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Four commercial nuclear reactors have been shut permanently ostensibly for different reasons, but economics underlies them all.</p> <p>Crystal River in Florida came first, in early February 2013. It had been shut since 2009. Like many other pressurized water reactors, it had to have a premature replacement of its steam generators, the huge heat exchangers were the hot reactor water (“primary water”) heats up water in the secondary circuit to make the steam the drives the turbine-generator set. The outer layer of the containment structure cracked during the replacement. Duke Energy, the owner, determined it was too costly to fix the problem. See Duke’s press release at <a href="http://www.duke-energy.com/news/releases/2013020501.asp" class="broken_link">http://www.duke-energy.com/news/releases/2013020501.asp</a></p> <p>The 556-megawatt Kewaunee reactor in Wisconsin came next, in early May, unable to compete with cheap natural gas and falling electricity prices. Indeed, electricity consumption in the United States is declining even as the economy recovers from the Great Recession due in part to the increasing efficiency of electricity use. There doesn’t appear to be enough money in the reserve fund for decommissioning at present – see the New York Times article at <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/08/business/energy-environment/kewaunee-nuclear-power-plant-shuts-down.html">http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/08/business/energy-environment/kewaunee-nuclear-power-plant-shuts-down.html</a>.</p> <p>San Onofre, with two reactors, came next. Both had been down since early 2012, when excessive wear of steam generator tubes and leaks of primary water were discovered. The steam generators were new, but contrary to the company’s claims, it turned out that the new ones were not copies of the original licensed design. A long, contentious process followed; prospects for a green light to restart faded. The blame game between the supplier of the steam generators, Mitsubishi, and the majority owner, Southern California Edison grew intense (and it continues). Announcing the decision to close the plant, the SCE President Ron Litzinger said: “Looking ahead, we think that our decision to retire the units will eliminate uncertainty and facilitate orderly planning for California’s energy future.” (See the La Times article at <a href="http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-edison-closing-san-onofre-nuclear-plant-20130607,0,7920425.story">http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-edison-closing-san-onofre-nuclear-plant-20130607,0,7920425.story</a>).</p> <p>Nuclear plants were supposed to create certainty, reliability, predictability, 24/7 operation. But in the last few years, this has given way to a new reality. Nuclear reactors are 24/7 until they become 0/365 with little or no notice. The above are just four examples. Before the Fukushima disaster, Japan had 54 reactors. Four were irretrievably damaged by the accident. In the 15 months that followed, the other 50 were progressively shut or remained in shut down mode. In the last year, only two have been restarted. It will be a contentious process before any more of them can be restarted. It is possible none will be. Many in Japan assume they won’t be for they are installing solar power at rapid rates – 1.5 gigawatts in the first quarter of 2013 alone – equal to about one-and-a-half reactors in peak power output. About 6 gigawatts would be required to generate an equal amount of electricity to one typical power reactor. Capacity comparable to that will likely be installed in Japan this year.</p> <p>Finally, Germany prematurely shut eight reactors following Fukushima, consolidating and accelerating the post-Chernobyl process of phasing out nuclear power altogether (the end date is now set for 2022).</p> <p>But officialdom in the United States still clings to the idea that we need nuclear power. So reliable, so baseload, so twentieth century (oops, wrong century).</p> </div> <p class="edit"></p> <div class="heading" class="post-2261"> <header> <h1 class="page-title" id="post-2261">The German Energy Transition</h1> <div class="post-content p2261"> <p>The Heinrich Böll Foundation has created a new site to inform the public about its historic energy transition or “energiewende”: <a href="http://www.EnergyTransition.de" class="broken_link">http://www.EnergyTransition.de</a> The aim is the reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050. A renewable electricity sector is a principal part of this goal. Germany already produces 26% of its electricity and is set to exceed the target of 40% by 2020. As evidence for severe climate disruption mounts, the German energiewende provides some hope. This kind of transformation was a gleam in my eye when I finished <a href="http://ieer.org/resource/reports/carbon-free-and-nuclear-free/" title="Carbon-Free and Nuclear-Free">Carbon-Free and Nuclear Free</a> in 2007. It was my hope for the United States. I still hope that action by states, corporations, individuals, and even the federal government (though CO2 rules, efficiency standards, etc.) will get us to a fully renewable energy sector by 2050 in the United States and worldwide.</p> <p>— Arjun</p> </div> <p class="edit"></p> </div> </div> <div id="sidebar"> </div></div> <div id="footer"> <p class="copyright"> Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, © 2025</p> <p class="info"> <a href="#content">Back to Top</a> <span>•</span> <a href="https://ieer.org">Home</a> <span>•</span> <a href="https://ieer.org/terms-of-use/">Terms of Use</a> </p> </div> <p class="contact"> PO Box 5324 · Takoma Park, Maryland, 20913 USA · Tel. 1-301-509-6843 · E-mail: <script type="text/javascript">  </script></p> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/plugins/haiku-minimalist-audio-player/js/jquery.jplayer.min.js?ver=1.2" id="jplayer-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/plugins/haiku-minimalist-audio-player/js/haiku-player.js" id="haiku-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/plugins/haiku-minimalist-audio-player/js/jquery-ui-custom.min.js?ver=1.8.7" id="jquery-ui-custom-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ieer.org/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ieer.org/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=6.0.5" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = { "api": { "root": "https:\/\/ieer.org\/wp-json\/", "namespace": "contact-form-7\/v1" } }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=6.0.5" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="dlm-xhr-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var dlmXHRtranslations = {"error":"An error occurred while trying to download the file. 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