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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Podział_administracyjny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podział_administracyjny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Podział administracyjny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podział_administracyjny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miejscowości" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miejscowości"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Miejscowości</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miejscowości-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kontrowersje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontrowersje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kontrowersje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontrowersje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herbarz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herbarz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Herbarz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herbarz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grand Est</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 91 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – szwajcarski niemiecki" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="szwajcarski niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="الشرق الكبير – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشرق الكبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Este" title="Gran Este – aragoński" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gran Este" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Este" title="Gran Este – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gran Este" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrand_Est" title="Qrand Est – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrand Est" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="قرانت است – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قرانت است" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – balijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="গ্রঁতেস্ত – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রঁতেস্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гранд-Эст – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гранд-Эст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гранд-Эст – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гранд-Эст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гранд Ест – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гранд Ест" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – bretoński" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Est" title="Gran Est – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Est" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – cebuański" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyrain_Mawr" title="Dwyrain Mawr – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dwyrain Mawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%95%CF%83%CF%84" title="Γκραντ Εστ – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκραντ Εστ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Este" title="Gran Este – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Este" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialde_Handia" title="Ekialde Handia – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialde Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="گراند است – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گراند است" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grutte_Easten" title="Grutte Easten – zachodniofryzyjski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grutte Easten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zachodniofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Leste" title="Gran Leste – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Leste" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%91%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="그랑테스트 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그랑테스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Գրանդ Էստ – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրանդ Էստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Est" title="Grande Est – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Grande Est" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гранд-Эст – osetyjski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гранд-Эст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Est" title="Grande Est – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande Est" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98" title="גראנד אסט – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גראנד אסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гранд-Эст – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гранд-Эст" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Oriens" title="Magnus Oriens – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magnus Oriens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandesta" title="Grandesta – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grandesta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – luksemburski" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didieji_Rytai" title="Didieji Rytai – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didieji Rytai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – limburski" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="ग्रांद एस्त – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रांद एस्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="جراند ايست – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جراند ايست" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гранд Эст – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гранд Эст" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဂရံတဲ့စ်တ်တိုင်း – birmański" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂရံတဲ့စ်တ်တိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E5%9C%8F" title="グラン・テスト地域圏 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラン・テスト地域圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82" title="ГгӀанд-Эст – czeczeński" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГгӀанд-Эст" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="czeczeński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – północnofryzyjski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="północnofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_%C3%88st" title="Grand Èst – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grand Èst" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – pikardyjski" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – piemoncki" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemoncki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Leste" title="Grande Leste – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Leste" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Est" title="Grand-Est – krymskotatarski" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Grand-Est" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krymskotatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гранд-Эст – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гранд-Эст" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – sardyński" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardyński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindja_e_madhe" title="Lindja e madhe – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lindja e madhe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гранд Ест – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гранд Ест" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4-%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Граңд-Эст – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Граңд-Эст" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="แคว้นกร็องแต็สต์ – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นกร็องแต็สต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гранд-Эст – tadżycki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гранд-Эст" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadżycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гранд-Ест – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гранд-Ест" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="گرایت است – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرایت است" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – wenecki" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="wenecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – zachodnioflamandzki" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="zachodnioflamandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="大东部大区 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大东部大区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8" title="大東部 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大東部" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est – zelandzki" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Grand Est" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%80" title="大東部大區 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大東部大區" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18677983#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&pagename=Grand_Est&params=48.5989_N_7.7599_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapy, zdjęcia satelitarne i inne informacje dotyczące miejsca o współrzędnych geograficznych 48,5989°N 7,7599°E"><span class="latitude">48,5989°N</span> <span class="longitude">7,7599°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapy, zdjęcia satelitarne i inne informacje dotyczące miejsca o współrzędnych geograficznych 48,598900 7,759900"><span class="latitude">48,598900</span> <span class="longitude">7,759900</span></span></span></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox"> <caption class="naglowek"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Grand Est</div><div class="iboxt-2">alem. Grossa Oschta<br />luks. Grouss Osten</div> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#eee; color:black; text-align:center; font-style:italic; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_Francji" title="Podział administracyjny Francji">region</a> </td></tr> <tr class="grafika iboxs grafika-z-wikidanych"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Strasbourg_-_2016_(29947544886).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Strasbourg_-_2016_%2829947544886%29.jpg/240px-Strasbourg_-_2016_%2829947544886%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Strasbourg_-_2016_%2829947544886%29.jpg/360px-Strasbourg_-_2016_%2829947544886%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Strasbourg_-_2016_%2829947544886%29.jpg/480px-Strasbourg_-_2016_%2829947544886%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo" title="Państwo">Państwo</a> </th> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Francja" title="Francja">Francja</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Siedziba </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Strasburg" title="Strasburg">Strasburg</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kod <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO 3166-2</a> </th> <td> <p>FR-GES </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Prezydent" title="Prezydent">Prezydent</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rottner" title="Jean Rottner">Jean Rottner</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Powierzchnia </th> <td> <p>57 433 km² </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-bottom:0px;">Populacja <small>(2024)</small><br />• liczba ludności </th> <td style="padding-bottom:0px;"> <p><br />5 568 711<sup id="cite_ref-PopulacjaFrancjaReg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopulacjaFrancjaReg-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-top:0px;">• gęstość </th> <td style="padding-top:0px;"> <p>97 os./km² </p> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <td colspan="2">Szczegółowy podział administracyjny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Liczba <a href="/wiki/Departament_(Francja)" title="Departament (Francja)">departamentów</a> </th> <td> <p>10 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Liczba <a href="/wiki/Kanton_(Francja)" title="Kanton (Francja)">kantonów</a> </th> <td> <p>200 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Liczba <a href="/wiki/Gmina_(Francja)" title="Gmina (Francja)">gmin</a> </th> <td> <p>5195 </p> </td></tr> <tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-weight:bold;">Położenie na mapie Francji</span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Grand_Est_in_France_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Położenie na mapie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Grand_Est_in_France_2016.svg/240px-Grand_Est_in_France_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Grand_Est_in_France_2016.svg/360px-Grand_Est_in_France_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Grand_Est_in_France_2016.svg/480px-Grand_Est_in_France_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grand_Est" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grand_Est" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grand Est">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Wikisłownik"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/28px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/42px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/56px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="117" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Grand_Est" class="extiw" title="wikt:Grand Est">Hasło w Wikisłowniku</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pl.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Wikipodróże"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/28px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/42px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/56px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pl.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Grand_Est" class="extiw" title="voy:Grand Est">Informacje w Wikipodróżach</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="text-align:center; border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grandest.fr">Strona internetowa</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Grand Est</b> (<span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bb\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-Grand_Est.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-Grand_Est.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"noexcerpts\">wymowa<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"pl","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-Grand Est.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-Grand_Est.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-Grand_Est.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Odtwórz nagranie" title="Odtwórz nagranie" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span aria-hidden="true" class="noexcerpts">wymowa</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Plik:LL-Q150_(fra)-WikiLucas00-Grand_Est.wav" title="Plik:LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-Grand Est.