CINXE.COM
Oliver Kühn - Google Scholar
<!doctype html><html><head><title>Oliver Kühn - Google Scholar</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><link rel="canonical" href="https://scholar.google.de/citations?user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&hl=de"><meta name="description" content="University of Rostock - Cited by 11,655 - Institute of Physics"><meta property="og:description" content="University of Rostock - Cited by 11,655 - Institute of Physics"><meta property="og:title" content="Oliver Kühn"><meta property="og:image" content="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citpid=3"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:320px;}#gs_top.gs_nscl{position:fixed;width:100%;}body,td,input,button{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24;}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:underline}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_el_tc a:hover,.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_pfcs a:focus,.gs_pfcs button:focus,.gs_pfcs input:focus,.gs_pfcs label:focus{outline:none}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-radius:2px;}.gs_alrt:empty{display:none;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);background-position:-23px -161px;background-size:169px;width:21px;height:21px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_ico,.gs_icm{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);}}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}.gs_sth_g{visibility:hidden;max-height:0;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g{max-height:1000px;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b{position:fixed;top:0;}.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b{position:absolute;top:auto;}@keyframes gs_anm_spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}.gs_invis{visibility:hidden;}.gs_rimg{display:block;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1;}.gs_rimg>img{position:absolute;margin:auto;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;}.gs_in_txtw{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_in_txtb{display:block;}.gs_in_txt{color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box;height:29px;line-height:23px;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top-color:#c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt{font-size:18px;}.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;padding:3px 12px 1px 12px;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border-color:#b9b9b9;border-top-color:#a0a0a0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt{border-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border-color:#4d90fe;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.gs_in_txt:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{font-size:13px;height:24px;line-height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:12px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{height:29px;line-height:21px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;}.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt{height:41px;padding:9px 43px;}.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:20.5px;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#666;}.gs_in_txts:not(:empty){margin-top:2px;}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts{color:#dd4b39;}button{position:relative;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;height:29px;line-height:normal;min-width:72px;padding:0 8px;color:#444;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:3px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:14px;padding:0 12px;}button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:4px;}button.gs_btn_lrge{height:41px;min-width:82px;padding:0 9px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym{padding-left:5px;padding-right:8px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:20px;padding:0 16px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:10px;}button.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:14.5px;min-width:29px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:20.5px;min-width:41px;}button.gs_btn_mini{padding:0;border:0;}.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta{height:41px;}button .gs_wr{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before{content:"";width:0;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before,button .gs_ico,button .gs_rdt,button .gs_lbl,button .gs_icm{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}button .gs_wr{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;}.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr{font-size:15px;}.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr{font-size:13px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph{min-width:41px;}.gs_btn_slt{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}button.gs_sel{background-color:#dcdcdc;}button:active{z-index:2;background-color:#f1f1f1;}button:focus{z-index:2;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring{outline:none}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:6px 0 7px 0;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_lrge{height:40px;padding:0;}a.gs_in_bgcw{min-width:41px;}a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before{position:absolute;content:"";height:29px;width:29px;top:6px;left:6px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgb(0,0,0,.4);border-radius:50%;}a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;}a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before{background-color:#fff;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;color:#222;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:29px;}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:4px;}a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl{color:#d14836;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{display:none;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:3px;left:0;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico{top:10px;left:16px;}a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico{top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_rdt{position:relative;width:0;height:21px;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt{left:21px;}.gs_rdt:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1px;right:0;width:5px;height:5px;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;background-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_notf{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-left:8px;width:16px;line-height:16px;background-color:#d14836;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;text-align:center;font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_notf:empty{display:none;}.gs_ind .gs_notf{text-indent:0;}button.gs_btn_flat{border-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_olact{color:#4d90fe;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_flat:hover,button.gs_btn_olact:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}button.gs_btn_flat:active,button.gs_btn_olact:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact{color:#1a0dab;}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;background-color:#4d90fe;}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#3983fe;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{background-color:#2f6bcc;}button.gs_btn_act:active{background-color:#357ae8;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;background-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#c53727;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{background-color:#992b1e;}button.gs_btn_cre:active{background-color:#b0281a;}button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active{border:none;background:transparent;}button:disabled,button:disabled:hover,button:disabled:active{cursor:default;color:#b8b8b8;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);background-color:transparent;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_flat:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_act:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#e8a49b;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl{color:#b8b8b8;text-decoration:none}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp{transition:none;visibility:hidden;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp{top:75%;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#595959;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:4px 6px;background:#595959;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_press,.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-right:14px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-5.5px;right:0;width:7px;height:11px;background-position:-21px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm{opacity:1;}.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.28;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none;}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:0 -110px;}.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:-42px -44px;opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:21px;height:21px;background-position:-92px -253px;}button .gs_bs{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin-top:-10px;margin-left:-10px;box-sizing:border-box;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid #eee;border-top-color:#4d90fe;visibility:hidden;animation:gs_anm_spin .8s linear infinite;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{visibility:visible;transition:visibility 0s .4s;}.gs_md_d{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100;text-align:left;visibility:hidden;max-height:0;margin-top:-1000px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s,visibility 0s .13s,max-height 0s .13s,margin-top 0s .13s;}.gs_md_d.gs_vis{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;margin-top:0;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d{transform-origin:100% 0;transform:scale(1,0);transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s,visibility 0s .218s,max-height 0s .218s,margin-top 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi{transform-origin:50% 50%;transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr{transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:scale(1,1);transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_r{position:relative;display:inline-block;}.gs_md_rmb>.gs_md_d{top:29px}.gs_md_rmbl>.gs_md_d{top:41px}.gs_md_ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb{display:block;}.gs_md_li,.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;position:relative;z-index:0;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 16px 8px 16px;}.gs_md_li:before{content:"";background-color:#f1f1f1;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s;z-index:-1;}.gs_md_li:hover:before,.gs_md_li:focus:before{opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl{color:#222}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444}.gs_md_li:active:before{background-color:#ddd}.gs_md_li.gs_sel,a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl{color:#d14836}.gs_md_d:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding:0 0 0 40px;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover{cursor:pointer;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;opacity:0;z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_in_ra_lrge{font-size:15px;}.gs_in_cb label:empty:before,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before,.gs_in_ra label:empty:before{content:"\200b";}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cbb,.gs_in_cbb label,.gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl{display:block;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#c6c6c6;}.gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:1px dotted #222;}.gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:none;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background-color:#ebebeb;}button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#a6a6a6;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx,button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1;top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:11px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;opacity:.62;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{background-color:#666}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;opacity:.55;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);background-size:169px;}}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{opacity:.22}.gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-color:#f1f1f1}.gs_ico_x{background-position:-113px -22px;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_x:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_x:active{opacity:1;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-71px 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_X:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_X:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnX .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt{background-origin:content-box;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_ico_P{background-position:0 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_P:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_P:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnP .gs_ico{background-position:-21px 0;}.gs_btnC .gs_ico{background-position:0 -66px;}.gs_btnL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -44px;}.gs_ico_LB{background-position:-50px -44px;height:16px;}.gs_btnJ .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -22px;}.gs_btnM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px 0;}.gs_btnMW .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -22px;}.gs_btnSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -44px;}.gs_btnTSB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -253px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -66px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_btnPLW .gs_ico{background-position:-0 -230px;}.gs_btnPRW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -230px;}.gs_btnZI .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -22px;}.gs_btnZO .gs_ico{background-position:-127px -44px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:-134px 0;}.gs_btnFI .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -66px;}.gs_btnAD .gs_ico{background-position:-141px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnAD :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -22px;}.gs_btnADD .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -66px;}.gs_btnMRG .gs_ico{background-position:-113px 0;}.gs_btnLBL .gs_ico{background-position:0 -161px;}.gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_btnDWL .gs_ico{background-position:-28px -88px;}.gs_btnMNU .gs_ico{background-position:0 -88px;}.gs_btnMNT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -161px;}.gs_btnALT .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -161px;}.gs_btnART .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -161px;}.gs_btnGSL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -161px;}.gs_btnCLS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -161px;}.gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -253px;}.gs_btnSSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -276px;}.gs_btnSSW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -276px;}.gs_btnFLT .gs_ico{background-position:0 -184px;}.gs_btnXT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -184px;}.gs_btnPD .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -184px;}.gs_btnPU .gs_ico {background-position:-92px -276px;}.gs_btnCP .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -184px;}.gs_btnTP .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -184px;}.gs_btnML .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -276px;}.gs_btnCHK .gs_ico{background-position:-71px -66px;}.gs_btnDNB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -230px;}.gs_btnDNW .gs_ico{background-position:0 -207px;}.gs_btnACA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -207px;}.gs_btnAPT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -207px;}.gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -230px;}.gs_btnAFL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -207px;}.gs_btnAN .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -276px;}.gs_btnAI .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -276px;}.gs_btnPBL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -207px;}.gs_btnUCT .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -207px;}.gs_btnVRF .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -207px;}.gs_btnLSI .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -230px;}.gs_btnLSG .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -230px;}.gs_btnMOR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -253px;}.gs_btnADV .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -253px;}.gs_btnPRO .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -253px;}.gs_ico_star{background-position:-71px -44px;width:13px;height:13px;}.gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -230px;}.gs_btnPDF .gs_ico{background-position:0 -253px;}.gs_btnS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -276px;}.gs_btnUNS .gs_ico{background-position:0 -299px;}.gs_btnMORR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -299px;}.gs_btnTW .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -299px;}.gs_btnIN .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -299px;}.gs_btnFB .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -299px;}.gs_btnET .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -299px;}.gs_btnARC .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -299px;}.gs_btnOL .gs_ico{background-position:0px -322px;}.gs_btnFA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -322px;}.gs_btnFAD .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -322px;}.gs_btnHP .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -322px;}.gs_btnPLM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -322px;}.gs_btnPRM .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -322px;}.gs_btnRN .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -322px;}.gs_btnVF .gs_ico{background-position:0px -345px;}.gs_btnVP .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -345px;}.gs_btnSRT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -345px;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}#gs_hdr_drw{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:1200;visibility:hidden;overflow:auto;width:228px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;transform:translate(-100%,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw{transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;}#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt,#gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt{transition:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_in{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in{padding:0 0 65px 0;}#gs_hdr_drw_top{position:relative;height:63px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu{left:0;width:55px;}#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{left:56px;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:65px;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before{opacity:0;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:14px;left:15px;pointer-events:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;height:63px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md,#gs_hdr_sre,#gs_hdr_act{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}#gs_hdr_md{flex:1 1 auto;}#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo{display:inline-block;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_sre{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{width:149px;background:no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;background-size:149px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{background-image:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');}}#gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:31px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:0;}#gs_hdr_lgt{min-width:164px;margin-right:16px;}#gs_hdr_lgt:empty{display:none;}#gs_hdr_md{margin-right:16px;min-width:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md h1{padding:19px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:20px;line-height:25px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;max-width:100%;text-align:left;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1{padding:16px 0 0 0;}#gs_hdr_srch{padding:14px 0 0 0;max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch{padding:10px 0 0 0;max-width:none;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;padding-right:39px;}#gs_hdr_tsi{height:38px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}#gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsc{display:none;position:absolute;top:3px;right:41px;width:21px;height:21px;padding:6px 10px 7px 10px;}.gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"]~#gs_hdr_tsc{right:auto;left:1px;}#gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:40px;height:38px;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}#gs_hdr_frm_ac{top:37px;right:40px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac{right:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"]{padding-right:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"]{padding-left:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw~#gs_hdr_tsc{display:block;}#gs_hdr_act{min-width:64px;max-width:200px;text-align:right;float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act{display:none;}#gs_hdr_act_i,#gs_hdr_act_s{display:inline-block;padding:23px 24px 23px 16px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;color:#444;}#gs_hdr_act_s{text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:23px 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:20px 16px;}#gs_hdr_act_i:active,#gs_hdr_act_s:active{color:#d14836;}#gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp{vertical-align:top;}#gs_hdr_act_d{top:63px;left:auto;right:24px;min-width:288px;max-width:400px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d{right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;min-width:280px;max-width:280px;max-width:90vw;}/* Account dialog body. */#gs_hdr_act_aw,#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am,#gs_hdr_act_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}#gs_hdr_act_aw{background-color:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:10px;}#gs_hdr_act_apb{margin-top:12px;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:link,#gs_hdr_act_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_hdr_act_am:link,.gs_hdr_act_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_hdr_act_am:hover,.gs_hdr_act_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_hdr_act_am:active{background:#eee;}#gs_hdr_act_ab{background:#fbfbfb;padding:10px 0;display:table;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_hdr_act_aba,#gs_hdr_act_abs{display:table-cell;padding:0 20px;}#gs_hdr_act_abs{text-align:right;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs{display:block;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button{width:100%;}#gs_hdr_act_a1,#gs_hdr_act_a2{position:absolute;top:-9px;right:7.5px;width:0;height:0;z-index:1;border:8.5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#333;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);}#gs_hdr_act_a2{top:-8px;border-bottom-color:#fff;}.gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2{border-bottom-color:#fef9db;}.gs_hdr_pp{border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp,.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp{float:left;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm{margin-left:116px;}.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm{margin:6px 0 0 58px;}#gs_ab{position:relative;height:41px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#fff;z-index:1000;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph{display:none;}.gs_sth_vis #gs_ab{position:fixed;}#gs_ab_ico,#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_md,#gs_ab_btns{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:block;}#gs_ab_ico{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_ab_ico .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}#gs_ab_ttl{min-width:172px;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:68px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:0;}#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_ttll{font-size:18px;color:#666;text-transform:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll{font-size:16px;}#gs_ab_ttll{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;max-width:200px;}#gs_ab_md{flex:1 0 auto;}.gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;padding:0 8px;color:#999;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{visibility:hidden;padding:0;}#gs_ab_btns{margin-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:4px;}#gs_ab_ttl:before,#gs_ab_md:before,#gs_ab_btns:before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab_md>button,#gs_ab_btns>button,#gs_ab_md>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_md>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 8px;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,.gs_ab_btw{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib{margin:0 16px 0 8px;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 12px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns{display:none;}#gs_bdy{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gs_bdy_sb{vertical-align:top;width:228px;word-wrap:break-word;display:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 40px 0 56px;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;margin:13px 0;border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin:21px 0 0 0;border:none;}#gs_bdy_sb ul{list-style-type:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind,.