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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rackets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rackets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rackets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rackets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Strings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_gut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_gut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Natural gut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_gut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Synthetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_strings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_strings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Hybrid strings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_strings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Balls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manner_of_play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manner_of_play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Manner of play</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manner_of_play-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manner of play subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manner_of_play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Play_of_a_single_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Play_of_a_single_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Play of a single point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Play_of_a_single_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Scoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Game,_set,_match" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game,_set,_match"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Game, set, match</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game,_set,_match-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.1</span> <span>Game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.2</span> <span>Set</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Match" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Match"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.3</span> <span>Match</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Match-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_point_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_point_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Special point terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_point_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Game_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.1</span> <span>Game point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Break_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Break_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.2</span> <span>Break point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Break_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Rule variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Match_play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Match_play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Match play</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Match_play-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Match play subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Match_play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continuity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Continuity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ball_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ball_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ball changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ball_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On-court_coaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-court_coaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>On-court coaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-court_coaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open_stance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_stance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Open stance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_stance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-open_stance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-open_stance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Semi-open stance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-open_stance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closed_stance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closed_stance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Closed stance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed_stance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutral_stance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutral_stance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Neutral stance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutral_stance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Shots</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shots-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shots subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Grip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Serve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forehand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forehand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Forehand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forehand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Backhand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backhand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Backhand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backhand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_shots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_shots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Other shots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_shots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tournaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tournaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tournaments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tournaments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tournaments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tournaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grand_Slam_tournaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Slam_tournaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Grand Slam tournaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Slam_tournaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Men's_tournament_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Men's_tournament_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Men's tournament structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Men's_tournament_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ATP_1000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ATP_1000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>ATP 1000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ATP_1000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-500_and_250_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#500_and_250_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>500 and 250 series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-500_and_250_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenger_Tour_and_Futures_tournaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenger_Tour_and_Futures_tournaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Challenger Tour and Futures tournaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenger_Tour_and_Futures_tournaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_tournament_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_tournament_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Women's tournament structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_tournament_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-WTA_1000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WTA_1000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>WTA 1000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WTA_1000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-500_and_250_Series_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#500_and_250_Series_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>500 and 250 Series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-500_and_250_Series_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WTA_125" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WTA_125"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>WTA 125</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WTA_125-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Players</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Players-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Players subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Professional players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Singles_and_doubles_professional_careers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singles_and_doubles_professional_careers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Singles and doubles professional careers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singles_and_doubles_professional_careers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Olympics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prize_money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prize_money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Prize money</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prize_money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Slam_tournament_winners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Slam_tournament_winners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Grand Slam tournament winners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Slam_tournament_winners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greatest_male_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greatest_male_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Greatest male players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greatest_male_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greatest_female_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greatest_female_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Greatest female players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greatest_female_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Junior_tennis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Junior_tennis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Junior tennis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Junior_tennis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Injuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tennis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 161 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-161" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">161 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="टेनिस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="टेनिस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="كرة المضرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرة المضرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Թենիս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թենիս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga%27imbota" title="Manga'imbota – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Manga'imbota" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تنیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تنیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9nis" title="Ténis – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ténis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="টেনিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেনিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/The-n%C3%AD-suh" title="The-ní-suh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="The-ní-suh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Теннис – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Теннис" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81" title="Тэніс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэніс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81" title="Тэніс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэніс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="टेनिस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टेनिस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тенис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тенис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏན་ནེ་སི་སྤོ་ལོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏན་ནེ་སི་སྤོ་ལོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Теннис – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Теннис" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesi" title="Tenesi – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Tenesi" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="تينيس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تينيس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Αντισφαίριση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντισφαίριση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniso" title="Teniso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teniso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تنیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%C3%B3g" title="Leadóg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leadóg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leddoge" title="Leddoge – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Leddoge" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%90%83" title="網球 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="網球" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B3ng-khi%C3%B9" title="Mióng-khiù – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mióng-khiù" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4" title="테니스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테니스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Թենիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թենիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="टेनिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टेनिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniso" title="Teniso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Teniso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9nnis" title="Ténnis – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ténnis" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1" title="טניס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טניס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8nes" title="Tènes – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tènes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniisi" title="Teniisi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Teniisi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟೆನ್ನಿಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೆನ್ನಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩოგბურთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩოგბურთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%90%D8%B3" title="ٹینِس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ٹینِس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Теннис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теннис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisi" title="Tenisi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Tenisi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten%C3%AEs" title="Tenîs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tenîs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Теннис – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Теннис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ເທັນນິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເທັນນິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniludus" title="Teniludus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Teniludus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniss" title="Teniss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teniss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Теннис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Теннис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisas" title="Tenisas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tenisas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennissu" title="Tennissu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tennissu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisz" title="Tenisz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tenisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тенис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тенис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ടെന്നീസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെന്നീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="टेनिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टेनिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩოგანბურთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩოგანბურთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3" title="تنس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تنس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9nis" title="Ténis – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ténis" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Теннис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Теннис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="टेनिस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टेनिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9" title="テニス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テニス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Теннис – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Теннис" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6-%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗੇਂਦ-ਛਿੱਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੇਂਦ-ਛਿੱਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="ٹینس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹینس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9nis" title="Ténis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ténis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinis" title="Thinis – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thinis" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81" title="Теніс – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Теніс" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Теннис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теннис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Теннис – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Теннис" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisi" title="Tenisi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tenisi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="टेनिस्-क्रीडा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="टेनिस्-क्रीडा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thenisi" title="Thenisi – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thenisi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisi" title="Tenisi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tenisi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ටෙනිස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටෙනිස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3" title="ٽينس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽينس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynis" title="Tynis – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tynis" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciyaarta_Teeniska" title="Ciyaarta Teeniska – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciyaarta Teeniska" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B3" title="تێنس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تێنس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тенис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тенис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9nis" title="Ténis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ténis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="டென்னிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டென்னிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Теннис – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Теннис" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="టెన్నిస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టెన్నిస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="เทนนิส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทนนิส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Теннис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Теннис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟೆನ್ನಿಸ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಟೆನ್ನಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81" title="Теніс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теніс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="ٹینس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹینس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_v%E1%BB%A3t" title="Quần vợt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quần vợt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisse" title="Tenisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tenisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tenis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%90%83" title="网球 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="网球" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1" title="טעניס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טעניס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%B9%CC%81n%C3%ACs" title="Tẹ́nìs – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tẹ́nìs" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%90%83" title="網球 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="網球" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniswan" title="Teniswan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Teniswan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten%C4%97sos" title="Tenėsos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tenėsos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%90%83" title="网球 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="网球" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_tamp%C3%A8l" title="Bola tampèl – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bola tampèl" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Tennis" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Racket sport</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tennis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tennis (disambiguation)">Tennis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Tennis</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Australian_Open_-_Guillaume_Rufin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/2013_Australian_Open_-_Guillaume_Rufin.jpg/250px-2013_Australian_Open_-_Guillaume_Rufin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/2013_Australian_Open_-_Guillaume_Rufin.jpg/330px-2013_Australian_Open_-_Guillaume_Rufin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/2013_Australian_Open_-_Guillaume_Rufin.jpg/500px-2013_Australian_Open_-_Guillaume_Rufin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2510" data-file-height="3765" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">French singles player <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Rufin" title="Guillaume Rufin">Guillaume Rufin</a> serves to Czech player <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Berdych" title="Tomáš Berdych">Tomáš Berdych</a> in a tennis match at the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">First played</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">19th century, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England, United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Team members</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Singles or doubles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes, separate tours and mixed doubles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Outdoor or indoor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tennis_ball" title="Tennis ball">Ball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)" title="Racket (sports equipment)">racket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Net_and_wall_games" title="Net and wall games">net</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Venue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">Tennis court</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Glossary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms" title="Glossary of tennis terms">Glossary of tennis terms</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Country or region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Part of Summer Olympic programme from 1896 to 1924<br />Demonstration sport in the 1968 and 1984 Summer Olympics<br />Part of Summer Olympic programme since 1988</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Part of Summer Paralympic programme since <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Wheelchair tennis at the Summer Paralympics">1992</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tennis</b> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_racket_sports" title="List of racket sports">racket sport</a> that is played either individually against a single opponent (<a href="/wiki/Singles_(tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singles (tennis)">singles</a>) or between two teams of two players each (<a href="/wiki/Doubles_(tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubles (tennis)">doubles</a>). Each player uses a <a href="/wiki/Tennis_racket" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis racket">tennis racket</a> strung with a cord to strike a hollow rubber <a href="/wiki/Tennis_ball" title="Tennis ball">ball</a> covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent's <a href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">court</a>. The object is to manoeuvre the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return. If a player is unable to return the ball successfully, the opponent scores a <a href="/wiki/Point_(tennis)" title="Point (tennis)">point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Playable at all levels of society and at all ages, tennis can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis" title="Wheelchair tennis">wheelchair users</a>. The original forms of tennis developed in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern form of tennis originated in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England, in the late 19th century as <b>lawn tennis</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had close connections to various field (lawn) games such as <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowls" title="Bowls">bowls</a> as well as to the older racket sport today called <a href="/wiki/Real_tennis" title="Real tennis">real tennis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s. Two exceptions are that until 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Tiebreak_(tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiebreak (tennis)">tiebreak</a> in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system, which allows a player to contest the <a href="/wiki/Line_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Line call">line call</a> of a point, a system known as <a href="/wiki/Hawk-Eye" title="Hawk-Eye">Hawk-Eye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tennis is played by millions of recreational players and is a popular worldwide spectator sport.