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<li id="toc-Influence_from_Burmese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_from_Burmese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Influence from Burmese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_from_Burmese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_from_Thai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_from_Thai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Influence from Thai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_from_Thai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_and_diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_and_diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vowels and diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_and_diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contrastive_tones_in_unchecked_syllables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrastive_tones_in_unchecked_syllables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Contrastive tones in unchecked syllables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrastive_tones_in_unchecked_syllables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrastive_tones_in_checked_syllables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrastive_tones_in_checked_syllables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Contrastive tones in checked syllables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrastive_tones_in_checked_syllables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shan language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Yai" title="Tai Yai – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tai Yai" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لغة شان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة شان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ছান ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaneg" title="Chaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_(Sprache)" title="Shan (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shan (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Γλώσσα Σαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Σαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_shan" title="Idioma shan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma shan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان شان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان شان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_bhasa" title="Shan bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Shan bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_(langue)" title="Shan (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shan (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_shan" title="Lingua shan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua shan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A8%EC%96%B4" title="샨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="शान भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शान भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Shan" title="Bahasa Shan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Shan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Шан тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шан тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishan" title="Kishan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kishan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Шан кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шан кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%97%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%8D%E0%BB%88" title="ພາສາໄທໃຫຍ່ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາໄທໃຫຍ່" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Shan" title="Lingua Shan – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Shan" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0an%C5%B3_kalba" title="Šanų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šanų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ရှမ်းဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှမ်းဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_(taal)" title="Shan (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shan (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="शान भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शान भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="シャン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_tili" title="Shan tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shan tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Shan" title="Salitan Shan – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Shan" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%84%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AB" title="ဖြဝ်ꩻဘာႏသာႏငဝ်းငွါ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဖြဝ်ꩻဘာႏသာႏငဝ်းငွါ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_shan" title="Lenga shan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga shan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_szan" title="Język szan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język szan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_x%C3%A3" title="Língua xã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua xã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Шанский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шанский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_leid" title="Shan leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Shan leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanin_kieli" title="Shanin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shanin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Shan (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shan (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8" title="လိၵ်ႈတႆး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လိၵ်ႈတႆး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" title="ภาษาไทใหญ่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาไทใหญ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Shan" title="Tiếng Shan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Shan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%B8%E8%AF%AD" title="掸语 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Kra–Dai language of Myanmar</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tai Yai language" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tayal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayal language">Tayal language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lavender;">Shan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lavender;">Tai Yai</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lavender;"><span title="Shan-language text"><span lang="shn">ၵႂၢမ်းတႆး</span></span> (<span title="Shan-language romanization"><i lang="shn-Latn">kwáam tái</i></span>), <span title="Shan-language text"><span lang="shn">လိၵ်ႈတႆး</span></span> (<span title="Shan-language romanization"><i lang="shn-Latn">līk tái</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="shn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">[kwáːm<span class="wrap"> </span>táj]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ee\/SHsound_Kwamtai.wav\/SHsound_Kwamtai.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"SHsound Kwamtai.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/SHsound_Kwamtai.wav/SHsound_Kwamtai.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:SHsound_Kwamtai.wav" title="File:SHsound Kwamtai.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="shn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">[lik<span class="wrap"> </span>táj]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/af\/SHsound_Liktai.wav\/SHsound_Liktai.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"SHsound Liktai.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/SHsound_Liktai.wav/SHsound_Liktai.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:SHsound_Liktai.wav" title="File:SHsound Liktai.