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span><span class="offscreen"></span>, <span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: 'Cambria','DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta_mi%C4%99kkopodniebienna_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarta miękkopodniebienna dźwięczna">ɡ</a><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_j%C4%99zyczkowa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa języczkowa dźwięczna">ʁ</a><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowy_alfabet_fonetyczny" title="Międzynarodowy alfabet fonetyczny">ɑ̃</a><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarta dziąsłowa bezdźwięczna">t</a><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowy_alfabet_fonetyczny" title="Międzynarodowy alfabet fonetyczny">‿</a><a href="/wiki/Samog%C5%82oska_p%C3%B3%C5%82otwarta_przednia_niezaokr%C4%85glona" title="Samogłoska półotwarta przednia niezaokrąglona">ɛ</a><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa dziąsłowa bezdźwięczna">s</a><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarta dziąsłowa bezdźwięczna">t</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Gwary_alzackie" title="Gwary alzackie">alz</a>. <i>Grossa Oschta,</i> <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_luksemburski" title="Język luksemburski">luks</a>. <i>Grouss Osten</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dialekt_re%C5%84sko-franko%C5%84ski" title="Dialekt reńsko-frankoński">re-fra</a>. <i>Groß Oschte</i>, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_niemiecki" title="Język niemiecki">niem.</a> <em lang="de">Großer Osten</em>) – <a href="/wiki/Region_(Francja)" title="Region (Francja)">region administracyjny</a> <a href="/wiki/Francja" title="Francja">Francji</a> ustanowiony z dniem 1 stycznia 2016. Stolicą jest <a href="/wiki/Strasburg" title="Strasburg">Strasburg</a>. Do września 2016 region nosił tymczasową nazwę <b>Alzacja-Szampania-Ardeny-Lotaryngia</b> (<b>ACAL</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>, odzwierciedlającą nazwy łączonych w ramach reformy administracyjnej regionów: <a href="/wiki/Alzacja" title="Alzacja">Alzacja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotaryngia" title="Lotaryngia">Lotaryngia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Szampania-Ardeny" title="Szampania-Ardeny">Szampania-Ardeny</a>. </p><p>Główne rzeki regionu to <a href="/wiki/Sekwana" title="Sekwana">Sekwana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moza" title="Moza">Moza</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ren" title="Ren">Ren</a>. Zajmuje powierzchnię 57 433 km², jest piątym co do wielkości we Francji regionem. Obejmuje dwa pasma górskie (<a href="/wiki/Wogezy" title="Wogezy">Wogezy</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ardeny" title="Ardeny">Ardeny</a>). Graniczy z <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgią</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg">Luksemburgiem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niemcy" title="Niemcy">Niemcami</a> i <a href="/wiki/Szwajcaria" title="Szwajcaria">Szwajcarią</a>. W 2017 roku liczył 5 549 586 mieszkańców. Znajduje się częściowo na terenie tzw. <i><a href="/wiki/Europejski_banan" title="Europejski banan">europejskiego banana</a></i>. W Grand Est znajduje się m.in. <a href="/wiki/Lunapark" title="Lunapark">lunapark</a> <a href="/wiki/Parc_du_Petit_Prince" title="Parc du Petit Prince">Parc du Petit Prince</a> oraz <a href="/wiki/Rezerwat_Biosfery_Mozeli_Po%C5%82udniowej" title="Rezerwat Biosfery Mozeli Południowej">Rezerwat Biosfery Mozeli Południowej</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podział_administracyjny"><span id="Podzia.C5.82_administracyjny"></span>Podział administracyjny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Est&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Podział administracyjny" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Est&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Podział administracyjny"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Region_Grand_Est_Arrondissement_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Region_Grand_Est_Arrondissement_2023.png/250px-Region_Grand_Est_Arrondissement_2023.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Region_Grand_Est_Arrondissement_2023.png/375px-Region_Grand_Est_Arrondissement_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Region_Grand_Est_Arrondissement_2023.png/500px-Region_Grand_Est_Arrondissement_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="3499" data-file-height="2580" /></a><figcaption>Podział regionu na departamenty i <a href="/wiki/Okr%C4%99g_(jednostka_administracyjna)" title="Okręg (jednostka administracyjna)">okręgi</a> (<em lang="fr">arrondissement</em>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Grand_Est_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Grand_Est_Logo.png/220px-Grand_Est_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Grand_Est_Logo.png/330px-Grand_Est_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Grand_Est_Logo.png/440px-Grand_Est_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Logo regionu Grand Est</figcaption></figure> <p>W skład regionu wchodzi 10 <a href="/wiki/Departament_(Francja)" title="Departament (Francja)">departamentów</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r72799541">.mw-parser-output .uklad-wielokolumnowy dl,.mw-parser-output .uklad-wielokolumnowy ol,.mw-parser-output .uklad-wielokolumnowy ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .uklad-wielokolumnowy.uklad-nieprzenosny>div,.mw-parser-output .uklad-wielokolumnowy.uklad-nieprzenosny li{break-inside:avoid}</style> </p> <div class="uklad-wielokolumnowy" style="column-count: 2; column-width: min(11em, 48vw)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardeny_(departament)" title="Ardeny (departament)">Ardeny</a> (<em lang="fr">Ardennes</em>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aube_(departament)" title="Aube (departament)">Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolny_Ren" title="Dolny Ren">Dolny Ren</a> (<em lang="fr">Bas-Rhin</em>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3rna_Marna" title="Górna Marna">Górna Marna</a> (<em lang="fr">Haute-Marne</em>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3rny_Ren" title="Górny Ren">Górny Ren</a> (<em lang="fr">Haut-Rhin</em>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marna_(departament)" title="Marna (departament)">Marna</a> (<em lang="fr">Marne</em>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meurthe_i_Mozela" title="Meurthe i Mozela">Meurthe i Mozela</a> (<em lang="fr">Meurthe-et-Moselle</em>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moza_(departament)" title="Moza (departament)">Moza</a> (<em lang="fr">Meuse</em>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozela_(departament)" title="Mozela (departament)">Mozela</a> (<em lang="fr">Moselle</em>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wogezy_(departament)" title="Wogezy (departament)">Wogezy</a> (<em lang="fr">Vosges</em>)</li></ul> </div> <p><span style="clear:left;height:0px;line-height:0px;display:block"> </span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miejscowości"><span id="Miejscowo.C5.9Bci"></span>Miejscowości</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Est&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Miejscowości" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Est&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Miejscowości"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Największe miejscowości regionu (w nawiasach liczba ludności w 2020 