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments (also referred to as the majors) are especially popular and are considered the highest level of competition for the sport. These tournaments are the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a>, played on <a href="/wiki/Hardcourt" title="Hardcourt">hardcourts</a>; the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a>, played on red <a href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">clay courts</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>, played on <a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass court">grass courts</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a>, also played on hardcourts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, tennis was one of the original <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Olympic sports</a>, and has been consistently competed in the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> since <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_tennis" title="History of tennis">History of tennis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EcoleCremonaiseTennis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/EcoleCremonaiseTennis.jpg/200px-EcoleCremonaiseTennis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/EcoleCremonaiseTennis.jpg/300px-EcoleCremonaiseTennis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/EcoleCremonaiseTennis.jpg/400px-EcoleCremonaiseTennis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>Painting from <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a>; end of the 16th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeu_de_paume002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jeu_de_paume002.jpg/250px-Jeu_de_paume002.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jeu_de_paume002.jpg/500px-Jeu_de_paume002.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><i>Jeu de paume</i> in the 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians believe that the game's ancient origin lay in 12th-century northern France, where a ball was struck with the palm of the hand.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X of France</a> was a keen player of <i><a href="/wiki/Jeu_de_paume" title="Jeu de paume">jeu de paume</a></i> ("game of the palm"), which evolved into <a href="/wiki/Real_tennis" title="Real tennis">real tennis</a>, and became notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in the modern style. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, enclosed courts made in Paris "around the end of the 13th century".<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1316 at <a href="/wiki/Vincennes" title="Vincennes">Vincennes</a>, Val-de-Marne, and following a particularly exhausting game, Louis drank a large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died of either <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a>, although there was also suspicion of poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillmeister_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillmeister-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the contemporary accounts of his death, Louis X is history's first tennis player known by name.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillmeister_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillmeister-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another of the early enthusiasts of the game was King <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a>, who had a court set up at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>tennis</i> probably comes from the French term <i>tenez</i>, which can be translated as "hold!", "receive!" or "take!", an <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a> used as a call from the server to his opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was popular in England and France, although the game was only played indoors, where the ball could be hit off the wall. <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> was a big fan of this game, which is now known as <a href="/wiki/Real_tennis" title="Real tennis">real tennis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An epitaph in <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">St Michael's Church, Coventry</a>, written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1705</span>, read, in part:<sup id="cite_ref-Astley_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astley-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Here lyes an old toss'd Tennis Ball:<br /> Was racketted, from spring to fall,<br /> With so much heat and so much hast,<br /> Time's arm for shame grew tyred at last. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>During the 18th and early 19th centuries, as real tennis declined, new racket sports emerged in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Perris_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perris-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invention of the first <a href="/wiki/Lawn_mower" title="Lawn mower">lawn mower</a> in Britain in 1830 is believed to have been a catalyst for the preparation of modern-style grass courts, sporting ovals, playing fields, pitches, greens, etc. This in turn led to the codification of modern rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls and others.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_modern_game">Origins of the modern game</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg/250px-Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg/330px-Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg/500px-Tennis_birthplace_Edgbaston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augurio_Perera" title="Augurio Perera">Augurio Perera</a>'s house in <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England, where he and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Gem" title="Harry Gem">Harry Gem</a> first played the modern game of lawn tennis</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1859 and 1865, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Gem" title="Harry Gem">Harry Gem</a>, a solicitor, and his friend <a href="/wiki/Augurio_Perera" title="Augurio Perera">Augurio Perera</a> developed a game that combined elements of <a href="/wiki/Racquets_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racquets (sport)">racquets</a> and the Basque ball game <a href="/wiki/Basque_pelota" title="Basque pelota">pelota</a>, which they played on Perera's <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a> lawn in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-countrylife_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrylife-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1872, along with two local doctors, they founded the world's first tennis club on Avenue Road, <a href="/wiki/Leamington_Spa" title="Leamington Spa">Leamington Spa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LTC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is where "lawn tennis" was used as the name of an activity by a club for the first time. </p><p>In <i>Tennis: A Cultural History</i>, Heiner Gillmeister reveals that on 8 December 1874, British army officer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Clopton_Wingfield" title="Walter Clopton Wingfield">Walter Clopton Wingfield</a> wrote to Harry Gem, commenting that he (Wingfield) had been experimenting with his version of lawn tennis "for a year and a half".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1873, Wingfield designed and patented a game which he called <i>sphairistikè</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">σφαιριστική</span>, meaning "ball-playing"), and which was soon known simply as "sticky" – for the amusement of guests at a garden party on his friend's estate of <a href="/wiki/Nantclwyd_Hall" title="Nantclwyd Hall">Nantclwyd Hall</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Llanelidan" title="Llanelidan">Llanelidan</a>, Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <span class="nowrap">R. D. C.</span> Evans, turfgrass <a href="/wiki/Agronomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomist">agronomist</a>, "Sports historians all agree that [Wingfield] deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis."<sup id="cite_ref-Perris_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perris-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Honor Godfrey, museum curator at Wimbledon, Wingfield "popularized this game enormously. He produced a boxed set which included a net, poles, rackets, balls for playing the game – and most importantly you had his rules. He was absolutely terrific at marketing and he sent his game all over the world. He had very good connections with the clergy, the law profession, and the aristocracy and he sent thousands of sets out in the first year or so, in 1874."<sup id="cite_ref-Wingfield_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wingfield-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's oldest annual tennis tournament took place at Leamington Lawn Tennis Club in Birmingham in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was three years before the <a href="/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club" title="All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club">All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club</a> would hold its first championships at Wimbledon, in 1877. The first Championships culminated in a significant debate on how to standardise the rules.<sup id="cite_ref-Wingfield_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wingfield-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg/250px-Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg/330px-Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg/500px-Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>Lawn tennis in the US, 1887</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States in 1874, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ewing_Outerbridge" title="Mary Ewing Outerbridge">Mary Ewing Outerbridge</a>, a young socialite, returned from <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> with a <i>sphairistikè</i> set. She became fascinated by the game of tennis after watching British army officers play.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She laid out a tennis court at the <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Cricket_Club" title="Staten Island Cricket Club">Staten Island Cricket Club</a> at Camp Washington, <a href="/wiki/Tompkinsville,_Staten_Island" title="Tompkinsville, Staten Island">Tompkinsville, Staten Island</a>, New York. The first American National championship was played there in September 1880. An Englishman named O.E. Woodhouse won the singles title, and a silver cup worth $100, by defeating Canadian <a href="/wiki/I._F._Hellmuth" title="I. F. Hellmuth">I. F. Hellmuth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a doubles match which was won by a local pair. There were different rules at each club. The ball in Boston was larger than the one normally used in New York. </p><p>On 21 May 1881, the oldest nationwide tennis organization in the world<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was formed, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Association" title="United States Tennis Association">United States Tennis Association</a>) in order to standardize the rules and organize competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-USTA_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USTA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US National Men's Singles Championship, now the <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a>, was first held in 1881 at the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Casino" title="Newport Casino">Newport Casino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US National Women's Singles Championships were first held in 1887 in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tennis also became popular in France, where the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Championships</a> date to 1891, although until 1925 they were open only to tennis players who were members of French clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-RG_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RG-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a> (dating to 1905) became and have remained the most prestigious events in tennis.<sup id="cite_ref-History_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TS1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, these four events are called the Majors or <i>Slams</i> (a term borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms#grandslam" title="Glossary of contract bridge terms">bridge</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Grand_slam_(baseball)" title="Grand slam (baseball)">baseball</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1913, the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF), now the <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a> (ITF), was founded and established three official tournaments as the major championships of the day. The <a href="/wiki/World_Grass_Court_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Grass Court Championships">World Grass Court Championships</a> were awarded to Great Britain. The <a href="/wiki/World_Hard_Court_Championships" title="World Hard Court Championships">World Hard Court Championships</a> were awarded to France; the term "hard court" was used for clay courts at the time. Some tournaments were held in Belgium instead. And the <a href="/wiki/World_Covered_Court_Championships" title="World Covered Court Championships">World Covered Court Championships</a> for indoor courts were awarded annually; Sweden, France, Great Britain, Denmark, Switzerland and Spain each hosted the tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a meeting held on 16 March 1923 in Paris, the title "World Championship" was dropped and a new category of "Official Championship" was created for events in Great Britain, France, the US and Australia <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – today's Grand Slam events.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact on the four recipient nations to replace the "world championships" with "official championships" was simple in a general sense: each became a major nation of the federation with enhanced voting power, and each now operated a major event.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The comprehensive rules promulgated in 1924 by the ILTF have remained largely stable in the ensuing 80 years, the one major change being the addition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tiebreak_(tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiebreak (tennis)">tiebreak</a></i> system designed by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Alen" title="Jimmy Van Alen">Jimmy Van Alen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, tennis withdrew from the Olympics after the <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Games</a>, but returned 60 years later as a 21-and-under demonstration event in 1984. This reinstatement was credited by the efforts of then ITF president <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Chatrier" title="Philippe Chatrier">Philippe Chatrier</a>, ITF general secretary David Gray and ITF vice president Pablo Llorens, with support from <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> president <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch">Juan Antonio Samaranch</a>. The success of the event was overwhelming, and the IOC decided to reintroduce tennis as a full-medal sport at <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">Seoul</a> in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg/250px-BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg/330px-BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg/500px-BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896_Summer_Olympics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Tennis <a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles" title="Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles">doubles</a> final at <a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics">1896 Olympic Games</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a>, an annual competition between men's national teams, dates to 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The analogous competition for women's national teams, the <a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed Cup">Fed Cup</a>, was founded as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the ITF.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, promoter <a href="/wiki/C._C._Pyle" title="C. C. Pyle">C. C. Pyle</a> established the first professional tennis tour with a group of American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-TS1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable of these early professionals were the American <a href="/wiki/Vinnie_Richards" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinnie Richards">Vinnie Richards</a> and the Frenchwoman <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lenglen" title="Suzanne Lenglen">Suzanne Lenglen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TS1_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Players <i>turned pro</i> would no longer be permitted to compete in the major (amateur) tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-TS1_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, commercial pressures and rumours of some amateurs taking money under the table led to the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating the <a href="/wiki/Open_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Era">Open Era</a>, in which all players could compete in all tournaments, and top players were able to make their living from tennis.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the beginning of the Open Era, the establishment of an international professional tennis circuit, and revenues from the sale of television rights, tennis's popularity has spread worldwide, and the sport has shed its middle-class English-speaking image<sup id="cite_ref-class_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although it is acknowledged that this stereotype still exists).<sup id="cite_ref-class_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, Van Alen founded the <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Tennis Hall of Fame">International Tennis Hall of Fame</a>, a nonprofit museum in Newport, Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building contains a large collection of tennis memorabilia as well as a hall of fame honouring prominent members and tennis players from all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tennis_technology" title="Tennis technology">Tennis technology</a></div> <p>Part of the appeal of tennis stems from the simplicity of equipment required for play. Beginners need only a <a href="/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)" title="Racket (sports equipment)">racket</a> and balls.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rackets">Rackets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)#Tennis" title="Racket (sports equipment)">Racket (sports equipment) § Tennis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenisz%C3%BCt%C5%91.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tenisz%C3%BCt%C5%91.JPG/250px-Tenisz%C3%BCt%C5%91.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tenisz%C3%BCt%C5%91.JPG/330px-Tenisz%C3%BCt%C5%91.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tenisz%C3%BCt%C5%91.JPG/500px-Tenisz%C3%BCt%C5%91.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Wooden racket – c. 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>The components of a tennis racket include a handle, known as the grip, connected to a neck which joins a roughly elliptical frame that holds a matrix of tightly pulled strings. For the first 100 years of the modern game, rackets were made of wood and of standard size, and strings were of <a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">animal gut</a>. Laminated wood construction yielded more strength in rackets used through most of the 20th century until first metal and then composites of carbon graphite, ceramics, and lighter metals such as titanium were introduced. These stronger materials enabled the production of oversized rackets that yielded yet more power. Meanwhile, technology led to the use of synthetic strings that match the feel of gut yet with added durability. </p><p>Under modern rules of tennis, the rackets must adhere to the following guidelines;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The hitting area, composed of the strings, must be flat and generally uniform.</li> <li>The frame of the hitting area may not be more than 29 inches (74 cm) in length and 12.5 inches (32 cm) in width.</li> <li>The entire racket must be of a fixed shape, size, weight, and weight distribution. There may not be any energy source built into the rackets.</li> <li>The rackets must not provide any kind of communication, instruction or advice to the player during the match.</li></ul> <p>The rules regarding rackets have changed over time, as material and engineering advances have been made. For example, the maximum length of the frame had been 32 inches (81 cm) until 1997, when it was shortened to 29 inches (74 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many companies manufacture and distribute tennis rackets. Wilson, Head and Babolat are three of the most commonly used brands; however, many more companies exist.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same companies sponsor players to use these rackets in the hopes that the company name will become better known by the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strings">Strings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Strings_(tennis)" title="Strings (tennis)">Strings (tennis)</a></div><p> There are multiple types of tennis strings, including natural gut and synthetic stings made from materials such as <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">kevlar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_strings_12_%26_200_m.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tennis_strings_12_%26_200_m.JPG/250px-Tennis_strings_12_%26_200_m.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tennis_strings_12_%26_200_m.JPG/330px-Tennis_strings_12_%26_200_m.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tennis_strings_12_%26_200_m.JPG/500px-Tennis_strings_12_%26_200_m.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2796" data-file-height="1786" /></a><figcaption>Two different tennis strings of lengths 12m (left), and 200 m (right)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_gut">Natural gut</h4></div> <p>The first type of tennis strings available were natural gut strings, introduced by Babolat. They were the only type used until synthetic strings were introduced in the 1950s. Natural gut strings are still used frequently by players such as Roger Federer. They are made from <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cow</a> intestines, and provide increased power, and are easier on the arm than most strings.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synthetic">Synthetic</h4></div> <p>Most synthetic strings are made from monofilament or multifiliament nylon strings. Monofilament strings are cheap to buy, and are used widely by many recreational level players for their all round performance, while multifilament strings are created to mimic natural gut more closely by weaving together fibres, but are generally more expensive than their monofilament counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyester strings allow for more spin on the ball than any other string, due to their firm strings, while keeping control of the ball, and this is why many players use them, especially higher player ones.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kevlar tennis strings are highly durable, and are mostly used by players that frequently break strings, because they maintain tension well, but these strings can be stiff on the arm.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid_strings">Hybrid strings</h4></div> <p>Hybrid stringing is when a tennis racket is strung with two different strings for the mains (the vertical strings) and the crosses (the horizontal strings). This is most commonly done with two different strings that are made of different materials, but can also be done with two different types of the same string. A notable example of a player using hybrid strings is Roger Federer, using natural gut strings in his mains and polyester strings in his crosses.