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kula_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kula people">Kula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4.7 million (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Northwestern (Shan)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Shan</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="hlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Standard (Eastern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nuea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Laing_language" title="Tai Laing language">Tai Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiton_language" title="Aiton language">Aiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phake_language" title="Phake language">Phake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamyang_language" title="Khamyang language">Khamyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turung_language" title="Turung language">Turung</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lavender;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lavender;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=399">shn</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/shn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:shn">shn</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shan1277">shan1277</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shan_language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shan_language.jpg/320px-Shan_language.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shan_language.jpg/480px-Shan_language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shan_language.jpg/640px-Shan_language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1465" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/40px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/60px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/80px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="34" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Burmese)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Burmese)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese script</a>.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shan_paper_manuscript_bound_with_a_patterned_cotton_cloth_cover_and_a_felt_binding_ribbon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Shan_paper_manuscript_bound_with_a_patterned_cotton_cloth_cover_and_a_felt_binding_ribbon.jpg/220px-Shan_paper_manuscript_bound_with_a_patterned_cotton_cloth_cover_and_a_felt_binding_ribbon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Shan_paper_manuscript_bound_with_a_patterned_cotton_cloth_cover_and_a_felt_binding_ribbon.jpg/330px-Shan_paper_manuscript_bound_with_a_patterned_cotton_cloth_cover_and_a_felt_binding_ribbon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Shan_paper_manuscript_bound_with_a_patterned_cotton_cloth_cover_and_a_felt_binding_ribbon.jpg/440px-Shan_paper_manuscript_bound_with_a_patterned_cotton_cloth_cover_and_a_felt_binding_ribbon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="1505" /></a><figcaption> Shan paper manuscript bound with a patterned cotton cloth cover and a felt binding ribbon, <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a>, first half of the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Shan</b> is the native language of the <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan people</a> and is mostly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. It is also spoken in pockets in other parts of Myanmar, in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thailand" title="Northern Thailand">Northern Thailand</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and decreasingly in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>. Shan is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai language family</a> and is related to <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>. It has five tones, which do not correspond exactly to Thai tones, plus a sixth tone used for emphasis. The term Shan is also used for related Northwestern Tai languages, and it is called <b>Tai Yai</b> or <b>Tai Long</b> in other Tai languages. Standard Shan, which is also known as Tachileik Shan, is based on the dialect of the city of <a href="/wiki/Tachileik" title="Tachileik">Tachileik</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2019, Ethnologue estimated there were 3.3 million Shan speakers, including 3.2 million in Myanmar.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mahidol_University" title="Mahidol University">Mahidol University</a> Institute for Language and Culture estimates there are gave the number of Shan speakers in Thailand as 95,000 in 2006.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many Shan speak local dialects as well as the language of their trading partners. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan people</a></div> <p>Historically, the dominance of Shan as a regional lingua franca made it the source of many loanwords in other regional languages, especially <a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shan has also served as an intermediary of loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> into these languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_from_Burmese">Influence from Burmese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influence from Burmese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the same token, Shan has been significantly influenced by Burmese, mediated by centuries of historical and ongoing contact and exchange between Burmese and Shan speakers, especially between the Burmese royal court and Shan principalities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the lack of a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> sound in most Shan dialects is attributed to Burmese influence; this sound is present in the closely-related <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai languages</a>. Shan vocabulary has been significantly enriched by Burmese contact, with Burmese loan words appearing throughout the Shan lexicon,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including loanwords borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> via Burmese. Burmese appears to have also influenced Shan grammar, with respect to the use of complex prepositions and certain word patterns that do not exist in closely related Tai languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_from_Thai">Influence from Thai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence from Thai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to labour migration in recent decades, one million ethnic Shan now live in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of ongoing language contact, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> has increasingly become a competing source of loanwords into Shan, especially for scientific and political concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Thai loanwords are often more difficult to detect, because of phonetic and structural similarities between Shan and Thai.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some recent phonological developments, like the reversal of the historical <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>/</span> shift especially among younger Shan speakers, is attributed to contact with Thai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shan language has a number of names in different <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>. </p> <ul><li>In Shan, the spoken language is commonly called <i>kwam tai</i> (<span title="Shan-language text"><span lang="shn">ၵႂၢမ်းတႆး</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="shn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">[kwáːm.táj]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> language</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). The written language is called <i>lik tai</i> (<span title="Shan-language text"><span lang="shn">လိၵ်ႈတႆး</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="shn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">[lik<span class="wrap"> </span>táj]</a></span>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, it is called <i>hram: bhasa</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my" style="font-style: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1204105569">.mw-parser-output .script-myanmar{line-height:100%;font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar",Pyidaungsu,"Myanmar Text",Myanmar3,Myanmar2,Myanmar1,Padauk,mm3web,TharLon,"Masterpiece Uni Sans",Parabaik,Yunghkio,Thanlwin,"Win Uni Innwa","MyMyanmar Unicode","WinUni Innwa"}</style><span class="script-myanmar">ရှမ်းဘာသာ</span></span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[ʃáɰ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>bàðà]</a></span>), whence the English word "Shan". The term "Shan," which was formerly spelt <i>hsyam:</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">သျှမ်း</span></span></span>) in Burmese, is an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> believed to be a Burmese derivative of "Siam" (an old term for <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a>, it is called <i>phasa thai yai</i> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ภาษาไทใหญ่</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="th-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[pʰāː.sǎː.tʰāj.jàj]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">big/great <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> language</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) or more informally or even vulgarly by some <i>phasa ngiao</i> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ภาษาเงี้ยว</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="th-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[pʰāː.sǎː.ŋía̯w]</a></span>, an outdated term that now sounds like the word for "snake").</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a>, it is called <i>kam tai</i> (<span title="Northern Thai-language text"><span lang="nod">กำไต</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nod-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA/Northern Thai">[kām.tāj]</a></span>, literally "<a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> language") or more informally or even vulgarly by some <i>kam ngiao</i> (<span title="Northern Thai-language text"><span lang="nod">กำเงี้ยว</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nod-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA/Northern Thai">[kām.ŋía̯w]</a></span>), <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Shan language</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, it is called <i>phasa tai yai</i> (<span title="Lao-language text"><span lang="lo">ພາສາໄທໃຫຍ່</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">[pʰáː.sǎː.tʰáj.ɲāj]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">big/great <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> language</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) or more informally or even vulgarly by some <i>phasa ngiao</i> (<span title="Lao-language text"><span lang="lo">ພາສາງ້ຽວ</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">[pʰáː.sǎː.ŋîa̯w]</a></span>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a>, it is called <i>kam ngio</i> (<span title="Tai Lü-language text"><span lang="khb">ᦅᧄᦇᦲᧁᧉ</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="khb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">[kâm.ŋìw]</a></span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shan dialects spoken in <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a> can be divided into three groups, roughly coinciding with geographical and modern administrative boundaries, namely the northern, southern, and eastern dialects. Dialects differ to a certain extent in vocabulary and pronunciation, but are generally mutually intelligible. </p><p>While the southern dialect has borrowed more <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> words, eastern Shan is somewhat closer to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a> in vocabulary and pronunciation, and the northern so-called "<a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Chinese Shan</a>" is much influenced by the Yunnan-Chinese dialect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Does Yunnan-Chinese dialect refer to Southwestern Mandarin or Tai Nuea? (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A number of words differ in initial consonants. In the north, initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/kʰ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, when combined with certain vowels and final consonants, are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> (written <i>ky</i>), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃʰ/</span> (written <i>khy</i>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mj/</span> (written <i>my</i>). In Chinese Shan, initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>. In southwestern regions <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> is often pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>. Initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> only appears in the east, while in the other two dialects it merges with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._Marvin_Brown" title="J. Marvin Brown">J. Marvin Brown</a> divides the three dialects of Shan State as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Northern — <a href="/wiki/Lashio" title="Lashio">Lashio</a>, Burma; contains more Chinese influences</li> <li>Southern — <a href="/wiki/Taunggyi" title="Taunggyi">Taunggyi</a>, Burma (capital of <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a>); contains more Burmese influences</li> <li>Eastern — <a href="/wiki/Kengtung" title="Kengtung">Kengtung</a>, Burma (in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a>); closer to Northern Thai and Lao</li></ol> <p>Prominent divergent dialects are considered separate languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a> (called Kon Shan by the Burmese), which is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kengtung_Township" title="Kengtung Township">Kengtung</a> valley. Chinese Shan is also called Tai Mao, referring to the old Shan State of <a href="/wiki/Mong_Mao" class="mw-redirect" title="Mong Mao">Mong Mao</a>. Tai Long is used to refer to the Southern Shan State dialect spoken in southern and central regions west of the <a href="/wiki/Salween_River" title="Salween River">Salween River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Northern Shan State dialect,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the dialect spoken in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>. There are also dialects still spoken by a small number of people in <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tai_Laing_language" title="Tai Laing language">Tai Laing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a> spoken in northern <a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Region" title="Sagaing Region">Sagaing Region</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shan has 19 consonants. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a>) there are no voiced plosives /d/ and /b/. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="background: #ccf;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">မ</span> </td> <td style="background: #cfc;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ၼ</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcf;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ၺ</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcc;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">င</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Unaspirated" class="mw-redirect" title="Unaspirated">unaspirated</a></small> </th> <td style="background: #ccf;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ပ</span> </td> <td style="background: #cfc;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">တ</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcf;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ၸ</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcc;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ၵ</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccc;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ဢ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td style="background: #ccf;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ၽ</span> </td> <td style="background: #cfc;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ထ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #fcc;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ၶ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="background: #ccf;">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ၾ</span> </td> <td style="background: #ffc;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">သ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ccc;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ႁ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background: #cff;">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ရ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #cff;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ယ</span> </td> <td style="background: #cff;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ဝ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background: #cff;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span><br /><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">လ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The glottal plosive is implied after a short vowel without final, or the silent 'a' before a vowel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> is only found in eastern dialects in words that are pronounced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span> elsewhere.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The trill is very rare and mainly used in Pali and some English loan words, sometimes as a glide in initial consonant clusters. Many Shans find it difficult to pronounce <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span>, often pronouncing it <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_and_diphthongs">Vowels and diphthongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels and diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shan has ten vowels and 13 diphthongs: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/~/ɯ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/~/ɤ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/<br />/aː/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iw],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ew],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɛw];<span class="wrap"> </span>[uj],<span class="wrap"> </span>[oj],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɯj],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɔj],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɤj];<span class="wrap"> </span>[aj],<span class="wrap"> </span>[aɯ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[aw];<span class="wrap"> </span>[aːj],<span class="wrap"> </span>[aːw]</span> </p><p>Shan has less vowel complexity than Thai, and Shan people learning Thai have difficulties with sounds such as "ia," "ua," and "uea" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯa]</span>. Triphthongs are absent. Shan has no systematic distinction between long and short vowels characteristic of Thai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shan has <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> contrasts among the <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> of syllables. There are five to six tonemes in Shan, depending on the dialect. The sixth tone is only spoken in the north; in other parts it is only used for emphasis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contrastive_tones_in_unchecked_syllables">Contrastive tones in unchecked syllables</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contrastive tones in unchecked syllables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below presents six phonemic tones in unchecked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant sounds</a> such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], and [j] and open syllables. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Description</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Description</th> <th colspan="2">Transcription<sup>*</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>rising (24)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦</span></td> <td>Starting rather low and rising pitch</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǎ</span></td> <td>a (not marked) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>low (11)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˩</span></td> <td>Low, even pitch</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">à</span></td> <td>a, </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>mid-falling (32)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˨</span></td> <td>Medium level pitch, slightly falling in the end</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> (not marked)</td> <td>a; </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>high (55)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span></td> <td>High, even pitch</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">á</span></td> <td>a: </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>high-falling and creaky (42)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˦˨ˀ</span></td> <td>Short, creaky, strongly falling with lax final glottal stop</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">âʔ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">â̰</span></td> <td>a. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>emphatic (343) or middle (33)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˦˧</span> / <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span></td> <td>Starting mid level, then slightly rising, with a drop at the end (similar to tones 3 and 5)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a᷈</span></td> <td>a- </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><sup>*</sup> The symbol in the first transcription column corresponds to conventions used for other tonal languages; the second is derived from the Shan orthography.</dd></dl> <p>The following table shows an example of the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> tones: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone</th> <th>Shan</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Transliteration</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>rising</td> <td><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ၼႃ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nǎː/</span></td> <td>na</td> <td><i>thick</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>low</td> <td><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ၼႃႇ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nàː/</span></td> <td>na,</td> <td><i>very</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mid-falling</td> <td><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ၼႃႈ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nà̱ː/</span></td> <td>na;</td> <td><i>face</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>high</td> <td><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ၼႃး</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/náː/</span></td> <td>na:</td> <td><i>paddy field</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>high-falling and creaky</td> <td><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ၼႃႉ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nâ̰(ː)/</span></td> <td>na.</td> <td><i>aunt, uncle</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>emphatic or middle</td> <td><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">ၼႃႊ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nāː/</span></td> <td>na-</td> <td>(for interjection / transcription) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Shan tones correspond to Thai tones as follows: </p> <ol><li>The Shan rising tone is close to the Thai rising tone.</li> <li>The Shan low tone is equivalent to the Thai low tone.</li> <li>The Shan mid-tone is different from the Thai mid-tone. It falls in the end.</li> <li>The Shan high tone is close to the Thai high tone. But it is not rising.</li> <li>The Shan falling tone is different from the Thai falling tone. It is short, creaky and ends with a glottal stop.