roku<sup id="cite_ref-insee_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insee-5">[5]</a></sup>): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r72799541"> </p> <div class="uklad-wielokolumnowy" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strasburg" title="Strasburg">Strasburg</a> (<em lang="fr">Strasbourg</em>, 290 576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> (180 318)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> (120 211)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miluza" title="Miluza">Miluza</a> (<em lang="fr">Mulhouse</em>, 108 038)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy" title="Nancy">Nancy</a> (104 403)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a> (68 294)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> (62 597)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleville-M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8res" title="Charleville-Mézières">Charleville-Mézières</a> (46 388)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne" title="Châlons-en-Champagne">Châlons-en-Champagne</a> (44 336)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thionville" title="Thionville">Thionville</a> (41 383)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haguenau" title="Haguenau">Haguenau</a> (35 448)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiltigheim" title="Schiltigheim">Schiltigheim</a> (33 993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a> (31 832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand%C5%93uvre-l%C3%A8s-Nancy" title="Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy">Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy</a> (29 723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illkirch-Graffenstaden" title="Illkirch-Graffenstaden">Illkirch-Graffenstaden</a> (27 087)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Dizier" title="Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a> (23 085)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis_(G%C3%B3rny_Ren)" title="Saint-Louis (Górny Ren)">Saint-Louis</a> (22 835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a> (22 362)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montigny-l%C3%A8s-Metz" title="Montigny-lès-Metz">Montigny-lès-Metz</a> (21 788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaumont_(G%C3%B3rna_Marna)" title="Chaumont (Górna Marna)">Chaumont</a> (21 770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbach_(Francja)" title="Forbach (Francja)">Forbach</a> (21 509)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarreguemines" title="Sarreguemines">Sarreguemines</a> (20 555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingolsheim" title="Lingolsheim">Lingolsheim</a> (19 797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Di%C3%A9-des-Vosges" title="Saint-Dié-des-Vosges">Saint-Dié-des-Vosges</a> (19 490)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lestat" title="Sélestat">Sélestat</a> (19 279)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Lunéville">Lunéville</a> (17 858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bischheim_(Dolny_Ren)" title="Bischheim (Dolny Ren)">Bischheim</a> (17 520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutz" title="Yutz">Yutz</a> (17 304)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdun_(Moza)" title="Verdun (Moza)">Verdun</a> (16 877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(Francja)" title="Sedan (Francja)">Sedan</a> (16 376)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayange" title="Hayange">Hayange</a> (15 994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toul" title="Toul">Toul</a> (15 857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Avold" title="Saint-Avold">Saint-Avold</a> (15 171)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwy" title="Longwy">Longwy</a> (15 117)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittenheim" title="Wittenheim">Wittenheim</a> (15 065)</li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="thumb center panel-with-scroll"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px"> <div style="border:1px solid #ccc;width:500px !important"><div style="margin:0 auto;width:500px"><div style="width:500px;padding:0;border:0 solid #aaa;position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mapa lokalizacyjna regionu Grand Est"><img alt="Mapa konturowa regionu Grand Est" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Grand_Est_region_location_map.svg/500px-Grand_Est_region_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Grand_Est_region_location_map.svg/750px-Grand_Est_region_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Grand_Est_region_location_map.svg/1000px-Grand_Est_region_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1451" /></span></span><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:57.056679388741%;left:86.543183789204%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-4.5px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:9px;font-size:9px;left:-4.5px;width:9px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=48.572353910323_N_7.7524615816384_E_" title="Strasburg"><img alt="Strasburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:10em;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;top:4.25px;float:center;left:-5em;text-align:center"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Strasburg" title="Strasburg">Strasburg</a></span></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:34.751789302778%;left:16.227434075247%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-4.5px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:9px;font-size:9px;left:-4.5px;width:9px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=49.255552693656_N_4.0292426342843_E_" title="Reims"><img alt="Reims" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:120px;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;top:-0.5em;float:left;left:6.5px;text-align:left"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></span></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:39.265746580128%;left:56.786419457005%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-4.5px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:9px;font-size:9px;left:-4.5px;width:9px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=49.117290182251_N_6.1768409102484_E_" title="Metz"><img alt="Metz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:120px;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;top:-0.5em;float:left;left:6.5px;text-align:left"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></span></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:83.884878503394%;left:78.684194795787%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-4.5px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:9px;font-size:9px;left:-4.5px;width:9px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=47.750606171441_N_7.3363281144369_E_" title="Miluza"><img alt="Miluza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:10em;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;float:center;text-align:center;left:-5em;bottom:4.25px"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Miluza" title="Miluza">Miluza</a></span></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:53.14435930534%;left:56.882696597027%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-4.5px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:9px;font-size:9px;left:-4.5px;width:9px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=48.692188274477_N_6.1819387848126_E_" title="Nancy"><img