">strains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sprain" title="Sprain">sprains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruise" title="Bruise">bruises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">fractures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">dislocations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Concussion" title="Concussion">concussions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sports_Medicine-125">[124]</a> Repeated <a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_American_football" title="Concussions in American football">concussions</a> (and possibly sub-concussive head impacts<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a>) can increase a person's risk in later life for CTE (<a href="/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy" title="Chronic traumatic encephalopathy">chronic traumatic encephalopathy</a>) and health issues such as <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Concussions are often caused by helmet-to-helmet or upper-body contact between opposing players, although helmets have prevented more serious injuries such as <a href="/wiki/Skull_fracture" title="Skull fracture">skull fractures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Can_Football_Finally_Tackle_Its_Injury_Problem?-131">[130]</a> Various programs are aiming to reduce concussions by reducing the frequency of helmet-to-helmet hits; <a href="/wiki/USA_Football" title="USA Football">USA Football</a>'s "Heads Up Football" program aims to reduce concussions in youth football by teaching coaches and players about the signs of a concussion, the proper way to wear football equipment and ensure it fits, and proper tackling methods that avoid helmet-to-helmet contact.<a href="#cite_note-Heads_Up_Football-132">[131]</a> However, a study in the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine found that Heads Up Football was ineffective; the same study noted that more extensive reforms implemented by <a href="/wiki/Pop_Warner_Little_Scholars" title="Pop Warner Little Scholars">Pop Warner Little Scholars</a> and its member teams were effective in significantly reducing concussion rates.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> A 2018 study performed by the VA Boston Healthcare System and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Boston University School of Medicine">Boston University School of Medicine</a> found that tackle football before age 12 was correlated with earlier onset of symptoms of CTE, but not with symptom severity. More specifically, each year a player played tackle football under age 12 predicted earlier onset of cognitive, behavioral, and mood problems by an average of two and a half years.<a href="#cite_note-Study_finds_youth_football_tied_to_earlier_symptoms_of_CTE,_ESPN,_April_30,_2018-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Austin_American-Statesman,_May_25,_2018-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Annals_of_Neurology,_30_April_2018-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leagues_and_tournaments">Leagues and tournaments</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_School_Football_Game_at_New_Canaan_High_School,_CT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/High_School_Football_Game_at_New_Canaan_High_School%2C_CT.jpg/220px-High_School_Football_Game_at_New_Canaan_High_School%2C_CT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/High_School_Football_Game_at_New_Canaan_High_School%2C_CT.jpg/330px-High_School_Football_Game_at_New_Canaan_High_School%2C_CT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/High_School_Football_Game_at_New_Canaan_High_School%2C_CT.jpg/440px-High_School_Football_Game_at_New_Canaan_High_School%2C_CT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">high school football</a> game</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> (NCAA) are the most popular football leagues in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Oregon_Live-137">[136]</a> The National Football League was founded in 1920<a href="#cite_note-NFL_founded_in_Canton-138">[137]</a> and has since become the largest and most popular sport in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-China_fast_catching_American_football_fever-139">[138]</a> The NFL has the highest average attendance of any sporting league in the world, with an average attendance of 66,960 during the <a href="/wiki/2011_NFL_season" title="2011 NFL season">2011 NFL season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-And_the_silver_goes_to...-140">[139]</a> The NFL championship game is called the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>, and is among the biggest events in club sports worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Elite_clubs_on_Uefa_gravy_train_as_Super_Bowl_knocked_off_perch-141">[140]</a> It is played between the champions of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_Conference" title="National Football Conference">National Football Conference</a> (NFC) and the <a href="/wiki/American_Football_Conference" title="American Football Conference">American Football Conference</a> (AFC), and its winner is awarded the <a href="/wiki/Vince_Lombardi_Trophy" title="Vince Lombardi Trophy">Vince Lombardi Trophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Let's_Learn_About:_The_Vince_Lombardi_Trophy-142">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">College football</a> is the third-most popular sport in the United States, behind professional baseball and professional football.<a href="#cite_note-Harris_Poll_2012-143">[142]</a> The NCAA, the largest collegiate organization, is divided into three Divisions: <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">Division I</a>, <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_II" title="NCAA Division II">Division II</a> and <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_III" title="NCAA Division III">Division III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-About_the_NCAA-144">[143]</a> Division I football is further divided into two subdivisions: the <a href="/wiki/Football_Bowl_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Bowl Subdivision">Football Bowl Subdivision</a> (FBS) and the <a href="/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Championship Subdivision">Football Championship Subdivision</a> (FCS).<a href="#cite_note-Differences_Among_the_Three_Divisions:_Division_I-145">[144]</a> The champions of each level of play are determined through NCAA-sanctioned playoff systems; while the champion of Division I-FBS was historically determined by various polls and ranking systems, the subdivision adopted a four-team playoff system in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Postseason_Football-146">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">High school football</a> is the most popular sport in the United States played by boys; over 1.1 million boys participated in the sport from 2007 to 2008 according to a survey by the <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associations" title="National Federation of State High School Associations">National Federation of State High School Associations</a> (NFHS). There is a stark contrast in youth football participation between boys and girls. Only one youth football league exists in the United States for girls, the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Girls_Football_League" title="Utah Girls Football League">GFL</a>. The NFHS is the largest organization for high school football, with member associations in all <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">50 states</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>. USA Football is the governing body for youth and amateur football,<a href="#cite_note-NFHS_and_USA_Football_Create_Football_Coaching_Course-147">[146]</a> and Pop Warner Little Scholars is the largest organization for youth football.<a href="#cite_note-Trying_to_Reduce_Head_Injuries,_Youth_Football_Limits_Practices-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_professional_leagues">Other professional leagues</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rival_leagues">Rival leagues</h4></div> The most successful league to directly compete with the NFL was the American Football League (AFL), which existed from 1960 to 1969. The AFL became a significant rival in <a href="/wiki/1964_American_Football_League_season" title="1964 American Football League season">1964</a> before signing a five-year, US$36 million television deal with NBC. AFL teams began signing NFL players to contracts, and the league's popularity grew to challenge that of the NFL. The two leagues merged in the <a href="/wiki/1970_NFL_season" title="1970 NFL season">1970 season</a>, and all the AFL teams joined the NFL. An earlier league, the <a href="/wiki/All-America_Football_Conference" title="All-America Football Conference">All-America Football Conference</a> (AAFC), was in play from 1946 to 1949. After it had dissolved, two AAFC teams, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers" title="San Francisco 49ers">San Francisco 49ers</a>, became members of the NFL; another member, the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Colts_(1947%E2%80%9350)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore Colts (1947–50)">Baltimore Colts</a> joined the league, but folded after just a year in the NFL.<a href="#cite_note-Off-the-field_competition_yields_game-changing_merger-149">[148]</a> Other attempts to start rival leagues since the AFL merged with the NFL in 1970 have been far less successful, as professional football salaries and the <a href="/wiki/NFL_on_television" title="NFL on television">NFL's television contracts</a> began to escalate out of the reach of competitors and the NFL covered more of the larger cities. The <a href="/wiki/World_Football_League" title="World Football League">World Football League</a> (WFL) played for two seasons, in 1974 and 1975, but faced such severe monetary issues it could not pay its players. In its second and final season the WFL attempted to establish a stable credit rating, but the league disbanded before the season could be completed.<a href="#cite_note-The_Day_The_Money_Ran_Out-150">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League" title="United States Football League">United States Football League</a> (USFL) operated for three seasons from 1983 to 1985. Originally not intended as a rival league, the entry of owners who sought marquee talent and to challenge the NFL led to an escalation in salaries and ensuing financial losses. A subsequent US$1.5 billion antitrust lawsuit against the NFL was successful in court, but the league was awarded only $1 in damages, which was automatically tripled to $3 under antitrust law.<a href="#cite_note-Twenty_years_later,_USFL_still_brings_fond_memories-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Complementary_national_leagues">Complementary national leagues</h4></div> The original <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2001)" title="XFL (2001)">XFL</a>, created in 2001 by <a href="/wiki/Vince_McMahon" title="Vince McMahon">Vince McMahon</a>, lasted for only one season. Despite television contracts with NBC and <a href="/wiki/UPN" title="UPN">UPN</a>, and high expectations, the XFL suffered from low quality of play and poor reception for its use of <a href="/wiki/Attitude_Era" title="Attitude Era">tawdry professional wrestling gimmicks</a>, which caused initially high ratings and attendance to collapse.<a href="#cite_note-No_More_Springtimes_for_the_XFL_as_League_Folds-152">[151]</a> The XFL was rebooted in <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="XFL (2020)">2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> However, after only five weeks of play, the league's operations slowly came to a close due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-suspendsoperations-154">[153]</a> and filed for bankruptcy on April 13.<a href="#cite_note-seekingbuyer-155">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2009%E2%80%932012)" title="United Football League (2009–2012)">United Football League</a> (UFL) began in <a href="/wiki/2009_UFL_season" title="2009 UFL season">2009</a> but folded after suspending its <a href="/wiki/2012_UFL_season" title="2012 UFL season">2012 season</a> amid declining interest and lack of major television coverage.<a href="#cite_note-Just_What_Is_Going_on_with_the_UFL?-156">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football" title="Alliance of American Football">Alliance of American Football</a> lasted <a href="/wiki/2019_AAF_season" title="2019 AAF season">less than one season</a>, unable to keep investors.<a href="#cite_note-disappointed-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_play">International play</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:03042012Ccm_gamosuma_juvenilA366.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a Mexican youth division football team" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/03042012Ccm_gamosuma_juvenilA366.JPG/220px-03042012Ccm_gamosuma_juvenilA366.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/03042012Ccm_gamosuma_juvenilA366.JPG/330px-03042012Ccm_gamosuma_juvenilA366.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/03042012Ccm_gamosuma_juvenilA366.JPG/440px-03042012Ccm_gamosuma_juvenilA366.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Players with one of the youth divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Borregos_Salvajes" title="Borregos Salvajes">Borregos Salvajes</a> football program of the <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education" title="Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education">Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education</a>, Mexico City</figcaption></figure> American football leagues exist throughout the world, but the game has yet to achieve the international success and popularity of <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> It is not an <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic sport">Olympic sport</a>, but it was a <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_sport" title="Demonstration sport">demonstration sport</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="American football at the 1932 Summer Olympics">1932 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Football_remains_an_Olympic_long_shot-159">[158]</a> At the international level, Canada, Mexico, and Japan are considered to be second-tier, while Austria, Germany, and France would rank among a third tier. These countries rank far below the United States, which is dominant at the international level.<a href="#cite_note-Football_in_Olympics_is_a_dream_that_could_become_a_reality-160">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minor_league" title="Minor league">developmental league</a> of the NFL, operated from 1991 to 1992 and then from 1995 to 2007. At the time of its closure, NFL Europa had five teams based in Germany and one in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_Europa_to_cease_operations-161">[160]</a> In Germany, the <a href="/wiki/German_Football_League" title="German Football League">German Football League</a> (GFL) has 16 teams and has operated for over 40 seasons, with the league's championship game, the <a href="/wiki/German_Bowl" title="German Bowl">German Bowl</a>, closing out each season. The league operates in a <a href="/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation" title="Promotion and relegation">promotion and relegation</a> structure with <a href="/wiki/German_Football_League_2" title="German Football League 2">German Football League 2</a> (GFL2), which also has 16 teams.<a href="#cite_note-Vicksburg-162">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BIG6_European_Football_League" title="BIG6 European Football League">BIG6 European Football League</a> functions as a continental championship for Europe. The competition is contested between the top six European teams.<a href="#cite_note-Vicksburg-162">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> also operated several teams within NFL Europe during the League's tenure.