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contrastive_tones_in_checked_syllables">Contrastive tones in checked syllables</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Contrastive tones in checked syllables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below presents four phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> [ʔ] and <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent sounds</a> such as [p], [t], and [k]. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone</th> <th>Shan</th> <th>Phonemic</th> <th>Phonetic</th> <th>Transliteration</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>high</td> <td><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">လၵ်း</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lák/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lak˥]</span></td> <td>lak:</td> <td><i>post</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>creaky</td> <td><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">လၵ်ႉ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/la̰k/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[la̰k˦˨ˀ]</span></td> <td>lak.</td> <td><i>steal</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>low</td> <td><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">လၢၵ်ႇ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/làːk/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[laːk˩]</span></td> <td>laak,</td> <td><i>differ from others</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mid</td> <td><span style="font-family:'Pyidaungsu', 'Myanmar Text', 'Noto Sans Myanmar', TharLon, Padauk, Myanmar3, Parabaik, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, MyMyanmar;">လၢၵ်ႈ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lāːk/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[laːk˧˨]</span></td> <td>laak;</td> <td><i>drag</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> structure of Shan is C(G)V((V)/(C)), which is to say the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">onset</a> consists of a consonant optionally followed by a <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">glide</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_rime" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rime">rhyme</a> consists of a monophthong alone, a monophthong with a consonant, or a diphthong alone. (Only in some dialects, a diphthong may also be followed by a consonant.) The glides are: -w-, -y- and -r-. There are seven possible final consonants: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>. </p><p>Some representative words are: </p> <ul><li>CV <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɔ/</span> <i>also</i></li> <li>CVC <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kàːt/</span> <i>market</i></li> <li>CGV <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kwàː/</span> <i>to go</i></li> <li>CGVC <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kwaːŋ/</span> <i>broad</i></li> <li>CVV <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kǎi/</span> <i>far</i></li> <li>CGVV <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kwáːi/</span> <i>water buffalo</i></li></ul> <p>Typical Shan words are monosyllabic. Multisyllabic words are mostly Pali loanwords, or Burmese words with the initial weak syllable <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></th> <th>Pronoun</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">first </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၵဝ်</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kǎw]</span></td> <td>I/me (informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">တူ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tǔ]</span></td> <td>I/me (informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၶႃႈ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰaː]</span></td> <td>I/me (formal) "servant, slave" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႁႃး</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[háː]</span></td> <td>we/us two (familiar/dual) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႁဝ်း</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[háw]</span></td> <td>we/us (general) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႁဝ်းၶႃႈ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[háw.kʰaː]</span></td> <td>we/us (formal) "we servants, we slaves" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">second </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">မႂ်း</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[máɰ]</span></td> <td>you (informal/familiar) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၸဝ်ႈ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕaw]</span></td> <td>you (formal) "master, lord" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၶိူဝ်</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰɤ̂]</span></td> <td>you two (familiar/dual) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">သူ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sǔ]</span></td> <td>you (formal/singular, general/plural) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">သူၸဝ်ႈ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sǔ.tɕaw]</span></td> <td>you (formal/singular, general/plural) "you masters, you lords" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">third </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">မၼ်း</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mán]</span></td> <td>he/she/it (informal/familiar) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၶႃ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰǎː]</span></td> <td>they/them two (familiar/dual) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၶဝ်</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰǎw]</span></td> <td>he/she/it (formal), or they/them (general) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၶဝ်ၸဝ်ႈ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰǎw.tɕaw]</span></td> <td>he/she/it (formal), or they/them (formal) "they masters, they lords" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ပိူၼ်ႈ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɤn]</span></td> <td>they/them, others </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resources">Resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given the present instabilities in Burma, one choice for scholars is to study the Shan people and their language in Thailand, where estimates of Shan refugees run as high as two million, and <a href="/wiki/Mae_Hong_Son_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mae Hong Son Province">Mae Hong Son Province</a> is home to a Shan majority. The major source for information about the Shan language in English is Dunwoody Press's <i>Shan for English Speakers</i>. They also publish a Shan-English dictionary. Aside from this, the language is almost completely undescribed in English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/shn">Shan</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629160426/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/shn">"Shan"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/shn">the original</a> on 2019-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Shan&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fshn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShan+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenny2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jenny, Mathias (Autumn 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/127179/1/IIAS_NL75_FULL.pdf">"Tai identity in Myanmar and beyond"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IIAS the Newsletter</i> (75). International Institute for Asian Studies: <span class="nowrap">32–</span>33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IIAS+the+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Tai+identity+in+Myanmar+and+beyond&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=75&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Jenny&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F127179%2F1%2FIIAS_NL75_FULL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShan+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSai_Wansai2020" class="citation web cs1">Sai Wansai (2020-01-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/refugee-conundrum-little-movement-myanmars-repatriation-schemes">"Refugee Conundrum: Little movement in Myanmar's repatriation schemes"</a>. <i>Burma News International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Burma+News+International&rft.atitle=Refugee+Conundrum%3A+Little+movement+in+Myanmar%27s+repatriation+schemes&rft.date=2020-01-28&rft.au=Sai+Wansai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnionline.net%2Fen%2Fnews%2Frefugee-conundrum-little-movement-myanmars-repatriation-schemes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShan+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, J. Marvin. 