alt="Nancy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:120px;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;top:-0.5em;float:left;left:6.5px;text-align:left"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Nancy" title="Nancy">Nancy</a></span></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:73.186480308183%;left:79.091052442929%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-3px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:6px;font-size:6px;left:-3px;width:6px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=48.07829810816_N_7.3578712268531_E_" title="Colmar"><img alt="Colmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:120px;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;top:-0.5em;right:5px;text-align:right;float:right"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a></span></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:66.051748487766%;left:17.077419680691%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-3px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:6px;font-size:6px;left:-3px;width:6px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=48.29683494382_N_4.0742493720926_E_" title="Troyes"><img alt="Troyes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:120px;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;top:-0.5em;float:left;left:5px;text-align:left"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a></span></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:17.871358710488%;left:29.278373138141%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-3px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:6px;font-size:6px;left:-3px;width:6px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=49.772600282698_N_4.7202898576646_E_" title="Charleville-Mézières"><img alt="Charleville-Mézières" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:10em;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;top:3.5px;float:center;left:-5em;text-align:center"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Charleville-M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8res" title="Charleville-Mézières">Charleville-Mézières</a></span></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:44.516891501196%;left:22.52470671375%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-3px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:6px;font-size:6px;left:-3px;width:6px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=48.956447613318_N_4.3626832204931_E_" title="Châlons-en-Champagne"><img alt="Châlons-en-Champagne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:120px;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;top:-1em;float:left;left:5px;text-align:left"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne" title="Châlons-en-Champagne">Châlons-en-Champagne</a></span></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:31.41363899849%;left:56.590714764038%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-3px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:6px;font-size:6px;left:-3px;width:6px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=49.357800237476_N_6.1664783467558_E_" title="Thionville"><img alt="Thionville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:120px;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;top:-0.5em;right:5px;text-align:right;float:right"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Thionville" title="Thionville">Thionville</a></span></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:49.133234877432%;left:87.259957444835%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-3px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:6px;font-size:6px;left:-3px;width:6px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=48.815049015704_N_7.790414746704_E_" title="Haguenau"><img alt="Haguenau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:10em;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;float:center;text-align:center;left:-5em;bottom:3.5px"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Haguenau" title="Haguenau">Haguenau</a></span></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:55.830251876138%;left:86.323067765201%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-3px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:6px;font-size:6px;left:-3px;width:6px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=48.609919385034_N_7.7408064381674_E_" title="Schiltigheim"><img alt="Schiltigheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:10em;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;float:center;text-align:center;left:-5em;bottom:3.5px"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Schiltigheim" title="Schiltigheim">Schiltigheim</a></span></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="top:70.029727418918%;left:61.915213792683%;margin:0;position:absolute;height:0;padding:0;z-index:2;width:0"><div style="top:-3px;text-align:center;position:relative;line-height:6px;font-size:6px;left:-3px;width:6px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl&params=48.174989449159_N_6.4484105703226_E_" title="Épinal"><img alt="Épinal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="line-height:15.12px;position:absolute;width:120px;z-index:90;font-size:12.6px;top:-0.5em;right:5px;text-align:right;float:right"><span style="text-shadow:0 0 5px white;;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikiprojekt:Szablony_lokalizacyjne" title="Wikiprojekt:Szablony lokalizacyjne"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Geographylogo.svg/16px-Geographylogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Geographylogo.svg/24px-Geographylogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Geographylogo.svg/32px-Geographylogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div>Miejscowości w regionie Grand Est powyżej 30 000 mieszkańców (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-insee_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insee-5">[5]</a></sup></div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kontrowersje">Kontrowersje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Est&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Kontrowersje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Est&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Kontrowersje"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Strasbourg_manifestation_contre_la_fusion_des_r%C3%A9gions_23_novembre_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Strasbourg_manifestation_contre_la_fusion_des_r%C3%A9gions_23_novembre_2014.jpg/220px-Strasbourg_manifestation_contre_la_fusion_des_r%C3%A9gions_23_novembre_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Strasbourg_manifestation_contre_la_fusion_des_r%C3%A9gions_23_novembre_2014.jpg/330px-Strasbourg_manifestation_contre_la_fusion_des_r%C3%A9gions_23_novembre_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Strasbourg_manifestation_contre_la_fusion_des_r%C3%A9gions_23_novembre_2014.jpg/440px-Strasbourg_manifestation_contre_la_fusion_des_r%C3%A9gions_23_novembre_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5131" data-file-height="3421" /></a><figcaption>Manifestacja w Strasburgu przeciwko połączeniu regionów (23 listopada 2014)</figcaption></figure> <p>Społeczność z Alzacji i Lotaryngii uważa, iż region został utworzony w celu ograniczenia ich praw i autonomii. W 2016 roku odbywały się protesty przeciw takiej zmianie administracyjnej. Społeczność alzacka i lotaryńska miała bowiem o wiele dalej posunięte prawa niż pozostałe regiony Francji<sup class="noprint" title="Te informacje wymagają podania przypisów bibliograficznych od 2023-10">[<a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Przypisy" title="Pomoc:Przypisy">potrzebny przypis</a>]</sup>. </p><p>W odpowiedzi na protesty rząd francuski utworzył CEA (collectivité européenne d’Alsace), czyli Europejski Kolektyw Alzacji, łączący dwa alzackie departamenty <a href="/wiki/Dolny_Ren" title="Dolny Ren">Bas-Rhin</a> i <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3rny_Ren" title="Górny Ren">Haut-Rhin</a>. 