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> The resulting rise in popularity of the sport brought the NFL back to the country in 2007 where they now hold the <a href="/wiki/NFL_International_Series" title="NFL International Series">NFL International Series</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, currently consisting of four regular season games.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> The continuing interest and growth in both the sport and the series has led to the possible formation of a <a href="/wiki/Potential_London_NFL_franchise" title="Potential London NFL franchise">potential NFL franchise in London</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> An American football league system already exists within the UK, the <a href="/wiki/BAFA_National_Leagues" title="BAFA National Leagues">BAFANL</a>, which has run under various guises since 1983. It currently has 70 teams operating across the tiers of contact football in which teams aim to earn promotion to the Division above, with the Premier Division teams competing to win the <a href="/wiki/Britbowl" title="Britbowl">Britbowl</a>, the annual British Football Bowl game that has been played since 1985.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/British_Universities_American_Football_League" title="British Universities American Football League">British Universities American Football League</a> was formed. From 2008, the BUAFL was officially associated with the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL), through its partner organization NFL UK.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> In 2012, BUAFL's league and teams were absorbed into BUCS after American football became an official BUCS sport.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Over the period 2007 to 2014, the BUAFL grew from 42 teams and 2,460 participants to 75 teams and over 4,100 people involved.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> American football federations are present in <a href="/wiki/IFAF_Africa" title="IFAF Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFAF_Americas" title="IFAF Americas">the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFAF_Asia" title="IFAF Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFAF_Europe" title="IFAF Europe">Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IFAF_Oceania" title="IFAF Oceania">Oceania</a>; a total of 75 national football federations exist as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_football&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">International Federation of American Football</a> (IFAF), an international governing body composed of continental federations, runs tournaments such as the <a href="/wiki/IFAF_World_Championship" title="IFAF World Championship">IFAF World Championship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/IFAF_Women%27s_World_Championship" title="IFAF Women's World Championship">IFAF Women's World Championship</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=IFAF_U-19_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFAF U-19 World Cup (page does not exist)">IFAF U-19 World Championship</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/IFAF_Flag_Football_World_Championship" title="IFAF Flag Football World Championship">Flag Football World Championship</a>. The IFAF also organizes the annual International Bowl game.<a href="#cite_note-Championship_Competitions-176">[175]</a> The IFAF has received provisional recognition from the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC).<a href="#cite_note-Football_takes_step_toward_Olympics,_could_be_medal_sport_in_2024-177">[176]</a> Several major obstacles hinder the IFAF goal of achieving status as an Olympic sport. These include the predominant participation of men in international play and the short three-week Olympic schedule. Large team sizes are an additional difficulty, due to the Olympics' set limit of 10,500 athletes and coaches. American football also has an issue with a lack of global visibility. <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Melville" title="Nigel Melville">Nigel Melville</a>, the CEO of <a href="/wiki/USA_Rugby" title="USA Rugby">USA Rugby</a>, noted that "American football is recognized globally as a sport, but it's not played globally." To solve these concerns, major effort has been put into promoting <a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">flag football</a>, a modified version of American football, at the international level.<a href="#cite_note-Football_in_Olympics_is_a_dream_that_could_become_a_reality-160">[159]</a> Flag football has been shortlisted for appearance at the <a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028 Summer Olympics</a>, pending final approval by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Football_(albeit_flag)_appears_finally_set_for_Olympics-178">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity_and_cultural_influence">Popularity and cultural influence</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_football_in_the_United_States" title="American football in the United States">American football in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberstson%27s_Stadium_Record_Attendance_for_Boise_State_Football_in_October_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Alberstson%27s_Stadium_Record_Attendance_for_Boise_State_Football_in_October_2019.jpg/220px-Alberstson%27s_Stadium_Record_Attendance_for_Boise_State_Football_in_October_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Alberstson%27s_Stadium_Record_Attendance_for_Boise_State_Football_in_October_2019.jpg/330px-Alberstson%27s_Stadium_Record_Attendance_for_Boise_State_Football_in_October_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Alberstson%27s_Stadium_Record_Attendance_for_Boise_State_Football_in_October_2019.jpg/440px-Alberstson%27s_Stadium_Record_Attendance_for_Boise_State_Football_in_October_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Boise_State_Broncos" title="Boise State Broncos">Boise State Broncos</a> are the first football team to design a blue field in 1986.</figcaption></figure> "Baseball is still called the national pastime, but football is by far the more popular sport in American society", according to ESPN.com's Sean McAdam.<a href="#cite_note-Football_leaving_baseball_in_the_dust-179">[178]</a> In a 2014 poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Insights & Analytics">Harris Interactive</a>, professional football ranked as the most popular sport, and college football ranked third behind only professional football and baseball; 46% of participants ranked some form of the game as their favorite sport. Professional football has ranked as the most popular sport in the poll since 1985, when it surpassed baseball for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_most_popular_for_30th_year_in_row-180">[179]</a> Professional football is most popular among those who live in the eastern United States and rural areas, while college football is most popular in the southern United States and among people with graduate and post-graduate degrees.<a href="#cite_note-As_American_as_Mom,_Apple_Pie_and_Football?-181">[180]</a> Football is also the most-played sport by high school and college athletes in the United States. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_football&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_Foundation" title="National Football Foundation">National Football Foundation</a> reports nearly 1.04 million high-school athletes play the sport, with another 81,000 college athletes across both the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics" title="National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics">NAIA</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[4]</a> in comparison, the second-most played sport, basketball, had around 920,000 participants in high school and 63,000 in college.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> The Super Bowl is the most popular single-day sporting event in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-The_Second_25_Years-36">[35]</a> and is among the biggest club sporting events in the world in terms of TV viewership.<a href="#cite_note-Elite_clubs_on_Uefa_gravy_train_as_Super_Bowl_knocked_off_perch-141">[140]</a> The NFL made approximately $12 billion in revenue in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Super Bowl games account for eight of the top ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_watched_television_broadcasts_in_the_United_States" title="List of most watched television broadcasts in the United States">most-watched broadcasts in American history</a>; <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVII" title="Super Bowl LVII">Super Bowl LVII</a>, played on February 12, 2023, was watched by a record 115.1 million Americans,<a href="#cite_note-Super_Bowl_XLIX-184">[183]</a> and is second only to the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">moon landing</a> (125 million viewers).<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> American football also plays a significant role in American culture. The day on which the Super Bowl is held is considered <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday" title="Super Bowl Sunday">a de facto national holiday</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NFL_has_made_Super_Bowl_Sunday_into_a_holiday,_is_a_three-day_weekend_the_next_step?-186">[185]</a> and in parts of the country like <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, the sport has been compared to a religion.<a href="#cite_note-In_Texas,_High_School_Football_Is_King-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_$60_Million_Palace_for_Texas_High_School_Football-188">[187]</a> Football is also linked to other holidays; New Year's Day is traditionally the date for several college football bowl games, including the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game" title="Rose Bowl Game">Rose Bowl</a>. However, if New Year's Day is on a Sunday, the bowl games are moved to another date so as not to conflict with the typical NFL Sunday schedule.<a href="#cite_note-No_New_Year's_Day_Bowl_Games?_Bah,_Humbug-189">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> <a href="/wiki/American_football_on_Thanksgiving" title="American football on Thanksgiving">football</a> is another American tradition,<a href="#cite_note-From_Macy's_to_NFL,_Thanksgiving_traditions_explained-190">[189]</a> hosting many high school, college, and professional games.<a href="#cite_note-Thanksgiving_and_Football:_A_Unique_American_Tradition-191">[190]</a> Implicit rules such as playing through pain and sacrificing for the better of the team are promoted in football culture.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_football_in_Japan" title="American football in Japan">American football in Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_football_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="American football in the United Kingdom">American football in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NFL_International_Series_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of London's Wembley Stadium during the opening ceremony of the 2010 NFL International series showing the field and the stands filled with fans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/NFL_International_Series_2010.jpg/220px-NFL_International_Series_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/NFL_International_Series_2010.jpg/330px-NFL_International_Series_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/NFL_International_Series_2010.jpg/440px-NFL_International_Series_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption> Opening ceremony of the 2010 <a href="/wiki/NFL_International_Series" title="NFL International Series">NFL International Series</a> at London's <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suomi-ruotsi_jenkkifutis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Suomi-ruotsi_jenkkifutis.jpg/220px-Suomi-ruotsi_jenkkifutis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Suomi-ruotsi_jenkkifutis.jpg/330px-Suomi-ruotsi_jenkkifutis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Suomi-ruotsi_jenkkifutis.jpg/440px-Suomi-ruotsi_jenkkifutis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>A 2012 football game between national teams of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sonera_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonera Stadium">Sonera Stadium</a> (now Bolt Arena) in Helsinki</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the game has a significant following. According to a 2013 poll, 21% of respondents said they followed the NFL "very closely" or "fairly closely", making it the third-most followed league behind the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> (NHL) and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> (CFL).<a href="#cite_note-Super_Bowl_2014:_Comparing_the_NFL's_popularity_in_Canada_and_the_U.S.-193">[192]</a> American football also has a long history in Mexico, which was introduced to the sport in 1896. It was the second-most popular sport in Mexico in the 1950s, with the game being particularly popular in colleges.<a href="#cite_note-Mexico's_long_love_affair_with_football,_American-style-194">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> notes the NFL claims over 16 million fans in Mexico, which places the country third behind the U.S. and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-NFL's_popularity_in_Mexico_continues_to_grow-195">[194]</a> American football is played in Mexico both professionally and as part of the college sports system.<a href="#cite_note-American_football_touches_down_in_Germany-196">[195]</a> A professional league, the <a href="/wiki/Liga_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Americano_Profesional" title="Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional">Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional</a> (LFA), was founded in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> was introduced to the sport in 1934 by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rusch" title="Paul Rusch">Paul Rusch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teacher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missionary</a> who helped to establish football teams at three universities in Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-Friday_night_lights:_American_football_in_Japan_a_high_school_hit-198">[197]</a> Play was halted during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> by order of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a>, but the sport began growing in popularity again after the war.<a href="#cite_note-On_an_Impulse:_Josh_Cox’s_journey_to_success_in_Japan’s_X-League-199">[198]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_football&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are more than 400 high school football teams in Japan, with over 15,000 participants, and over 100 teams play in the Kantoh Collegiate Football Association (KCFA).<a href="#cite_note-Friday_night_lights:_American_football_in_Japan_a_high_school_hit-198">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/X-League_(Japan)" title="X-League (Japan)">X-League</a> is the largest American football league in Japan, and the largest American football league in the world to use a promotion-relegation system. Some teams in the X-League, like the <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Impulse" title="Panasonic Impulse">Panasonic Impulse</a>, are sponsored by corporations, and all Japanese players on these teams are employed by the corporation. The league operates in separate spring and fall seasons, with each team playing five games. The top eight teams make the playoffs, which are played in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Dome" title="Tokyo Dome">Tokyo Dome</a>; the champion is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Rice_Bowl" title="Rice Bowl">Rice Bowl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-On_an_Impulse:_Josh_Cox’s_journey_to_success_in_Japan’s_X-League-199">[198]</a> Europe is a major target for the expansion of the game by football organizers. In the United Kingdom in the 1980s, the sport was popular, with the 1986 Super Bowl being watched by over four million people (about 1 out of every 14 Britons). Its popularity faded during the 1990s, coinciding with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a>—top level of the <a href="/wiki/English_football_league_system" title="English football league system">English football league system</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/BBC_America" title="BBC America">BBC America</a>, there is a "social stigma" surrounding American football in the UK, with many Brits feeling the sport has no right to call itself "football" due to the lack of emphasis on kicking.