1965. <i>From Ancient Thai To Modern Dialects and Other Writings on Historical Thai Linguistics</i>. Bangkok: White Lotus Press, reprinted 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJirattikorn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jirattikorn, Amporn (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41220059">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Pirated" Transnational Broadcasting: The Consumption of Thai Soap Operas among Shan Communities in Burma"</a>. <i>Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia</i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">30–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2FSJ23-1B">10.1355/SJ23-1B</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41220059">41220059</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sojourn%3A+Journal+of+Social+Issues+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=%22Pirated%22+Transnational+Broadcasting%3A+The+Consumption+of+Thai+Soap+Operas+among+Shan+Communities+in+Burma&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2FSJ23-1B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41220059%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jirattikorn&rft.aufirst=Amporn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41220059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShan+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoh2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Soh, Jyr Minn (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10356/106030"><i>Serial verb constructions in Tai Long Shan</i></a> (M.A. thesis). Nanyang Technological University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32657%2F10220%2F47853">10.32657/10220/47853</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10356%2F106030">10356/106030</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Serial+verb+constructions+in+Tai+Long+Shan&rft.degree=M.A.&rft.inst=Nanyang+Technological+University&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10356%2F106030&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32657%2F10220%2F47853&rft.aulast=Soh&rft.aufirst=Jyr+Minn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10356%2F106030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShan+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/shan/dictionary.htm">"SEAlang Library Shan Lexicography"</a>. <i>sealang.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Apr 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sealang.net&rft.atitle=SEAlang+Library+Shan+Lexicography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fshan%2Fdictionary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShan+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sai Kam Mong. <i>The History and Development of the Shan Scripts</i>. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-9575-50-4" title="Special:BookSources/974-9575-50-4">974-9575-50-4</a></li> <li><i>The Major Languages of East and South-East Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Bernard Comrie</a> (London, 1990).</li> <li><i>A Guide to the World's Languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Merritt_Ruhlen" title="Merritt Ruhlen">Merritt Ruhlen</a> (Stanford, 1991).</li> <li><i>Shan for English Speakers</i>. Irving I. Glick & Sao Tern Moeng (Dunwoody Press, Wheaton, 1991).</li> <li><i>Shan – English Dictionary</i>. Sao Tern Moeng (Dunwoody Press, Kensington, 1995).</li> <li><i>Shan phonology and morphology</i>. Aggasena Lengtai. (MA thesis, Mahidol University, 2009).</li> <li><i>An English and Shan Dictionary</i>. H. W. Mix (American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon, 1920; Revised edition by S.H.A.N., Chiang Mai, 2001).</li> <li><i>Grammar of the Shan Language</i>. J. N. Cushing (American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon, 1887).</li> <li><i>Myanmar – Unicode Consortium</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1000.pdf">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="shn:"> Shan edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/shan/">An English-Shan dictionary translator</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Tai–Kadai_languages">Shan-language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=Padauk">SIL Padauk Font (Shan Unicode)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/shan/dictionary.htm">SEAlang Library Shan Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shanland.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2767:first-shan-thai-dictionary-on-sale-&catid=93:general&Itemid=291">Titles of Shan-foreign language dictionaries</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Template:Languages of Myanmar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Template talk:Languages of Myanmar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Myanmar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Myanmar175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Languages of Myanmar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semiofficial language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Myanmar" title="Administrative divisions of Myanmar">state or region</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chin_State" title="Chin State">Chin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Northern Kuki-Chin languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falam_language" title="Falam language">Falam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siyin language">Siyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedim_language" title="Tedim language">Tedim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_language" title="Zou language">Zo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Central Kuki-Chin languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawm_language" title="Bawm language">Bawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakha_Chin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakha Chin language">Hakha Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngawn_language" title="Ngawn language">Ngawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawr_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawr language">Tawr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maraic_languages" title="Maraic languages">Maraic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lautu_language" title="Lautu language">Lautu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_language" title="Mara language">Mara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senthang_language" title="Senthang language">Senthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotung_language" title="Zotung language">Zotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyphe_language" title="Zyphe language">Zyphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Southern Kuki-Chin languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daai_language" title="Daai language">Daai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaang_language" title="Kaang language">Kaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumi_language" title="Khumi language">Khumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCch%C3%B2_language" title="Kʼchò language">Kʼchò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga_La_language" title="Nga La language">Nga La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%B6_language" title="Shö language">Shö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songlai_language" title="Songlai language">Songlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumtu_language" title="Sumtu language">Sumtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaiphum_language" title="Thaiphum