1 stycznia 2021 r. te departamenty połączą się w jedną wspólnotę terytorialną, ale pozostaną częścią regionu Grand-Est. Utworzenie zostało przegłosowane przez francuski parlament w dniu 25 lipca 2019 r. (ustawa 2019-816 z dnia 2 sierpnia 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>. </p><p>Mieszkańcy Alzacji już w 2013 roku głosowali w referendum przeciwko jednej zbiorowości terytorialnej, w departamencie Haut-Rhin – mniej zaludnionym – większość wyborców odrzuciła propozycję połączenia i referendum dało wynik negatywny (56% przeciw połączeniu)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>. </p><p>Alzacja po połączeniu departamentów zyska status podobny do statusu <a href="/wiki/Korsyka" title="Korsyka">Korsyki</a> oraz departamentów zamorskich. W ustawie powstały zapisy dotyczące promowania języków regionalnych w szkole i utworzeniu komitetu ds. języka niemieckiego w Alzacji<sup class="noprint" title="Te informacje wymagają podania przypisów bibliograficznych od 2023-10">[<a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Przypisy" title="Pomoc:Przypisy">potrzebny przypis</a>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herbarz">Herbarz</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Est&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Herbarz" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Est&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Herbarz"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:BlasonAlsace.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herb Alzacji"><img alt="Herb Alzacji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BlasonAlsace.svg/109px-BlasonAlsace.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BlasonAlsace.svg/164px-BlasonAlsace.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BlasonAlsace.svg/218px-BlasonAlsace.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Herb Alzacji</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Gendarmerie_Est_Lorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herb Lotaryngii"><img alt="Herb Lotaryngii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gendarmerie_Est_Lorraine.svg/96px-Gendarmerie_Est_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gendarmerie_Est_Lorraine.svg/144px-Gendarmerie_Est_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gendarmerie_Est_Lorraine.svg/192px-Gendarmerie_Est_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Herb Lotaryngii</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herb Szampanii-Ardenów"><img alt="Herb Szampanii-Ardenów" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg/103px-Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg/154px-Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg/205px-Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Herb Szampanii-Ardenów</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Est&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Est&action=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PopulacjaFrancjaReg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PopulacjaFrancjaReg_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7752095"><i>Estimation de la population au 1ᵉʳ janvier 2024</i></a> [online], Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques, 16 stycznia 2024<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2024-11-14]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.date=2024-01-16&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Estimation+de+la+population+au+1%E1%B5%89%CA%B3+janvier+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F7752095" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku francuskim (français)">fr.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2016/9/28/INTB1614083D/jo/texte">Décret n°2016-1262 du 28 septembre 2016 portant fixation du nom de la région Grand Est, publié au JO du 29 septembre 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160405143344/http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/pliki/zmiany_egzonimow/zmiany_egzonimow_na_92_posiedzeniu.pdf">Zmiany wprowadzone na 92. posiedzeniu Komisji (24 lutego 2016 roku)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Komisja_Standaryzacji_Nazw_Geograficznych_poza_Granicami_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej" title="Komisja Standaryzacji Nazw Geograficznych poza Granicami Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej">Komisja Standaryzacji Nazw Geograficznych poza Granicami Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej</a>. [dostęp 2016-03-03]. [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/pliki/zmiany_egzonimow/zmiany_egzonimow_na_92_posiedzeniu.pdf">tego adresu</a> (2016-04-05)].</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/region/REG44-grand-est">Région Grand Est (44)</a>. Insee. [dostęp 2023-10-10]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku francuskim (français)">fr.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-insee-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-insee_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-insee_5-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=140103,6533387,1012762,580554&c=indicator&i=pop_legales.popmun&s=2020&t=A01">France par commune – Population municipale 2020</a>. [w:] <i>Statistiques locales</i> [on-line]. Insee. [dostęp 2023-10-10]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku francuskim (français)">fr.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000038872957"><i>LOI n° 2019-816 du 2 août 2019 relative aux compétences de la Collectivité européenne d’Alsace</i></a>, wyd. 2 sierpnia 2019, LegiFrance<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=LOI+n%C2%B0+2019-816+du+2+ao%C3%BBt+2019+relative+aux+comp%C3%A9tences+de+la+Collectivit%C3%A9+europ%C3%A9enne+d%E2%80%99Alsace&rft.pub=LegiFrance&rft.edition=2+sierpnia+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichTexte.do%3FcidTexte%3DJORFTEXT000038872957" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku francuskim (français)">fr.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tellerreport.com/news/--the-government-validates-the-creation-of-a-%22european-collectivity-of-alsace%22-in-2021-.BkpHskrhm.html"><i>Echec du référendum alsacien: „Un signe fort pour la classe politique en place”</i></a>, Le Monde, 7 kwietnia 2013<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Echec+du+r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum+alsacien%3A+%E2%80%9EUn+signe+fort+pour+la+classe+politique+en+place%E2%80%9D&rft.pub=Le+Monde&rft.date=2013-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tellerreport.com%2Fnews%2F--the-government-validates-the-creation-of-a-%2522european-collectivity-of-alsace%2522-in-2021-.BkpHskrhm.html" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku francuskim (français)">fr.