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,#gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0;}#gs_bdy_ccl{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;padding:0 24px 0 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0;}#gs_ftr_sp{height:62px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp{height:57px;}#gs_ftr{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;border-top:1px solid #e4e4e4;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:flex;}#gs_ftr.gs_pfix{position:fixed;}#gs_ftr_rt{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin-left:auto;padding:0 12px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after{content:" ";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:16px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(242,242,242,0),rgba(242,242,242,1) 80%);}#gs_ftr_rt>a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:12px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt>a{padding:12px 8px;}#gs_ftr_rt>a:link,#gs_ftr_rt>a:visited{color:#666}#gs_ftr_rt>a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_ftr_mnu{top:auto;bottom:48px;left:auto;right:24px;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_mnu{right:16px;}#gsc_a_t{width:100%;table-layout:fixed;}#gsc_a_tr0,#gsc_a_trh{box-sizing:border-box;}#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_x,#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_t,#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_c,#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_y{height:0;}#gsc_a_trh{z-index:700;background-color:#f5f5f5;height:42px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_a_trh,.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_trh,.gs_el_ta #gsc_a_t td,.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_t td{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_x,#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_t,#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_c,#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_y{box-sizing:border-box;text-transform:uppercase;vertical-align:middle;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;}#gsc_x_all{z-index:1;}.gsc_a_x,.gsc_a_t,.gsc_a_c,.gsc_a_y,.gsc_a_e{font-weight:normal;padding:16px 16px 0 16px;vertical-align:top;text-align:right;}.gsc_a_c{padding:16px 8px 0 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_x,.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_t,.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_c{padding:12px 8px 0 8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_x,.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_t,.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_c,.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_x,.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_t,.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_c{padding:12px 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_y{padding:12px 8px 0 8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_y{padding-bottom:12px;}.gsc_a_x{width:41px;padding:4px 0 0 0;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_x{padding:0;}.gsc_a_t{text-align:left;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_t{padding-left:16px;}#gsc_a_ta{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_ta{display:none}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_c{padding-right:16px;}th.gsc_a_c{width:64px;white-space:nowrap;}.gsc_art_sel #gsc_a_ta,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_a_ca,.gsc_art_sel .gsc_a_h{display:none;}.gsc_a_ac,.gsc_a_hc{margin-top:3px;}th.gsc_a_y{width:88px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm th.gsc_a_y{width:58px;}.gs_el_ph th.gsc_a_y,.gs_el_ph td.gsc_a_y{width:0;padding:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_h{display:none}@media print{#gs_top th.gsc_a_y{width:58pt;}#gs_top #gsc_a_tr0{display:none}#gs_top #gsc_a_trh{position:static}}.gsc_a_e{padding:16px;text-align:center;}.gsc_a_a{padding:8px 0}.gsc_a_at{padding:8px 0;font-size:16px}a.gsc_a_acm{text-decoration:line-through;}a.gsc_a_acm:hover,a.gs_a_acm:active{text-decoration:underline;}.gsc_a_m{position:absolute;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_m{display:block;position:static;}.gsc_a_am{font-size:24px;position:absolute;top:-18px;left:-2px;padding:8px 12px 4px 8px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_am{display:inline-block;position:static;padding:6px 16px;margin-bottom:-6px;}#gsc_a_sp{visibility:hidden;}#gsc_a_sp.gs_vis{visibility:visible;padding:16px 0;height:25px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gsc_a_sp:after{display:block;height:100%;content:" ";background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat 50% 50%;opacity:0;}#gsc_a_sp.gs_vis:after{opacity:1;transition:opacity 0s .4s;}#gsc_a_err{display:none;padding:28px 0;}#gsc_a_err.gs_vis{display:block;}#gsc_md_iad{width:800px;max-width:94%;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_iad{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gsc_md_iad .gs_md_prg{min-height:400px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iads_res .gs_md_prg{margin:0 16px;}#gsc_iad_tart,.gsc_iad_tsel.gsc_iad_tart #gsc_iad_tart,.gsc_iad_tart #gsc_iad_tgrp,.gsc_iad_tsel #gsc_iad_tgrp,#gsc_iad_tsel,#gsc_napb_hdr #gsc_iad_tart,#gsc_napb_hdr #gsc_iad_tgrp{display:none;}#gsc_iad_tgrp,.gsc_iad_tart #gsc_iad_tart,.gsc_iad_tsel #gsc_iad_tsel,#gsc_napb_hdr #gsc_iad_tsel{display:inline-block;}#gsc_iad_t:not(.gsc_iad_tsel) #gsc_iad_tsel{pointer-events:none;color:#b5b5b5;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_napb #gsc_iads_frm{margin:0 16px;}#gsc_iads_res{position:relative;margin:16px 0;min-height:80px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_iad #gsc_iads_res{margin:8px -16px 16px -16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_napb #gsc_iads_pp{margin-right:16px;}#gsc_iads_btns{height:38px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iads_btns{margin-top:16px;}a.gsc_iads_btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;height:38px;padding:0 12px;color:#777;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_iads_btn{padding:0 16px;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_sel{border-bottom:2px solid #4d90fe;color:#222;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none;color:#b8b8b8;}.gsc_iads_btn:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#444;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gsc_iads_btn:active{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gsc_iads_btn .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}a.gsc_iads_btn:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_sel .gs_ico,a.gsc_iads_btn:active .gs_ico{opacity:1;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gsc_iads_btn_lbl{padding-left:10px;margin-bottom:-2px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb,#gsc_iadb_hdr_instr{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;height:41px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb{width:41px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty{width:0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty{width:16px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_instr{font-size:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iadb_hdr_instr{padding-right:16px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty,.gs_el_ph #gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty,#gsc_iadb_hdr_instr:empty{height:0;}.gsc_oic{position:relative;}.gsc_oic_cb{font-weight:normal;border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;background-color:#fcfcfc;padding-right:16px;}.gsc_oict{display:block;overflow:hidden;}.gsc_oict_name{display:block;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;word-wrap:break-word;}.gsc_oict_inf{display:block;float:right;margin-left:16px;white-space:nowrap;}.gsc_oict_all,.gsc_oict_prf{font-size:13px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;}.gsc_oict_all[data-a]{color:#1a0dab;cursor:pointer;}.gsc_oict_all[data-a]:hover{text-decoration:underline;}.gsc_oict_all[data-a]:active{color:#d14836;}.gsc_oict_prf{padding-left:8px;margin-left:8px;border-left:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gsc_oict_prf:empty{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oict_all,.gs_el_ph .gsc_oict_prf{float:right;clear:both;margin:0;padding:0;border:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oict_prf{margin-top:2px;}.gsc_oic_res{margin:8px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oic_res{margin-right:16px;}.gsc_oic_res h4{font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;}.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_name,.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_all,.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_prf{color:#777;}.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oict_all[data-a]{color:#1a0dab;opacity:.66;}.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_res{opacity:.5;}.gsc_iadb_art{border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;overflow:hidden;}.gsc_iadb_art_cb{float:left;}.gsc_iadb_art_added{float:right;margin:12px;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#777;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_iadb_art_added{display:block;float:none;text-align:right;margin:8px 16px;}.gsc_iadb_art_added:empty{display:none;}.gsc_iadb_art_body{margin:12px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_iadb_art_body{margin:12px 16px 12px 41px;}.gsc_iadb_art_body h3{font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;}.gsc_iadb_art_dis .gsc_iadb_art_body{opacity:.5;}#gsc_md_mopt,#gsc_md_cbyd,#gsc_md_cbym{width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_md_mopt,.gs_el_ta #gsc_md_cbyd,.gs_el_ta #gsc_md_cbym{width:500px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_mopt,.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_cbyd,.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_cbym{width:100%;}.gsc_mob_art{vertical-align:top;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_mob_art>.gs_in_ra{margin-top:-8px;}.gsc_mob_cby{vertical-align:top;text-align:right;padding:8px 12px;position:relative;}.gsc_mob_ttl,.gsc_mob_pub{display:block;}.gsc_mob_pub{color:#666;}.gsc_mob_cbym{text-decoration:line-through}.gsc_mob_cbm{font-size:24px;position:absolute;padding:4px 0 0 4px;line-height:16px;}.gs_fsvg line{stroke:#222222}a:link .gs_fsvg{fill:#1a0dab;}a:link .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#1a0dab;}a:visited .gs_fsvg{fill:#660099;}a:visited .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#660099;}a:active .gs_fsvg{fill:#d14836;}a:active .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#d14836;}a .gs_fsvg{border-bottom:1px solid transparent;}a:hover .gs_fsvg,a:focus .gs_fsvg{border-bottom-color:inherit;}.gs_fsml{font-size:13px}.gs_fscp{font-variant:small-caps}.gsh_clim{display:table-row}.gsh_clil,.gsh_clic{display:table-cell;padding-bottom:8px}.gsh_clil{padding-right:8px;}.gsh_lla{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.gsh_lua{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.gsh_llr{list-style-type:lower-roman}.gsh_lur{list-style-type:upper-roman}.gsh_l>li{margin-left:32px;}.gs_fma .gsh_l>li{margin-left:16px;}.gsh_h3{font-size:inherit;font-weight:normal}.gsh_h3,.gsh_csp{margin:16px 0}.gsh_h3+.gsh_csp{margin-top:-8px}.gs_fma .gsh_h3{margin:12px 0 0 0;font-size:15px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_fma_abs .gsh_csp{margin:0 0 12px 0;}.gs_fma b,.gs_fma .gsh_h3{color:#444;}.gs_fma .gsh_h3+.gsh_csp{margin:4px 0 0 0;}.gs_fma .gsh_csp:last-child,.gs_fma .gsh_h3.gsh_flh{margin:0;}.gs_fma ul .gsh_clim:last-child .gsh_clic{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_fma ul,.gs_fma ol{margin:12px 0;}.gsh_ovln{text-decoration:overline}.gsh_small .gsh_l .gsh_csp{margin:8px 0}.gsh_small .gsh_csp:first-child,.gsh_small .gsh_h3.gsh_flh{margin-top:0}.gsh_small .gsh_csp:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.gsh_dspfr{text-align:center}.gsh_dspfr svg{margin:8px 0}.gs_pp_tn,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_tn,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_tn{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_pp_sm,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_sm,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_sm{width:56px;height:56px;}.gs_pp_nm,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_nm,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_nm{width:128px;height:128px;}.gs_ai_pho{float:left;}.gs_ai_t{margin-left:72px;}.gs_ai_pho_pst+.gs_ai_t{margin-left:48px;}.gs_ai_t.gs_ai_pss{margin-left:64px;}.gs_ai_pho_pst+.gs_ai_t.gs_ai_pss{margin-left:40px;}.gs_ai_name{font-size:17px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_ai_name a{padding:6px 0 4px 0;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb{font-size:15px;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:link,.