<a href="#cite_note-Touchdown_in_the_U.K.:_Britain's_Long-Distance_Affair_with_the_NFL-200">[199]</a> Nonetheless, the sport has retained a following in the United Kingdom; the NFL operates a media network in the country, and since 2007 has hosted the <a href="/wiki/NFL_International_Series" title="NFL International Series">NFL International Series</a> in London. Super Bowl viewership has also rebounded, with over 4.4 million Britons watching <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVI" title="Super Bowl XLVI">Super Bowl XLVI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Super_Bowl_caps_UK's_growing_gridiron_fever-201">[200]</a> The sport is played in European countries like Switzerland, which has American football clubs in every major city,<a href="#cite_note-The_Game_Is_American,_but_the_View,_Alpine-202">[201]</a> and Germany, where the sport has around 45,000 registered amateur players.<a href="#cite_note-American_football_touches_down_in_Germany-196">[195]</a> In <a href="/wiki/American_football_in_Brazil" title="American football in Brazil">Brazil</a>, football is a growing sport. It was generally unknown there until the 1980s when a small group of players began playing on <a href="/wiki/Copacabana_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Copacabana Beach">Copacabana Beach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. The sport grew gradually with 700 amateur players registering within 20 years. Games were played on the beach with modified rules and without the traditional football equipment due to its lack of availability in Brazil. Eventually, a tournament, the Carioca championship, was founded, with the championship <a href="/wiki/Carioca_Bowl" title="Carioca Bowl">Carioca Bowl</a> played to determine a league champion. The country saw its first full-pad game of football in October 2008.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Rio_Times" title="The Rio Times">The Rio Times</a>, the sport is one of the fastest-growing sports in Brazil and is almost as commonly played as soccer on the beaches of Copacabana and <a href="/wiki/Botafogo" title="Botafogo">Botafogo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rio-204">[203]</a> Football in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Confedera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasileira_de_Futebol_Americano" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederação Brasileira de Futebol Americano">Confederação Brasileira de Futebol Americano</a> (CBFA), which had over 5,000 registered players as of November 2013. The sport's increase in popularity has been attributed to games aired on <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>, which began airing in Brazil in 1992 with Portuguese commentary.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> The popularity and "easy accessibility" of non-contact versions of the sport in Brazil has led to a rise in participation by female players.<a href="#cite_note-Rio-204">[203]</a> According to ESPN, the American football audience in Brazil increased 800% between 2013 and 2016. The network, along with <a href="/wiki/Esporte_Interativo" class="mw-redirect" title="Esporte Interativo">Esporte Interativo</a>, airs games there on cable television. The NFL has expressed interest in having games in the country, and the Super Bowl has become a widely watched event in Brazil at bars and <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theaters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crescimento_do_interesse_por_futebol_americano_no_Brasil_atrai_NFL-206">[205]</a> Further countries have also expressed interest in football to lesser degrees. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> has expressed growing interest in American football, with many countries in the region being members of <a href="/wiki/IFAF_Asia" title="IFAF Asia">IFAF Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, which are not members of IFAF, have established their own domestic leagues. <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> established two leagues for the sport, namely the Egyptian League of American Football and the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Federation_of_American_Football" title="Egyptian Federation of American Football">Egyptian Federation</a> of American Football, and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> hosts two teams based out of <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has additionally been a target for the expansion of the sport, with the Mainland being the home of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_National_Football_League" title="Chinese National Football League">Chinese National Football League</a> as well as a growing audience of Super Bowl watchers. Three franchises are also based out of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, which prior to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> regularly played mainland teams. NFL games average 900,000 viewers in China, though the league has cited logistical challenges which would prevent teams from playing games akin to abroad games in European countries.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations_and_related_sports">Variations and related sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena football</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_111202-N-FC065-001_Cmdr._Bill_Mallory_tries_for_more_yards_after_a_reception_during_a_flag_football_game_celebrating_the_annual_Army-Navy_f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of men playing flag football" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/US_Navy_111202-N-FC065-001_Cmdr._Bill_Mallory_tries_for_more_yards_after_a_reception_during_a_flag_football_game_celebrating_the_annual_Army-Navy_f.jpg/220px-US_Navy_111202-N-FC065-001_Cmdr._Bill_Mallory_tries_for_more_yards_after_a_reception_during_a_flag_football_game_celebrating_the_annual_Army-Navy_f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/US_Navy_111202-N-FC065-001_Cmdr._Bill_Mallory_tries_for_more_yards_after_a_reception_during_a_flag_football_game_celebrating_the_annual_Army-Navy_f.jpg/330px-US_Navy_111202-N-FC065-001_Cmdr._Bill_Mallory_tries_for_more_yards_after_a_reception_during_a_flag_football_game_celebrating_the_annual_Army-Navy_f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/US_Navy_111202-N-FC065-001_Cmdr._Bill_Mallory_tries_for_more_yards_after_a_reception_during_a_flag_football_game_celebrating_the_annual_Army-Navy_f.jpg/440px-US_Navy_111202-N-FC065-001_Cmdr._Bill_Mallory_tries_for_more_yards_after_a_reception_during_a_flag_football_game_celebrating_the_annual_Army-Navy_f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Men playing a game of <a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">flag football</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a>, the predominant form of football in Canada, is closely related to American football—both sports developed from rugby and are considered to be the chief variants of gridiron football.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-210">[209]</a> Although both games share a <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football" title="Comparison of American and Canadian football">similar set of rules</a>, there are several key rule differences: for example, in Canadian football the field measures 150 by 65 yards (137 by 59 m), including two 20-yard end zones (for a distance between goal lines of 110 yards),<a href="#cite_note-Argos,_Rogers_Centre_agree_on_lease_deal_through_2017-211">[210]</a> teams have three downs instead of four, there are twelve players on each side instead of eleven,<a href="#cite_note-Behind_IDFFL,_Canadian_players_chase_football_dreams-212">[211]</a> fair catches are not allowed, and a <a href="/wiki/Single_(football)" title="Single (football)">rouge</a>, worth a single point is scored if the offensive team kicks the ball out of the defense's end zone.<a href="#cite_note-Head_to_Head:_CFL_vs._NFL-213">[212]</a> The Canadian Football League (CFL) is the major Canadian league and is the second-most popular sporting league in Canada, behind the National Hockey League.<a href="#cite_note-Head_to_Head:_CFL_vs._NFL-213">[212]</a> The NFL and CFL had a formal working relationship from 1997 to 2006.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> The CFL has a strategic partnership with two American football leagues, the German Football League (GFL) and the Liga de Futbol Americano Profesional (LFA).<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> The Canadian rules were developed separately from the American game. <a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">Indoor football</a> leagues constitute what <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> writer Mike Tanier described as the "most minor of minor leagues." Leagues are unstable, with franchises regularly moving from one league to another or merging with other teams, and teams or entire leagues dissolving completely; games are only attended by a small number of fans, and most players are <a href="/wiki/Semi-professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-professional">semi-professional</a> athletes. The <a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_League" title="Indoor Football League">Indoor Football League</a> is an example of a prominent indoor league.<a href="#cite_note-Staying_in_the_Game_on_Football's_Fringe-216">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">Arena Football League</a>, which was founded in 1987 and ceased operations in 2019, was one of the longest-lived indoor football leagues.<a href="#cite_note-GleesonChap7-217">[216]</a> In 2004, the league was called "America's fifth major sport" by <a href="/wiki/ESPN_The_Magazine" title="ESPN The Magazine">ESPN The Magazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arena_football:_Is_it_America's_fifth_major_sport?-218">[217]</a> There are several non-contact variants of football, such as <a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">flag football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NFL_FLAG_football_is_about_fun_and_fundamentals-219">[218]</a> In flag football the ball-carrier is not tackled; instead, defenders aim to pull a flag tied around the ball-carrier's waist.<a href="#cite_note-Proper_flag_pull_takes_fast_feet_and_discipline-220">[219]</a> Another variant, <a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">touch football</a>, simply requires the ball-carrier to be touched to be considered downed. Depending on the rules used, a game of touch football may require the ball-carrier be touched with either one or two hands to be considered downed.<a href="#cite_note-The_32_Rules_of_Thanksgiving_Touch_Football-221">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/American_football.svg/28px-American_football.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/American_football.svg/42px-American_football.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/American_football.svg/56px-American_football.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_football" title="Portal:American football">American football portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="American football strategy">American football strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of American football and rugby union">Comparison of American football and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of American football and rugby league">Comparison of American football and rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_football_(gridiron)" title="Fantasy football (gridiron)">Fantasy football (gridiron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_football_films" title="List of American football films">List of American football films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_American_football_players" title="Lists of American football players">Lists of American football players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_football_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of American football stadiums by capacity">List of American football stadiums by capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_and_Canadian_football_leagues" title="List of American and Canadian football leagues">List of American and Canadian football leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_gridiron_football_players" title="List of female gridiron football players">List of female gridiron football players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_American_football" title="Doping in American football">Doping in American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_gridiron_football" title="Women's gridiron football">Women's gridiron football</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The terms "<a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron football</a>", "gridiron", and "grid" are sometimes used as synonyms for American football.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> They are also used in a broader sense that includes <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a>, a football code that is <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football" title="Comparison of American and Canadian football">very similar</a> to American football.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/gridiron">"Gridiron"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025727/https://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/gridiron">Archived</a> November 7, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_English_Dictionary_for_Advanced_Learners" title="Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners">MacMillan Dictionary</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/212839/gridiron-football">"gridiron football (sport)"</a>. 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The Beginnings of Football in America"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Professional_Football_Researchers_Association" title="Professional Football Researchers Association">Professional Football Researchers Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124846/http://www.profootballresearchers.com/articles/No_Christian_End.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Christian+End%21+The+Beginnings+of+Football+in+America&rft.pub=Professional+Football+Researchers+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profootballresearchers.com%2Farticles%2FNo_Christian_End.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bostonpost-15"><a href="#cite_ref-bostonpost_15-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2090813/boston-post/">"Foot Ball"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240820034635/https://www.newspapers.com/article/boston-post/2090813/">Archived</a> August 20, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, clipping from The Boston Post, May 16, 1874, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/05/14/history-may-14-1874-how-canada-created-american-football/">"History- May 14, 1874 How Canada created American football"</a>. rcinet.ca. May 14, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052657/http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/05/14/history-may-14-1874-how-canada-created-american-football/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rcinet.ca&rft.atitle=History-+May+14%2C+1874+How+Canada+created+American+football&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcinet.ca%2Fen%2F2015%2F05%2F14%2Fhistory-may-14-1874-how-canada-created-american-football%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/channels/news/date-history-first-football-game-was-may-14-1874-106694">"This Date in History: First football game was May 14, 1874"</a>. mcgill.