language">Thaiphum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welaung_language" title="Welaung language">Welaung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Anu-Hkongso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achang_language" title="Achang language">Achang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derung_language" title="Derung language">Drung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hpon_language" title="Hpon language">Hpon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashi_language" title="Lashi language">Lashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Lhao Vo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusu_language" title="Nusu language">Nusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawang_language" title="Rawang language">Rawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_language_(Tai)" title="Nùng language (Tai)">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Laing_language" title="Tai Laing language">Tai Laing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayah_State" title="Kayah State">Kayah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayaw_language" title="Kayaw language">Kayaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_language" title="Karenni language">Karenni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayin_State" title="Kayin State">Kayin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bwe_Karen_language" title="Bwe Karen language">Bwe Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_Karen_language" title="Geba Karen language">Geba Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwo_Karen_languages" title="Pwo Karen languages">Pwo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pwo_language" title="Eastern Pwo language">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pwo_language" title="Western Pwo language">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_language" title="S'gaw Karen language">S’gaw Karen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magway_Region" title="Magway Region">Magway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rungtu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rungtu">Rungtu</a> (Taungtha)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mon_State" title="Mon State">Mon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_language" title="Rakhine language">Rakhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laitu_language" title="Laitu language">Laitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mro-Khimi_language" title="Mro-Khimi language">Mro-Khimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_language" title="Sak language">Sak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Region" title="Sagaing Region">Sagaing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khiamniungan_language" title="Khiamniungan language">Khiamniungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinong_language" title="Leinong language">Leinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makyam_language" title="Makyam language">Makyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponyo_language" title="Ponyo language">Ponyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_language" title="Sak language">Sak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akyaung_Ari_language" title="Akyaung Ari language">Akyaung Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal language">Anal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koki_language" title="Koki language">Koki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makury_language" title="Makury language">Makury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Phuri_language" title="Long Phuri language">Long Phuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_language" title="Para language">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danau_language" title="Danau language">Danau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Loi_language" title="Tai Loi language">Tai Loi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Danu language">Danu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geko_Karen" class="mw-redirect" title="Geko Karen">Geko Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intha_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Intha dialect">Intha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahta_language" title="Lahta language">Lahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27O_language" title="Pa'O language">Pa’o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padaung_language" title="Padaung language">Padaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyen_language" title="Pyen language">Pyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavoyan_dialects" title="Tavoyan dialects">Taungyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nuea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong Njua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region" title="Tanintharyi Region">Tanintharyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_language" title="S'gaw Karen language">S’gaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavoyan_dialects" title="Tavoyan dialects">Tavoyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Immigrant language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_sign_language" title="Burmese sign language">Burmese sign language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Thailand323" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Thailand" title="Template:Languages of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Languages of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Thailand323" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Other Thais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lao–Phutai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chiang Saen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_language" title="Phuan language">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Song_language" title="Thai Song language">Thai Song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sukhothai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_N%C3%BCa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Nüa language">Tai Nüa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Minority</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">by languages groups</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27och_language" title="Sa'och language">Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_dialect" title="Northern Khmer dialect">Northern</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Khmer_dialect" title="Western Khmer dialect">Western</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_language" title="Kuy language">Kuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_language" title="Nyah Kur language">Nyah Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Ten'edn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Thavung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan languages">Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Malay" title="Bangkok Malay">Bangkok Malay</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Malay">Pattani Malay</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Satun_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Satun Malay">Satun Malay</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi’ language">Urak Lawoi’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pwo_language" title="Eastern Pwo language">Eastern Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pwo_language" title="Northern Pwo language">Northern Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrae_Pwo_language" title="Phrae Pwo language">Phrae Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Karen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Karen language">Red Karen (Eastern Kayah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_language" title="S'gaw Karen language">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugong language">Ugong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Immigrant language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kra–Dai_languages417" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Template:Kra–Dai languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Template talk:Kra–Dai languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kra–Dai languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kra–Dai_languages417" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laha_language" title="Laha language">Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachi_language" title="Lachi language">Lachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_language" title="En language">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gelao25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandu_language" title="Vandu language">Vandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27ou_language" title="A'ou language">A'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulao_language_(Kra)" title="Mulao language (Kra)">Mulao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagei_language" title="Hagei language">Hagei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telue_language" title="Telue language">Telue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qau_language" title="Qau language">Qau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages" title="Kam–Sui languages">Kam–Sui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a> (Dong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Nuoxi</a> (Naxi Yao)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouhin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouhin language">Bouhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_Em_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha Em language">Ha Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauhut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauhut language">Lauhut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzha language">Tongzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zandui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zandui language">Zandui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoting_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baoting language">Baoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadou language">Nadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changjiang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Changjiang language">Changjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyfaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyfaw language">Moyfaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baisha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baisha language">Baisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanmen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuanmen language">Yuanmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Be</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jizhao_language" title="Jizhao language">Jizhao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizhao_language" title="Jizhao language">Jizhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a>, etc.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Standard Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhang_Buyi_language" title="Hezhang Buyi language">Hezhang Buyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longsang_Zhuang_language" title="Longsang Zhuang language">Longsang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saek_language" title="Saek language">Saek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Yo_language" title="Tai Yo language">Tai Yo</a> (Nyaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoy_language" title="Yoy language">Yoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Pao_language" title="Tai Pao language">Tai Pao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyang_Zhuang_language" title="Pyang Zhuang language">Pyang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myang_Zhuang_language" title="Myang Zhuang language">Myang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_language_(Tai)" title="Nùng language (Tai)">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%CA%BB%C3%BCn-Lao_language" title="Tsʻün-Lao language">Tsʻün-Lao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern</a><br />(Thai)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nuea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Long_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Long language">Tai Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hongjin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hongjin language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Laing_language" title="Tai Laing language">Tai Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phake_language" title="Phake language">Phake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiton_language" title="Aiton language">Aiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamyang_language" title="Khamyang language">Khamyang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turung_language" title="Turung language">Turung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lao–Phutai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Yo_language" title="Tai Yo language">Tai Yo</a> (Nyaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Nyo_language" title="Lao Nyo language">Lao Nyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloeng_language" title="Kaloeng language">Kaloeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chiang Saen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> (Siamese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_language" title="Tai Daeng language">Tai Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Meuay_language" title="Tai Meuay language">Tai Meuay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hang_Tong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hang Tong language">Tai Hang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_language" title="Yong language">Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_language" title="Phuan language">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Song_language" title="Thai Song language">Thai Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_Tac_language" title="Tày Tac language">Tày Tac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(other)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapa_language" title="Sapa language">Sapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Di_language" title="Pa Di language">Pa Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Muong_Vat_language" title="Tai Muong Vat language">Tai Muong Vat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Thanh_language" title="Tai Thanh language">Tai Thanh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tay_Khang_language" title="Tay Khang language">Tai Khang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language_(Laos)" title="Kuan language (Laos)">Kuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Lan_language" title="Cao Lan language">Cao Lan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(<i><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed origins</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezhang_Buyi_language" title="Hezhang Buyi language">Hezhang Buyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Lan_language" title="Cao Lan language">Cao Lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>proposed groupings</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Tai_languages" title="Kam–Tai languages">Kam–Tai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kra%E2%80%93Dai_language" title="Proto-Kra–Dai language">Proto-Kra–Dai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kra_language" title="Proto-Kra language">Proto-Kra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai_language" title="Proto-Tai language">Proto-Tai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kam%E2%80%93Sui_language" title="Proto-Kam–Sui language">Proto-Kam–Sui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hlai_language" title="Proto-Hlai language">Proto-Hlai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56482#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata876" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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