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:visited{padding:7px 0 5px 0; color:#222;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_ai_on{margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_ai_on_lbl{color:#777;}.gs_ai_int{margin-top:5px;}.gs_ai_eml:empty,.gs_ai_int:empty,.gs_ai_cby:empty{display:none;}.gs_ai_one_int{vertical-align:top;font-size:13px;margin-right:8px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;max-width:200px;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;}.gs_el_tc a.gs_ai_one_int{padding:8px 0 5px 0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_eml,.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_cby{margin-top:8px;}.gs_ai_ilnl .gs_ai_int,.gs_ai_ilnl .gs_ai_cby{margin-top:8px;color:#666;}.gs_ai.gs_ai_chpr{position:relative;}.gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:276px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:156px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:0;}.gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{position:absolute;top:4px;right:0;text-align:right;}.gs_el_sm .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby,.gs_el_ta .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{width:132px;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{text-align:left;position:static;width:auto;}#gsc_bdy{position:relative;max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_bdy,.gs_el_ta #gsc_bdy{display:flex;flex-flow:column;}.gsc_lcl{position:relative;margin:0 350px 0 0;order:3;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_lcl{margin-right:334px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_lcl,.gs_el_ph .gsc_lcl{margin:0;}#gsc_prf_t_wrp{position:relative;order:2;overflow:hidden;}.gs_el_tc #gsc_prf_t_wrp:after{display:block;content:"";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:0;right:0;width:12px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(247,247,247,0),rgba(247,247,247,1) 80%);}#gsc_prf_t{width:100%;background-color:#f5f5f5;display:none;white-space:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;padding:0 4px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_prf_t,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_t{display:block;}#gsc_prf_t:after{content:"\00A0";padding:0 4px;}.gsc_prf_tab,.gsc_prf_tab:link{font-size:13px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:13px 12px;display:inline-block;color:#666;cursor:pointer;}.gsc_prf_tab:hover{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.gsc_prf_tab:active{color:#4d90fe;}.gsc_prf_tab[aria-selected="true"]{border-bottom:2px solid #4d90fe;color:#0461f9;cursor:default;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_art,.gs_el_ph #gsc_art,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_cit,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_cit,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_mnd,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_mnd,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_awd,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_awd,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_co,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_co{display:none;}#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-art"] #gsc_art,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-cit"] #gsc_rsb_cit,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-mnd"] #gsc_rsb_mnd,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-awd"] #gsc_rsb_awd,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-ath"] #gsc_rsb_co{display:block;}.gsc_rsb{float:right;width:317px;order:4;border-left:1px solid #eee;margin-top:32px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb{margin-top:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb{float:none;width:auto;border:none;margin:0;}.gsc_rsb_s{margin:0 0 48px 16px;position:relative;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_s{margin:0 0 32px 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_s,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_s{margin:0;}.gsc_rsb_s:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.gsc_rsb_header{padding:8px 8px 12px 8px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;font-weight:normal;font-size:15px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_header{padding:4px 8px 9px 8px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_header,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_header{display:none;}.gsc_rsb_action{position:absolute;top:-3px;right:-2px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_action{top:-8px;}.gsc_rsb_tap{display:block;position:absolute;right:2px;top:12px;opacity:.5;z-index:1;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_tap,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_tap{top:24px;right:10px;}.gsc_rsb_hm{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;padding:3px 6px;}#gsc_rsb_gpl{display:block;margin-top:3px;padding:6px 16px;line-height:15px;color:#0461f9;border:1px solid #4d90fe;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_rsb_gpl{margin-top:0;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_gpl,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_gpl{display:none;}#gsc_rsb_st{width:100%;}.gsc_rsb_std{text-align:right;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_std,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_std{padding-right:16px;}.gsc_rsb_sc1{text-align:left;padding:2px 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_sc1{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_sc1,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_sc1{padding:4px 16px;}.gsc_rsb_sth{font-weight:normal;padding:8px 8px 8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;text-align:right;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_sth{padding:4px 8px 4px 0;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_sth,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_sth{padding:16px 16px 16px 0;}#gsc_rsb_st tbody:before,#gsc_rsb_st tbody:after{content:'';display:block;height:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_rsb_st tbody:before,.gs_el_sm #gsc_rsb_st tbody:after{height:4px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_hist_opn,.gs_el_ta #gsc_hist_opn{display:none;}.gsc_rsb_f{max-width:118px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_f{max-width:none;}.gsc_rsb_f:link,.gsc_rsb_f:visited{color:#222;}.gsc_rsb_m_na{color:#dd4b39;}.gsc_rsb_m_a{color:#006621;float:right;position:relative;}.gsc_rsb_m_bar{width:100%;height:4px;margin:8px 0 8px 0;background:#006621;}.gsc_rsb_m_bar_na{background:#dd4b39;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1;}.gsc_rsb_m{padding:8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_m,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_m{padding:8px 16px;}.gsc_rsb_m_desc{padding-top:16px;color:#777;}.gsc_rsb_m_s{font-size:24px;position:absolute;line-height:0.3;}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk{text-transform:uppercase;margin-left:16px;margin-right:-9px;text-align:right;font-size:13px;padding:12px 9px;border-radius:3px;}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:hover,#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:active,#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:visited{text-decoration:none;color:#1a0dab;}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gsc_rsb_m_title{padding-bottom:12px;}.gsc_rsb_m_header{display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_m_header{padding:0 8px;}.gsc_rsb_hmv{text-align:center;padding-top:16px;}.gsc_rsb_a{list-style:none;}.gsc_rsb_a>li{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a>li,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a>li{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gsc_rsb_a>li:first-child{margin-top:8px;}.gsc_rsb_a_pht{float:left;width:32px;height:32px;}.gsc_rsb_a_desc{margin:0 33px 0 48px;min-height:32px;display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a_desc,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a_desc{margin:0 33px 0 64px;min-height:56px;}.gsc_rsb_a_desc a{color:#222;}.gsc_rsb_a_ext{display:block;color:#777;font-size:13px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a_ext,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a_ext{white-space:normal;}.gsc_rsb_a_ext2{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a_ext2,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a_ext2{display:block;}.gsc_rsb_aa{display:block;padding:8px;line-height:normal;cursor:pointer;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_aa,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_aa{font-size:17px;padding:12px 16px;}.gsc_rsb_aa:hover,.gsc_rsb_aa:active{text-decoration:none;background:#f1f1f1;}.gsc_rsb_aa a:hover{text-decoration:none;}#gsc_prf_w{order:1;padding:32px 0;overflow:hidden;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_w{padding:16px 0;}#gsc_prf_pu{float:left;width:128px;height:128px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_pu{float:none;width:100%;margin:0 0 12px 0;}#gsc_prf_pua{line-height:0;width:128px;height:128px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_pua{margin:0 16px;}#gsc_prf_pufi{width:0;height:0;overflow:hidden;}.gsc_prf_pufo #gsc_prf_pufi{width:auto;height:auto;overflow:visible;position:relative;z-index:10;}.gsc_prf_pufo #gsc_prf_pufi2{display:inline-block;background:#fcfcfc;padding:8px 8px 8px 0;}.gsc_prf_puic{position:absolute;bottom:0;width:100%;padding:8px 0;background-color:#000;opacity:.6;}.gsc_prf_pel{cursor:pointer;}#gsc_prf_i{margin:0 16px 0 160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_i{margin:0 16px 0 144px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_i{margin:0 16px;}a.gsc_prf_btn{position:relative;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;height:29px;line-height:normal;text-align:center;padding:0 8px;color:#444;font-weight:normal;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}a.gsc_prf_btn:before{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:-1;content:"";border-radius:3px;}.gsc_prf_btn .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gsc_prf_btn:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gsc_prf_btn_act .gs_ico,.gsc_prf_btn_act:hover .gs_ico,.gsc_prf_btn:active .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gsc_prf_btn_lbl{padding:0 4px;}a.gsc_prf_btn:hover{text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;color:#222;}a.gsc_prf_btn:hover:before,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne:hover:before{border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}a.gsc_prf_btn:active:before,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne:active:before{background-color:#f1f1f1;color:#222;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn_lbl{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn,#gsc_prf_btne{justify-content:center;height:41px;width:41px;padding:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne{position:absolute;right:8px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn:before{border-radius:50%;top:2px;bottom:2px;left:2px;right:2px;}#gsc_prf_btne{vertical-align:top;margin:-9px 4px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne{top:14px;}#gsc_prf_btne.gsc_prf_btn:before{background:transparent;border:transparent;}#gsc_prf_btne.gsc_prf_btn:hover:before{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}#gsc_prf_btne.gsc_prf_btn:active:before{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}#gsc_prf_btnf{float:right;margin:3px 0 16px 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_btnf{margin-top:0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btnf{float:none;top:62px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btnf.gsc_prf_btn_top{top:14px;}.gsc_prf_btn:before,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gsc_prf_btn.gsc_prf_btn_act:before{background-color:#4d90fe;}.gsc_prf_btn_act .gsc_prf_btn_lbl{color:#fff;}.gsc_prf_btn.gsc_prf_btn_act:hover:before{background-color:#3983fe;}.gsc_prf_btn.gsc_prf_btn_act:active:before{background-color:#357ae8;}#gsc_prf_inw{margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_inw{margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_inw{margin-bottom:2px;}#gsc_prf_in{font-size:24px;line-height:24px;padding:3px 0 4px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_in{font-size:22px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_in{font-size:20px;padding:0;}#gsc_prf_ion{line-height:19px;padding:1px 0;}#gsc_prf_ion{padding-bottom:4px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_ion{padding-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_ion{padding:0;padding-bottom:10px;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn,#gs_prf_ion_txt{vertical-align:top;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn{padding:12px 