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balls">Balls</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tennis_ball" title="Tennis ball">Tennis ball</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg/250px-Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg/330px-Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg/500px-Tennis_Racket_and_Balls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A tennis racket and balls.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tennis balls were originally made of cloth strips stitched together with thread and stuffed with feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern tennis balls are made of hollow <a href="/wiki/Vulcanized_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanized rubber">vulcanized rubber</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a> coating. Traditionally white, the predominant colour was gradually changed to optic yellow in the latter part of the 20th century to allow for improved visibility. Tennis balls must conform to certain criteria for size, weight, <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)" title="Deformation (engineering)">deformation</a>, and bounce to be approved for regulation play. The International Tennis Federation (ITF) defines the official diameter as 65.41–68.58 mm (2.575–2.700 in). Balls must weigh between 56.0 and 59.4 g (1.98 and 2.10 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-ball_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ball-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tennis balls were traditionally manufactured in the United States and Europe. Although the process of producing the balls has remained virtually unchanged for the past 100 years, the majority of manufacturing now takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>. The relocation is due to cheaper <a href="/wiki/Labour_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour costs">labour costs</a> and materials in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tournaments that are played under the ITF Rules of Tennis must use balls that are approved by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and be named on the official ITF list of approved tennis balls.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_Rules_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF_Rules-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manner_of_play">Manner of play</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_court_imperial.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tennis_court_imperial.svg/250px-Tennis_court_imperial.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="451" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tennis_court_imperial.svg/330px-Tennis_court_imperial.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tennis_court_imperial.svg/440px-Tennis_court_imperial.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>The dimensions of a <a href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">tennis court</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For individual terms, see <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms" title="Glossary of tennis terms">Glossary of tennis terms</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court">Court</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">Tennis court</a></div> <p>Tennis is played on a rectangular, flat surface. The court is 78 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (length)">feet</a> (23.77 m) long, and 27 feet (8.2 m) wide for singles matches and 36 ft (11 m) for doubles matches.<sup id="cite_ref-TCS_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCS-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional clear space around the court is required in order for players to reach overrun balls. A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel with the baselines, dividing it into two equal ends. It is held up by either a cord or metal cable of diameter no greater than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>0.8 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_Rules_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF_Rules-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The net is 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) high at the posts and 3 feet (0.91 m) high in the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-TCS_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCS-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The net posts are 3 feet (0.91 m) outside the doubles court on each side or, for a singles net, 3 feet (0.91 m) outside the singles court on each side. </p><p>The modern tennis court owes its design to Major <a href="/wiki/Walter_Clopton_Wingfield" title="Walter Clopton Wingfield">Walter Clopton Wingfield</a>. In 1873, Wingfield patented a court much the same as the current one for his <a href="/wiki/Stick%C3%A9" title="Stické">stické tennis</a> (sphairistike). This template was modified in 1875 to the court design that exists today, with markings similar to Wingfield's version, but with the <a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a> shape of his court changed to a rectangle.<sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_court_history_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennis_court_history-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tennis is unusual in that it is played on a variety of surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_court_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF_court-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass court">Grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">clay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hardcourt" title="Hardcourt">hard courts</a> of concrete or asphalt topped with acrylic are the most common. Occasionally carpet is used for indoor play, with hardwood flooring having been historically used. <a href="/wiki/Artificial_turf" title="Artificial turf">Artificial turf</a> courts can also be found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lines">Lines</h4></div> <p>The lines that delineate the width of the court are called the baseline (farthest back) and the service line (middle of the court). The short mark in the centre of each baseline is referred to as either the hash mark or the centre mark. The outermost lines that make up the length are called the doubles sidelines; they are the boundaries for doubles matches. The lines to the inside of the doubles sidelines are the singles sidelines, and are the boundaries in singles play. The area between a doubles sideline and the nearest singles sideline is called the doubles alley, playable in doubles play. The line that runs across the centre of a player's side of the court is called the service line because the serve must be delivered into the area between the service line and the net on the receiving side. Despite its name, this is not where a player legally stands when making a serve.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_Court_rules_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF_Court_rules-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The line dividing the service line in two is called the centre line or centre service line. The boxes this centre line creates are called the service boxes; depending on a player's position, they have to hit the ball into one of these when serving.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ball is out only if none of it has hit the area inside the lines, or the line, upon its first bounce. All lines are required to be between 1 and 2 inches (25 and 51 mm) in width, with the exception of the baseline which can be up to 4 inches (100 mm) wide, although in practice it is often the same width as the others.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_Court_rules_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF_Court_rules-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Play_of_a_single_point">Play of a single point</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Point_(tennis)" title="Point (tennis)">Point (tennis)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peer_Vs_Chakvetadze.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Peer_Vs_Chakvetadze.JPG/250px-Peer_Vs_Chakvetadze.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Peer_Vs_Chakvetadze.JPG/500px-Peer_Vs_Chakvetadze.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1943" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption>Two players before a <a href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)" title="Serve (tennis)">serve</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The players or teams start on opposite sides of the net. One player is designated the <i>server</i>, and the opposing player is the <i>receiver</i>. The choice to be server or receiver in the first game and the choice of ends is decided by a coin toss before the warm-up starts. Service alternates game by game between the two players or teams. For each point, the server starts behind the baseline, between the centre mark and the sideline. The receiver may start anywhere on their side of the net. When the receiver is ready, the server will <a href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)" title="Serve (tennis)">serve</a>, although the receiver must play to the pace of the server. </p><p>For a service to be legal, the ball must travel over the net without touching it into the diagonally opposite service box. If the ball hits the net but lands in the service box, this is a <i>let</i> or <i>net service</i>, which is void, and the server retakes that serve. The player can serve any number of let services in a point and they are always treated as voids and not as faults. A fault is a serve that falls long or wide of the service box, or does not clear the net. There is also a "foot fault" when a player's foot touches the baseline or an extension of the centre mark before the ball is hit. If the second service, after a fault, is also a fault, the server <i>double faults</i>, and the receiver wins the point. However, if the serve is in, it is considered a legal service. </p><p>A legal service starts a <i>rally</i>, in which the players alternate hitting the ball across the net. A legal return consists of a player hitting the ball so that it falls in the server's court, before it has bounced twice or hit any fixtures except the net. A player or team cannot hit the ball twice in a row. The ball must travel over or round the net into the other players' court. A ball that hits the net during a rally is considered a legal return as long as it crosses into the opposite side of the court. The first player or team to fail to make a legal return loses the point. The server then moves to the other side of the service line at the start of a new point.<sup id="cite_ref-Terminology_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terminology-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scoring">Scoring</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tennis_scoring_system" title="Tennis scoring system">Tennis scoring system</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Break point" redirects here. For the software term, see <a href="/wiki/Breakpoint" title="Breakpoint">Breakpoint</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Game,_set,_match"><span id="Game.2C_set.2C_match"></span>Game, set, match</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_Score_Andy_Roddick_vs_Saulnier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Final_Score_Andy_Roddick_vs_Saulnier.jpg/250px-Final_Score_Andy_Roddick_vs_Saulnier.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Final_Score_Andy_Roddick_vs_Saulnier.jpg/500px-Final_Score_Andy_Roddick_vs_Saulnier.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The scoreboard of a tennis match.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Game">Game</h5></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Tennis_score#Game_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis score">game</a> consists of a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Point_(tennis)" title="Point (tennis)">points</a> played with the same player serving. A game is won by the first player to have won at least four points in total and at least two points more than the opponent. The running score of each game is described in a manner peculiar to tennis: scores from zero to three points are described as "love", "15", "30", and "40", respectively. If at least three points have been scored by each player, making the player's scores equal at 40 apiece, the score is not called out as "40–40", but rather as "deuce". If at least three points have been scored by each side and a player has one more point than his opponent, the score of the game is "advantage" for the player in the lead. During informal games, advantage can also be called "ad in" or "van in" when the serving player is ahead, and "ad out" or "van out" when the receiving player is ahead; alternatively, either player may simply call out "my ad" or "your ad". </p><p>The score of a tennis game during play is always read with the serving player's score first. In tournament play, the chair umpire calls the point count (e.g., "15–love") after each point. At the end of a game, the chair umpire also announces the winner of the game and the overall score.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Set">Set</h5></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Tennis_score#Set_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis score">set</a> consists of a sequence of games played with service alternating between games, ending when the count of games won meets certain criteria. Typically, a player wins a set by winning at least six games and at least two games more than the opponent. If one player has won six games and the opponent five, an additional game is played. If the leading player wins that game, the player wins the set 7–5. If the trailing player wins the game (tying the set 6–6) a <i><a href="/wiki/Tiebreak_(tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiebreak (tennis)">tiebreak</a></i> is played. A tiebreak, played under a separate set of rules, allows one player to win one more game and thus the set, to give a final set score of 7–6. A tiebreak game can be won by scoring at least seven points and at least two points more than the opponent. In a tiebreak, two players serve by 'ABBA' system which has been proven to be fair.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a tiebreak is not played, the set is referred to as an <i>advantage set</i>, where the set continues without limit until one player leads by a two-game margin. A "love set" means that the loser of the set won zero games, colloquially termed a "jam donut" in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In tournament play, the chair umpire announces the winner of the set and the overall score. The final score in sets is always read with the winning player's score first, e.g. "6–2, 4–6, 6–0, 7–5". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Match">Match</h5></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Tennis_score#Match_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis score">match</a> consists of a sequence of sets. The outcome is determined through a best of three or five <i>sets</i> system. On the professional circuit, men play best-of-five-set matches at all four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments, Davis Cup, and the final of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> and best-of-three-set matches at all other tournaments, while women play best-of-three-set matches at all tournaments. The first player to win two sets in a best-of-three, or three sets in a best-of-five, wins the match.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only in the final sets of matches at the Olympic Games and <a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed Cup">Fed Cup</a> are tiebreaks not played. In these cases, sets are played indefinitely until one player has a two-game lead, occasionally leading to some <a href="/wiki/Longest_tennis_match_records" title="Longest tennis match records">remarkably long matches</a>. </p><p>In tournament play, the chair <a href="/wiki/Referee" title="Referee">umpire</a> announces the end of the match with the well-known phrase "<i>Game, set, match</i>" followed by the winning person's or team's name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_point_terms">Special point terms</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Game_point">Game point</h5></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="game_point"></span><span class="anchor" id="set_point"></span><span class="anchor" id="match_point"></span><span class="anchor" id="championship_point"></span>A <i>game point</i> occurs in tennis whenever the player who is in the lead in the game needs only one more point to win the game. The terminology is extended to sets (set point), matches (match point), and even championships (championship point). For example, if the player who is serving has a score of 40–love, the player has a triple game point (triple set point, etc.) as the player has three consecutive chances to win the game. Game points, set points, and match points are not part of official scoring and are not announced by the chair umpire in tournament play. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Break_point">Break point</h5></div> <p>A <i>break point</i> occurs if the receiver, not the <a href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)" title="Serve (tennis)">server</a>, has a chance to win the game with the next point. Break points are of particular importance because <a href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)" title="Serve (tennis)">serving</a> is generally considered advantageous, with servers being expected to win games in which they are serving. A receiver who has one (score of 30–40 or advantage), two (score of 15–40) or three (score of love–40) consecutive chances to win the game has <i>break point</i>, <i>double break point</i> or <i>triple break point</i>, respectively. If the receiver does, in fact, win their break point, the game is awarded to the receiver, and the receiver is said to have <i>converted</i> their break point. If the receiver fails to win their break point it is called a <i>failure to convert.</i> Winning break points, and thus the game, is also referred to as <i>breaking serve</i>, as the receiver has disrupted, or <i>broken</i> the natural advantage of the server. If in the following game the previous server also wins a break point it is referred to as <i>breaking back</i>. Except where <a href="/wiki/Tennis_score#Scoring_a_tiebreak_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis score">tiebreaks</a> apply, at least one break of serve is required to win a set (otherwise a two-game lead would never occur). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rule_variations">Rule variations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_tennis_match" title="Types of tennis match">Types of tennis match</a></div> <ul><li><b>No ad</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>From 'No advantage'. Scoring method created by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Alen" title="Jimmy Van Alen">Jimmy Van Alen</a>. The first player or doubles team to win four points wins the game, regardless of whether the player or team is ahead by two points. When the game score reaches three points each, the receiver chooses which side of the court (advantage court or deuce court) the service is to be delivered on the seventh and game-deciding point. Utilized by <a href="/wiki/World_Team_Tennis" class="mw-redirect" title="World Team Tennis">World Team Tennis</a> professional competition, ATP tours, WTA tours, ITF Pro Doubles and ITF Junior Doubles.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Pro set</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>Instead of playing multiple sets, players may play one <i>pro set</i>. A pro set is first to 8 (or 10) games by a margin of two games, instead of first to 6 games. A 12-point tiebreak is usually played when the score is 8–8 (or 10–10). These are often played with no-ad scoring.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Match tiebreak</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>This is sometimes played instead of a third set. A match tiebreak (also called <i>super tiebreak</i>) is played like a regular tiebreak, but the winner must win ten points instead of seven. Match tiebreaks are used in the <a href="/wiki/Hopman_Cup" title="Hopman Cup">Hopman Cup</a>, Grand Slams (excluding <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Tennis at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a> for mixed doubles; on the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">ATP</a> (since 2006), <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">WTA</a> (since 2007) and <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">ITF</a> (excluding four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments and the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a>) tours for doubles and as a player's choice in USTA league play.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Fast4</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fast4_Tennis" title="Fast4 Tennis">Fast4</a> is a shortened format that offers a "fast" alternative, with four points, four games and four rules: there are no advantage scores, lets are played, tiebreakers apply at three games all, with it being first to five points with a "sudden death" point at four points all, and the first to four games wins the set. In the event of a no advantage deuce, the receiver gets to choose the service side. If a let occurs, the point continues as normal, and the non-receiver (in a doubles game) is permitted to return the serve. When players swap sides, they are not permitted to sit down and must be ready to play within sixty seconds. Between sets, players are permitted to sit down, and must be ready to play within ninety seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Another, however informal, tennis format is called <a href="/wiki/Canadian_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian doubles">Canadian doubles</a>. This involves three players, with one person playing against a doubles team. The single player gets to utilize the alleys normally reserved only for a doubles team. Conversely, the doubles team does not use the alleys when executing a shot. The scoring is the same as for a regular game. This format is not sanctioned by any official body. </p><p>"Australian doubles", another informal and unsanctioned form of tennis, is played with similar rules to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian doubles">Canadian doubles</a> style, only in this version, players rotate court position after each game, each player taking a turn at playing alone against the other two. As such, each player plays doubles and singles over the course of a match, with the singles player always serving. Scoring styles vary, but one popular method is to assign a value of 2 points to each game, with the server taking both points if he or she holds serve and the doubles team each taking one if they break serve. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis" title="Wheelchair tennis">Wheelchair tennis</a> can be played by able-bodied players as well as people who require a wheelchair for mobility. An extra bounce is permitted. This rule makes it possible to have mixed wheelchair and able-bodied matches. It is possible for a doubles team to consist of a wheelchair player and an able-bodied player (referred to as "one-up, one-down"), or for a wheelchair player to play against an able-bodied player. In such cases, the extra bounce is permitted for the wheelchair users only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Match_play">Match play</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg/250px-Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg/500px-Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Convention expects that the two players <a href="/wiki/Handshake" title="Handshake">shake hands</a> at the end of a match.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuity">Continuity</h3></div> <p>A tennis match is intended to be continuous.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because stamina is a relevant factor, arbitrary delays are not permitted. In most cases, service is required to occur no more than 20 seconds after the end of the previous point.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is increased to 90 seconds when the players change ends (after every odd-numbered game), and a 2-minute break is permitted between sets.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than this, breaks are permitted only when forced by events beyond the players' control, such as rain, damaged footwear, damaged racket, or the need to retrieve an errant ball. Should a player be deemed to be stalling repeatedly, the chair umpire may initially give a warning followed by subsequent penalties of "point", "game", and default of the match for the player who is consistently taking longer than the allowed time limit.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the event of a rain delay, darkness or other external conditions halting play, the match is resumed at a later time, with the same score as at the time of the delay, and each player at the same end of the court as when rain halted play, or as close to the same relative compass point if play is resumed on a different court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ball_changes">Ball changes</h3></div> <p>Balls wear out quickly in serious play and, therefore, in <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">ATP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">WTA</a> tournaments, they are changed after every nine games with the first change occurring after only seven games, because the first set of balls is also used for the pre-match warm-up.