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074259/https://www.mcgill.ca/channels/news/date-history-first-football-game-was-may-14-1874-106694">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2018. 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Retrieved November 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NFL.com&rft.atitle=NFL+History+1869%E2%80%931910&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfl.com%2Fhistory%2Fchronology%2F1869-1910%231892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2012/11/21/oneida-football-club-first-team-play-high-school-football/OBtaKz79JZcmtxkm5WQ40M/story.html">"Remembering the first high school football games"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127232526/https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2012/11/21/oneida-football-club-first-team-play-high-school-football/OBtaKz79JZcmtxkm5WQ40M/story.html">Archived</a> November 27, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>, November 21, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/walter-camp-and-birth-modern-football/">"Walter Camp and the Birth of Modern Football"</a>. 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That year [1882] he also came up with the idea for a static line of scrimmage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walter+Camp+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+Football&rft.pub=New+England+Historical+Society&rft.date=2013-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com%2Fwalter-camp-and-birth-modern-football%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Bennett (1976), p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1969" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Guy M. (1969). "Teddy Roosevelt's Role in the 1905 Football Controversy". 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Retrieved April 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Saturday+Night+Lights%3A+Harvard+Stadium+Joins+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2007-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F22%2Fsports%2Fncaafootball%2F22harvard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blondy_Wallace_and_the_Biggest_Football_Scandal_Ever:_1906-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Blondy_Wallace_and_the_Biggest_Football_Scandal_Ever:_1906_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunwartCarroll" class="citation journal cs1">Braunwart, Bob; Carroll, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140928221224/http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/06-An-209.pdf">"Blondy Wallace and the Biggest Football Scandal Ever: 1906"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Coffin_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coffin Corner">The Coffin Corner</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/06-An-209.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 28, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Coffin+Corner&rft.atitle=Blondy+Wallace+and+the+Biggest+Football+Scandal+Ever%3A+1906&rft.aulast=Braunwart&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profootballresearchers.org%2FCoffin_Corner%2F06-An-209.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NFL1911-27"><a href="#cite_ref-NFL1911_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfl.com/history/chronology/1911-1920#1920">"NFL History 1911–1920"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NFL.com" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL.com">NFL.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115043331/http://www.nfl.com/history/chronology/1911-1920#1920">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2008. 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December 20, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240820035123/https://www.pendlesportswear.co.uk/blog/footballs-a-history/">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+of+Footballs+%26%23124%3B+the+First+Football+%26%23124%3B+Pendle+Sportswear+Blog&rft.date=2019-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pendlesportswear.co.uk%2Fblog%2Ffootballs-a-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._20-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._20_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCAA_Rules_2011–2012,_p._20_83-1">b</a> NCAA Rules 2011–2012, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._3-84"><a href="#cite_ref-NFL_Rules_2012,_p._3_84-0">^</a> NFL Rules 2012, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235622/http://uaasnfl.blob.core.windows.net/live/1807/2015_nfl_rule_book_final.pdf">"Official Playing Rules of the National Football League"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved January 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NFL&rft.atitle=NFL+announces+matchups+for+international+games&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfl.com%2Fnews%2Fnfl-announces-matchups-for-international-games-0ap3000001012393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVrentas" class="citation magazine cs1">Vrentas, Jenny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.com/nfl/2014/10/02/nfl-team-in-london-international-series">"Why London? And Can It Work?"</a>. 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BBC Sport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201134824/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/american-football/35360989">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=UK-based+NFL+team+%27on+track+for+2022%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2Famerican-football%2F35360989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishamericanfootball.org/">"British American Football"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125063038/https://www.britishamericanfootball.org/">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021. 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Retrieved February 12, 2021. <q>The British Universities American Football League (BUAFL) had 42 teams before the first Wembley game in 2007 and 2,460 participants; now 75 universities are registered, with more than 4,100 players, coaches and officials</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Super+Bowl+2014%3A+Move+over%2C+Wayne+Rooney+%E2%80%93+gridiron%27s+here&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft.au=Zander+Swinburne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fgeneral%2Fothers%2Fsuper-bowl-2014-move-over-wayne-rooney-gridirons-here-9101644.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanfootball.sport/member-federations/">"Member Federations"</a>. 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Retrieved January 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=NFL+National+Revenue+Was+Almost+%2412+Billion+In+2022&rft.aulast=Ozanian&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmikeozanian%2F2023%2F07%2F11%2Fnfl-national-revenue-was-almost-12-billion-in-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Super_Bowl_XLIX-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Super_Bowl_XLIX_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeralta2015" class="citation web cs1">Peralta, Eyder (February 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/02/02/383352809/super-bowl-xlix-was-most-watched-show-in-tv-history">"Super Bowl XLIX Was Most Watched Show in TV History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618235512/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/02/02/383352809/super-bowl-xlix-was-most-watched-show-in-tv-history">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Super+Bowl+XLIX+Was+Most+Watched+Show+in+TV+History&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft.aulast=Peralta&rft.aufirst=Eyder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2015%2F02%2F02%2F383352809%2Fsuper-bowl-xlix-was-most-watched-show-in-tv-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna32469279">"Buzz Aldrin to accept NASA's Emmy award"</a>. NBC News. August 19, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221202756/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna32469279">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2023. 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Retrieved September 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=NFL+has+made+Super+Bowl+Sunday+into+a+holiday%2C+is+a+three-day+weekend+the+next+step%3F&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fentertainmentnewsbuzz%2F2011%2F02%2Fnfl-has-made-super-bowl-sunday-into-a-holiday-is-a-three-day-weekend-the-next-step.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-In_Texas,_High_School_Football_Is_King-187"><a href="#cite_ref-In_Texas,_High_School_Football_Is_King_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2006" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Bob (January 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=132425">"In Texas, High School Football Is King"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427141134/https://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=132425">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2014. 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Bah, Humbug"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Chicago">CBS Chicago</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050123/http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2011/12/30/wisch-no-new-years-day-bowl-games-bah-humbug/">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2014. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sports.nationalpost.com/2014/01/30/super-bowl-2014-comparing-the-nfls-popularity-in-canada-and-the-u-s/">the original</a> on May 25, 2017. 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January 27, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012014/http://www.thelocal.de/20130127/47579">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2014. 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Retrieved August 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fledgling+pro+league+trying+to+gain+foothold+with+Mexico%27s+NFL+fans&rft.pub=ESPN&rft.date=2017-04-14&rft.aulast=Janowitz&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fnfl%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F19144594%2Fsecond-year-professional-football-league-lfa-tries-gain-foothold-mexico-large-nfl-fan-base&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friday_night_lights:_American_football_in_Japan_a_high_school_hit-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friday_night_lights:_American_football_in_Japan_a_high_school_hit_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friday_night_lights:_American_football_in_Japan_a_high_school_hit_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJardine2010" class="citation web cs1">Jardine, Lisa (September 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/play/friday-night-lights-japanese-american-football-player-dream-686573">"Friday night lights: American football in Japan a high school hit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN_Travel" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN Travel">CNN Travel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417200538/http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/play/friday-night-lights-japanese-american-football-player-dream-686573">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2014. 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Retrieved November 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Steel+City+Blitz&rft.atitle=The+Most+Unexpected+Countries+Where+American+Football+is+Played&rft.date=2023-05-26&rft.au=Scb+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsteelcityblitz.com%2Fthe-most-unexpected-countries-where-american-football-is-played%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/sport/football/article/3181231/did-you-know-they-play-american-football-hong-kong-no-we-didnt">"American football in Hong Kong is punching above its weight"</a>. 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Retrieved August 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+a+Game%3A+Football%2C+the+Rules%2C+and+the+Men+Who+Made+the+Game&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1993-12-12&rft.isbn=978-0-87413-455-1&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOmwfnipKuogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.nfl.com/static/content/public/image/rulebook/pdfs/2012%20-%20Rule%20Book.pdf">"Official Playing Rules and Casebook of the National Football League"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423042036/http://static.nfl.com/static/content/public/image/rulebook/pdfs/2012%20-%20Rule%20Book.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Football+League&rft.atitle=Official+Playing+Rules+and+Casebook+of+the+National+Football+League&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.nfl.com%2Fstatic%2Fcontent%2Fpublic%2Fimage%2Frulebook%2Fpdfs%2F2012%2520-%2520Rule%2520Book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedding2011–2012" class="citation journal cs1">Redding, Rogers (2011–2012). Halpin, Ty (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/FR12.pdf">"NCAA Football Rules and Interpretations"</a> (PDF). Ncaa Water Polo Rules. <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0736-5144">0736-5144</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819102700/http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/FR12.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 19, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ncaa+Water+Polo+Rules&rft.atitle=NCAA+Football+Rules+and+Interpretations&rft.date=2011%2F2012&rft.issn=0736-5144&rft.aulast=Redding&rft.aufirst=Rogers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncaapublications.com%2Fproductdownloads%2FFR12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Earl2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Earl, ed. (August 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhbpot6Jk1EC&q=masculinity+football&pg=PA146">Sociology of Sport and Social Theory</a>. Human Kinetics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-7572-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-7572-5"><bdi>978-0-7360-7572-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215012455/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhbpot6Jk1EC&q=masculinity+football&pg=PA146">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+of+Sport+and+Social+Theory&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft.isbn=978-0-7360-7572-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVhbpot6Jk1EC%26q%3Dmasculinity%2Bfootball%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVancil2000" class="citation book cs1">Vancil, Mark (Ed.) (2000). ABC Sports College Football All-Time All-America Team. New York: <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Books" title="Hachette Books">Hyperion Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6710-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6710-3"><bdi>978-0-7868-6710-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABC+Sports+College+Football+All-Time+All-America+Team&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7868-6710-3&rft.aulast=Vancil&rft.aufirst=Mark+%28%27%27Ed.