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output 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Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Francja&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption"><a href="/wiki/Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_Francji" title="Podział administracyjny Francji">Podział administracyjny Francji</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content flex"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Region_(Francja)" title="Region (Francja)">Regiony metropolitalne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretania_(region_administracyjny)" title="Bretania (region administracyjny)">Bretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundia-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Burgundia-Franche-Comté">Burgundia-Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_Centralny-Dolina_Loary" title="Region Centralny-Dolina Loary">Centralny-Dolina Loary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korsyka" title="Korsyka">Korsyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraj_Loary" title="Kraj Loary">Kraj Loary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandia_(region_administracyjny)" title="Normandia (region administracyjny)">Normandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowa_Akwitania" title="Nowa Akwitania">Nowa Akwitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksytania_(region)" title="Oksytania (region)">Oksytania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owernia-Rodan-Alpy" title="Owernia-Rodan-Alpy">Owernia-Rodan-Alpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prowansja-Alpy-Lazurowe_Wybrze%C5%BCe" title="Prowansja-Alpy-Lazurowe Wybrzeże">Prowansja-Alpy-Lazurowe Wybrzeże</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Region_(Francja)" title="Region (Francja)">Regiony zamorskie</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujana_Francuska" title="Gujana Francuska">Gujana Francuska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwadelupa" title="Gwadelupa">Gwadelupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majotta" title="Majotta">Majotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martynika" title="Martynika">Martynika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunion" title="Reunion">Reunion</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flaga Francji"><img alt="Flaga Francji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/90px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/120px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-k"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Region_(Francja)" title="Region (Francja)">region we Francji</a></span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/315170666">315170666</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh2006000352">sh2006000352</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/1151163252">1151163252</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17023112j">17023112j</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/19789643X">19789643X</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ge1085029">ge1085029</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007542343305171">987007542343305171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;6859878.html">6859878</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/alsace-champagne-ardenne-lorraine-region-administrative/">alsace-champagne-ardenne-lorraine-region-administrative</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=Grand_Est">Grand_Est</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-22256567.xml">22256567</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=Grand_Est">Grand_Est</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Est&oldid=75232582">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Est&oldid=75232582</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Grand_Est" title="Kategoria:Grand Est">Grand Est</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Regiony_Francji" title="Kategoria:Regiony Francji">Regiony Francji</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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href="/wiki/Kategoria:Artyku%C5%82y_z_brakuj%C4%85cymi_przypisami_od_2023-10" title="Kategoria:Artykuły z brakującymi przypisami od 2023-10">Artykuły z brakującymi przypisami od 2023-10</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 14 lis 2024, 12:35.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, z możliwością obowiązywania dodatkowych ograniczeń. 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-tlpwn","wgBackendResponseTime":195,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.539","walltime":"0.784","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5028,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":69116,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11285,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":21764,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":6,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 711.755 1 -total"," 35.47% 252.431 1 Szablon:Jednostka_administracyjna_infobox"," 17.29% 123.091 1 Szablon:Kontrola_autorytatywna"," 16.19% 115.242 1 Szablon:Francja"," 15.68% 111.569 1 Szablon:Szablon_nawigacyjny"," 10.23% 72.783 4 Szablon:Infobox_grafika"," 6.30% 44.813 1 Szablon:Mapa_lokalizacyjna"," 5.41% 38.480 1 Szablon:Infobox_mapa_lokalizacyjna"," 5.08% 36.136 1 Szablon:Infobox_tytuł"," 4.51% 32.070 3 Szablon:Cytuj_stronę"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.293","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5473632,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"secondary = nil\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\nbigImage = table#1 {\n \"[[Plik:Strasbourg - 2016 (29947544886).jpg|240x240px|alt=ilustracja]]\",\n}\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n [\"P582\"] = table#2 {\n [\"before\"] = true,\n [\"missing\"] = true,\n },\n}\nsnaktype = table#1 {\n [\"value\"] = true,\n}\nJednostka nie zawiera poszukiwanej właściwości 'P94'\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n [\"P582\"] = table#2 {\n [\"before\"] = true,\n [\"missing\"] = true,\n },\n}\nsnaktype = table#1 {\n [\"value\"] = true,\n}\nJednostka nie zawiera poszukiwanej właściwości 'P41'\n{{#invoke:Moduł:Mapa|Infobox}}\ninfobox może wyszukać współrzędne w wikidanych\nargumenty = table#1 {\n [\"category\"] = \"Jednostka administracyjna infobox\",\n [\"precision\"] = \"min\",\n}\nbrak punktów na mapę i współrzędnych, nadszedł czas na Wikidane\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = \"najlepsza\"\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n [\"P582\"] = table#2 {\n [\"missing\"] = true,\n },\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\n#prop B = 1\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nmap = \"Grand Est\"\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Strasburg”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"[[Strasburg]]\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:city\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 48.572353910323,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=48.572353910323_N_7.7524615816384_E_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 7.7524615816384,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"po prawej\",\n [\"position\"] = \"bottom\",\n [\"rx\"] = 432.71591894602,\n [\"ry\"] = 240.10800984067,\n [\"size\"] = 9,\n [\"x\"] = 86.543183789204,\n [\"y\"] = 57.056679388741,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Reims”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"[[Reims]]\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:city\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 49.255552693656,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=49.255552693656_N_4.0292426342843_E_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 4.0292426342843,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"po lewej nieco u góry\",\n [\"rx\"] = 81.137170376234,\n [\"ry\"] = 146.24375370746,\n [\"size\"] = 9,\n [\"x\"] = 16.227434075247,\n [\"y\"] = 34.751789302778,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Metz”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"[[Metz]]\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:city\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 