<sup id="cite_ref-ball_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ball-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">ITF</a> tournaments like <a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed Cup">Fed Cup</a>, the balls are changed after every eleven games (rather than nine) with the first change occurring after only nine games (instead of seven). An exception is that a ball change may not take place at the beginning of a tiebreaker, in which case the ball change is delayed until the beginning of the second game of the next set.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_Rules_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF_Rules-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a courtesy to the receiver, the server will often signal to the receiver before the first serve of the game in which new balls are used as a reminder that they are using new balls. Continuity of the balls' condition is considered part of the game, so if a re-warm-up is required after an extended break in play (usually due to rain), then the re-warm-up is done using a separate set of balls, and use of the match balls is resumed only when play resumes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On-court_coaching">On-court coaching</h3></div> <p>A recent rule change is to allow coaching on court on a limited basis during a match.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been introduced in women's tennis for <a href="/wiki/WTA_Tour" title="WTA Tour">WTA Tour</a> events in 2009 and allows the player to request her coach once per set.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stance">Stance</h2></div> <p>Stance refers to the way a player prepares themselves in order to best be able to return a shot. Essentially, it enables them to move quickly in order to achieve a particular stroke. There are four main stances in modern tennis: open, semi-open, closed, and neutral. All four stances involve the player crouching in some manner: as well as being a more efficient striking posture, it allows them to <a href="/wiki/Isometric_exercise#Isometric_presses_as_preparation_for_explosive_power_movements" title="Isometric exercise">isometrically preload</a> their muscles in order to play the stroke more dynamically. What stance is selected is strongly influenced by shot selection. A player may quickly alter their stance depending on the circumstances and the type of shot they intend to play. Any given stance also alters dramatically based upon the actual playing of the shot with dynamic movements and shifts of body weight occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_Stances_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennis_Stances-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_stance">Open stance</h3></div> <p>This is the most common stance in tennis. The player's feet are placed parallel to the net. They may be pointing sideways, directly at the net or diagonally towards it. This stance allows for a high degree of torso rotation which can add significant power to the stroke. This process is sometimes likened to the coiling and uncoiling of a spring. i.e. the torso is rotated as a means of preloading the muscular system in preparation for playing the stroke: this is the coiling phase. When the stroke is played the torso rotates to face forwards again, called uncoiling, and adds significant power to the stroke. A disadvantage of this stance is that it does not always allow 'for proper weight transfer and maintenance of balance'<sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_Stances_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennis_Stances-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when making powerful strokes. It is commonly used for forehand strokes; double-handed backhands can also be made effectively from it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-open_stance">Semi-open stance</h3></div> <p>This stance is somewhere between open and closed and is a very flexible stance. The feet are aligned diagonally towards the net. It allows for a lot of shoulder rotation and the torso can be coiled, before being uncoiled into the shot in order to increase the power of the shot. It is commonly used in modern tennis especially by 'top professional players on the forehand'.<sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_Stances_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennis_Stances-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two-handed backhands can also be employed from this stance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closed_stance">Closed stance</h3></div> <p>The closed stance is the least commonly used of the three main stances. One foot is placed further towards the net with the other foot further from it; there is a diagonal alignment between the feet. It allows for effective torso rotation in order to increase the power of the shot. It is usually used to play backhand shots and it is rare to see forehand shots played from it. A stroke from this stance may entail the rear foot coming completely off the floor with bodyweight being transferred entirely to the front foot.<sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_Stances_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennis_Stances-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutral_stance">Neutral stance</h3></div> <p>This is sometimes also referred to as the square stance. One foot is positioned closer to the net and ahead of the other which is behind and in line with it. Both feet are aligned at a 90 degree angle to the net. The neutral stance is often taught early because 'It allows beginners to learn about shifting weight and rotation of the body.'<sup id="cite_ref-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennis_Techniques_for_Beginners-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forehands and backhands may be made from it.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shots">Shots</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tennis_shots" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis shots">Tennis shots</a></div> <p>Competent tennis players have eight basic shots in their repertoire: the serve, forehand, backhand, volley, half-volley, overhead smash, drop shot, and lob. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grip">Grip</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grip_(Tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grip (Tennis)">Grip (Tennis)</a></div> <p>A grip is a way of holding the racket in order to hit shots during a match. The grip affects the angle of the racket face when it hits the ball and influences the pace, spin, and placement of the shot. Players use various grips during play, including the Continental (The "Handshake Grip"), Eastern (either semi-eastern or full eastern, usually used for backhands), and Western (semi-western or full western, usually for forehand grips) grips. Most players change grips during a match depending on what shot they are hitting; for example, slice shots and serves call for a Continental grip.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serve">Serve</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)" title="Serve (tennis)">Serve (tennis)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Federer_(26_June_2009,_Wimbledon)_2_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roger_Federer_%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg/250px-Roger_Federer_%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roger_Federer_%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg/330px-Roger_Federer_%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roger_Federer_%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg/500px-Roger_Federer_%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roger_Federer" title="Roger Federer">Roger Federer</a> in a serve motion.</figcaption></figure> <p>A serve (or, more formally, a "service") in tennis is a shot to start a point. The serve is initiated by tossing the ball into the air and hitting it (usually near the apex of its trajectory) into the diagonally opposite service box without touching the net. The serve may be hit under- or overhand although underhand serving remains a rarity.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the ball hits the net on the first serve and bounces over into the correct diagonal box then it is called a "let" and the server gets two more additional serves to get it in. There can also be a let if the server serves the ball and the receiver isn't prepared.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_Rules_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF_Rules-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the server misses his or her first serve and gets a let on the second serve, then they get one more try to get the serve in the box. </p><p>Experienced players strive to master the conventional overhand serve to maximize its power and placement. The server may employ different types of serve including flat serve, topspin serve, slice serve, and kick (American twist) serve. A reverse type of spin serve is hit in a manner that spins the ball opposite the natural spin of the server, the spin direction depending upon right- or left-handedness. If the ball is spinning counterclockwise, it will curve right from the hitter's point of view and curve left if spinning clockwise.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some servers are content to use the serve simply to initiate the point; however, advanced players often try to hit a winning shot with their serve. A winning serve that is not touched by the opponent is called an "ace". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forehand">Forehand</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forehand" title="Forehand">Forehand</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_del_Potro_at_the_2009_French_Open_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_del_Potro_at_the_2009_French_Open_6.jpg/190px-Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_del_Potro_at_the_2009_French_Open_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_del_Potro_at_the_2009_French_Open_6.jpg/285px-Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_del_Potro_at_the_2009_French_Open_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_del_Potro_at_the_2009_French_Open_6.jpg/380px-Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_del_Potro_at_the_2009_French_Open_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="1659" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_del_Potro" title="Juan Martín del Potro">Juan Martín del Potro</a> in a forehand motion.</figcaption></figure> <p>For a right-handed player, the forehand is a stroke that begins on the right side of the body, continues across the body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the left side of the body. There are various <a href="/wiki/Grip_(tennis)" title="Grip (tennis)">grips</a> for executing the forehand, and their popularity has fluctuated over the years. The most important ones are the <i>continental</i>, the <i>eastern</i>, the <i>semi-western</i>, and the <i>western</i>. For a number of years, the small, frail 1920s player <a href="/wiki/Bill_Johnston_(tennis)" title="Bill Johnston (tennis)">Bill Johnston</a> was considered by many to have had the best forehand of all time, a stroke that he hit shoulder-high using a <i>western</i> grip. Few top players used the <i>western</i> grip after the 1920s, but in the latter part of the 20th century, as shot-making techniques and equipment changed radically, the <i>western</i> forehand made a strong comeback and is now used by many modern players. No matter which grip is used, most forehands are generally executed with one hand holding the racket, but there have been fine players with two-handed forehands. In the 1940s and 50s, the Ecuadorian/American player <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Segura" title="Pancho Segura">Pancho Segura</a> used a two-handed forehand to achieve a devastating effect against larger, more powerful players. Players such as <a href="/wiki/Monica_Seles" title="Monica Seles">Monica Seles</a> or France's <a href="/wiki/Fabrice_Santoro" title="Fabrice Santoro">Fabrice Santoro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marion_Bartoli" title="Marion Bartoli">Marion Bartoli</a> are also notable players known for their two-handed forehands.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backhand">Backhand</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Backhand" title="Backhand">Backhand</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novak_Djokovic_-_2009_US_Open.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Novak_Djokovic_-_2009_US_Open.jpg/250px-Novak_Djokovic_-_2009_US_Open.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Novak_Djokovic_-_2009_US_Open.jpg/330px-Novak_Djokovic_-_2009_US_Open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Novak_Djokovic_-_2009_US_Open.jpg/500px-Novak_Djokovic_-_2009_US_Open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Novak_Djokovic" title="Novak Djokovic">Novak Djokovic</a> in a two-handed backhand motion.</figcaption></figure> <p>For right-handed players, the backhand is a stroke that begins on the left side of their body, continues across their body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the right side of their body. It can be executed with either one hand or with both and is generally considered more difficult to master than the forehand. For most of the 20th century, the backhand was performed with one hand, using either an <i>eastern</i> or a <i>continental</i> grip. The first notable players to use two hands were the 1930s Australians <a href="/wiki/Vivian_McGrath" title="Vivian McGrath">Vivian McGrath</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Bromwich" title="John Bromwich">John Bromwich</a>, but they were lone exceptions. The two-handed grip gained popularity in the 1970s as <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg" title="Björn Borg">Björn Borg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Evert" title="Chris Evert">Chris Evert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Connors" title="Jimmy Connors">Jimmy Connors</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Mats_Wilander" title="Mats Wilander">Mats Wilander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marat_Safin" title="Marat Safin">Marat Safin</a> used it to great effect, and it is now used by a large number of the world's best players, including <a href="/wiki/Novak_Djokovic" title="Novak Djokovic">Novak Djokovic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Nadal" title="Rafael Nadal">Rafael Nadal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two hands give the player more control, while one hand can generate a slice shot, applying backspin on the ball to produce a low trajectory bounce. Reach is also limited with the two-handed shot. The player long considered to have had the best backhand of all time, <a href="/wiki/Don_Budge" title="Don Budge">Don Budge</a>, had a powerful one-handed stroke in the 1930s and 1940s that imparted topspin onto the ball. <a href="/wiki/Ken_Rosewall" title="Ken Rosewall">Ken Rosewall</a>, another player noted for his one-handed backhand, used a very accurate slice backhand through the 1950s and 1960s. A small number of players, notably <a href="/wiki/Monica_Seles" title="Monica Seles">Monica Seles</a>, use two hands on both the backhand and forehand sides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_shots">Other shots</h3></div> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Volley_(tennis)" title="Volley (tennis)">volley</a></i> is a shot returned to the opponent in mid-air before the ball bounces, generally performed near the net, and is usually made with a stiff-wristed punching motion to hit the ball into an open area of the opponent's court. The <i><a href="/wiki/Half_volley" title="Half volley">half volley</a></i> is made by hitting the ball on the rise just after it has bounced, also generally in the vicinity of the net, and played with the racket close to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>swinging volley</i> is hit out of the air as the player approaches the net. It is an offensive shot used to take preparation time away from the opponent, as it returns the ball into the opponent's court much faster than a standard volley. </p><p>From a poor defensive position on the baseline, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lob_(tennis)" title="Lob (tennis)">lob</a></i> can be used as either an offensive or defensive weapon, hitting the ball high and deep into the opponent's court to either enable the lobber to get into better defensive position or to win the point outright by hitting it over the opponent's head. If the lob is not hit deeply enough into the other court, however, an opponent near the net may then hit an <i><a href="/wiki/Smash_(tennis)" title="Smash (tennis)">overhead smash</a></i>, a hard, serve-like shot, to try to end the point. </p><p>A difficult shot in tennis is the return of an attempted lob over the backhand side of a player. When the contact point is higher than the reach of a two-handed backhand, most players will try to execute a high slice (under the ball or sideways). Fewer players attempt the backhand sky-hook or smash. Rarely, a player will go for a high topspin backhand, while themselves in the air. A successful execution of any of these alternatives requires balance and timing, with less margin of error than the lower contact point backhands, since this shot is a break in the regular pattern of play. </p><p>If their opponent is deep in their court, a player may suddenly employ an unexpected <i><a href="/wiki/Drop_shot" title="Drop shot">drop shot</a></i>, by softly tapping the ball just over the net so that the opponent is unable to run in fast enough to retrieve it. Advanced players will often apply back spin to a drop shot, causing the ball to "skid" upon landing and bounce sideways, with less forward momentum toward their opponent, or even backwards towards the net, thus making it even more difficult to return. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tournaments">Tournaments</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_tournaments" title="List of tennis tournaments">List of tennis tournaments</a></div> <p>Tournaments are often organized by gender and number of players. Common tournament configurations include men's singles, women's singles, and doubles, where two players play on each side of the net. Tournaments may be organized for specific age groups, with upper age limits for youth and lower age limits for senior players. Example of this include the <a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Orange_Bowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunlop Orange Bowl">Orange Bowl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Les_Petits_As" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Petits As">Les Petits As</a> junior tournaments. There are also tournaments for players with disabilities, such as <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis" title="Wheelchair tennis">wheelchair tennis</a> and deaf tennis.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments, the singles draws are limited to 128 players for each gender. </p><p>Most large tournaments <a href="/wiki/Seed_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed (sports)">seed</a> players, but players may also be matched by their skill level. According to how well a person does in sanctioned play, a player is given a rating that is adjusted periodically to maintain competitive matches. For example, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Association" title="United States Tennis Association">United States Tennis Association</a> administers the National Tennis Rating Program (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Association#NTRP_Ratings" title="United States Tennis Association">NTRP</a>), which rates players between 1.0 and 7.0 in 1/2 point increments. Average club players under this system would rate 3.0–4.5 while world class players would be 7.0 on this scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Slam_tournaments">Grand Slam tournaments</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Centre_Court.jpg/250px-Centre_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Centre_Court.jpg/500px-Centre_Court.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A tennis match at <a href="/wiki/Centre_Court" title="Centre Court">Centre Court</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> in <a href="/wiki/2007_Wimbledon_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Wimbledon Championship">2007</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious tennis events in the world. They are held annually and comprise, in chronological order, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a>. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed Cup">Fed Cup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hopman_Cup" title="Hopman Cup">Hopman Cup</a>, they are the only tournaments regulated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a> (ITF).<sup id="cite_ref-Slams_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slams-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ITF's national associations, <a href="/wiki/Tennis_Australia" title="Tennis Australia">Tennis Australia</a> (Australian Open), the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Tennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Française de Tennis">Fédération Française de Tennis</a> (French Open), the <a href="/wiki/Lawn_Tennis_Association" title="Lawn Tennis Association">Lawn Tennis Association</a> (Wimbledon) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Association" title="United States Tennis Association">United States Tennis Association</a> (US Open) are delegated the responsibility to organize these events.<sup id="cite_ref-Slams_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slams-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from the historical significance of these events, they also carry larger prize funds than any other tour event and are worth double the number of ranking points to the champion than in the next echelon of tournaments, the <a href="/wiki/ATP_Masters_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP Masters 1000">ATP Masters 1000</a> (men) and <a href="/wiki/WTA_Premier_tournaments" title="WTA Premier tournaments">Premier events</a> (women).<sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another distinguishing feature is the number of players in the singles draw. There are 128, more than any other professional tennis tournament. This draw is composed of 32 seeded players, other players ranked in the world's top 100, qualifiers, and players who receive invitations through <a href="/wiki/Wild_card_(sports)" title="Wild card (sports)">wild cards</a>. Grand Slam men's tournaments have best-of-five set matches while the women play best-of-three. Grand Slam tournaments are among the small number of events that last two weeks, the others being the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wells_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wells Masters">Indian Wells Masters</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Ericsson Open">Miami Masters</a>. </p><p>Currently, the Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events that have <a href="/wiki/Mixed_doubles_(tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed doubles (tennis)">mixed doubles</a> contests. Grand Slam tournaments are held in conjunction with wheelchair tennis tournaments and <a href="/wiki/Junior_tennis" title="Junior tennis">junior tennis</a> competitions. These tournaments also contain their own idiosyncrasies. For example, players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly white. <a href="/wiki/Andre_Agassi" title="Andre Agassi">Andre Agassi</a> chose to skip Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 citing the event's traditionalism, particularly its "predominantly white" dress code.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wimbledon has its own particular methods for disseminating tickets, often leading tennis fans to follow complex procedures to obtain tickets.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Overview of Grand Slam tournaments </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Grand Slam </th> <th scope="col">First held </th> <th scope="col">Held </th> <th scope="col">Location </th> <th scope="col">Surface </th> <th scope="col">Date </th> <th scope="col">Prize money </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="background:#ffc;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a> </td> <td>1905</td> <td>111 times</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hardcourt" title="Hardcourt">Hard</a> </td> <td>January–February</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A$" class="mw-redirect" title="A$">A$</a>76,500,000 <a href="/wiki/2023_Australian_Open#Prize_money" title="2023 Australian Open">(2023)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="background:#ebc2af;"><a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a> </td> <td>1891<sup>*</sup></td> <td>93 times</td> <td>Paris</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">Clay</a> </td> <td>May–June</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>49,600,000 <a href="/wiki/2023_French_Open#Prize_money" title="2023 French Open">(2023)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="background:#cfc;"><a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> </td> <td>1877</td> <td>136 times</td> <td>London</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass court">Grass</a> </td> <td>June–July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C2%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="£">£</a>44,700,000 <a href="/wiki/2023_Wimbledon_Championships#Prize_money" title="2023 Wimbledon Championships">(2023)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="background:#ccf;"><a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a> </td> <td>1881</td> <td>143 times</td> <td>New York City</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hardcourt" title="Hardcourt">Hard</a> </td> <td>August–September</td> <td>US$65,000,000 <a href="/wiki/2023_US_Open_(tennis)#Prize_money" title="2023 US Open (tennis)">(2023)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The French Open became an <b>international</b> tournament in 1925.