0;}#gsc_prf_ion_lbl{color:#777;}.gs_prf_ion_svg{height:8px;width:4px;padding:0 4px;fill:#777;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn:hover #gsc_prf_ion_lbl{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn:active #gsc_prf_ion_lbl{color:#222;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn:active .gs_prf_ion_svg{fill:#222;}#gs_prf_ion_txt{padding-left:4px;visibility:hidden;font-size:0;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,font-size 0s .13s,opacity .13s}.gs_el_tc #gs_prf_ion_txt{transition:visibility 0s .218s,font-size 0s .218s,opacity .218s}.gs_prf_ion_show #gs_prf_ion_txt{visibility:visible;font-size:15px;opacity:1;transition:visibility 0s,font-size 0s,opacity .13s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_prf_ion_show #gs_prf_ion_txt{transition:visibility 0s,font-size 0s,opacity .218s;}.gs_prf_ion_svg{transition:transform .13s;transform:rotate(0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_prf_ion_svg{transition:transform .218s;}.gs_prf_ion_show .gs_prf_ion_svg{transform:rotate(180deg);}.gsc_prf_il{font-size:15px;line-height:18px;padding:1px 0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_il{font-size:13px;line-height:16px;}.gsc_prf_ila:link,.gsc_prf_ila:visited{text-decoration:underline;color:#222;}#gsc_prf_int{margin-top:5px;}#gsc_prf_int:empty{display:none;}.gsc_prf_inta{margin-right:16px;white-space:nowrap;max-width:200px;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:top;}.gsc_prf_inta:last-child{margin:0}.gs_el_tc .gsc_prf_ila,.gs_el_tc .gsc_prf_inta{padding:8px 0 5px 0;}.gsc_md_pro_tt,#gsc_md_pro_lgtm,#gsc_md_pro_rev_n,#gsc_md_pro_save,#gsc_md_pro_ep,.gsc_md_pro_el,.gsc_md_pro_ev{display:none;}#gsc_md_pro_ep{margin-top:4px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;}#gsc_md_pro_ep .gsc_md_pro_el{margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_tc #gsc_md_pro_ep .gsc_md_pro_el{margin-bottom:2px;}.gsc_md_pro_ra .gs_md_btns{margin-top:8px;}.gsc_md_pro_rn #gs_aani_wrap{padding:0;border:none;}.gsc_md_pro_rn .gs_md_btns{margin:0;}.gsc_md_pro_ch .gsc_md_pro_el,.gsc_md_pro_ch .gsc_md_pro_ev,.gsc_md_pro_ch #gsc_md_pro_ep,.gsc_md_pro_ra .gsc_md_pro_ra_vis,.gsc_md_pro_rn .gsc_md_pro_rn_vis{display:block;}.gsc_md_pro_ed #gsc_md_pro_ted,.gsc_md_pro_aa #gsc_md_pro_taa,.gsc_md_pro_ra #gsc_md_pro_tra,.gsc_md_pro_an #gsc_md_pro_tan,.gsc_md_pro_ai #gsc_md_pro_tai,.gsc_md_pro_rn #gsc_md_pro_trn,.gsc_md_pro_ch #gsc_md_pro_save,.gsc_md_pro_ra #gsc_md_pro_lgtm,.gsc_md_pro_rn #gsc_md_pro_rev_n{display:inline-block;}.gsc_md_pro_el{font-size:15px;}.gsc_md_pro_ev{padding:4px 0 16px 0;}#gsc_dd_add-d,#gsc_dd_exp-d,#gsc_dd_sort-d,#gsc_dd_mor-d{top:42px;}#gsc_dd_add-d,#gsc_dd_mor-d,#gsc_dd_sort-d{white-space:normal;word-wrap:break-word;width:208px;width:max-content;min-width:100px;max-width:208px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_add-d{left:-9px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_exp-d{left:auto;right:12px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_mor-d{left:-58px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_sort-d{left:10px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_sort-r{margin-left:-10px;}.gsc_dd_sec,#gsc_dd_exp-d{padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_dd_sec,.gs_el_tc #gsc_dd_exp-d{padding:4px 0 8px 0;}.gsc_dd_sep{border-top:1px solid #ebebeb;}#gsc_dd_mor-s .gsc_dd_mor-sel,#gsc_dd_sort-s .gsc_dd_sort-sel{color:#dd4b39;}#gsc_dd_mor-p{padding:14px 44px 14px 16px;color:#777;}.gs_el_tc #gsc_dd_mor-p{padding:18px 44px 18px 16px;}.gsc_art_sel #gsc_dd_add-r,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_dd_mor-r,#gsc_btn_mer,#gsc_btn_del,#gsc_dd_exp-r{display:none;}#gsc_dd_mor-r,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_btn_mer,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_btn_del,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_dd_exp-r{display:inline-block;}html:not(.gs_el_ph) #gsc_dd_sort-r{display:none;}#gsc_lwp{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_lwp{margin:16px 0;}#gsc_bpf{display:inline-block;verticle-align:middle;}#gsc_a_nn{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding-right:16px;font-size:13px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_nn{display:none;}@media print{#gs_top #gs_md_s,#gs_top #gs_md_w,#gs_top #gs_hdr,#gs_top #gs_hdr_drs,#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw,#gs_top #gs_ftr,#gs_top #gsc_nag,#gs_top #gsc_prf_nbar_btns,#gs_top #gsc_prf_btne,#gs_top #gsc_prf_btnf,#gs_top #gsc_prf_ivh,#gs_top #gsc_prf_puf,#gs_top #gsc_rsb_co,#gs_top #gsc_bdy #gsc_rsb_co,#gs_top .gsc_g_hist_wrp,#gs_top #gsc_prf_t_wrp,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_header,#gs_top .gsc_a_tb,#gs_top .gsc_a_x,#gs_top #gsc_lwp,#gs_top .gsc_prf_puic,#gs_top #gsc_dd_add-r,#gs_top #gsc_dd_mor-r,#gs_top #gsc_dd_sort-r{display:none;}#gs_top,#gs_top #gsc_bdy,#gs_top #gsc_prf_w,#gs_top #gsc_prf,#gs_top #gsc_prf_pu,#gs_top #gsc_prf_pua,#gs_top #gsc_prf_i,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_s,#gs_top .gsc_lcl,#gs_top .gsc_rsb,#gs_top #gsc_a_tw,#gs_top #gsc_a_t,#gs_top .gsc_prf_il,#gs_top .gsc_prf_ila,#gs_top .gsc_prf_inta,#gs_top #gsc_rsb_st{background:none;border:none;padding:0;margin:0;height:auto;width:auto;min-width:0;max-width:none;float:none;display:block;position:static;color:black;font-weight:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:none;}#gs_top .gsc_a_ac,#gs_top .gsc_a_a,#gs_top #gsc_a_ca,#gs_top .gsc_a_at,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sc1,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_std,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_x,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_t,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_c,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_y,#gs_top #gsc_a_trh,#gs_top .gsc_a_m,#gs_top .gsc_a_am{color:black;font-weight:normal;font-size:12pt;padding:0;margin:0;background:none;border:none;}#gs_top #gsc_a_trh,#gs_top #gsc_a_trh th{height:0;}#gs_top #gsc_a_ta,#gs_top #gsc_a_ca,#gs_top #gsc_a_ha,#gs_top .gsc_a_a{font-size:11pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_ac{font-size:10pt}#gs_top #gsc_prf_pu{width:80pt;height:auto;float:left;margin:0 7pt 7pt 0;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_pua{left:auto;transform:none;border-radius:0;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_pua>img{position:static;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_i{margin:0 7pt 7pt 87pt;text-align:left;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_in{font-size:18pt;line-height:18pt;padding:0 0 4pt 0;}#gs_top .gsc_prf_il{padding:2pt 0;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_w{float:left;width:64%;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb{float:right;width:35%;}#gs_top #gsc_art{clear:both;}#gs_top #gsc_rsb_st{display:table;width:100%;max-width:none;margin-top:3pt;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sc1,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_std{font-size:10pt;}#gs_top th.gsc_rsb_sc1,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth{border-bottom:1pt solid #ccc;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb_f{max-width:60pt;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth{padding-left:14pt;}#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_x,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_t,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_c,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_y,#gs_top #gsc_a_trh{padding:6pt 0;}#gs_top #gsc_a_trh{border-bottom:1pt solid #ccc;}#gs_top #gsc_a_ca{display:block;width:auto;}#gs_top #gsc_a_ta{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:12pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_h{display:inline;font-size:10pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_at{color:#008;}#gs_top .gsc_a_m,#gs_top .gsc_a_am{display:inline;position:absolute;}#gs_top .gsc_a_am{padding:11pt 0 0 8pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_t .gs_gray{color:black;font-size:10pt;}}.gsc_lwpds_frm{position:relative;height:29px;}.gsc_lwpds_tsiw{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:38px;}.gsc_lwpds_tsiw input{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gsc_lwpds_tsbw{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;}.gsc_lwpds_tsbw button{border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gsc_pgn{text-align:right;font-weight:bold;line-height:29px;}.gsc_pgn_ppn{margin:0 8px;}.gsc_ccb_ck{padding:11px 10px 9px 10px;}.gsc_ccb_svg{stroke:#666;stroke-width:2px;fill:#fff;width:21px;height:21px;vertical-align:top;}.gsc_ccb_lim,.gsc_ccb_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none;}.gsc_ccb_lim .gsc_ccb_svg,.gsc_ccb_dis .gsc_ccb_svg{fill:#e2e2e2;stroke:#fff;}.gsc_ccb_lim .gsc_ccb_svg>circle,.gsc_ccb_dis .gsc_ccb_svg>circle{stroke:#e2e2e2;}.gsc_ccb_on .gsc_ccb_svg{fill:#4d90fe;stroke:#fff;}.gsc_ccb_on .gsc_ccb_svg>circle{stroke:#4d90fe;}.gsc_ccb_del:active .gsc_ccb_svg>circle,.gsc_ccb_add:active .gsc_ccb_svg>circle{fill:#2f6de1;}#gsc_md_cod{width:800px;max-width:94%;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_cod{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gsc_md_cod .gs_md_prg{min-height:400px;}.gsc_codb_instr{font-size:16px;margin:1em 0;}#gsc_cods_res{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;min-height:80px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_cods_res{margin-bottom:16px;}.gsc_cods_hide,.gsc_cod_sugg #gsc_cod_tedit,.gsc_cod_sugg #gsc_cods_frm,.gsc_cod_sugg #gsc_cods_pp,.gsc_cod_lc #gsc_cod_tadd,.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_tedit,.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_tadd,.gsc_cod_lim #gsc_cod_tedit,.gsc_cod_lim #gsc_cod_tadd{display:none;}#gsc_cods_frm{margin:0 0 24px 0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_cods_frm{margin:0 0 16px 0;}.gsc_ucoar{padding:24px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_ucoar{padding:16px 0px;}.gsc_ucoar:first-child{padding-top:0;}.gsc_ucoar:last-child{border-bottom:none;}.gsc_ucoar_cb{float:right;margin-top:-8px;}#gsc_cod_trev{display:none;color:#666;pointer-events:none;}.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_trev,.gsc_cod_lim #gsc_cod_trev{display:inline-block;}.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_trev{color:#1a0dab;pointer-events:auto;}.gsc_fol_cr{margin:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_fol_cr{margin:0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_fol_cr:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gsc_fol_ml{display:block;color:#777;padding:12px 0 4px 0;}#gs_aani_wrap{padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}#gs_aani{display:none;}#gs_aani.gs_vis{display:block;padding-bottom:12px;}#gs_aani_lbl{display:none;}#gs_aani_lbl.gs_vis{display:block;padding-bottom:8px;}#gs_anni_add_ico{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;}.gs_aani_in{position:relative;margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:4px;display:none;}.gs_aani_in.gs_vis{display:block;}.gs_aani_txt{margin-right:34px;}.gs_aani_del{position:absolute;padding:12px;top:-6px;right:-12px;}.gs_aani_del:active .gs_aani_svg{stroke:#d14836;}.gs_aani_svg{vertical-align:top;width:17px;height:17px;fill:none;stroke:#1155cc;}</style><script>!function(GSP){var ba=function(a){var b=0;return function(){return b<a.length?{done:!1,value:a[b++]}:{done:!0}}},ca=typeof Object.defineProperties=="function"?Object.defineProperty:function(a,b,c){if(a==Array.prototype||a==Object.prototype)return a;a[b]=c.value;return a},da=function(a){a=["object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis,a,"object"==typeof window&&window,"object"==typeof self&&self,"object"==typeof global&&global];for(var b=0;b<a.length;++b){var c=a[b];if(c&&c.Math==Math)return c}throw Error("Cannot find global object"); },ea=da(this),g=function(a,b){if(b)a:{var c=ea;a=a.split(".");for(var d=0;d<a.length-1;d++){var e=a[d];if(!(e in c))break a;c=c[e]}a=a[a.length-1];d=c[a];b=b(d);b!=d&&b!=null&&ca(c,a,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:b})}}; g("Symbol",function(a){if(a)return a;var b=function(f,h){this.ga=f;ca(this,"description",{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:h})};b.prototype.toString=function(){return this.ga};var c="jscomp_symbol_"+(Math.random()*1E9>>>0)+"_",d=0,e=function(f){if(this instanceof e)throw new TypeError("Symbol is not a constructor");return new b(c+(f||"")+"_"+d++,f)};return e});var fa=typeof Object.create=="function"?Object.create:function(a){var b=function(){};b.prototype=a;return new b},ha; if(typeof Object.setPrototypeOf=="function")ha=Object.setPrototypeOf;else{var ia;a:{var ja={a:!0},ka={};try{ka.__proto__=ja;ia=ka.a;break a}catch(a){}ia=!1}ha=ia?function(a,b){a.__proto__=b;if(a.__proto__!==b)throw new TypeError(a+" is not extensible");return a}:null} var la=ha,ma=function(a,b){a.prototype=fa(b.prototype);a.prototype.constructor=a;if(la)la(a,b);else for(var c in b)if(c!