49.117290182251,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=49.117290182251_N_6.1768409102484_E_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 6.1768409102484,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"blisko centrum u góry\",\n [\"rx\"] = 283.93209728503,\n [\"ry\"] = 165.23955419886,\n [\"size\"] = 9,\n [\"x\"] = 56.786419457005,\n [\"y\"] = 39.265746580128,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Miluza”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"[[Miluza]]\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:city\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 47.750606171441,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=47.750606171441_N_7.3363281144369_E_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 7.3363281144369,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"na dole po prawej\",\n [\"position\"] = \"top\",\n [\"rx\"] = 393.42097397894,\n [\"ry\"] = 353.0074208481,\n [\"size\"] = 9,\n [\"x\"] = 78.684194795787,\n [\"y\"] = 83.884878503394,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Nancy”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"[[Nancy]]\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:city\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 48.692188274477,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=48.692188274477_N_6.1819387848126_E_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 6.1819387848126,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"w centrum\",\n [\"rx\"] = 284.41348298513,\n [\"ry\"] = 223.64404104422,\n [\"size\"] = 9,\n [\"x\"] = 56.882696597027,\n [\"y\"] = 53.14435930534,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Colmar”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"[[Colmar]]\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:city\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 48.07829810816,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=48.07829810816_N_7.3578712268531_E_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 7.3578712268531,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"na dole po prawej\",\n [\"position\"] = \"left\",\n [\"rx\"] = 395.45526221465,\n [\"ry\"] = 307.98602937115,\n [\"size\"] = 6,\n [\"x\"] = 79.091052442929,\n [\"y\"] = 73.186480308183,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Troyes”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"[[Troyes]]\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:city\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 48.29683494382,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=48.29683494382_N_4.0742493720926_E_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 4.0742493720926,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"po lewej nieco na dole\",\n [\"rx\"] = 85.387098403455,\n [\"ry\"] = 277.96138937282,\n [\"size\"] = 6,\n [\"x\"] = 17.077419680691,\n [\"y\"] = 66.051748487766,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Charleville-Mézières”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"[[Charleville-Mézières]]\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:city\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 49.772600282698,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=49.772600282698_N_4.7202898576646_E_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 4.7202898576646,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"u góry po lewej\",\n [\"position\"] = \"bottom\",\n [\"rx\"] = 146.39186569071,\n [\"ry\"] = 75.206906870411,\n [\"size\"] = 6,\n [\"x\"] = 29.278373138141,\n [\"y\"] = 17.871358710488,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Châlons-en-Champagne”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"[[Châlons-en-Champagne]]\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:city\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 48.956447613318,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=48.956447613318_N_4.3626832204931_E_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 4.3626832204931,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"po lewej\",\n [\"rx\"] = 112.62353356875,\n [\"ry\"] = 187.33761475706,\n [\"size\"] = 6,\n [\"x\"] = 22.52470671375,\n [\"y\"] = 44.516891501196,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Thionville”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"[[Thionville]]\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:city\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 49.357800237476,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=49.357800237476_N_6.1664783467558_E_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 6.1664783467558,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"blisko centrum u góry\",\n [\"position\"] = \"left\",\n [\"rx\"] = 282.95357382019,\n [\"ry\"] = 132.19602722392,\n [\"size\"] = 6,\n [\"x\"] = 56.590714764038,\n [\"y\"] = 31.41363899849,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Haguenau”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"[[Haguenau]]\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:city\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 48.815049015704,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=48.815049015704_N_7.790414746704_E_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 7.790414746704,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"po prawej\",\n [\"position\"] = \"top\",\n [\"rx\"] = 436.29978722418,\n [\"ry\"] = 206.76428018316,\n [\"size\"] = 6,\n [\"x\"] = 87.259957444835,\n [\"y\"] = 49.133234877432,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Schiltigheim”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"[[Schiltigheim]]\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:city\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 48.609919385034,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=48.609919385034_N_7.7408064381674_E_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 7.7408064381674,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"po prawej\",\n [\"position\"] = \"top\",\n [\"rx\"] = 431.61533882601,\n [\"ry\"] = 234.94691262261,\n [\"size\"] = 6,\n [\"x\"] = 86.323067765201,\n [\"y\"] = 55.830251876138,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"autoAlt\"] = \"punkt z opisem „Épinal”\",\n [\"description\"] = \"[[Épinal]]\",\n [\"geohack\"] = \"type:city\",\n [\"latitude\"] = 48.174989449159,\n [\"link\"] = \"//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=pl\u0026params=48.174989449159_N_6.4484105703226_E_\",\n [\"longitude\"] = 6.4484105703226,\n [\"mark\"] = \"Red pog.svg\",\n [\"posDesc\"] = \"na dole nieco na prawo\",\n [\"position\"] = \"left\",\n [\"rx\"] = 309.57606896342,\n [\"ry\"] = 294.70166613936,\n [\"size\"] = 6,\n [\"x\"] = 61.915213792683,\n [\"y\"] = 70.029727418918,\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\next = nil\next = false\next = nil\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\next = nil\next = false\next = nil\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\next = nil\next = false\next = nil\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\n\n== Szablon:Szablon nawigacyjny ==\n\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-78wvx","timestamp":"20241124194721","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Grand Est","url":"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_Est","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18677983","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18677983","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wsp\u00f3\u0142tw\u00f3rcy projekt\u00f3w Fundacji 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