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Men's_tournament_structure"><span id="Men.27s_tournament_structure"></span>Men's tournament structure</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ATP_1000">ATP 1000</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ATP_Masters_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP Masters 1000">ATP Masters 1000</a> is a group of nine tournaments that form the second-highest echelon in men's tennis. Each event is held annually, and a win at one of these events is worth 1000 ranking points. When the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">ATP</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Jordan" title="Hamilton Jordan">Hamilton Jordan</a>, began running the men's tour in 1990, the directors designated the top nine tournaments, outside of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> events, as "Super 9" events.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000 this became the Tennis Masters Series and in 2004 the ATP Masters Series. In November at the end of the tennis year, the world's top eight players compete in the <a href="/wiki/ATP_Finals" title="ATP Finals">ATP Finals</a>, a tournament with a rotating locale. It is currently held in Turin.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2007 the ATP announced major changes to the tour that were introduced in 2009. The Masters Series was renamed to the "ATP Masters 1000", the addition of the number 1000 referring to the number of ranking points earned by the winner of each tournament. Contrary to earlier plans, the number of tournaments was not reduced from nine to eight and the <a href="/wiki/Monte-Carlo_Masters" title="Monte-Carlo Masters">Monte-Carlo Masters</a> remains part of the series although, unlike the other events, it does not have a mandatory player commitment. The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg Masters">Hamburg Masters</a> has been downgraded to a 500-point event. The <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Open_(tennis)" title="Madrid Open (tennis)">Madrid Masters</a> moved to May and onto clay courts, and a new tournament in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> took over Madrid's former indoor October slot. As of 2011 six of the nine "1000" level tournaments are combined ATP and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">WTA</a> events.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="500_and_250_series">500 and 250 series</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style> <p>The third and fourth tier of men's tennis tournaments are formed by the <a href="/wiki/ATP_Tour_500" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP Tour 500">ATP 500 series</a>, consisting of 11 tournaments, and the <a href="/wiki/ATP_Tour_250" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP Tour 250">ATP 250 series</a> with 40 tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-season_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-season-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the <a href="/wiki/ATP_Masters_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP Masters 1000">ATP Masters 1000</a>, these events offer various amounts of prize money and the numbers refer to the number of ranking points earned by the winner of a tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Tennis_Championships" title="Dubai Tennis Championships">Dubai Tennis Championships</a> offer the largest financial incentive to players, with total prize money of US$2,313,975 (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These series have various draws of 28, 32, 48 and 56 for singles and 16 and 24 for doubles. It is mandatory for leading players to enter at least four 500 events, including at least one after the US Open. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenger_Tour_and_Futures_tournaments">Challenger Tour and Futures tournaments</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Tour" title="ATP Challenger Tour">Challenger Tour</a> for men is the lowest level of tournament administered by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">ATP</a>. It is composed of about 150 events and, as a result, features a more diverse range of countries hosting events.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of players use the Challenger Series at the beginning of their career to work their way up the rankings. <a href="/wiki/Andre_Agassi" title="Andre Agassi">Andre Agassi</a>, between winning Grand Slam tournaments, plummeted to World No. 141 and used Challenger Series events for match experience and to progress back up the rankings.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Challenger Series offers prize funds of between US$25,000 and US$150,000. </p><p>Below the Challenger Tour are the Futures tournaments, events on the <a href="/wiki/ITF_Men%27s_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="ITF Men's Circuit">ITF Men's Circuit</a>. These tournaments also contribute towards a player's <a href="/wiki/ATP_rankings" title="ATP rankings">ATP rankings</a> points. Futures Tournaments offer prize funds of between US$10,000 and US$15,000.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 530 Futures Tournaments are played each year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_tournament_structure"><span id="Women.27s_tournament_structure"></span>Women's tournament structure</h3></div> <p>In 2021, the WTA rebranded, resembling the men's tournament series, and also providing extra simplicity for fans and consumers. The numbers do not indicate ranking points, or prize money, but is a system to help define different levels of women's tennis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="WTA_1000">WTA 1000</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/WTA_1000_tournaments" title="WTA 1000 tournaments">WTA 1000 Tournaments</a> (formerly the <a href="/wiki/WTA_Premier_tournaments" title="WTA Premier tournaments">Premier</a> Mandatory and Premier 5 Tournaments), are a series of seven tournaments that are part of the second-highest tier in women's tennis.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="500_and_250_Series_2">500 and 250 Series</h4></div> <p>The third and fourth tier of women's tennis tournaments are formed from the <a href="/wiki/WTA_500_tournaments" title="WTA 500 tournaments">WTA 500 Series</a> (formerly Premier 700), with fifteen tournaments, and the <a href="/wiki/WTA_250_tournaments" title="WTA 250 tournaments">WTA 250 Series</a> (formerly International), consisting of thirty tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="WTA_125">WTA 125</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/WTA_125_tournaments" title="WTA 125 tournaments">WTA 125 Series</a> (formerly 125K Series), is the lowest tier of women's tennis, with fourteen tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Players">Players</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_players">Professional players</h3></div> <p>Professional tennis players enjoy the same relative perks as most top sports personalities: clothing, equipment and endorsements. Like players of other individual sports such as <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, they are not salaried, but must play and finish highly in tournaments to obtain prize money. </p><p>In recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> professional tennis players have been mocked by tabloids and fans for the involuntary or deliberate noise caused by players' <a href="/wiki/Grunting_(tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grunting (tennis)">grunting</a>. This controversy has spurred the Grand Slam Committee, the International Tennis Association, and the Women's Tennis Association to teach players techniques to avoid grunting.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singles_and_doubles_professional_careers">Singles and doubles professional careers</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleming_%26_McEnroe_Wimbledon_1980s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fleming_%26_McEnroe_Wimbledon_1980s.jpg/250px-Fleming_%26_McEnroe_Wimbledon_1980s.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fleming_%26_McEnroe_Wimbledon_1980s.jpg/330px-Fleming_%26_McEnroe_Wimbledon_1980s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fleming_%26_McEnroe_Wimbledon_1980s.jpg/360px-Fleming_%26_McEnroe_Wimbledon_1980s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_McEnroe" title="John McEnroe">McEnroe</a> with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fleming_(tennis)" title="Peter Fleming (tennis)">Fleming</a> playing as a doubles team at Wimbledon in the 1980s.</figcaption></figure> <p>While players are gradually less competitive in singles by their late 20s and early 30s, they can still continue competitively in doubles (as instanced by <a href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina Navratilova">Martina Navratilova</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_McEnroe" title="John McEnroe">John McEnroe</a>, who won doubles titles in their 40s). </p><p>In the Open Era, several female players such as <a href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina Navratilova">Martina Navratilova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Court" title="Margaret Court">Margaret Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martina_Hingis" title="Martina Hingis">Martina Hingis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venus_Williams" title="Venus Williams">Venus Williams</a> (the latter two sisters playing together) have been prolific at both singles and doubles events throughout their careers. <a href="/wiki/John_McEnroe" title="John McEnroe">John McEnroe</a> is one of the very few professional male players to be top ranked in both singles and doubles at the same time,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20000130_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20000130-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Kafelnikov" title="Yevgeny Kafelnikov">Yevgeny Kafelnikov</a> is the most recent male player to win multiple Grand Slams in both singles and doubles during the same period of his career. </p><p>In terms of public attention and earnings (see below), singles champions have far surpassed their doubles counterparts. The Open Era, particularly the men's side, has seen many top-ranked singles players that only sparingly compete in doubles, while having "doubles specialists" who are typically being eliminated early in the singles draw but do well in the doubles portion of a tournament. Notable doubles pairings include <a href="/wiki/The_Woodies" title="The Woodies">The Woodies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Todd_Woodbridge" title="Todd Woodbridge">Todd Woodbridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Woodforde" title="Mark Woodforde">Mark Woodforde</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Bryan_brothers" title="Bryan brothers">Bryan brothers</a> (identical twin brothers <a href="/wiki/Bob_Bryan" title="Bob Bryan">Robert Charles "Bob" Bryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bryan" title="Mike Bryan">Michael Carl "Mike" Bryan</a>). Woodbridge has disliked the term "doubles 'specialists'", saying that he and Woodforde "set a singles schedule and doubles fitted in around that", although later in Woodbridge's career he focused exclusively on doubles as his singles ranking fell too low that it was no longer financially viable to recover at that age. Woodbridge noted that while top singles players earn enough that they do not need to nor want to play doubles, he suggested that lower-ranked singles players outside the Top Ten should play doubles to earn more playing time and money.<sup id="cite_ref-tennis.com_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tennis.com-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tennismash.com_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tennismash.com-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Olympics">Olympics</h4></div> <p>The Olympics doubles tennis tournament necessitates that both members of a doubles pairing be from the same country, hence several top professional pairs such as <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Murray" title="Jamie Murray">Jamie Murray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Soares" title="Bruno Soares">Bruno Soares</a> cannot compete in the Olympics. Top-ranked singles players that are usually rivals on the professional circuit, such as <a href="/wiki/Boris_Becker" title="Boris Becker">Boris Becker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stich" title="Michael Stich">Michael Stich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Federer" title="Roger Federer">Roger Federer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stan_Wawrinka" title="Stan Wawrinka">Stan Wawrinka</a> have formed a rare doubles partnership for the Olympics. Unlike professional tennis tournaments (see below) where singles players receive much more prize money than doubles players, an Olympic medal for both singles and doubles has similar prestige. The Olympics is more of a priority for doubles champions while singles champions often skip the tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-tennis.com_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tennis.com-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tennismash.com_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tennismash.com-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the ATP has voted for Olympic results to count towards player ranking points, WTA players voted against it.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/2000_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Olympics">2000 Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Raymond" title="Lisa Raymond">Lisa Raymond</a> was passed over for Team USA in favour of <a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a> by captain <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a>, even though Raymond was the top-ranked doubles player in the world at the time, and Raymond unsuccessfully challenged the selection.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prize_money">Prize money</h4></div> <p>In professional tennis tournaments such as <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>, the singles competition receives the most prize money and coverage, followed by doubles, and then mixed doubles usually receive the lowest monetary awards.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance in the <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)#Prize_money" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a> as of 2018, the men's and women's singles prize money (US$40,912,000) accounts for 80.9 percent of total player base compensation, while men's and women's doubles (US$6,140,840), men's and women's singles qualifying (US$3,008,000), and mixed doubles (US$505,000) account for 12.1 percent, 5.9 percent, and 1.0 percent, respectively. The singles winner receives US$3,800,000, while the doubles winning pair receives $700,000 and the mixed doubles winning pair receives US$155,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Prize_money_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prize_money-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Slam_tournament_winners">Grand Slam tournament winners</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tennis_records_and_statistics" title="Lists of tennis records and statistics">Lists of tennis records and statistics</a></div> <p>The following players have won at least five singles titles at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam tournaments</a> (active players in <b>bold</b>): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="190"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">Men</a> </th> <th>Titles </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Novak_Djokovic" title="Novak Djokovic">Novak Djokovic</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:center;">24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Nadal" title="Rafael Nadal">Rafael Nadal</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:center;">22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Federer" title="Roger Federer">Roger Federer</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pete_Sampras" title="Pete Sampras">Pete Sampras</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Emerson" title="Roy Emerson">Roy Emerson</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rod_Laver" title="Rod Laver">Rod Laver</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2">11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg" title="Björn Borg">Björn Borg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilden" title="Bill Tilden">Bill Tilden</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Perry" title="Fred Perry">Fred Perry</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Rosewall" title="Ken Rosewall">Ken Rosewall</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Connors" title="Jimmy Connors">Jimmy Connors</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Czechoslovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lendl" title="Ivan Lendl">Ivan Lendl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andre_Agassi" title="Andre Agassi">Andre Agassi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Renshaw" title="William Renshaw">William Renshaw</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sears_(tennis)" title="Richard Sears (tennis)">Richard Sears</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Larned" title="William Larned">William Larned</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Cochet" title="Henri Cochet">Henri Cochet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lacoste" title="René Lacoste">René Lacoste</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Newcombe" title="John Newcombe">John Newcombe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_McEnroe" title="John McEnroe">John McEnroe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mats_Wilander" title="Mats Wilander">Mats Wilander</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Doherty" title="Laurence Doherty">Laurence Doherty</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilding" title="Anthony Wilding">Anthony Wilding</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Budge" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Budge">Donald Budge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Crawford_(tennis)" title="Jack Crawford (tennis)">Jack Crawford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Becker" title="Boris Becker">Boris Becker</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Edberg" title="Stefan Edberg">Stefan Edberg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sedgman" title="Frank Sedgman">Frank Sedgman</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Trabert" title="Tony Trabert">Tony Trabert</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">Women</a> </th> <th>Titles </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Court" title="Margaret Court">Margaret Court</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Steffi_Graf" title="Steffi Graf">Steffi Graf</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Wills_Moody" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Wills Moody">Helen Wills Moody</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Evert" title="Chris Evert">Chris Evert</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2">18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Czechoslovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>/<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina Navratilova">Martina Navratilova</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Connolly_Brinker" class="mw-redirect" title="Maureen Connolly Brinker">Maureen Connolly Brinker</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span>/<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monica_Seles" title="Monica Seles">Monica Seles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span>/<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Molla_Bjurstedt_Mallory" class="mw-redirect" title="Molla Bjurstedt Mallory">Molla Bjurstedt Mallory</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lenglen" title="Suzanne Lenglen">Suzanne Lenglen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lambert_Chambers" title="Dorothea Lambert Chambers">Dorothea Lambert Chambers</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bueno" title="Maria Bueno">Maria Bueno</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Evonne_Goolagong_Cawley" title="Evonne Goolagong Cawley">Evonne Goolagong Cawley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Venus_Williams" title="Venus Williams">Venus Williams</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Justine_Henin" title="Justine Henin">Justine Henin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bingley_Hillyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Bingley Hillyard">Blanche Bingley Hillyard</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Doris_Hart" title="Doris Hart">Doris Hart</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Osborne_duPont" title="Margaret Osborne duPont">Margaret Osborne duPont</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nancye_Wynne_Bolton" title="Nancye Wynne Bolton">Nancye Wynne Bolton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louise_Brough_Clapp" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Brough Clapp">Louise Brough Clapp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lottie_Dod" title="Lottie Dod">Lottie Dod</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cooper_Sterry" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Cooper Sterry">Charlotte Cooper Sterry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Daphne_Akhurst_Cozens" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphne Akhurst Cozens">Daphne Akhurst Cozens</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Jacobs" title="Helen Jacobs">Helen Jacobs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Marble" title="Alice Marble">Alice Marble</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Betz_Addie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Betz Addie">Pauline Betz Addie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Martina_Hingis" title="Martina Hingis">Martina Hingis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sharapova" title="Maria Sharapova">Maria Sharapova</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greatest_male_players">Greatest male players</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tennis_male_players_statistics" title="Tennis male players statistics">Tennis male players statistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_number_one_male_tennis_player_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="World number one male tennis player rankings">World number one male tennis player rankings</a></div> <p>A frequent topic of discussion among tennis fans and commentators is who was the greatest male singles player of all time. By a large margin, an <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> poll in 1950 named <a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilden" title="Bill Tilden">Bill Tilden</a> as the greatest player of the first half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1920 to 1930, Tilden won singles titles at <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> three times and the <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Championships</a> seven times. In 1938, however, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Budge" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Budge">Donald Budge</a> became the first person to win all four major singles titles during the same calendar year, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a>, and won six consecutive major titles in 1937 and 1938. Tilden called Budge "the finest player 365 days a year that ever lived."<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1979 autobiography, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kramer" title="Jack Kramer">Jack Kramer</a> said that, based on consistent play, Budge was the greatest player ever.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some observers, however, also felt that Kramer deserved consideration for the title. Kramer was among the few who dominated amateur and professional tennis during the late 1940s and early 1950s. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Trabert" title="Tony Trabert">Tony Trabert</a> has said that of the players he saw before the start of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Era">Open Era</a>, Kramer was the best male champion.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1960s, Budge and others had added <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Gonzales" title="Pancho Gonzales">Pancho Gonzales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lew_Hoad" title="Lew Hoad">Lew Hoad</a> to the list of contenders. Budge reportedly believed that Gonzales was the greatest player ever.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gonzales said about Hoad, "When Lew's game was at its peak nobody could touch him. ... I think his game was the best game ever. Better than mine. He was capable of making more shots than anybody. His two volleys were great. His overhead was enormous. He had the most natural tennis mind with the most natural tennis physique."<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before and during the Open Era, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Laver" title="Rod Laver">Rod Laver</a> remains the only male player in history to have won the calendar year Grand Slam twice in 1962 and 1969 <sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also the calendar year Professional Grand Slam in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Connors" title="Jimmy Connors">Jimmy Connors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg" title="Björn Borg">Björn Borg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_McEnroe" title="John McEnroe">John McEnroe</a> had a fierce rivalry in the late 1970s and early 1980s that propelled "the men's game to new heights of popularity".