%27%27%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+football" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/football-great-writing-about-the-national-sport/oclc/895301624/editions">Football: Great Writing About the National 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href="http://nfl-360.com/">NFL 360, an introductory website to football rules</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/mp73006300/">Excerpts of a 1903 football game between the University of Chicago and University of Michigan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_American_football" title="Template:International American football"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_American_football" title="Template talk:International American football"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_American_football" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International American football"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_American_football" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a class="mw-selflink selflink">American football</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">IFAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_World_Championship" title="IFAF World Championship">World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Women%27s_World_Championship" title="IFAF Women's World Championship">Women's World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Junior_World_Championship" title="IFAF Junior World Championship">Junior World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_University_American_Football_Championship" title="World University American Football Championship">World University Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="American football at the Summer Olympics">Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="American football at the 1904 Summer Olympics">1904</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="American football at the 1932 Summer Olympics">1932</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_football_at_the_2028_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag football at the 2028 Summer Olympics">2028 flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_World_Games" title="American football at the World Games">World Games</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_2005_World_Games" title="American football at the 2005 World Games">2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_2017_World_Games" title="American football at the 2017 World Games">2017</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_football_at_the_2022_World_Games" title="Flag football at the 2022 World Games">2022 flag</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FDB813;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Africa" title="IFAF Africa">IFAF Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:IFAF_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/IFAF_members.svg/220px-IFAF_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/IFAF_members.svg/330px-IFAF_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/IFAF_members.svg/440px-IFAF_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ED3D40;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Asia" title="IFAF Asia">IFAF Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_flag_football_at_the_2014_Asian_Beach_Games" title="Beach flag football at the 2014 Asian Beach Games">Beach flag football at the 2014 Asian Beach Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0080C7;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Americas" title="IFAF Americas">IFAF Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #018440;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Europe" title="IFAF Europe">IFAF Europe</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Championship_of_American_football" title="European Championship of American football">European Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_European_Championship_of_American_football" title="Women's European Championship of American football">Women's European Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Junior_Championship_of_American_football" title="European Junior Championship of American football">European Junior Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_League_of_Football" title="European League of Football">ELF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIG6_European_Football_League" title="BIG6 European Football League">BIG6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurobowl" title="Eurobowl">Eurobowl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Football_League" title="European Football League">EFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFAF_Cup" title="EFAF Cup">EFAF Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFAF_Challenge_Cup" title="EFAF Challenge Cup">EFAF Challenge Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFAF_Euro_Top_20" title="EFAF Euro Top 20">EFAF Euro Top 20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #807F85;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Oceania" title="IFAF Oceania">IFAF Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_football_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_football_in_the_United_States" title="Template:American football in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_football_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:American football in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_football_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American football in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_football_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_football_in_the_United_States" title="American football in the United States">American football in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_Union" title="American Football Union">American Football Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Football_Association" title="Intercollegiate Football Association">Intercollegiate Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_(1902)" title="National Football League (1902)">National Football League (1902)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Pro_Football_League" title="New York Pro Football League">New York Pro Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_League" title="Ohio League">Ohio League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_Professional_Football_Circuit" title="Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit">Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Series_of_Football_(1902%E2%80%9303)" title="World Series of Football (1902–03)">World Series of Football (1902–03)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_American_football" title="Modern history of American football">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">Major</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-America_Football_Conference" title="All-America Football Conference">All-America Football Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1926)" title="American Football League (1926)">American Football League (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League" title="American Football League">American Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1936)" title="American Football League (1936)">American Football League (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1940)" title="American Football League (1940)">American Football League (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League" title="United States Football League">United States Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Football_League" title="World Football League">World Football League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_league" title="Minor league">Minor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football" title="Alliance of American Football">Alliance of American Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_(American_football)" title="American Association (American football)">American Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite_League" title="Anthracite League">Anthracite League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Football_League" title="Atlantic Coast Football League">Atlantic Coast Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Football_League" title="Continental Football League">Continental Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_League_(American_football)" title="Dixie League (American football)">Dixie League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Football_League_(1935%E2%80%931940)" title="Midwest Football League (1935–1940)">Midwest Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Professional_Football_League" title="Pacific Coast Professional Football League">Pacific Coast Professional Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="United Football League (1961–1964)">United Football League (1961–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2009%E2%80%932012)" title="United Football League (2009–2012)">United Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Football League (2022)">United States Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFL_(2001)" title="XFL (2001)">XFL (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFL_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="XFL (2020)">XFL (2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Spring_League" title="The Spring League">The Spring League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Call_Football" title="Your Call Football">Your Call Football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halls of fame</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Pro Football Hall of Fame">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="College Football Hall of Fame">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Arena Football Hall of Fame">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor Football Hall of Fame">Indoor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_gridiron_football" title="Professional gridiron football">Professional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Football_League" title="History of the National Football League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_playoffs" title="NFL playoffs">Playoffs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFC_Championship_Game" title="AFC Championship Game">AFC Championship Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFC_Championship_Game" title="NFC Championship Game">NFC Championship Game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Bowl" title="Pro Bowl">Pro Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_league_football_(gridiron)" title="Minor league football (gridiron)">Other outdoor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">American 7s Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">United Football League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">Indoor leagues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Arena_League" title="American Arena League">American Arena League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_Association" title="Arena Football Association">Arena Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_West_Football_Conference" title="American West Football Conference">American West Football Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">Arena Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indoor_Football" title="American Indoor Football">American Indoor Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champions_Indoor_Football" title="Champions Indoor Football">Champions Indoor Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_League" title="Indoor Football League">Indoor Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Arena_League" title="National Arena League">National Arena League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Arena_Football" title="Great Lakes Arena Football">Great Lakes Arena Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Controlled_Football" title="Fan Controlled Football">Fan Controlled Football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed leagues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Patriot_League" title="American Patriot League">American Patriot League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Spring_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="American Spring Football League">American Spring Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Football_League" title="Freedom Football League">Freedom Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Arena_League" title="The Arena League">The Arena League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Football_Researchers_Association" title="Professional Football Researchers Association">Researchers Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">College</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">FBS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS" title="College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS">National championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship" title="College Football Playoff National Championship">Playoff National Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Football_Playoff" title="College Football Playoff">Playoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_game" title="Bowl game">Bowl game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision">FCS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship">Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics" title="National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics">NAIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAIA_Football_National_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NAIA Football National Championship">National Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Junior_College_Athletic_Association" title="National Junior College Athletic Association">NJCAA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NJCAA_National_Football_Championship" title="NJCAA National Football Championship">Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Signing_Day" title="National Signing Day">National Signing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Junior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">High school</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Football_National_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="High School Football National Championship">High School Football National Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associations" title="National Federation of State High School Associations">National Federation of State High School Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Signing_Day" title="National Signing Day">National Signing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Youth / middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Youth_Football" title="American Youth Football">American Youth Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Warner_Little_Scholars" title="Pop Warner Little Scholars">Pop Warner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's American football">Women's</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legends_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Legends Football League">Extreme Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Women%27s_Football_League" title="United States Women's Football League">United States Women's Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Football_Alliance" title="Women's Football Alliance">Women's Football Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Football_Conference" title="Women's National Football Conference">Women's National Football Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA_Football" title="USA Football">USA Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_American_football_team" title="United States men's national American football team">National men's team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_American_football_team" title="United States women's national American football team">National women's team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_football_films" title="List of American football films">List of American football films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_American_football" title="Donald Trump and American football">Donald Trump and American football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_football_in_the_United_States" title="Category:American football in the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:American_football_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:American football in the United States">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_football" title="Portal:American football">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gridiron_football_concepts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gridiron_football_concepts" title="Template:Gridiron football concepts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gridiron_football_concepts" title="Template talk:Gridiron football concepts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gridiron_football_concepts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gridiron