="prototype")if(Object.defineProperties){var d=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(b,c);d&&Object.defineProperty(a,c,d)}else a[c]=b[c];a.xa=b.prototype};g("Symbol.dispose",function(a){return a?a:Symbol("Symbol.dispose")}); g("Math.trunc",function(a){return a?a:function(b){b=Number(b);if(isNaN(b)||b===Infinity||b===-Infinity||b===0)return b;var c=Math.floor(Math.abs(b));return b<0?-c:c}});var na=function(a){a=Math.trunc(a)||0;a<0&&(a+=this.length);if(!(a<0||a>=this.length))return this[a]};g("Array.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});var n=function(a){return a?a:na};g("Int8Array.prototype.at",n);g("Uint8Array.prototype.at",n);g("Uint8ClampedArray.prototype.at",n);g("Int16Array.prototype.at",n); g("Uint16Array.prototype.at",n);g("Int32Array.prototype.at",n);g("Uint32Array.prototype.at",n);g("Float32Array.prototype.at",n);g("Float64Array.prototype.at",n);g("String.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ var oa=function(a,b){var c=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);return function(){var d=c.slice();d.push.apply(d,arguments);return a.apply(this,d)}};var p=function(){this.I=this.I;this.O=this.O};p.prototype.I=!1;p.prototype.isDisposed=function(){return this.I};p.prototype.dispose=function(){this.I||(this.I=!0,this.T())};p.prototype[Symbol.dispose]=function(){this.dispose()};p.prototype.T=function(){if(this.O)for(;this.O.length;)this.O.shift()()};var pa=function(){};function qa(a){var b=[],c=0,d;for(d in a)b[c++]=d;return b};function q(a,b){a.classList.add(b)}function r(a,b){a.classList.remove(b)}function u(a,b){return a.classList?a.classList.contains(b):!1}function v(a,b,c){c=c!==void 0?c:!u(a,b);(c?q:r)(a,b)};function w(a){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(a)>=0}var ra=w("iPhone")||w("iPad")||w("iPod"),sa=w("iPhone")||w("Android")&&w("Mobile");function ua(){if(b===void 0){var a=window.screen;a={width:window.innerWidth,height:window.innerHeight,wa:a.width,va:a.height}}else a=b;var b=a;a=b.width;var c=b.height,d=b.wa;b=b.va;var e=4;if(a<600||d*b<48E4||sa)e=1;else if(a<982)e=2;else if(a<1136||c<590)e=3;return e}var va,wa=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(location.search||""); va=wa?+wa[1]>0:w("Android")?!0:window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(pointer)").matches?window.matchMedia("(pointer:coarse)").matches:!w("Firefox")||w("Mobile")||w("Tablet")?ra||"ontouchstart"in window||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0:!1;function xa(){if(ya==void 0){ya=!1;try{var a=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){ya=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",pa,a);window.removeEventListener("testPassive",pa,a)}catch(b){}}return ya}var ya;var za=function(a){this.G=a},Aa=new za("DIV"),Ba=new za("INPUT"),Ca=new za("SCRIPT"),Da=new za("TABLE");function A(a){return document.getElementById(a)}function Ea(a){return a.id||(a.id="gs_id"+Fa++)}function Ga(a){a=(a===void 0?null:a)||document.body;return(a?window.getComputedStyle(a,null):null).direction=="rtl"} function Ha(a){var b=[];a=a.elements;for(var c=a.length,d=0;d<c;d++){var e=a[d],f=encodeURIComponent(e.name||""),h=e.type;!f||e.disabled||!(h!="checkbox"&&h!="radio"||e.checked)||b.push(f+"="+encodeURIComponent(e.value||""))}return b.join("&")}function Ia(a,b){var c=a.elements[b];c||(c=document.createElement(Ba.G),c.type="hidden",c.name=b,a.appendChild(c));return c}function Ja(a){A("gsc_md_cbyd_c").href=a&&a.match(Ka)?a:"javascript:void(0)"}function La(a){a.match(Ka)&&(window.location.href=a)} function Ma(a){if(!A("gs_hats")){var b=document.createElement(Ca.G);b.id="gs_hats";b.src="https://www.gstatic.com/feedback/js/help/prod/service/lazy.min.js";b.onload=a;document.body.appendChild(b)}}var Fa=100,Na=/\S+/g,Ka=/^(?:https?:|[^:/?#]*(?:[/?#]|$))/i,Oa=/^(?:#|\/[a-z0-9_-]*(?:[?].*)?$)/i;function Pa(a){return a.hasOwnProperty("gs_uid")?a.gs_uid:a.gs_uid=++Qa}var Qa=0;var B=function(){this.o=[];this.J={};this.X=this.R=0};B.prototype.add=function(a){var b=Pa(a);this.J[b]||(this.o.push(a),this.J[b]=this.o.length,++this.R)};B.prototype.remove=function(a){a=Pa(a);var b=this.J[a];b&&(this.o[b-1]=null,delete this.J[a],--this.R*2<this.o.length&&!this.X&&Ra(this))};B.prototype.notify=function(a){var b=this.o;try{++this.X;for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d&&d.apply(null,arguments)}}finally{!--this.X&&this.R*2<b.length&&Ra(this)}};B.prototype.getSize=function(){return this.R}; var Ra=function(a){var b=a.o,c=b.length;a=a.J;for(var d=0,e=0;e<c;e++){var f=b[e];f&&(b[d]=f,a[Pa(f)]=++d)}b.length=d};function C(a,b,c,d,e){Sa(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,e===void 0?!1:e,Ta)}function D(a,b,c,d){Sa(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,!1,Ua)}function Va(a,b,c,d){function e(h){D(f,a,e,c);b(h)}var f=document;c=c===void 0?!1:c;C(f,a,e,c,d===void 0?!1:d)}function H(a){Xa?Xa.add(a):a()}function Ya(a){H(function(){return setTimeout(a,0)})} var Za=window.requestAnimationFrame?function(a){window.requestAnimationFrame(a)}:function(a){setTimeout(function(){return a(window.performance&&performance.now?performance.now():Date.now())},33)};function $a(a){a.stopPropagation();a.preventDefault()}function ab(a){return(a.ctrlKey?1:0)|(a.altKey?2:0)|(a.metaKey?4:0)|(a.shiftKey?8:0)}function Ta(a,b,c,d,e){var f=a.addEventListener;e=e&&xa();f.call(a,b,c,e?{passive:e,capture:d}:d)}function Ua(a,b,c,d){a.removeEventListener(b,c,d)} function Sa(a,b,c,d,e,f){if(typeof b==="string")f(a,b,c,d,e);else for(var h=b.length,k=0;k<h;k++)f(a,b[k],c,d,e)}function bb(){Xa.notify();Xa=null}function cb(){document.readyState=="complete"&&(D(document,"readystatechange",cb),bb())}var Xa,db=!!document.attachEvent,eb=document.readyState;if(db?eb!="complete":eb=="loading")Xa=new B,db?C(document,"readystatechange",cb):Va("DOMContentLoaded",bb); function fb(){Va(["mousedown","touchstart"],function(){v(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!0);C(document,"keydown",gb,!0)},!0,!0)}function gb(a){a.keyCode==9&&(v(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!1),D(document,"keydown",gb,!0),fb())}fb();function hb(a,b,c,d,e){var f=A(a);ib(f,function(){q(f,"gs_vis");b&&b()},function(){r(f,"gs_vis");c&&c()},d,e)}function jb(a){a=I[a]||[0];return a[a.length-1]} function ib(a,b,c,d,e,f){f=f===void 0?"":f;var h=Ea(a),k=jb(h);if(!k||k<jb(f)){var m=document.activeElement;f=A(f);kb(lb(f||a),!0);b&&b();J.push(function(l){I[h].pop();I[h].length||delete I[h];if(!l){(l=e)||m==document.body||(l=m);var t=document.activeElement;if(l)try{l.focus()}catch(E){}else t&&a.contains(t)&&t.blur()}c&&c()});I[h]||(I[h]=[]);I[h].push(J.length);m&&a.contains(m)||setTimeout(function(){var l=d,t=l&&l.type=="text";if(!l||t&&va)l=a;try{l.focus(),t&&(l.value=l.value)}catch(E){}},0)}} function mb(a){kb((jb(a)||1E6)-1,!1)}function nb(a){a=a===void 0?!1:a;J.pop()(a)}function kb(a,b){for(b=b===void 0?!1:b;J.length>a;)nb(b||J.length>a+1)}function lb(a){for(var b=0;a&&!(b=jb(a.id));)a=a.parentNode;return b}var J=[],I={};C(document,"click",function(a){var b=J.length;b&&!ab(a)&&b>lb(a.target)&&nb(!0)});C(document,"keydown",function(a){a.keyCode==27&&!ab(a)&&J.length&&nb()}); C(document,"focus",function(a){var b=J.length;if(b)for(var c=lb(a.target);c<b;){var d="",e;for(e in I)if(jb(e)==b){d=e;break}a:{d=(A(d).getAttribute("data-wfc")||"").match(Na)||[];for(var f=0;f<d.length;f++){var h=A(d[f]);if(h&&h.offsetWidth){d=h;break a}}d=void 0}if(d){$a(a);d.focus();break}else nb(!0),--b}},!0);var ob={},pb={},qb;try{qb=window.sessionStorage}catch(a){};function K(a){return typeof a=="object"?a:null}function rb(){var a=sb(),b=tb();b=ub(b);a=vb(a);a=wb(a)||"#";L=K(b);xb?window.history.replaceState(b,"",a):window.location.replace(a)}function wb(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a)b.push(encodeURIComponent(c)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[c]));return(a=b.sort().join("&"))?"#"+a:""} function yb(a){var b={};a=a.split("&");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.indexOf("=");if(e+1){var f=d.substr(0,e);d=d.substr(e+1)}else f=d,d="";f&&(b[decodeURIComponent(f)]=decodeURIComponent(d))}return b}function zb(a){var b=a.indexOf("#")+1;return yb(b?a.substr(b):"")}function Ab(a){var b=a.indexOf("?")+1;a=b?a.substr(b):"";b=a.indexOf("#");return yb(b+1?a.substr(0,b):a)}function Bb(a,b){for(var c in b){var d=b[c];d!==void 0?a[c]=d:delete a[c]}} function vb(a){var b=zb(window.location.hash);Bb(b,a);return b}function ub(a){var b=L||K(window.history.state),c={},d;for(d in b)c[d]=b[d];Bb(c,a);return c}function Cb(){setTimeout(function(){if(!Db){var a=window.history.state;Db=!0;L=K(a);Eb.notify()}Fb=!1},0)}var Eb=new B,L,Db=!1,Fb=!0,xb="pushState"in window.history,Gb; if(typeof GSP=="undefined")Gb=!1;else{var Hb=.001*Date.now(),Ib=GSP.eventId,Jb=!1,M,Kb=qb;if(!("nh"in ob)){var Lb=Kb&&Kb.getItem("nh"),Mb;if(Lb)try{Mb=JSON.parse(Lb)}catch(a){}pb.nh=Mb}M=pb.nh;M instanceof Array||(M=[]);for(var Nb=M.length,Ob=0,Pb=0;Pb<Nb;Pb++){var Qb=M[Pb];if(Qb instanceof Array&&Qb.length==2){var Rb=Qb[1]==Ib;Jb=Jb||Rb;Nb-Pb<=10&&+Qb[0]>Hb-86400&&!Rb&&(M[Ob++]=Qb)}}M.length=Ob;M.push([Hb,Ib]);var Sb=M,Tb=qb;pb.nh=Sb;try{Tb&&Tb.setItem("nh",JSON.stringify(Sb))}catch(a){}Gb=Jb} var Ub=Gb;"onpageshow"in window?C(window,"pageshow",Cb):H(Cb);C(window,xb?"popstate":"hashchange",function(a){document.readyState!="loading"&&(a=a.state,Db=!0,L=K(a),Eb.notify())});function Vb(){Wb&&(D(A("gs_alrt_l"),"click",Wb),Wb=void 0)}function Xb(){var a=Yb();q(a,"gs_anm");q(a,"gs_vis");C(document,"click",Zb);clearTimeout($b);$b=setTimeout(Zb,4E3);++ac;setTimeout(bc,0)}function Zb(){ac||(D(document,"click",Zb),clearTimeout($b),$b=void 0,Vb(),r(Yb(),"gs_vis"))}function Yb(){return A("gs_alrt")}function bc(){ac=0}var $b,ac=0,Wb;H(function(){var a=A("gs_alrt_m");a&&(a.innerHTML&&!Ub&&Xb(),C(window,"pagehide",function(){ac=0;Zb();r(Yb(),"gs_anm")}))});function cc(a,b,c){var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d.readyState==4){var e=d.status,f=d.responseText,h=d.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"),k=d.responseURL,m=window.location,l=m.protocol;m="//"+m.host+"/";k&&k.indexOf(l+m)&&k.indexOf("https:"+m)&&(e=0,h=f="");c(e,f,h||"")}};d.open(b?"POST":"GET",a,!0);d.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XHR");b&&d.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");b?d.send(b):d.send();return d} function dc(a){a&&(a.onreadystatechange=function(){},a.abort())};var ec=function(a,b,c){this.type=a;this.currentTarget=this.target=b;this.g=c===void 0?null:c;this.Z=!1};ec.prototype.stopPropagation=function(){this.g&&this.g.stopPropagation();this.Z=!0};var N=function(a){a.g&&$a(a.g);a.Z=!0};var O=function(a,b){this.aa=a;this.ua=b},fc=function(a,b,c){this.aa=a;this.types=b;this.listener=c};function P(a,b,c){Q(a,b,c)}function gc(a,b){var c=b.length;if(c){var d=Pa(a),e=hc[d];if(!e){e=hc[d]=[];d=ic(b[0].aa);for(var f in d){var h=jc[f];h||(h=jc[f]=Object.create(null));for(var k in d[f]){var m=h[k];m||(m=h[k]=[]);m.push(a)}}kc(a,e,b[0],lc);for(f=1;f<c;f++)kc(a,e,b[f],mc)}}}function R(a,b,c){nc(new ec(a,b,c===void 0?null:c))} function Q(a,b,c){var d=oc;typeof b==="string"&&(pc[0]=b,b=pc);var e=b.length;a=ic(a);for(var f in a)for(var h in a[f])for(var k=0;k<e;k++)d(f,h,b[k],c)}function ic(a){typeof a==="string"&&(qc[0]=a,a=qc);for(var b=a.length,c=Object.create(null),d=0;d<b;d++){var e=a[d],f=e.charAt(0),h=e.substr(1);if(f!="#"&&f!="."||!h)throw Error("bad selector: "+e);(e=c[f])||(e=c[f]=Object.create(null));e[h]=!0}return c} function oc(a,b,c,d){var e=rc[c];e||(c!="touchstart"&&c!="mouseover"&&c!="mouseout"&&C(document,c,sc,c=="focus"||c=="blur"),e=rc[c]=Object.create(null));(c=e[a])||(c=e[a]=Object.create(null));(a=c[b])||(a=c[b]=new B);a.add(d)}function sc(a){var b=a.target;b&&b.nodeType==3&&(b=b.parentNode);nc(new ec(a.type,b,a))} function nc(a){for(var b=a.target;b&&b!=document&&!b.disabled&&!u(b,"gs_dis");){a.currentTarget=b;var c=b.id;if(c&&!tc("#",c,a))break;c=b.classList||[];for(var d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)if(!tc(".",c[e],a))return;b=b.parentNode}}function tc(a,b,c){var d=rc[c.type];(b=(a=d&&d[a])&&a[b])&&b.notify(c);return!c.Z}function kc(a,b,c,d){var e=c.aa;c=c.ua;for(var f in c){var h=oa(d,a,c[f]);Q(e,f,h);b.push(new fc(e,f,h))}}function lc(a,b,c){var d=c.currentTarget;a=uc(a,d)||a;a=vc(a,d);b.call(a,c)} function mc(a,b,c){a:{for(var d=c.currentTarget;d&&d!=document;){var e=uc(a,d);if(e){a=vc(e,d);break a}d=d.parentNode}a=void 0}a&&b.call(a,c)}function vc(a,b){var c=wc(b),d=xc[c];d||(d=xc[c]=[]);for(var e=d.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var h=d[f];if(h instanceof a)return h}b=new a(b);d.push(b);a=Pa(a);(d=yc[a])||(d=yc[a]=[]);d.push(c);return b}function uc(a,b){var c,d=b.id;d&&(c=zc(a,c,"#",d));b=b.classList||[];d=b.length;for(var e=0;e<d;e++)c=zc(a,c,".",b[e]);return c} function zc(a,b,c,d){c=(d=(c=jc[c])&&c[d])?d.length:0;for(var e=0;e<c;e++){var f=d[e];!(f===a||f.prototype instanceof a)||b&&!