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connors had a long and prolific career and holds the <a href="/wiki/Open_Era_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_men%27s_singles#All_tournaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Era tennis records – men's singles">Open Era men's singles records</a> of 109 titles including eight Grand Slams, 1,557 matches played, and 1,274 match wins. Borg was regarded by his contemporaries as among the greatest ever, having a calm court demeanor and unrivalled physical conditioning, winning six French Opens and five straight Wimbledon titles, retiring at age 26 when he was still in his prime. McEnroe attained the No. 1 ranking in both <a href="/wiki/List_of_ATP_number_1_ranked_singles_tennis_players" title="List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players">singles</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ATP_number_1_ranked_doubles_tennis_players" title="List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players">doubles</a>, finishing his career with 77 singles and 78 doubles titles; this remains the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_players_with_most_titles_in_the_Open_Era#Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis players with most titles in the Open Era">highest men's combined total</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Era">Open Era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Agassi%E2%80%93Sampras_rivalry" title="Agassi–Sampras rivalry">Agassi–Sampras rivalry</a> showcased the two best players in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sampras had a precise and powerful serve while Agassi was considered to be one of the best service returners in the history of the game.<sup id="cite_ref-cba_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cba-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Sampras" title="Pete Sampras">Pete Sampras</a> had won a then-record of 14 Grand Slam titles which was by far the most among his contemporaries. Sampras also held the record for most weeks at No. 1 with 286 until it was broken a decade later by Federer and Djokovic after that. <a href="/wiki/Andre_Agassi" title="Andre Agassi">Andre Agassi</a>, was the first player to complete the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)#Career_Grand_Slam" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Career Grand Slam</a> on all modern three surfaces (hard, grass, and clay courts) as previous winners of Grand Slam tournaments played in an era of grass and clay only (Rod Laver and Ken Rosewall also won major <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_tennis_tournaments_before_the_Open_Era" title="Major professional tennis tournaments before the Open Era">Pro tournaments</a> on the three surfaces). Agassi also is the only player to win all four Grand Slam titles along with the <a href="/wiki/ATP_Finals" title="ATP Finals">year-end championships</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Tennis at the Summer Olympics">olympics</a>. Both Sampras and Agassi are regarded to be among the greatest players of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-cba_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cba-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early twenty-first century, the '<a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(tennis)" title="Big Three (tennis)">Big Three</a>' of <a href="/wiki/Roger_Federer" title="Roger Federer">Roger Federer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Nadal" title="Rafael Nadal">Rafael Nadal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novak_Djokovic" title="Novak Djokovic">Novak Djokovic</a> have dominated men's singles tennis for two decades,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> collectively winning 66 <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)#Tournaments" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">major</a> singles tournaments; Djokovic with an all-time record 24 titles, Nadal with 22 and Federer with 20. They have been ranked as <a href="/wiki/List_of_ATP_number_1_ranked_singles_tennis_players" title="List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players">world No. 1s</a> in singles for a total 947 weeks (equivalent to 18 years); Djokovic for a record 428 weeks, Federer for 310, and Nadal for 209. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greatest_female_players">Greatest female players</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/World_number_1_women_tennis_players" class="mw-redirect" title="World number 1 women tennis players">World number 1 women tennis players</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_WTA_number_1_ranked_players" class="mw-redirect" title="List of WTA number 1 ranked players">List of WTA number 1 ranked players</a></div> <p>As with the men there are frequent discussions about who is the greatest female singles player of all time with <a href="/wiki/Steffi_Graf" title="Steffi Graf">Steffi Graf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina Navratilova">Martina Navratilova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a> being the three players most often nominated. </p><p>In March 2012 the Tennis Channel published a combined list of the 100 greatest men and women tennis players of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ranked Steffi Graf as the greatest female player (in 3rd place overall), followed by <a href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina Navratilova">Martina Navratilova</a> (4th place) and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Court" title="Margaret Court">Margaret Court</a> (8th place). The rankings were determined by an international panel. </p><p>Sportswriter John Wertheim of <a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a> stated in an article in July 2010 that <a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a> is the greatest female tennis player ever with the argument that "Head-to-head, on a neutral surface (i.e. hard courts), everyone at their best, I can't help feeling that she crushes the other legends.".<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a reaction to this article Yahoo sports blog Busted Racket published a list of the top-10 women's tennis players of all time placing Martina Navratilova in first spot.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This top-10 list was similar to the one published in June 2008 by the Bleacher Report who also ranked Martina Navratilova as the top female player of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steffi Graf is considered by some to be the greatest female player. <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> said in 1999, "Steffi is definitely the greatest women's tennis player of all time."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina Navratilova">Martina Navratilova</a> has included Graf on her list of great players.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1999, Graf was named the greatest female tennis player of the 20th century by a panel of experts assembled by the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tennis writer Steve Flink, in his book <i>The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century</i>, named her as the best female player of the 20th century, directly followed by Martina Navratilova.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Tennis_(magazine)" title="Tennis (magazine)">Tennis</a></i> magazine selected Martina Navratilova as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tennis historian and journalist <a href="/wiki/Bud_Collins" title="Bud Collins">Bud Collins</a> has called Navratilova "arguably, the greatest player of all time."<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> said about Navratilova in 2006, "She's the greatest singles, doubles and mixed doubles player who's ever lived."<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, a <a href="/wiki/Tennis_(magazine)" title="Tennis (magazine)">Tennis.com</a> panel selected Serena Williams as the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_(magazine)#"The_50_Greatest_Players_of_the_Open_Era"_(2018)" title="Tennis (magazine)">greatest female tennis player in the Open Era.</a><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2020, the Tennis Channel ranked Williams as the greatest female tennis player of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2018, Tennis.com polled its readers to choose the greatest women's tennis player of all time and Graf came in first.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2020, The Guardian polled its readers to determine the greatest female tennis player of the past 50 years, and Graf was the clear favorite, picking up nearly twice as many votes as any other player.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Officials">Officials</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Official_(tennis)" title="Official (tennis)">Official (tennis)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_umpire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tennis_umpire.jpg/250px-Tennis_umpire.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tennis_umpire.jpg/500px-Tennis_umpire.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Referee" title="Referee">umpire</a> informing two players of the rules.</figcaption></figure> <p>In most professional play and some amateur competition, there is an officiating head judge or chair <a href="/wiki/Referee" title="Referee">umpire</a> (usually referred to simply as the umpire), who sits in a raised chair to one side of the court. The umpire has absolute authority to make factual determinations. The umpire may be assisted by line judges, who determine whether the ball has landed within the required part of the court and who also call foot faults. There also may be a net judge who determines whether the ball has touched the net during service. The umpire has the right to overrule a line judge or a net judge if the umpire is sure that a clear mistake has been made.<sup id="cite_ref-officials_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officials-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In past tournaments, line judges tasked with calling the serve were sometimes assisted by <a href="/wiki/Electronic_line_judge" title="Electronic line judge">electronic sensors</a> that beeped to indicate an out-of-bounds serve; one such system was called "<a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(computer_system)" title="Cyclops (computer system)">Cyclops</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyclops has since largely been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Hawk-Eye" title="Hawk-Eye">Hawk-Eye</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In professional tournaments using this system, players are allowed three unsuccessful appeals per set, plus one additional appeal in the tiebreak to challenge close <a href="/wiki/Line_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Line call">line calls</a> by means of an <a href="/wiki/Instant_replay" title="Instant replay">electronic review</a>. The <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Masters">Miami Masters</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Open_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Open Series">US Open Series</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_Team_Tennis" class="mw-redirect" title="World Team Tennis">World Team Tennis</a> started using this challenge system in 2006 and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> introduced the system in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In clay-court matches, such as at the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a>, a call may be questioned by reference to the mark left by the ball's impact on the court surface. </p><p>The referee, who is usually located off the court, is the final authority about tennis rules. When called to the court by a player or team captain, the referee may overrule the umpire's decision if the tennis rules were violated (question of law) but may not change the umpire's decision on a question of fact. If, however, the referee is on the court during play, the referee may overrule the umpire's decision. (This would only happen in Davis Cup or Fed Cup matches, not at the World Group level, when a chair umpire from a non-neutral country is in the chair.)<sup id="cite_ref-officials_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officials-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Junior_tennis">Junior tennis</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Junior_tennis" title="Junior tennis">Junior tennis</a></div> <p>In tennis, a junior is a player under 18 who is still legally protected by a parent or guardian. Players on the main adult tour who are under 18 must have documents signed by a parent or guardian. These players, however, are still eligible to play in junior tournaments. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a> (ITF) conducts a junior tour that allows juniors to establish a world ranking and an <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">Association of Tennis Professionals</a> (ATP) or <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">Women's Tennis Association</a> (WTA) ranking. Most juniors who enter the international circuit do so by progressing through ITF, Satellite, Future, and Challenger tournaments before entering the main circuit. The latter three circuits also have adults competing in them. Some juniors, however, such as Australian <a href="/wiki/Lleyton_Hewitt" title="Lleyton Hewitt">Lleyton Hewitt</a> and Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Monfils" title="Gaël Monfils">Gaël Monfils</a>, have catapulted directly from the junior tour to the ATP tour by dominating the junior scene or by taking advantage of opportunities given to them to participate in professional tournaments. </p><p>In 2004, the ITF implemented a new rankings scheme to encourage greater participation in doubles, by combining two rankings (singles and doubles) into one combined tally.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Junior tournaments do not offer <a href="/wiki/Prize_money" title="Prize money">prize money</a> except for the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam tournaments</a>, which are the most prestigious junior events. Juniors may earn income from tennis by participating in the Future, Satellite, or Challenger tours. Tournaments are broken up into different tiers offering different amounts of ranking points, culminating with Grade A. </p><p>Leading juniors are allowed to participate for their nation in the <a href="/wiki/Junior_Davis_Cup_and_Junior_Fed_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior Davis Cup and Junior Fed Cup">Junior Fed Cup and Davis Cup</a> competitions. To succeed in tennis often means having to begin playing at a young age. To facilitate and nurture a junior's growth in tennis, almost all tennis playing nations have developed a junior development system. Juniors develop their play through a range of tournaments on all surfaces, accommodating all different standards of play. Talented juniors may also receive sponsorships from governing bodies or private institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Injuries">Injuries</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tennis_injuries" title="Tennis injuries">Tennis injuries</a></div> <p>Muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in tennis.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an isolated large-energy appears during the muscle contraction and at the same time body weight apply huge amount of pressure to the lengthened muscle, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_strain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle strain">muscle strain</a> can occur.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inflammation and bleeding are triggered when muscle strain occurs, which can result in redness, pain and swelling.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overuse is also common in tennis players of all levels. <a href="/wiki/List_of_muscles_of_the_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of muscles of the human body">Muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerves">nerves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knee_bursae" title="Knee bursae">bursae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligaments">ligaments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tendons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendons">tendons</a> may be damaged from overuse. The repetitive use of a particular muscle without time for repair and recovery is the most common cause of injury.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li>"Tennis balles" are mentioned by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> in his play <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)"><i>Henry V</i></a> (1599), when a basket of them is given to King Henry as a mockery of his youth and playfulness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace" title="David Foster Wallace">David Foster Wallace</a>, an amateur tennis player himself at Urbana High School in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brief_Interview_with_a_Five_Draft_Man_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief_Interview_with_a_Five_Draft_Man-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> included tennis in many of his works of non-fiction and fiction including <a href="/wiki/A_Supposedly_Fun_Thing_I%27ll_Never_Do_Again" title="A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again">"Tennis Player Michael Joyce's Professional Artistry as a Paradigm of Certain Stuff about Choice, Freedom, Discipline, Joy, Grotesquerie, and Human Completeness"</a>, the autobiographical piece <a href="/wiki/A_Supposedly_Fun_Thing_I%27ll_Never_Do_Again" title="A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again">"Derivative Sport in Tornado Alley"</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Infinite_Jest" title="Infinite Jest">Infinite Jest</a></i>, which is partially set at the fictional "Enfield Tennis Academy" in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.</li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_of_Tennis" title="The Prince of Tennis">The Prince of Tennis</a></i> revolves around the tennis prodigy <a href="/wiki/Ryoma_Echizen" title="Ryoma Echizen">Echizen Ryoma</a> and tennis matches between rival schools.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Tenenbaums" title="The Royal Tenenbaums">The Royal Tenenbaums</a></i> (2001) is a film that features Richie Tenenbaum (<a href="/wiki/Luke_Wilson" title="Luke Wilson">Luke Wilson</a>), a tennis pro who suffers from depression and has a breakdown on court in front of thousands of fans.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_(film)" title="Wimbledon (film)">Wimbledon</a></i> (2004) is a film about a discouraged pro tennis player (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Bettany" title="Paul Bettany">Paul Bettany</a>) who meets a young woman on the women's tennis circuit (<a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a>) who helps him find his drive to go and win <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Squid_and_the_Whale" title="The Squid and the Whale">The Squid and the Whale</a></i> (2005), Joan (<a href="/wiki/Laura_Linney" title="Laura Linney">Laura Linney</a>) has an affair with her kids' tennis coach, Ivan (<a href="/wiki/William_Baldwin" title="William Baldwin">William Baldwin</a>). In a symbolic scene, Joan's ex-husband, Bernard (<a href="/wiki/Jeff_Daniels" title="Jeff Daniels">Jeff Daniels</a>), loses a tennis match against Ivan in front of the kids.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Match_Point" title="Match Point">Match Point</a></i> (2005) features a love affair between a former tennis pro, Chris Wilton (<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rhys_Meyers" title="Jonathan Rhys Meyers">Jonathan Rhys Meyers</a>), and his best friend's fiancé, Nola Rice (<a href="/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson" title="Scarlett Johansson">Scarlett Johansson</a>). A scene of the movie includes a brief comparison between <a href="/wiki/Andre_Agassi" title="Andre Agassi">Andre Agassi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Henman" title="Tim Henman">Tim Henman</a>, with Chris Wilton calling both of them "geniuses".<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confetti_(2006_film)" title="Confetti (2006 film)">Confetti</a></i> (2006) is a <a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">mockumentary</a> which sees three couples competing to win the title of "Most Original Wedding of the Year". One competing couple (<a href="/wiki/Meredith_MacNeill" title="Meredith MacNeill">Meredith MacNeill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mangan" title="Stephen Mangan">Stephen Mangan</a>) are a pair of hyper-competitive professional tennis players holding a tennis-themed wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There are several tennis video games including the <a href="/wiki/Sports_games_in_the_Mario_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports games in the Mario series"><i>Mario Tennis</i></a> series, the <a href="/wiki/Top_Spin_(video_game)" title="Top Spin (video game)"><i>TopSpin</i></a> series, the <i><a href="/wiki/Virtua_Tennis" title="Virtua Tennis">Virtua Tennis</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Sega_Superstars_Tennis" title="Sega Superstars Tennis">Sega Superstars Tennis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_Tennis" title="Grand Slam Tennis">Grand Slam Tennis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wii_Sports" title="Wii Sports">Wii Sports</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challengers_(film)" title="Challengers (film)"><i>Challengers</i></a>, a 2024 film by director <a href="/wiki/Luca_Guadagnino" title="Luca Guadagnino">Luca Guadagnino</a>, centers around a trio of tennis players, and their relationship with one another, romantic and otherwise. It was nominated four times at the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Golden_Globe_Awards" title="82nd Golden Globe Awards">82nd Golden Globe Awards</a>, where it won <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score">Best Original Score</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_ball.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/19px-Tennis_ball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/29px-Tennis_ball.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/38px-Tennis_ball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="263" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tennis" title="Portal:Tennis">Tennis</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/21px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/32px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/42px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png/20px-Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png/40px-Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Games" title="Portal:Games">Games</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_handball" title="American handball">American handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tennis" title="Outline of tennis">Outline of tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_games" title="Tennis games">Tennis games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_strategy" title="Tennis strategy">Tennis strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_technology" title="Tennis technology">Tennis technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis statistics">Tennis statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_injuries" title="Tennis injuries">Tennis injuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Integrity_Agency" title="International Tennis Integrity Agency">International Tennis Integrity Agency</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intuitive+Tennis+%E2%80%93+Online+Tennis+Lessons%2C+Video%2C+and+Blog&rft.atitle=leg+drive+on+the+serve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintuitivetennis.com%2F2%2Fpost%2F2018%2F11%2Fleg-drive-on-the-serve.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2011" class="citation news cs1">Macdonald, Geoff (28 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/sports/tennis/the-genteel-origins-of-tennis-and-the-serve.html">"How the Serve Went Over the Top"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+the+Serve+Went+Over+the+Top&rft.date=2011-08-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F29%2Fsports%2Ftennis%2Fthe-genteel-origins-of-tennis-and-the-serve.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tennis.com.au/news/2015/08/26/tennis-360-tiebreaks-explained">"Tennis 360: tiebreaks explained"</a>. <i>Tennis Australia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennis+Australia&rft.atitle=Tennis+360%3A+tiebreaks+explained&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennis.com.au%2Fnews%2F2015%2F08%2F26%2Ftennis-360-tiebreaks-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaine2021" class="citation news cs1">Maine, D'Arcy (25 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com.au/tennis/story/_/id/31503876/us-open-use-hawk-eye-line-calling-technology-all-courts-first">"US Open to use Hawk-Eye line-calling technology on all tennis courts for first time"</a>. ESPN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+Open+to+use+Hawk-Eye+line-calling+technology+on+all+tennis+courts+for+first+time&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.aulast=Maine&rft.aufirst=D%27Arcy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com.au%2Ftennis%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F31503876%2Fus-open-use-hawk-eye-line-calling-technology-all-courts-first&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topendsports.com/sport/tennis/hawkeye.htm">"Hawkeye Tennis Line-Calling System"</a>. <i>www.topendsports.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.topendsports.com&rft.atitle=Hawkeye+Tennis+Line-Calling+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topendsports.com%2Fsport%2Ftennis%2Fhawkeye.