football concepts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gridiron_football_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron football</a> concepts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football_terms" title="Glossary of American football terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_American_football" title="Modern history of American football">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_rules" title="American football rules">Rules</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football" title="Comparison of American and Canadian football">American–Canadian comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnside_rules" title="Burnside rules">Burnside rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Canadian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of Canadian football">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">9-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">8-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">7-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">6-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(American)" title="Street football (American)">Street/Backyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powderpuff_(sports)" title="Powderpuff (sports)">Powderpuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football_rules" title="List of gridiron football rules">Rules of gridiron football codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels of play</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Youth/midget <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Warner_Little_Scholars" title="Pop Warner Little Scholars">Pop Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Youth_Football" title="American Youth Football">AYF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">High school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varsity_team" title="Varsity team">Varsity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_varsity_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior varsity team">Junior varsity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">College</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Club football">Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">Sprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-professional">Semi-pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_gridiron_football" title="Professional gridiron football">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's American football">Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_football_field" title="American football field">Field</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yard_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Yard lines">Yard lines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hash_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hash marks">Hash marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_line" title="End line">End line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goal_line_(gridiron_football)" title="Goal line (gridiron football)">Goal line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidelines">Sidelines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage" title="Line of scrimmage">Line of scrimmage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_goal_range" title="Field goal range">Field goal range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/End_zone" title="End zone">End zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Red zone (gridiron football)">Red zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Dead zone (gridiron football)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Neutral zone (gridiron football)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_corner_(American_football)" title="Coffin corner (American football)">Coffin corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(gridiron_football)" title="Flat (gridiron football)">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_(American_football)" title="Gap (American football)">Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_(American_football)" title="Hole (American football)">Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_pocket" title="Passing pocket">Pocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scoring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown" title="Touchdown">Touchdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_(gridiron_football)" title="Conversion (gridiron football)">One-point conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-point_conversion" title="Two-point conversion">Two-point conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_goal" title="Field goal">Field goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_score)" title="Safety (gridiron football score)">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_(football)" title="Single (football)">Single (rouge)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ball handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap (football)">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">Forward pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_pass" title="Lateral pass">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incomplete_pass" title="Incomplete pass">Incomplete pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop-back_pass" title="Drop-back pass">Drop-back pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass" title="Hail Mary pass">Hail Mary pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-off" title="Hand-off">Hand-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_(gridiron_football)" title="Rush (gridiron football)">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_(gridiron_football)" title="Punt (gridiron football)">Punt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Touchback" title="Touchback">Touchback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_kick" title="Drop kick">Drop kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickoff_(gridiron_football)" title="Kickoff (gridiron football)">Kickoff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onside_kick" title="Onside kick">Onside kick</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(gridiron_football)" title="Turnover (gridiron football)">Turnovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fumble" title="Fumble">Fumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interception" title="Interception">Interception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffed_punt" title="Muffed punt">Muffed punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tillman" title="Charles Tillman">"Peanut Punch"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_on_downs" title="Turnover on downs">Turnover on downs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">Downs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">First down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)#Three-and-out" title="Down (gridiron football)">Three-and-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_down_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth down conversion">Fourth down conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_ball#Gridiron_football" title="Dead ball">Dead ball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Play_clock" title="Play clock">Play clock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time-out_(sport)#American_and_Canadian_football" title="Time-out (sport)">Timeout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarterback_kneel" title="Quarterback kneel">Kneel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(gridiron_football)" title="Spike (gridiron football)">Spike</a></li> <li>Time warnings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-minute_warning" title="Three-minute warning">3 min.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-minute_warning" title="Two-minute warning">2 min.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-minute_warning" title="One-minute warning">1 min.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_management" title="Clock management">Clock management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_out_the_clock" title="Running out the clock">Running out the clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untimed_play" title="Untimed play">Untimed play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_time" title="Garbage time">Garbage time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-purpose_yardage" title="All-purpose yardage">All-purpose yardage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carry_(gridiron_football)" title="Carry (gridiron football)">Carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(American_football)" title="Completion (American football)">Completion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Gen_Stats" title="Next Gen Stats">Next Gen Stats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pass_deflected" title="Pass deflected">Pass deflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passer_rating" title="Passer rating">Passer rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_yards" class="mw-redirect" title="Passing yards">Passing yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_(gridiron_football)" title="Reception (gridiron football)">Receiving yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_(gridiron_football)" title="Reception (gridiron football)">Reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_yards" title="Return yards">Return yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carry_(gridiron_football)" title="Carry (gridiron football)">Rushing yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarterback_sack" title="Quarterback sack">Sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_offense" title="Total offense">Total offense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_quarterback_rating" title="Total quarterback rating">Total quarterback rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown_pass" title="Touchdown pass">Touchdown pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yards_after_catch" title="Yards after catch">Yards after catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yards_from_scrimmage" title="Yards from scrimmage">Yards from scrimmage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Practice_squad" title="Practice squad">Practice squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-a-days_(football)" title="Two-a-days (football)">Two-a-days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_drill" title="Oklahoma drill">Oklahoma drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-cone_drill" title="Three-cone drill">Three-cone drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_session" title="Film session">Film session</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officiating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_(gridiron_football)" title="Official (gridiron football)">Official</a> (<a href="/wiki/Official_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Official (American football)">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official_(Canadian_football)" title="Official (Canadian football)">Canadian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_crew" title="Chain crew">Chain crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_(gridiron_football)" title="Penalty (gridiron football)">Penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_flag" title="Penalty flag">Penalty flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replay_review_in_gridiron_football" title="Replay review in gridiron football">Instant replay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Gridiron ball">Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(American_football)" title="Blocking (American football)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_tree" title="Coaching tree">Coaching tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_American_football" title="Concussions in American football">Concussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_equipment_in_gridiron_football" title="Protective equipment in gridiron football">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_IQ" title="Football IQ">Football IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_(American_football)" title="Formation (American football)">Formations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formations_in_American_football" title="List of formations in American football">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterman_(sports)" title="Letterman (sports)">Letterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatorade_shower" title="Gatorade shower">Gatorade shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#American_and_Canadian_football" title="Overtime (sports)">Overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_plays" title="American football plays">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_positions" title="American football positions">Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_up_the_score" title="Running up the score">Running up the score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="American football strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown_celebration" title="Touchdown celebration">Touchdown celebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuck_rule_(American_football)" title="Tuck rule (American football)">Tuck rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_card" title="American football card">Trading card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_man_(football)" title="12th man (football)">Twelfth man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Football_codes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Football_codes" title="Template:Football codes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Football_codes" title="Template talk:Football codes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Football_codes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Football codes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Football_codes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">Football codes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amputee_football" title="Amputee football">Amputee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_soccer" title="Crab soccer">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-a-side_football" title="Five-a-side football">Five-a-side</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_soccer" title="Indoor soccer">Indoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_football" title="Freestyle football">Freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keepie_uppie" title="Keepie uppie">Keepie uppie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hacky_sack" title="Hacky sack">Footbag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic association football">Paralympic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powerchair_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerchair Football">Powerchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorkyball" title="Jorkyball">Jorkyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_soccer" title="Roller soccer">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_goalie" title="Rush goalie">Rush goalie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_football" title="Swamp football">Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(association_football)" title="Street football (association football)">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-sided_football" title="Three-sided football">Three-sided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_football" title="Walking football">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFLX" title="AFLX">AFLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_football" title="Lightning football">Lightning football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_footy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro footy">Metro footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-a-side_footy" title="Nine-a-side footy">Nine-a-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec_footy" title="Rec footy">Rec footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_of_Australian_rules_football" title="Variations of Australian rules football">Variations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">Eight-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">Nine-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">Seven-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">Six-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">Sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">Wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masters_Rugby_League" title="Masters Rugby League">Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_league" title="Mod league">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">Nines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_sevens" title="Rugby league sevens">Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby_league" title="Wheelchair rugby league">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_disability_rugby_league" title="Physical disability rugby league">PD Rugby League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_flag_rugby" title="American flag rugby">American flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_rugby" title="Snow rugby">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">Tens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_X" title="Rugby X">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambo_rugby" title="Tambo rugby">Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(sport)" title="Touch (sport)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_rules_football" title="Circle rules football">Circle rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrow_football" title="Harrow football">Harrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelo_burti" title="Lelo burti">Lelo burti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_sports" title="List of hybrid sports">Hybrid codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austus" title="Austus">Austus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_game" title="Boston game">Boston game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_field_game" title="Eton field game">Eton field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_wall_game" title="Eton wall game">Eton wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_rules" title="Samoa rules">Samoa rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedball_(American_ball_game)" title="Speedball (American ball game)">Speedball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_football_(code)" title="Swedish football (code)">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_football" title="Universal football">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volata" title="Volata">Volata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rules and regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football_rules" title="List of gridiron football rules">Gridiron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football_rules" title="American football rules">American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_league" title="Laws of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_union" title="Laws of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_rules" title="Cambridge rules">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Rules" title="Sheffield Rules">Sheffield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caid_(sport)" title="Caid (sport)">Caid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio Fiorentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_public_school_football_games" title="English public school football games">English school games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkyros" title="Episkyros">Episkyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum">Harpastum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_soule" title="La soule">La soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn Grook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba game">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camping_(game)" title="Camping (game)">Camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_division_football" title="Old division football">Old Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shrovetide_Football" title="Royal Shrovetide Football">Royal Shrovetide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppies_and_Downies" title="Uppies and Downies">Uppies and Downies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_American_football" title="Modern history of American football">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_association_football" title="History of association football">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australian_rules_football" title="History of Australian rules football">Australian rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_Canadian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of American football and Canadian football">American and Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of American football and rugby league">American and rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of American football and rugby union">American and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_association_football_and_futsal" title="Comparison of association football and futsal">Association and futsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_association_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of association football and rugby union">Association and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby league">Canadian and rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby union">Canadian and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaelic_football_and_Australian_rules_football" title="Comparison of Gaelic football and Australian rules football">Gaelic and Australian rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaelic_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Gaelic football and rugby union">Gaelic and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of rugby league and rugby union">Rugby league and rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorabilia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football_card" title="American football card">American football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_card" title="Association football card">Association football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_card" title="Australian rules football card">Australian rules football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_card" title="Rugby card">Rugby card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_ban_football_games" title="Attempts to ban football games">Attempts to ban football games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_clubs" title="Oldest football clubs">Oldest clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_competitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest football competitions">Oldest competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Team_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Team_sports" title="Template:Team sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Team_sports" title="Template talk:Team sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Team_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Team sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Team_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Governing bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">National sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sportspeople" title="Lists of sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion games">Invasion games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basket sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach basketball">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_basketball" title="Deaf basketball">deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_basketball" title="Water basketball">water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_basketball" title="Wheelchair basketball">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestoball" title="Cestoball">Cestoball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dueball" title="Dueball">Dueball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korfball" title="Korfball">Korfball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast5_netball" title="Fast5 netball">Fast5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_netball" title="Indoor netball">indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_netball" title="Wheelchair netball">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezball" title="Rezball">Rezball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringball" title="Ringball">Ringball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slamball" class="mw-redirect" title="Slamball">Slamball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">Football</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amputee_football" title="Amputee football">amputee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">beach soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_football" title="Freestyle football">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_soccer" title="Indoor soccer">Indoor soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minifootball" title="Minifootball">minifootball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_football" title="Paralympic football">paralympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerchair_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerchair Football">powerchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_soccer" title="Roller soccer">roller soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socca" title="Socca">socca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(association_football)" title="Street football (association football)">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teqball" title="Teqball">teqball‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFLX" title="AFLX">AFLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_football" title="Lightning football">Lightning football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_footy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro footy">Metro footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-a-side_footy" title="Nine-a-side footy">Nine-a-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec_footy" title="Rec footy">Rec footy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_rules_football" title="Circle rules football">Circle rules football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">eight-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">nine-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">six-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_sports" title="List of hybrid sports">Hybrid</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austus" title="Austus">Austus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_wall_game" title="Eton wall game">Eton wall game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_rules" title="Samoa rules">Samoa rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedball_(American_ball_game)" title="Speedball (American ball game)">Speedball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_football_(code)" title="Swedish football (code)">Swedish football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_football" title="Universal football">Universal football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volata" title="Volata">Volata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">Medieval/historical football</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba game">Ba game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caid_(sport)" title="Caid (sport)">Caid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio fiorentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camping_(game)" title="Camping (game)">Camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum">Harpastum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemari" title="Kemari">Kemari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_soule" title="La soule">La soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelo_burti" title="Lelo burti">Lelo burti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn grook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasuckuakohowog" title="Pasuckuakohowog">Pasuckuakohowog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shrovetide_Football" title="Royal Shrovetide Football">Royal Shrovetide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppies_and_Downies" title="Uppies and Downies">Uppies and downies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masters_Rugby_League" title="Masters Rugby League">masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_league" title="Mod league">mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">nines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_sevens" title="Rugby league sevens">sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby_league" title="Wheelchair rugby league">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_flag_rugby" title="American flag rugby">American flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_rugby" title="Snow rugby">snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambo_rugby" title="Tambo rugby">Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">tens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_X" title="Rugby X">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(sport)" title="Touch (sport)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other related codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%AB-o-rahi" title="Kī-o-rahi">Kī-o-rahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jegichagi" title="Jegichagi">Jegichagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubi_lakpi" title="Yubi lakpi">Yubi lakpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stick-and-ball sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateball" title="Gateball">Gateball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li>Super11s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_rules_shinty%E2%80%93hurling" title="Composite rules shinty–hurling">Shinty–Hurling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Indigenous North American stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iomain" title="Iomain">Iomain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knattleikr" title="Knattleikr">Knattleikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knotty" title="Knotty">Knotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_lacrosse" title="Box lacrosse">box/indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_lacrosse" title="Field lacrosse">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercrosse" title="Intercrosse">intercrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_lacrosse" title="Women's lacrosse">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritinis" title="Ritinis">Ritinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_rules_shinty%E2%80%93hurling" title="Composite rules shinty–hurling">Shinty–Hurling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hockey" title="Hockey">Hockey</a> sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_hockey" title="Ball hockey">Ball hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rink_bandy" title="Rink bandy">rink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broomball" title="Broomball">Broomball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_hockey" title="Indoor hockey">indoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_hockey" title="Floor hockey">Floor hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorball" title="Floorball">Floorball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pond_hockey" title="Pond hockey">pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_hockey" title="Power hockey">power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledge_hockey" title="Sledge hockey">ice sledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringette" title="Ringette">Ringette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkball" title="Rinkball">Rinkball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_hockey" title="Roller hockey">Roller hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roller_in-line_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller in-line hockey">in-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_hockey_(quad)" title="Roller hockey (quad)">quad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossall_Hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossall Hockey">Rossall hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinny" title="Shinny">Shinny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hockey" title="Street hockey">Street hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicycle_hockey" title="Unicycle hockey">Unicycle hockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">Polo</a> sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_polo" title="Auto polo">Auto polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_polo" title="Cowboy polo">Cowboy polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_polo" title="Cycle polo">Cycle polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_polo" title="Elephant polo">Elephant polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby_horse_polo" title="Hobby horse polo">Hobby horse polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseball" title="Horseball">Horseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoball" title="Motoball">Motoball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pato" title="Pato">Pato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">Polo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_polo" title="Arena polo">Arena polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li> <li>Snow polo</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polocrosse" title="Polocrosse">Polocrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segway_polo" title="Segway polo">Segway polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_polo" title="Yak polo">Yak polo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other ball sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angleball" title="Angleball">Angleball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_ball" title="Cycle ball">Cycle ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgeball" title="Dodgeball">Dodgeball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flickerball" title="Flickerball">Flickerball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gain-ground" title="Gain-ground">Gain-ground</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balle_%C3%A0_la_main" title="Balle à la main">Balle à la main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballon_au_poing" title="Ballon au poing">Ballon au poing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeu_de_paume" title="Jeu de paume">Jeu de paume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longue_paume" title="Longue paume">Longue paume</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalball" title="Goalball">Goalball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_handball" title="Beach handball">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_handball" title="Czech handball">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_handball" title="Field handball">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_handball" title="Wheelchair handball">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaatsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaatsen">Kaatsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin-Ball" title="Kin-Ball">Kin-Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagori" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagori">Lagori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Mesoamerican ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelota_mixteca" title="Pelota mixteca">Pelota mixteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisonball" title="Prisonball">Prisonball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushball" title="Pushball">Pushball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quidditch_(real-life_sport)" title="Quidditch (real-life sport)">Quidditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_ball" title="Roll ball">Roll ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamburello" title="Tamburello">Tamburello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchoukball" title="Tchoukball">Tchoukball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulama_(game)" title="Ulama (game)">Ulama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_pilota" title="Valencian pilota">Valencian pilota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llargues" title="Llargues">Llargues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlyball" title="Whirlyball">Whirlyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukigassen" title="Yukigassen">Yukigassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bat-and-ball_games" title="Bat-and-ball games">Bat-and-ball games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Variations_of_baseball" title="Variations of baseball">Baseball variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball5" title="Baseball5">Baseball5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4nnboll" title="Brännboll">Brännboll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkball" title="Corkball">Corkball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickball" title="Kickball">Kickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matball" title="Matball">Matball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-line" title="Over-the-line">Over-the-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pes%C3%A4pallo" title="Pesäpallo">Pesäpallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlagball" title="Schlagball">Schlagball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fastpitch_softball" title="Fastpitch softball">Fastpitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-inch_softball" title="16-inch softball">16-inch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickball_(street_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stickball (street game)">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitilla" title="Vitilla">Vitilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_baseball" title="British baseball">British baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="English baseball">English baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh baseball">Welsh baseball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiffle_ball" title="Wiffle ball">Wiffle ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_ball" title="Town ball">Town ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireball" title="Wireball">Wireball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forms_of_cricket" title="Forms of cricket">Cricket variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty20_International" title="Twenty20 International">Twenty20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_cricket" title="Indoor cricket">Indoor cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigoro" title="Vigoro">Vigoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_longball" title="Danish longball">Danish longball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapta_(game)" title="Lapta (game)">Lapta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oin%C4%83" title="Oină">Oină</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoolball" title="Stoolball">Stoolball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_and_wall_games" title="Net and wall games">Net and wall games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_badminton" title="Ball badminton">Ball badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biribol" title="Biribol">Biribol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bossaball" title="Bossaball">Bossaball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fistball" title="Fistball">Fistball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fives" title="Fives">Fives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eton_fives" title="Eton fives">Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_fives" title="Rugby fives">Rugby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footbag_net" title="Footbag net">Footbag net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_tennis" title="Football tennis">Football tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footvolley" title="Footvolley">Footvolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzi" title="Jianzi">Jianzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokgu" title="Jokgu">Jokgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcomb_ball" title="Newcomb ball">Newcomb ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peteca" title="Peteca">Peteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepak_takraw" title="Sepak takraw">Sepak takraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwball" title="Throwball">Throwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_volleyball" title="Sitting volleyball">sitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_volleyball" title="Standing volleyball">standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_variations#Pioneerball" title="Volleyball variations">pioneerball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_volleyball" title="Snow volleyball">snow</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tag_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag sports">Tag sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_kho" title="Kho kho">Kho kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chase_Tag" title="World Chase Tag">World Chase Tag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sports">Water sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Synchronized swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_polo" title="Canoe polo">canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_tube_water_polo" title="Inner tube water polo">inner tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_racing" title="Yacht racing">Yacht racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other non-ball sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airsoft" title="Airsoft">Airsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo-taoshi" title="Bo-taoshi">Bo-taoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Buzkashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_(juggling)" title="Combat (juggling)">Combat (juggling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_curling" title="Wheelchair curling">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guts_(flying_disc_game)" title="Guts (flying disc game)">Guts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornussen" title="Hornussen">Hornussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makura-Nage" title="Makura-Nage">Makura-Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintball" title="Paintball">Paintball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">Roller derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_skating" title="Synchronized skating">Synchronized skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">Tug of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">Ultimate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Top-level_American_football_leagues_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_American_Football_Leagues" title="Template:European American Football Leagues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_American_Football_Leagues" title="Template talk:European American Football Leagues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_American_Football_Leagues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European American Football Leagues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Top-level_American_football_leagues_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Top-level <a class="mw-selflink selflink">American football</a> leagues of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Football_League" title="Central European Football League">CEFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_League_of_Football" title="European League of Football">ELF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Super_League" title="Eastern European Super League">EESL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BIG6_European_Football_League" title="BIG6 European Football League">BIG6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Football_League" title="European Football League">EFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFAF_Cup" title="EFAF Cup">EFAF Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFAF_Challenge_Cup" title="EFAF Challenge Cup">EFAF Challenge Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_League_of_Europe" title="Football League of Europe">Football League of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Europe_Champions_League" title="IFAF Europe Champions League">IFAF Europe Champions League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Football_League" title="Austrian Football League">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Football_League" title="Belgian Football League">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_League_of_American_Football" title="Croatian League of American Football">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_League_of_American_Football" title="Czech League of American Football">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ligaen" class="mw-redirect" title="National Ligaen">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaahteraliiga" title="Vaahteraliiga">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligue_%C3%89lite_de_Football_Am%C3%A9ricain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligue Élite de Football Américain">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Football_League" title="German Football League">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_American_Football_League" title="Hungarian American Football League">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Football_League" title="Italian Football League">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_Ireland" title="American Football Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AFBN_Eredivisie" title="AFBN Eredivisie">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Football_League" title="Polish Football League">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liga_Portuguesa_de_Futebol_Americano" title="Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Americano">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_American_Football_Championship_of_Romania" title="National American Football Championship of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_American_Football_Championship" title="Russian American Football Championship">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalna_Liga_Srbije" title="Nacionalna Liga Srbije">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Football_League" title="Slovak Football League">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Football_League" title="Slovenian Football League">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Americano" title="Liga Nacional de Fútbol Americano">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superserien" title="Superserien">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalliga_A_(American_football)" title="Nationalliga A (American football)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Gridiron_Football_First_League" title="Turkish Gridiron Football First League">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAFA_National_Leagues" title="BAFA National Leagues">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh00005842">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119712212">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119712212">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560210">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph572525&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543328505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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