(f===b||f.prototype instanceof b)||(b=f)}return b}function wc(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-duid");b||a.setAttribute("data-duid",b=""+Ac++);return b}var rc=Object.create(null),qc=[""],pc=[""],jc=Object.create(null),hc=Object.create(null),yc=Object.create(null),xc=Object.create(null),Ac=100;window.gs_evt_dsp=sc;function Bc(){var a=".gs_md_li";if(typeof a==="string"){var b=a.charAt(0),c=a.slice(1);if(b=="#")a=function(d){return d.id==c&&d.offsetWidth>0};else if(b==".")a=function(d){return u(d,c)&&d.offsetWidth>0};else throw Error("bad selector: "+a);}return a}function Cc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.lastElementChild:a.firstElementChild)}function Dc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.previousElementSibling:a.nextElementSibling)}function Ec(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;return Fc(a,b,Bc(),c,!1)} function Fc(a,b,c,d,e){for(var f;b&&a;){if(c(b)){if(e)return b}else for(f=Cc(b,d);f;f=Dc(f,d))if(e=Fc(f,f,c,d,!0))return e;for(e=!0;;){if(b==a)return null;f=b.parentNode;if(b=Dc(b,d))break;b=f}}return null};function Gc(a){return(u(a,"gs_sel")?1:0)+2*(u(a,"gs_par")?1:0)}function Hc(a){return+a.getAttribute("data-s")}function Ic(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;v(a,"gs_sel",b==1);v(a,"gs_par",b==2);a.setAttribute("aria-checked",Jc[b]);c||a.setAttribute("data-s",""+b)}var Jc=["false","true","mixed"];var S=function(){this.v=Object.create(null);this.A=0};S.prototype.clear=function(){this.v=Object.create(null);this.A=0};S.prototype.has=function(a){return a in this.v};S.prototype.get=function(a){return this.v[a]};S.prototype.set=function(a,b){this.has(a)||this.A++;this.v[a]=b};S.prototype.delete=function(a){this.has(a)&&(delete this.v[a],this.A--)};var Kc=function(a){var b=window,c=this;this.o=new B;this.da=0;this.ba=[b,a,function(){c.da++||Za(d)},!1];var d=function(){c.da=0;c.o.notify()}};Kc.prototype.addListener=function(a){this.o.getSize()||C.apply(null,this.ba);this.o.add(a)};Kc.prototype.removeListener=function(a){this.o.remove(a);this.o.getSize()||D.apply(null,this.ba)};var Lc=new Kc("scroll"),Mc=new Kc("resize");var Nc=new B;function Oc(){var a=document.documentElement,b=ua();b={gs_el_ph:b==1,gs_el_ta:b==2,gs_el_sm:b!=4,gs_el_tc:va||b==1};var c;for(c in b){var d=b[c];if(u(a,c)!=d){var e=!0;v(a,c,d)}}e&&Nc.notify()}v(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ios",ra);Oc();Mc.addListener(Oc);C(window,["pageshow","load"],Oc);var Pc=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.i=a;this.F=b;this.D=c;this.H=d;this.Y=e;this.C=f;this.m=null},Qc=function(a,b){a.m=b},Rc=function(){this.l=[];this.j=-1};Rc.prototype.push=function(a){++this.j;this.j==this.l.length?this.l.push(a):(this.l[this.j]=a,this.l.splice(this.j+1,this.l.length-this.j))};Rc.prototype.pop=function(){--this.j}; var Sc=function(a){for(var b=T;b.j>a;)mb(b.top().i)},Tc=function(a,b){for(var c=0;c<a.l.length&&!(a.l[c].C>=b);++c);return c},Uc=function(a){for(var b=T,c=b.j;c>=0;c--)if(b.l[c].i==a)return c;return-1};Rc.prototype.top=function(){return this.at(this.j)};Rc.prototype.at=function(a){return this.l[a]||null};function Vc(a,b){var c=a==T.j;T.j=a;b&&!L&&!K(window.history.state)&&rb();c||Wc()} function V(a,b,c,d){b=b===void 0?"":b;c=c===void 0?"":c;d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=T.top();e&&a==e.i&&b==e.F&&c==e.D||(T.push(new Pc(a,b,c,d,e&&e.i==a?e.Y+1:1,Date.now())),b=sb(),a=tb(),a=ub(a),b=vb(b),b=wb(b)||"#",L=K(a),xb?window.history.pushState(a,"",b):window.location.assign(b),Wc())}function Xc(a){a=Yc(A(a));return!!a&&u(a,"gs_md_wmw")&&u(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")} function Zc(){var a=A("gs_top"),b=document.documentElement;a=a.scrollHeight>b.clientHeight;for(var c=!1,d=0;d<=T.j&&!c;++d)c=!Xc(T.at(d).i);v(A("gs_md_s"),"gs_vis",c);c=T.j;c>=1&&(c=T.at(c-1).i,d=Xc(c),v(A(c),"gs_md_ins_vis",!d));b.style.overflowY=a&&!Xc(T.top().i)?"scroll":""} function Wc(){function a(){var z=c.clientHeight,x=+F.getAttribute("data-h");x||(h.style.maxHeight="none",x=f.offsetHeight);var y=f.querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");x=Math.max((z-x)/2,10);z=Math.max(z-48-(y?y.offsetHeight:0)-2*x,10);y=Xc(e);f.style.top=y?"auto":x+"px";h.style.maxHeight=y?"none":z+"px";bd(h)}var b=T.top(),c=document.documentElement,d=A("gs_top"),e=b.i,f=A(e),h=A(e+"-bdy"),k=1200+T.j,m=A(f.getAttribute("data-cid")||f.id+"-bdy")||f,l=b.H,t=b.D,E=b.F,G=A("gs_md_s"),aa=A(e).getAttribute("data-shd")|| "",F=Yc(f),U=window.pageYOffset,$c=E&&E[0]!="#"&&!l,ad=T.j>0?T.at(T.j-1).i:"",ta=!!I[e];$c?(ta?v(m,"gs_md_ldg",!0):cd(f,m,'<div class="gs_md_prg">'+A("gs_md_ldg").innerHTML+"</div>",b),R("gs-md-ldin",m)):(l&&cd(f,m,l,b),R("gs-md-lded",m));ta&&e==ad||ib(f,function(){(F||f).style.zIndex=k;dd(aa);if(!ta){F&&q(F,"gs_vis");q(f,"gs_vis");v(f,"gs_abt",Fb);v(G,"gs_abt",Fb);ed(e);if(T.j==0){var z=Zc;Nc.add(z);z()}else Zc();F&&h&&(a(),Mc.addListener(a))}T.j==0&&(q(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top=-U+"px")},function(){ta|| (Mc.removeListener(a),F&&r(F,"gs_vis"),r(f,"gs_vis"),r(f,"gs_abt"));for(var z=T.top()?T.top().Y:0;T.top()&&T.top().i==e;){var x=T.top();dc(x.m);x.m=null;T.pop()}if(T.top()){if(x=T.top().i,dd(A(x).getAttribute("data-shd")||""),r(A(x),"gs_md_ins_vis"),ta){x=Uc(e);var y=T.at(x);(F||f).style.zIndex=1200+x;cd(f,m,y.H,y)}}else r(G,"gs_vis"),r(G,"gs_abt");T.j==-1?(Nc.remove(Zc),c.style.overflowY="",r(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top="auto",window.scrollTo(0,U)):Zc();fd||(z>0?window.history.go(-z):rb())},gd(f),hd(f), ad);$c&&(dc(b.m),b.m=null,Qc(b,cc(E,t,function(z,x,y){b.m=null;y=(z=z==200&&y.match(/^text\/html(;.*)?$/i))?x:id();cd(f,m,y,b);if(z)for(z=e,y=0;y<T.l.length;++y){var Wa=T.at(y);z==Wa.i&&E==Wa.F&&t==Wa.D&&(Wa.H=x,y==T.j&&rb())}R("gs-md-lded",m)})))}function Yc(a){a=a.parentNode;return u(a,"gs_md_wnw")?a:null}function gd(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-ifc"))?A(a):null}function hd(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-cfc"))?A(a):null} function cd(a,b,c,d){v(b,"gs_md_ldg",!1);for(var e=b.querySelectorAll("[data-duid]"),f=e.length,h={},k=0;k<f;k++){for(var m=wc(e[k]),l=xc[m],t=l?l.length:0,E=0;E<t;E++){var G=l[E],aa=Pa(G.constructor),F=h[aa];F||(F=h[aa]={});F[m]=!0;G&&typeof G.dispose=="function"&&G.dispose()}delete xc[m]}for(var U in h){U=+U;e=h[U];k=(f=yc[U])?f.length:0;for(l=m=0;l<k;l++)t=f[l],t in e||(f[m++]=t);m?f.length=m:delete yc[U]}b.innerHTML=c;d.H=c;ed(a.id);dc(d.m);d.m=null} function jd(a){return(a=T.at(Uc(a)))?a.F:""}function ed(a){if(a=document.querySelector("#"+a+">.gs_md_bdy"))a.scrollTop=a.scrollLeft=0,bd(a)}function bd(a){var b=a.style,c="padding"+(Ga(a)?"Left":"Right");b[c]="";var d=a.offsetWidth-a.clientWidth;d>2&&(a=parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a,null)[c],10)||0,b[c]=Math.max(a-d,0)+"px")}function id(){return'<div class="gs_md_prg"><div class="gs_alrt">'+A("gs_md_err").innerHTML+"</div></div>"} function sb(){var a=T.top();return{d:a&&a.i||void 0,u:a&&a.F||void 0,p:a&&a.D?"1":void 0,t:a&&a.C||void 0}}function tb(){var a=T.top();return{n:a&&a.Y||0,p:a&&a.D||"",h:a&&a.H||""}}function dd(a){if(kd!=a){var b=A("gs_md_s");kd&&r(b,kd);(kd=a)&&q(b,a)}}var fd=0,kd="",T=new Rc; Eb.add(function(){var a=zb(window.location.hash),b=a.d||"",c=b?A(b):null;++fd;if(c){var d=a.u||"";c=+a.p>0;var e=+a.t||0,f=L||K(window.history.state)||{};a=+f.n||0;var h=""+(f.p||"");f=""+(f.h||"");d.match(Oa)||(d="");for(var k=Tc(T,e),m=k;m<T.l.length;++m){var l=T.at(m);if(e<l.C&&l.i!=b)break}for(l=k-1;l>=0;--l){var t=T.at(l);if(e>t.C&&t.i!=b)break}Sc(m-1);for(m=0;m<=l;++m)t=T.at(m).i,I[t]||Vc(l,!1);if(l=k<T.l.length)l=T.at(k),l=b==l.i&&d==l.F&&c==!!l.D&&e==l.C;l?Vc(k,!0):(a==0&&(Sc(-1),T=new Rc, e=Date.now()),c!=!!h&&(d=h="",f=id()),b=new Pc(b,d,h,f,a,e),c=T,e=b.C,a=Tc(c,e),e=a<c.l.length&&e==c.at(a).C,c.l.splice(a,e?1:0,b),T.j=a,rb(),Wc())}else Sc(-1);--fd});var ld=function(a){p.call(this);this.K=a;this.W=Object.create(null);this.m=null;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");c=c.name;d&&c&&(this.W[c]=d.innerHTML)}};ma(ld,p);ld.prototype.T=function(){dc(this.m);this.K=this.m=null;p.prototype.T.call(this)}; ld.prototype.pa=function(a){var b=this;N(a);if((a=this.K)&&!this.m){var c="json=&"+Ha(a);md(this,!0);this.m=cc(a.action,c,function(d,e){b.m=null;md(b,!1);var f=b.K,h=f.getAttribute("data-alrt");if(h=h?A(h):null)h.innerHTML="";try{var k=d==200&&JSON.parse(e)}catch(F){}d=!1;k&&typeof k=="object"||(nd(h,A("gs_md_err").innerHTML),k={},d=!0);f.setAttribute("data-p",""+(k.P||""));R("gs-ajax-form-done",f);if(e=k.L)La(""+e);else{if(e=k.M)nd(h,e),d=!0;e=1E6;if(h&&h.innerHTML){var m=h;e=h.getBoundingClientRect().top}h= f.elements;k=k.E;typeof k=="object"||(k=Object.create(null));for(var l in b.W){var t=h[l],E=void 0,G=""+(k[l]||""),aa=t.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");v(t.parentNode,"gs_in_txte",!!G);aa&&(aa.innerHTML=G||b.W[l]||"");G&&(E=t.getBoundingClientRect().top)<e&&(m=t,e=E);d=d||!!G}(f=f.getAttribute("data-d"))&&!d&&mb(f);m&&m.scrollIntoView&&(e<0||e+20>window.innerHeight)&&m.scrollIntoView()}})}}; var md=function(a,b){a=a.K;var c=a.getAttribute("data-bsel");a=c?document.querySelectorAll(c):a.querySelectorAll("button");for(c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];d.disabled=b;v(d,"gs_bsp",b)}},nd=function(a,b){if(a)a.innerHTML=b;else{var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=e===void 0?[]:e;A("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=b;Yb().action=d.match(Ka)?d:"";a=A("gs_alrt_l");a.textContent=c;c=A("gs_alrt_h");c.innerHTML="";for(var f in e)b=document.createElement(Ba.G),b.type="hidden",b.name=f,b.value=e[f],c.appendChild(b); Vb();v(a,"gs_fm_s",!0);Xb()}};gc(ld,[new O(".gs_ajax_frm",{submit:ld.prototype.pa})]);var od=[[1,0,1],[2,0,1]];Q(".gs_cb_gen","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=Gc(b),d=+b.getAttribute("data-s")==2;Ic(b,od[+d][c],!0);R("gs-change",b,a.g)});Q(".gs_cb_gen",["keydown","keyup"],function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.g.keyCode;b.tagName!="BUTTON"||c!=13&&c!=32||(N(a),a.type=="keydown"&&b.click())});Q([".gs_cb_gen",".gs_md_li"],"keydown",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.tagName,d=a.g.keyCode;c!="BUTTON"&&(d==32||d==13&&c!="A")&&(N(a),b.click())});var pd=["click","contextmenu","mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon?[]:["mousedown","touchstart"]),qd="",rd=null;function sd(){rd=null}function td(a){navigator.sendBeacon?navigator.sendBeacon(a):rd&&a==rd.src||((rd=new Image).src=a,setTimeout(sd,1E3))}function ud(){var a=Ab(document.location.href).hl||"";a="/scholar_bfnav?url="+encodeURIComponent(document.location.href)+"&hl="+encodeURIComponent(a)+"&ei="+GSP.eventId;td(a)}H(function(){qd=Ub?"&bn=1":"";Ub&&ud()}); C(window,"pageshow",function(a){a.persisted&&(qd="&bn=1",ud())}); C(document,pd,function(a){if(!(a.type=="click"&&a.button||a.type=="mouseup"&&a.button!=1)){var b,c;a:{for(a=a.target;a;){var d=a.nodeName;if(d=="A")break a;if(d=="SPAN"||d=="B"||d=="I"||d=="EM"||d=="IMG")a=a.parentNode;else break}a=null}a&&(b=a.getAttribute("href"))&&(c=a.getAttribute("data-clk"))&&(b="/scholar_url?url="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c+"&ws="+window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight+"&at=",c=encodeURIComponent,a=(a=a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid"))?A(a):null,b=b+c(a&&a.innerText||"")+ qd,td(b))}},!1,!0);Q(".gs_fm_s","click",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-fm")||"";(a=A(a))&&a.submit()});var W=function(a){this.i=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_d"));this.S=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))};W.prototype.U=function(a){var b=A(this.i);return a!==void 0?Ec(b,b,a):null};W.prototype.open=function(a){a=this.U(a);if(u(A(this.S),"gs_sel"))try{a&&a.focus()}catch(c){}else{var b=A(this.S);hb(this.i,function(){q(b,"gs_sel")},function(){r(b,"gs_sel")},a,b)}};W.prototype.close=function(){mb(this.i)};W.prototype.ha=function(a){N(a);u(A(this.S),"gs_sel")?this.close():this.open(a.g.type=="keydown"?!1:void 0)}; W.prototype.ca=function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40)N(a),this.open(b==38)};W.prototype.ja=function(a){a.target.id==this.i&&this.ca(a)};gc(W,[new O(".gs_md_rmb",{}),new O(".gs_md_tb",{"gs-press":W.prototype.ha,keydown:W.prototype.ca}),new O(".gs_md_d",{keydown:W.prototype.ja})]);var vd=function(a){W.call(this,a);this.ra=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_in"));this.ta=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))};ma(vd,W);vd.prototype.U=function(){return A(this.i).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")};vd.prototype.ka=function(a){wd(this,a)};vd.prototype.V=function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;b!=13&&b!=32||wd(this,a)}; var wd=function(a,b){var c=b.currentTarget,d=A(a.ra),e=a.U();c!=e&&(d.value=c.getAttribute("data-v"),A(a.ta).innerHTML=c.innerHTML,e&&xd(e,!1),xd(c,!0));N(b);a.close();R("gs-change",d,b.g)},xd=function(a,b){v(a,"gs_sel",b);b?a.