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itftennis.com/en/news-and-media/articles/tennis-participation-increases-as-itf-publishes-new-data-in-the-itf-global-tennis-report-2021/">"PARTICIPATION INCREASES AS ITF PUBLISHES GLOBAL TENNIS REPORT 2021"</a>. <i>ITF</i>. 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITF&rft.atitle=PARTICIPATION+INCREASES+AS+ITF+PUBLISHES+GLOBAL+TENNIS+REPORT+2021&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fen%2Fnews-and-media%2Farticles%2Ftennis-participation-increases-as-itf-publishes-new-data-in-the-itf-global-tennis-report-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itftennis.com/en/itf-tours/grand-slam-tournaments/">"Grand Slam Tournaments"</a>. ITF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Slam+Tournaments&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fen%2Fitf-tours%2Fgrand-slam-tournaments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillmeister1998" class="citation book cs1">Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill"><i>Tennis : A Cultural History</i></a></span>. Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/n130">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-3121-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-3121-X"><bdi>0-8147-3121-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis+%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=Washington+Square%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8147-3121-X&rft.aulast=Gillmeister&rft.aufirst=Heiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftennisculturalhi0000gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewman2001" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Paul B. (2001). <i>Daily life in the Middle Ages</i>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0897-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0897-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-0897-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+life+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0897-9&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillmeister-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillmeister_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillmeister_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillmeister1998" class="citation book cs1">Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill"><i>Tennis : A Cultural History</i></a></span> (Repr. ed.). London: Leicester University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/17">17–21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0195-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0195-2"><bdi>978-0-7185-0195-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis+%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17-21&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-0195-2&rft.aulast=Gillmeister&rft.aufirst=Heiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftennisculturalhi0000gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Moyer_HeathcoteC._G._HeathcoteEdward_Oliver_Pleydell-BouverieArthur_Campbell_Ainger1901" class="citation book cs1">John Moyer Heathcote; C. 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Longmans, Green, and co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennis01ainggoog/page/n36">14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennis&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+co.&rft.date=1901&rft.au=John+Moyer+Heathcote&rft.au=C.+G.+Heathcote&rft.au=Edward+Oliver+Pleydell-Bouverie&rft.au=Arthur+Campbell+Ainger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftennis01ainggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tennis">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft.date=1927-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dtennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crego, Robert. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCl1c2yy5ooC&dq=%22real+tennis%22+and+tenez&pg=PA115">Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries</a></i>, page 115 (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Astley-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Astley_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Astley1885" class="citation cs2">John Astley (1885), <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Monumental_Inscriptions_in_the_Parish_Church_of_S._Michael,_Coventry" class="extiw" title="s:The Monumental Inscriptions in the Parish Church of S. 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STRI, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National <i>Ockham's Razor</i>, first broadcast 6 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-countrylife-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-countrylife_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyzack, Anna, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countrylife.co.uk/news/culture/article/79487/The_True_Home_of_Tennis.html">The True Home of Tennis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030083434/http://www.countrylife.co.uk/news/culture/article/79487/The_True_Home_of_Tennis.html">Archived</a> 30 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Country Life</i>, 22 June 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theharrygemproject.co.uk/">"The Harry Gem Project"</a>. theharrygemproject.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 24 September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wingfield-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wingfield_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wingfield_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html">"125 years of Wimbledon: From birth of lawn tennis to modern marvels"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218114004/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html">Archived</a> 18 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CNN. Retrieved 21 September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<i>Tennis: A Cultural History</i> by Heiner Gillmeister]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimsley1971" class="citation book cs1">Grimsley, Will (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennisitshistory00grim/page/9"><i>Tennis: Its History, People and Events</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportsknowhow.com/tennis/dimensions/tennis-court-dimensions.html">the original</a> on 10 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennis+court+dimensions&rft.pub=Sportsknowhow.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportsknowhow.com%2Ftennis%2Fdimensions%2Ftennis-court-dimensions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tennis_court_history-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tennis_court_history_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080630194259/http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/courts/history.asp">"Tennis court history – Grass"</a>. ITF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/courts/history.asp">the original</a> on 30 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennis+court+history+%E2%80%93+Grass&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Ftechnical%2Fequipment%2Fcourts%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITF_court-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITF_court_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001137/http://www.itftennis.com/technical/facilities/facilities-guide/surface-descriptions.aspx">"Surface Descriptions"</a>. International Tennis Federation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com/technical/facilities/facilities-guide/surface-descriptions.aspx">the original</a> on 2 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+Descriptions&rft.pub=International+Tennis+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Ftechnical%2Ffacilities%2Ffacilities-guide%2Fsurface-descriptions.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITF_Court_rules-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ITF_Court_rules_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITF_Court_rules_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130418122225/http://www.itftennis.com/media/107013/107013.pdf">"ITF Rules of Tennis – Rule 1 (The Court)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com/media/107013/107013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITF+Rules+of+Tennis+%E2%80%93+Rule+1+%28The+Court%29&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fmedia%2F107013%2F107013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130418122225/http://www.itftennis.com/media/107013/107013.pdf">"ITF Rules of Tennis – Rule 17 (Serving)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com/media/107013/107013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITF+Rules+of+Tennis+%E2%80%93+Rule+17+%28Serving%29&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fmedia%2F107013%2F107013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Terminology-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Terminology_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/6145343">"Tennis Terminology"</a>. cbs.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tennis+Terminology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbssports.com%2Ftennis%2Fstory%2F6145343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Tennis/How-To-Play/Tennis-Rules/Basic-rules-of-tennis">"Basic rules of tennis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+rules+of+tennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myactivesg.com%2FSports%2FTennis%2FHow-To-Play%2FTennis-Rules%2FBasic-rules-of-tennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2017/07/28/Scientists-say-ABBA-sequence-would-make-for-fairer-penalty-shootouts-in-soccer/9061501265649/">"Scientists say ABBA sequence would make for fairer penalty shootouts in soccer"</a>. <i>UPI</i>. 28 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ATP+Most+Jam+Donuts+Served&rft.pub=Tennis.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennis.com%2Fstats%2Fmen_6-0.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From 1984 through 1998, women played first-to-win-three-sets in the final of the year-ending <a href="/wiki/WTA_Tour_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="WTA Tour Championships">WTA Tour Championships</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082726/http://www.wtt.com/page.aspx?article_id=626">"WTT Firsts & Innovations"</a>. WTT.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtt.com/page.aspx?article_id=626">the original</a> on 25 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTT+Firsts+%26+Innovations&rft.pub=WTT.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wtt.com%2Fpage.aspx%3Farticle_id%3D626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206034754/http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/equipment/appendixiv.asp">"Alternative Procedures and Scoring Methods"</a>. ITF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/equipment/appendixiv.asp">the original</a> on 6 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alternative+Procedures+and+Scoring+Methods&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Ftechnical%2Frules%2Fequipment%2Fappendixiv.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tennis.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/New-Tournament-Regulations_FAST4_V3.pdf">"2017 Australian Ranking Tournaments – FAST4 scoring format"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tennis Australia</i>. March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122064724/https://www.tennis.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/New-Tournament-Regulations_FAST4_V3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_30333_original.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ITF+states+this+in+Rule+No.+29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fshared%2Fmedialibrary%2Fpdf%2Foriginal%2FIO_30333_original.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501123728/http://www.itftennis.com/media/109832/109832.pdf">"Code of Conduct for 2012 ITF Pro Circuits Tournaments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com/media/109832/109832.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2012</span>. <q>The first violation of this Section shall be penalised by a Time Violation warning and each subsequent violation shall be penalised by the assessment of one Time Violation point penalty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+Conduct+for+2012+ITF+Pro+Circuits+Tournaments&rft.pub=ITF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fmedia%2F109832%2F109832.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expert-tennis-tips.com/tennis-on-court-coaching.html">"Tennis On-Court Coaching"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.optimumtennis.net/tennis-techniques-for-beginners.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennis+Techniques+for+Beginners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.optimumtennis.net%2Ftennis-techniques-for-beginners.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015184310/https://woooiii.com/tennis-footwork-different-hitting-stances-explained/">"Tennis Footwork: Different Hitting Stances Explained"</a>. 27 March 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woooiii.com/tennis-footwork-different-hitting-stances-explained/">the original</a> on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennis+Footwork%3A+Different+Hitting+Stances+Explained&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwoooiii.com%2Ftennis-footwork-different-hitting-stances-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tennis.com/articles/templates/instruction.aspx?articleid=1337">"Grip Guide — A Grip on Your Game"</a>. Tennis.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/46/7/492">"Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injury in the tennis player"</a>. <i>British Journal of Sports Medicine</i>. <b>46</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">492–</span>498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2012-091164">10.1136/bjsports-2012-091164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-0480">1473-0480</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22554841">22554841</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10416294">10416294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+musculoskeletal+injury+in+the+tennis+player&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E492-%3C%2Fspan%3E498&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft.issn=1473-0480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10416294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22554841&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjsports-2012-091164&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+D.&rft.au=Renstrom%2C+Per+A.&rft.au=Safran%2C+Marc+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbjsm.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F46%2F7%2F492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_163-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevangie,_P._K.,_&_Norkin,_C._C.2011" class="citation book cs1">Levangie, P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Topspin+4+Official+Website&rft.pub=2K+Sports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2ksports.com%2Fgames%2Ftopspin4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512160052/http://mariotennisopen.nintendo.com/">"Mario Tennis official website"</a>. Nintendo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mariotennisopen.nintendo.com">the original</a> on 12 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mario+Tennis+official+website&rft.pub=Nintendo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmariotennisopen.nintendo.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBBFC" class="citation web cs1">BBFC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/challengers-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdezodg5">"Challengers"</a>. <i>www.bbfc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbfc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Challengers&rft.au=BBFC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Frelease%2Fchallengers-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdezodg5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Barrett, John. <i>Wimbledon: The Official History of the Championships</i> (HarperCollins, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711707-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711707-9">978-0-00-711707-9</a></li> <li>Collins, Bud. <i>History of Tennis – An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book</i> (New Chapter Press, 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-942257-70-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-942257-70-0">978-0-942257-70-0</a></li> <li>Danzig, Allison and Peter Schwed (ed.). <i>The Fireside Book of Tennis</i> (Simon & Schuster, 1972) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-21128-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-21128-8">978-0-671-21128-8</a></li> <li>Doherty, Reginald Frank. <i>R.F. and H.L. Doherty – On Lawn Tennis</i> (Kessinger Publishing, 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-167-08589-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-167-08589-5">978-1-167-08589-5</a></li> <li>Dwight, Eleanor. <i>Tie Breaker – Jimmy Van Alen and Tennis in the 20th century</i> (Scala Books, 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905377-40-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905377-40-4">978-1-905377-40-4</a></li> <li>Gillmeister, Heiner. <i>Tennis: A Cultural History</i> (Continuum, 1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0195-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0195-2">978-0-7185-0195-2</a></li> <li>Grimsley, Will. <i>Tennis – Its History, People and Events</i> (Prentice-Hall, 1971) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-903377-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-903377-7">0-13-903377-7</a></li> <li>King, Billie Jean and Starr, Cynthia. <i>We Have Come a Long Way</i> (<a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>, 1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-034625-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-034625-9">0-07-034625-9</a></li> <li>Whitman, Malcolm D. <i>Tennis – Origins and Mysteries</i> (Dover Publications, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-43357-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-43357-9">0-486-43357-9</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Tennis</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tennis" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Tennis">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tennis" class="extiw" title="c:Tennis">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Tennis" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Tennis">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tennis" class="extiw" title="q:Tennis">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tennis" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Tennis">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Tennis" class="extiw" title="b:Tennis">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tennis" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Tennis">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com">International Tennis Federation (ITF)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atptour.com">Association of Tennis Players (ATP)</a> – men's professional tennis organization</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtatennis.com">Women's Tennis Association (WTA)</a> – women's professional tennis organization</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tennisfame.com">International Tennis Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandslamhistory.com/">Grand Slam history</a> (Reference book)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tennis836" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tennis" title="History of tennis">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms" title="Glossary of tennis terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_tennis_match" title="Types of tennis match">Match types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tennis_players" title="Lists of tennis players">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_tennis_rankings" title="Current tennis rankings">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tennis_records_and_statistics" title="Lists of tennis records and statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_umpires" title="List of tennis umpires">Umpires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of tennis stadiums by capacity">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tennis" title="Outline of tennis">Basics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_scoring_system" title="Tennis scoring system">Scoring system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Point_(tennis)" title="Point (tennis)">point</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_strategy" title="Tennis strategy">Strategy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grip_(tennis)" title="Grip (tennis)">grips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve-and-volley" title="Serve-and-volley">serve-and-volley</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_ball" title="Tennis ball">ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)#Tennis" title="Racket (sports equipment)">racket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strings_(tennis)" title="Strings (tennis)">strings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_(tennis)" title="Official (tennis)">Official</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_technology" title="Tennis technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_line_judge" title="Electronic line judge">electronic line judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk-Eye" title="Hawk-Eye">Hawk-Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li>Controversies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_code_violations" title="List of tennis code violations">Code violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_tennis" title="Doping in tennis">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_fixing_in_tennis" title="Match fixing in tennis">Match fixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunting_in_tennis" title="Grunting in tennis">Grunting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">Courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcourt" title="Hardcourt">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass court">Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_court" title="Carpet court">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_court" title="Wood court">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Tennis_shot" title="Tennis shot">Shots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backhand" title="Backhand">Backhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backspin" title="Backspin">Backspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_shot" title="Drop shot">Drop shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(tennis)" title="Flat (tennis)">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forehand" title="Forehand">Forehand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundstroke" title="Groundstroke">Groundstroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_volley" title="Half volley">Half volley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lob_(tennis)" title="Lob (tennis)">Lob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_shot" title="Passing shot">Passing shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)" title="Serve (tennis)">Serve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_(tennis)" title="Ace (tennis)">ace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fault_(tennis)" title="Double fault (tennis)">double fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smash_(tennis)" title="Smash (tennis)">Smash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topspin" title="Topspin">Topspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volley_(tennis)" title="Volley (tennis)">Volley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships" title="Wimbledon Championships">Wimbledon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)#Grand_Slam_tournament_champions" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_singles_finals" title="List of Grand Slam singles finals">Singles finals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_and_related_tennis_records" title="List of Grand Slam and related tennis records">Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional<br />tours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP_rankings" title="ATP rankings">ATP rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Tour" title="ATP Tour">ATP Tour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Masters_1000_tournaments" title="ATP Masters 1000 tournaments">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_500_tournaments" title="ATP 500 tournaments">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_250_tournaments" title="ATP 250 tournaments">250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Finals" title="ATP Finals">Finals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Tour" title="ATP Challenger Tour">ATP Challenger Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITF_Men%27s_World_Tennis_Tour" title="ITF Men's World Tennis Tour">ITF Men's World Tennis Tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTA_rankings" title="WTA rankings">WTA rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Tour" title="WTA Tour">WTA Tour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTA_1000_tournaments" title="WTA 1000 tournaments">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_500_tournaments" title="WTA 500 tournaments">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_250_tournaments" title="WTA 250 tournaments">250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Finals" title="WTA Finals">Finals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_125_tournaments" title="WTA 125 tournaments">WTA 125 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITF_Women%27s_World_Tennis_Tour" title="ITF Women's World Tennis Tour">ITF Women's World Tennis Tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Team_tennis" title="Team tennis">Team tennis</a><br />tournaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King_Cup" title="Billie Jean King Cup">Billie Jean King Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Cup" title="United Cup">United Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laver_Cup" title="Laver Cup">Laver Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopman_Cup" title="Hopman Cup">Hopman Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wightman_Cup" title="Wightman Cup">Wightman Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Cup" title="World Team Cup">World Team Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champions_Tennis_League" title="Champions Tennis League">Champions Tennis League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Premier_Tennis_League" title="International Premier Tennis League">International Premier Tennis League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_TeamTennis" title="World TeamTennis">World TeamTennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Cup" title="ATP Cup">ATP Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-sport<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Tennis at the Summer Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Wheelchair tennis at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="Tennis at the Summer Youth Olympics">Youth Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_World_University_Games" title="Tennis at the Summer World University Games">Universiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Tennis at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Island_Games" title="Tennis at the Island Games">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Mediterranean_Games" title="Tennis at the Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_African_Games" title="Tennis at the African Games">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Tennis at the Asian Games">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_SEA_Games" title="Tennis at the SEA Games">Southeast Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Pacific_Games" title="Tennis at the Pacific Games">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Tennis at the Pan American Games">Pan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_South_American_Games" title="Tennis at the South American Games">South American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governing bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">Association of Tennis Professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">Women's Tennis Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_ball.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/15px-Tennis_ball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/23px-Tennis_ball.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/30px-Tennis_ball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="263" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tennis" title="Portal:Tennis">Tennis portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tennis" title="Outline of tennis">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tennis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tennis">WikiCommons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Top_10_tennis_players_as_of_7_April_2025&#91;update&#93;Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_April_2025Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements392" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f5ebda; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Top_ten_tennis_players" title="Template:Top ten tennis players"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Top_ten_tennis_players" title="Template talk:Top ten tennis players"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Top_ten_tennis_players" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Top ten tennis players"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Top_10_tennis_players_as_of_7_April_2025&#91;update&#93;Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_April_2025Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements392" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World Top 10 tennis players as of 7 April 2025<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennis&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:#f3f3f3; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/ATP_rankings" title="ATP rankings">ATP singles</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#f3f3f3; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/ATP_rankings" title="ATP rankings">ATP doubles</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#f3f3f3; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/WTA_rankings" title="WTA rankings">WTA singles</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#f3f3f3; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/WTA_rankings" title="WTA rankings">WTA doubles</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left;width:25%;"><div> <div style="display: table; width: 100%"><div style="display: table-row"><div style="display: table-cell;"> <ol><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jannik_Sinner" title="Jannik Sinner">Jannik Sinner</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zverev" title="Alexander Zverev">Alexander Zverev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Alcaraz" title="Carlos Alcaraz">Carlos Alcaraz</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Fritz" title="Taylor Fritz">Taylor Fritz</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Novak_Djokovic" title="Novak Djokovic">Novak Djokovic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Draper" title="Jack Draper">Jack Draper</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Casper_Ruud" title="Casper Ruud">Casper Ruud</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stefanos_Tsitsipas" title="Stefanos Tsitsipas">Stefanos Tsitsipas</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/25px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/38px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/50px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Rublev" title="Andrey Rublev">Andrey Rublev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alex_de_Minaur" title="Alex de Minaur">Alex de Minaur</a></li></ol> </div></div></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:25%;"><div> <div style="display: table; width: 100%"><div style="display: table-row"><div style="display: table-cell;"> <ol> <li value="1"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/40px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/60px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Marcelo Arévalo">Marcelo Arévalo</a> </li><li value="1"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mate_Pavi%C4%87" title="Mate Pavić">Mate Pavić</a> </li><li value="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Harri_Heli%C3%B6vaara" title="Harri Heliövaara">Harri Heliövaara</a> </li><li value="4"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Patten" title="Henry Patten">Henry Patten</a> </li><li value="5"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Thompson_(tennis)" title="Jordan Thompson (tennis)">Jordan Thompson</a> </li><li value="6"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Simone_Bolelli" title="Simone Bolelli">Simone Bolelli</a> </li><li value="7"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Vavassori" title="Andrea Vavassori">Andrea Vavassori</a> </li><li value="8"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Krawietz" title="Kevin Krawietz">Kevin Krawietz</a> </li><li value="9"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tim_P%C3%BCtz" title="Tim Pütz">Tim Pütz</a> </li><li value="10"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Granollers" title="Marcel Granollers">Marcel Granollers</a> </li></ol> </div></div></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:25%;"><div> <div style="display: table; width: 100%"><div style="display: table-row"><div style="display: table-cell;"> <ol><li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/25px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/38px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/50px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aryna_Sabalenka" title="Aryna Sabalenka">Aryna Sabalenka</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iga_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tek" title="Iga Świątek">Iga Świątek</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pegula" title="Jessica Pegula">Jessica Pegula</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Coco_Gauff" title="Coco Gauff">Coco Gauff</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Madison_Keys" title="Madison Keys">Madison Keys</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jasmine_Paolini" title="Jasmine Paolini">Jasmine Paolini</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/25px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/38px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/50px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mirra_Andreeva" title="Mirra Andreeva">Mirra Andreeva</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qinwen" title="Zheng Qinwen">Zheng Qinwen</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paula_Badosa" title="Paula Badosa">Paula Badosa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elena_Rybakina" title="Elena Rybakina">Elena Rybakina</a></li></ol> </div></div></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:25%;"><div> <div style="display: table; width: 100%"><div style="display: table-row"><div style="display: table-cell;"> <ol> <li value="1"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kate%C5%99ina_Siniakov%C3%A1" title="Kateřina Siniaková">Kateřina Siniaková</a> </li><li value="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Townsend" title="Taylor Townsend">Taylor Townsend</a> </li><li value="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Erin_Routliffe" title="Erin Routliffe">Erin Routliffe</a> </li><li value="4"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Je%C4%BCena_Ostapenko" title="Jeļena Ostapenko">Jeļena Ostapenko</a> </li><li value="5"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Dabrowski" title="Gabriela Dabrowski">Gabriela Dabrowski</a> </li><li value="6"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sara_Errani" title="Sara Errani">Sara Errani</a> </li><li value="6"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jasmine_Paolini" title="Jasmine Paolini">Jasmine Paolini</a> </li><li value="8"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Asia_Muhammad" title="Asia Muhammad">Asia Muhammad</a> </li><li value="9"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lyudmyla_Kichenok" title="Lyudmyla Kichenok">Lyudmyla Kichenok</a> </li><li value="10"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei"><img alt="Chinese Taipei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_Games.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_Games.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_Games.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_Games.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hsieh_Su-wei" title="Hsieh Su-wei">Hsieh Su-wei</a> </li></ol> </div></div></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tennis_records_and_statistics572" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tennis_records_and_statistics" title="Template:Tennis records and statistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tennis_records_and_statistics" title="Template talk:Tennis records and statistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tennis_records_and_statistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tennis records and statistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tennis_records_and_statistics572" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tennis_records_and_statistics" title="Lists of tennis records and statistics">Tennis records and statistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_men%27s_singles_champions" title="List of Grand Slam men's singles champions">Men's champions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_list_of_men%27s_Grand_Slam_tennis_champions" title="Chronological list of men's Grand Slam tennis champions">Chronological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_women%27s_singles_champions" title="List of Grand Slam women's singles champions">Women's champions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_list_of_women%27s_Grand_Slam_tennis_champions" title="Chronological list of women's Grand Slam tennis champions">Chronological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_men%27s_singles_finals" title="List of Grand Slam men's singles finals">Men's finals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_women%27s_singles_finals" title="List of Grand Slam women's singles finals">Women's finals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam%E2%80%93related_tennis_records" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grand Slam–related tennis records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_singles_champions_in_Open_Era_with_age_of_first_title" title="List of Grand Slam singles champions in Open Era with age of first title">Age at first title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_singles_champions_by_country" title="List of Grand Slam singles champions by country">Champions by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Open_Era_Grand_Slam_champions_by_country" title="List of Open Era Grand Slam champions by country">Open Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_men%27s_wheelchair_tennis_champions#Wheelchair_men's_singles" title="List of men's wheelchair tennis champions">Wheelchair men's champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_wheelchair_tennis_champions#Wheelchair_women's_singles" title="List of women's wheelchair tennis champions">Wheelchair women's champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quad_wheelchair_tennis_champions#Wheelchair_quad_singles" title="List of quad wheelchair tennis champions">Wheelchair quad champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_boys%27_singles_champions" title="List of Grand Slam boys' singles champions">Boys' champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_girls%27_singles_champions" title="List of Grand Slam girls' singles champions">Girls' champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_performance_timeline_comparison_(men)" title="Tennis performance timeline comparison (men)">Men's timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_performance_timeline_comparison_(women)" title="Tennis performance timeline comparison (women)">Women's timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_performance_timeline_comparison_(women)_(1884%E2%80%931977)" title="Tennis performance timeline comparison (women) (1884–1977)">1884–1977</a></li></ul></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_singles_finalists_at_Grand_Slam_tennis_tournaments" title="List of British singles finalists at Grand Slam tennis tournaments">Finalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_British_performances_at_Wimbledon" title="Historical British performances at Wimbledon">Performances</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doubles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_men%27s_doubles_champions" title="List of Grand Slam men's doubles champions">Men's champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_women%27s_doubles_champions" title="List of Grand Slam women's doubles champions">Women's champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_mixed_doubles_champions" title="List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions">Mixed champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_men%27s_wheelchair_tennis_champions#Wheelchair_men's_doubles" title="List of men's wheelchair tennis champions">Wheelchair men's champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_wheelchair_tennis_champions#Wheelchair_women's_doubles" title="List of women's wheelchair tennis champions">Wheelchair women's champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quad_wheelchair_tennis_champions#Wheelchair_quad_doubles" title="List of quad wheelchair tennis champions">Wheelchair quad champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_boys%27_doubles_champions" title="List of Grand Slam boys' doubles champions">Boys' champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_girls%27_doubles_champions" title="List of Grand Slam girls' doubles champions">Girls' champions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Men's</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Era_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles" title="Open Era tennis records – Men's singles">Open Era records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-time_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles" title="All-time tennis records – Men's singles">All-time records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Tour_records" title="ATP Tour records">ATP records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Masters_Series_singles_records_and_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis Masters Series singles records and statistics">Masters records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ATP_Tour_top-level_tournament_singles_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ATP Tour top-level tournament singles champions">Top-level tournament champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_rankings" title="ATP rankings">Rankings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ATP_number_1_ranked_singles_tennis_players" title="List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players">ATP No. 1s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_number_1_ranked_male_tennis_players" title="World number 1 ranked male tennis players">All-time No. 1s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITF_World_Champions" title="ITF World Champions">ITF World Champions</a></li> <li>Top ten <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Top_ten_ranked_male_tennis_players_(1912%E2%80%931972)" title="Top ten ranked male tennis players (1912–1972)">1912–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_ten_ranked_male_tennis_players" title="Top ten ranked male tennis players">1973–present</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Finals" title="ATP Finals">ATP Finals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Finals#Past_finals" title="ATP Finals">Past finals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Finals_appearances" title="ATP Finals appearances">Appearances</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Awards" title="ATP Awards">ATP Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_male_players_statistics" title="Tennis male players statistics">Misc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_male_singles_tennis_players" title="List of male singles tennis players">List of players</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doubles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Tour_records" title="ATP Tour records">ATP records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_rankings#Doubles" title="ATP rankings">Rankings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ATP_number_1_ranked_doubles_tennis_players" title="List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players">ATP No. 1s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITF_World_Champions#Men's_doubles" title="ITF World Champions">ITF World Champions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Masters_Series_doubles_records_and_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis Masters Series doubles records and statistics">Masters records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ATP_Tour_top-level_tournament_doubles_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ATP Tour top-level tournament doubles champions">Top-level tournament champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_male_doubles_tennis_players" title="List of male doubles tennis players">List of players</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Women's</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Era_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles" title="Open Era tennis records – Women's singles">Open Era records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-time_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles" title="All-time tennis records – Women's singles">All-time records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Tour_records" title="WTA Tour records">WTA records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_1000_Series_singles_records_and_statistics" title="WTA 1000 Series singles records and statistics">WTA 1000 records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WTA_Tour_top-level_tournament_singles_champions" title="List of WTA Tour top-level tournament singles champions">Top-level tournament champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_rankings" title="WTA rankings">Rankings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WTA_number_1_ranked_singles_tennis_players" title="List of WTA number 1 ranked singles tennis players">WTA No. 1s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_number_1_ranked_female_tennis_players" title="World number 1 ranked female tennis players">All-time No. 1s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITF_World_Champions" title="ITF World Champions">ITF World Champions</a></li> <li>Top ten <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Top_ten_ranked_female_tennis_players_(1921%E2%80%931974)" title="Top ten ranked female tennis players (1921–1974)">1921–1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_ten_ranked_female_tennis_players" title="Top ten ranked female tennis players">1975–present</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Finals" title="WTA Finals">WTA Finals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Finals#List_of_finals" title="WTA Finals">Past finals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Finals_appearances" title="WTA Finals appearances">Appearances</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Awards" title="WTA Awards">WTA Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_tennis_players" title="List of female tennis players">List of players</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doubles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Tour_records" title="WTA Tour records">WTA records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_rankings#Doubles" title="WTA rankings">Rankings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WTA_number_1_ranked_doubles_tennis_players" title="List of WTA number 1 ranked doubles tennis players">WTA No. 1s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITF_World_Champions#Women's_doubles" title="ITF World Champions">ITF World Champions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_1000_Series_doubles_records_and_statistics" title="WTA 1000 Series doubles records and statistics">WTA 1000 records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WTA_Tour_top-level_tournament_doubles_champions" title="List of WTA Tour top-level tournament doubles champions">Top-level tournament champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_tennis_players" title="List of female tennis players">List of players</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_rivalries" title="List of tennis rivalries">Notable rivalries</a></li> <li>Open Era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_players_with_most_titles_in_the_Open_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis players with most titles in the Open Era">Titles leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_players_career_achievements" title="List of tennis players career achievements">Players' achievements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_ranked_tennis_players_per_country" title="List of highest ranked tennis players per country">Rankings by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_tennis" title="List of Olympic medalists in tennis">Olympic medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITF_rankings" title="ITF rankings">ITF rankings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Davis_Cup_champions" title="List of Davis Cup champions">Davis Cup champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Billie Jean King Cup champions">Billie Jean King Cup champions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Cup#Finals" title="ATP Cup">ATP Cup champions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_ball.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/15px-Tennis_ball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/23px-Tennis_ball.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/30px-Tennis_ball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="263" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tennis" title="Portal:Tennis">Tennis portal</a></b></li> <li>Matches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longest_tennis_match_records" title="Longest tennis match records">Longest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_tennis_match_records" title="Shortest tennis match records">Shortest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagel_(tennis)" title="Bagel (tennis)">Bagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_set" title="Golden set">Golden set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_tiebreaker_in_tennis" title="Longest tiebreaker in tennis">Tiebreaker</a></li></ul></li> <li>Serving <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fastest_recorded_tennis_serves" title="Fastest recorded tennis serves">Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ace_(tennis)" title="Ace (tennis)">Aces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fault_(tennis)" title="Double fault (tennis)">Double faults</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Marathon Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">Canoe slalom</a></li> <li><a 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