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"):a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")};gc(vd,[new O(".gs_md_ris",{}),new O(".gs_md_li",{click:vd.prototype.ka,keydown:vd.prototype.V})]);Q("#gs_lp","click",function(a){N(a);V("gs_lp_d")});Q("#gs_lp_cur","click",function(a){N(a);mb("gs_lp_d")});var yd=function(a){this.ea=Ea(a)};yd.prototype.V=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.g.keyCode;if(c==38||c==40){var d=A(this.ea);d=Ec(d,b,c==38)||Ec(d,d,c==38)}else if(c==37||c==39)a:{c=c==37!=Ga(b.parentNode);d=b.parentNode;var e=d.children,f=e.length;if(d.id!=this.ea){for(;e[--f]!=b;);d=Dc(d,c)||Cc(d.parentNode,c);e=d.children;if(f=Math.min(f+1,e.length))if(d=e[f-1],u(d,"gs_md_li")&&d.offsetLeft!=b.offsetLeft)break a}d=void 0}d&&(N(a),d.focus())}; gc(yd,[new O(".gs_md_ulr",{}),new O(".gs_md_li",{keydown:yd.prototype.V})]);Q("#gs_hdr_mnu","click",function(a){N(a);V("gs_hdr_drw")});Q("#gs_hdr_drw_mnu","click",function(a){N(a);mb("gs_hdr_drw")});Q("#gs_hdr_act_i","click",function(a){N(a);ua()==1?La(document.querySelector("#gs_hdr_drw_bot>a").href):hb("gs_hdr_act_d")});Q("#gs_hdr_drw","keydown",function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40){var c=a.currentTarget;if(b=Ec(c,c,b==38))N(a),b.focus()}}); Q("#gs_hdr_tsi",["focus","blur"],function(a){function b(){var h=d.getBoundingClientRect().top-10;Math.abs(h)>10&&window.scrollBy(0,h);clearTimeout(e);c()}function c(){D(window,f,b)}var d=a.target;a=a.type=="focus";v(A("gs_hdr"),"gs_hdr_ifc",a);if(a&&va&&!(window.innerHeight>749)){var e=setTimeout(c,1E3),f=["scroll","resize"];C(window,f,b)}});Q("#gs_hdr_tsi",["input","gs-change"],function(a){v(A("gs_hdr_frm"),"gs_hdr_tsc",!!a.currentTarget.value)}); Q("#gs_hdr_tsc","mousedown",function(a){N(a);var b=A("gs_hdr_tsi");b.value="";b.focus();R("input",b,a.g)});Q("#gs_hdr_sre","click",function(a){N(a);var b=A("gs_hdr");hb("gs_hdr_frm",function(){r(b,"gs_hdr_src");q(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},function(){q(b,"gs_hdr_src");r(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},A("gs_hdr_tsi"))});Q(".gs_md_x","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-mdx"))&&mb(a)});var X=function(){},zd,Ad;X.prototype.ia=function(a){a.g.button||(N(a),Bd(a))};X.prototype.la=function(a){Cd(a)&&(N(a),Bd(a))};X.prototype.ma=function(a){Cd(a)&&N(a)};X.prototype.na=function(a){if(!a.g.button){N(a);var b=a.g;b&&(Dd=b.clientX||0,Ed=b.clientY||0,C(document,Fd,Gd,!0),clearTimeout(zd),zd=setTimeout(Hd,2E3));Bd(a)}}; X.prototype.qa=function(a){N(a);if(Id){var b=a.g;b=b&&b.touches||[];if(b=b.length==1?b[0]:null)Jd=b.clientX,Kd=b.clientY,C(document,Ld,Md,!0),clearTimeout(Ad),Ad=setTimeout(Nd,2E3)}Bd(a)}; var Cd=function(a){a=a.g.keyCode;return a==32||a==13},Bd=function(a){R("gs-press",a.currentTarget,a.g)},Hd=function(){D(document,Fd,Gd,!0);clearTimeout(zd);zd=void 0},Gd=function(a){a.type!="mousedown"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Dd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Ed)<10?($a(a),a.type=="click"&&Hd()):Hd()},Nd=function(){D(document,Ld,Md,!0);clearTimeout(Ad);Ad=void 0},Md=function(a){a.type!="touchstart"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Jd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Kd)<10?($a(a),a.type=="click"&&Nd()):Nd()},Dd=0,Ed=0,Fd=["mousedown", "mouseup","click"],Id=w("Android")&&!w("Chrome"),Jd=0,Kd=0,Ld=["touchstart","mousedown","mouseup","click"];gc(X,[new O(".gs_press",{click:X.prototype.ia,keydown:X.prototype.la,keyup:X.prototype.ma,mousedown:X.prototype.na,touchstart:X.prototype.qa})]);function Od(a){Pd.style.left=Qd&&Rd===Sd?a.left+"px":"auto";Pd.style.width=Qd?a.width+"px":"auto";R("gs-sth-change",A("gs_sth"))}function Td(){var a=Ud.getBoundingClientRect(),b=a.top,c=Pd.offsetHeight,d=b<0,e;if(e=d&&ra)e=document.activeElement,e=!!e&&e.tagName=="INPUT"&&e.type=="text";b=e?-b-a.height:Sd;var f=Qd!=d||Rd!==Sd!=e;b!==Rd&&(Rd=b,Pd.style.transform=b===Sd?"none":"translate3d(0,"+b+"px,0)");f&&(Qd=d,v(Vd,"gs_sth_vis",d),v(Vd,"gs_sth_trk",e),Od(a),Ud.style.height=Qd?c+"px":"auto")} function Wd(){Qd&&Od(Ud.getBoundingClientRect())}var Sd,Vd,Ud,Pd,Qd=!1,Rd;H(function(){if(Vd=A("gs_sth"))Ud=Vd.querySelector(".gs_sth_g"),Pd=Vd.querySelector(".gs_sth_b"),Lc.addListener(Td),Mc.addListener(Wd),Td()});function Xd(a,b){var c=window.location.href,d=+Ab(c).authuser||0,e=help.service.Lazy.create(0,{apiKey:"AIzaSyBnsHNH76IH8vZplyq6wIQHlfHRq3blfB8",locale:"en-US"});e.requestSurvey({triggerId:a,authuser:d,enableTestingMode:b,callback:function(f){(f=f.surveyData)&&e.presentSurvey({surveyData:f,productData:{customData:{eventId:GSP.eventId,url:c}},colorScheme:1,authuser:d,customZIndex:1050,customLogoUrl:"https://scholar.google.com/scholar/images/scholar48.png"})}})} function Yd(a){var b=a();b.triggerId&&Ma(function(){return Xd(b.triggerId,b.sa)})}function Zd(a){window.location.hash||Ub||H(function(){return Yd(a)})};Ya(function(){var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_invis");var b=typeof Symbol!="undefined"&&Symbol.iterator&&a[Symbol.iterator];if(b)a=b.call(a);else if(typeof a.length=="number")a={next:ba(a)};else throw Error(String(a)+" is not an iterable or ArrayLike");for(b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())r(b.value,"gs_invis")});function $d(){var a=A("gsc_ecd_form");Ia(a,"continue").value=window.location.pathname+window.location.search;R("submit",a)}function ae(a){var b=A("gsc_ecd_form"),c=A("gsc_ecd_table");b=Ia(b,"articletype");a=a.currentTarget;b.value=a.getAttribute("data-type")||"";c.className=a.getAttribute("data-class")||"";c=document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_ecd_citation_type button");for(b=c.length;b--;)v(c[b],"gs_sel",c[b]==a)};function be(){var a=A("gsc_rsb_co");if(a){a=a.querySelectorAll("img.gs_pp_df");for(var b=0;b<a.length;b++){var c=a[b];c.getAttribute("data-srcset")&&(c.setAttribute("srcset",c.getAttribute("data-srcset")),c.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));c.getAttribute("data-src")&&(c.setAttribute("src",c.getAttribute("data-src")),c.removeAttribute("data-src"))}}};var ce=/\S+@\S+\.\S+/;function de(a){return u(a,"gsc_ccb_dis")||u(a,"gsc_ccb_lim")}function ee(){var a=A("gsc_cods_res"),b=fe()<=0;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gsc_ccb_add");for(var c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];u(d,"gsc_ccb_on")||v(d,"gsc_ccb_lim",b)}};function ge(){P(".gsc_lwpds_frm","submit",function(a){N(a);R("gsc-lwpds-submit",a.target)})};var he=function(a){this.fa=a};he.prototype.oa=function(a){N(a);a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-a");this.fa.setAttribute("data-a",a||"");R("gsc-navigate",this.fa)};var ie=[new O(".gsc_pgn",{}),new O([".gsc_pgn_ppr",".gsc_pgn_pnx"],{click:he.prototype.oa})];function je(a,b){b=b===void 0?"":b;var c=A("gsc_md_cod");a+=wb({t:ke});V(c.id,a,"",b)}function le(a){if(ke!=a){var b=A("gsc_md_cod");r(b,ke);q(b,a);ke=a}}function me(){var a=jd("gsc_md_cod");a=zb(a).t;a!="gsc_cod_sugg"&&a!="gsc_cod_lc"||le(a)}function ne(){me();oe(!0)} function pe(){me();oe(!1);for(var a=A("gsc_cods_res").querySelectorAll(".gsc_ccb_ck"),b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b];if(!de(c)){var d=c.getAttribute("data-authorid")||"";d=(u(c,"gsc_ccb_add")?Y:Z).has(d);v(c,"gsc_ccb_on",d)}}ee();qe();a=Ab(jd("gsc_md_cod"));(b=re())&&(b.value=a.mauthors||"")}function se(){var a=re();a=a?a.value:"";var b=(A("gsc_cods_urls").getAttribute("data-sa")||"").replace(te,"$1"+encodeURIComponent(a));a=a?b:A("gsc_cods_urls").getAttribute("data-lc")||"";je(a)} function ue(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-a"))&&je(a)} function oe(a){var b=A("gsc_cods_frm");if(b){b=b.elements;var c=b[1];b[0].disabled=c.disabled=a;v(c,"gs_bsp",a)}a=a?null:A("gsc_codb_data");if(c=A("gsc_cods_pp")){var d=a&&a.getAttribute("data-prev");b=a&&a.getAttribute("data-next");var e=a&&a.getAttribute("data-start"),f=a&&a.getAttribute("data-end");c.querySelector(".gsc_pgn_ppn").textContent=e&&f?e+" - "+f:"";e=c.querySelector(".gsc_pgn_ppr");e.disabled=!d;e.setAttribute("data-a",d||"");c=c.querySelector(".gsc_pgn_pnx");c.disabled=!b;c.setAttribute("data-a", b||"")}a&&(ve=+a.getAttribute("data-max")||0,b=A("gsc_cods_save"),Ia(b,"xsrf").value=a.getAttribute("data-xsrf")||"")}function we(a){a=a.currentTarget;if(!de(a)){var b=!u(a,"gsc_ccb_on");v(a,"gsc_ccb_on",b);var c=u(a,"gsc_ccb_add")?".gsc_ccb_del":".gsc_ccb_add",d=a.parentNode;(c=d&&d.querySelector(c))&&r(c,"gsc_ccb_on");c=a.getAttribute("data-authorid")||"";Y.delete(c);Z.delete(c);b&&(u(a,"gsc_ccb_add")?Y:Z).set(c,A("gsc_ucoar-"+c).outerHTML);ee();qe()}} function qe(){var a=Y.A>0||Z.A>0,b=fe(),c=b<0;b=b<=0;A("gsc_cod_done").disabled=!a||c;v(A("gsc_cod_t"),"gsc_cod_changed",a);a=A("gsc_cod_trev");a.textContent=a.getAttribute(b?"data-lim":"data-txt")||"";v(A("gsc_cod_t"),"gsc_cod_lim",b)}function xe(){var a=A("gsc_cods_res").cloneNode(!0),b=a.querySelector("#gsc_codb_content");b||(b=document.createElement(Aa.G),b.id="gsc_codb_content",a.appendChild(b));var c=ye(Y)+ye(Z);b.innerHTML=c;(b=re())&&(b.value="");je("",a.innerHTML)} function ze(){var a=A("gsc_cods_save");Ia(a,"colleague_add").value=qa(Y.v).join(",");Ia(a,"colleague_del").value=qa(Z.v).join(",");a.submit()}function fe(){return ve-Y.A+(ke=="gsc_cod_sugg"?0:Z.A)}function re(){return A("gsc_cods_tsi")}function ye(a){for(var b="",c=qa(a.v),d=c.length;d--;)b+=a.get(c[d]);return b}var ke="gsc_cod_lc",ve=0,te=/([?&]mauthors=)([^&]*)/,Y=new S,Z=new S;function Ae(){var a=A("gsc_md_cbyd_merge");a&&(a.disabled=!0);Ja("")}function Be(){var a=A("gsc_md_cbyd_f"),b=A("gsc_md_cbyd_merge"),c=jd("gsc_md_cbyd"),d=Ab(c).s||"";c=zb(c).c||"";a.elements.s.value=d;Ja(c);b&&a.elements.choose&&(b.disabled=!1,b.getBoundingClientRect().bottom<window.innerHeight&&b.focus())};function Ce(){var a=jd("gsc_md_cbym");a=Ab(a).s||"";var b=A("gsc_md_cbym_e");b&&a&&a.indexOf("&")<0&&b.setAttribute("data-href",(b.getAttribute("data-href")||"").replace(/(&citation_for_view=)[^&]*/,"$1"+a))}function De(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-href")||"";V("gs_md_cita-d",a)};function Ee(a){v(A("gsc_a_sp"),"gs_vis",a==0);v(A("gsc_a_err"),"gs_vis",a==2)}function Fe(){return document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_a_t input[type=checkbox]")}function Ge(){R("gsc-works-change",A("gsc_a_t"))}function He(a){a=Gc(a.currentTarget);for(var b=a==2?Ie:Fe(),c=b.length;c--;)b[c].checked=a!=0;Ge()}function Je(){var a=A("gsc_x_all");if(a){var b=document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_a_t input[type=checkbox]:checked");var c=b.length;var d=Fe().length;c=c?c==d?1:2:0;Ic(a,c);c==2&&(Ie=b)}Ge()} var Ie=[];function Ke(a){N(a);var b=a.currentTarget;a=b.href;var c=b.getAttribute("data-eid")||"";b=(b.getAttribute("data-eud")||"")+","+c;a=A("gsc_md_cbyd_f").action+"&update_op=merge_options&s="+b+wb({c:a});V("gsc_md_cbyd",a)}function Le(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-eid")||"";a=(A("gsc_md_cbym_l").getAttribute("data-act")||"")+"&update_op=merge_options&s="+a;V("gsc_md_cbym",a)} function Me(a){var b=A("gsc_a_tr0"),c=A("gsc_a_trh");b=b.querySelector(".gsc_a_t");c.querySelector(".gsc_a_t").style.width=u(a.currentTarget,"gs_sth_vis")?b.offsetWidth+"px":"auto"};function Ne(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=Oe,d=c<100?100-c:100;a=(Pe+"&cstart="+(Qe+c)+"&pagesize="+d).replace(/([?&])&+/g,"$1");Ee(0);b.disabled=!0;cc(a,"json=1",function(e,f){b.disabled=!1;try{var h=e==200&&JSON.parse(f)}catch(m){}if(h&&typeof h=="object"){Oe=c+=d;Ee(1);f=""+h.B;e=A("gsc_a_b");var k=document.createElement(Da.G);k.innerHTML=f;f=Array.prototype.slice.call(k.rows);for(k=0;k<f.length;k++)e.appendChild(f[k]);Je();if(e=A("gsc_a_nn"))f=e.innerHTML.replace(/[0-9]+$/,""+A("gsc_a_b").rows.length), e.innerHTML=f;b.disabled=!h.N}else Ee(2)})}var Pe="",Qe=0,Oe=0;function Re(){var a=window.location.href.split("#")[0];Pe=a.replace(/([?&])(cstart|pagesize)=[^&]*/g,"$1");Qe=Math.max(+a.replace(/.*[?&]cstart=([^&]*).*/,"$1")||0,0);Oe=+a.replace(/.*[?&]pagesize=([^&]*).*/,"$1")||0;Oe=Math.max(Math.min(Oe,100),20);Q("#gsc_bpf_more","click",Ne)};function Se(a){for(var b=[!1,!1,!1],c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=A(Te[c]);d&&(b[c]=!!a(d))}return b}function Ue(){var a=A("gsc_fol_m");if(a){var b=A("gsc_fol_b");if(!(a=!ce.test(a.value))){a:{a=Se(Gc);for(var c=Se(Hc),d=0;d<a.length;d++)if(a[d]!=c[d]){a=!0;break a}a=!1}a=!a}b.disabled=a}} function Ve(a){a.g&&a.g.preventDefault();a=A("gsc_fol_f");var b=A("gsc_fol_inp");b.innerHTML="";for(var c=Se(Gc),d=Se(Hc),e=0;e<c.length;e++)if(c[e]!=d[e]){var f=We[e],h=document.createElement(Ba.G);h.type="hidden";h.name=c[e]?f:"un"+f;b.appendChild(h)}R("gsc-fol-submit",a)}var Te=["gsc_fol_a","gsc_fol_c","gsc_fol_r"],We=["follow_articles_btn","follow_citations_btn","follow_related_btn"];function Xe(a){if(a.type!="keydown"||a.g&&!ab(a.g)&&a.g.keyCode==13)a.g&&$a(a.g),(a=(a=a.currentTarget.querySelector("a"))?a.getAttribute("href"):"")&&La(a)}function Ye(){le("gsc_cod_lc");ve=0;Y.clear();Z.clear();var a=re();a&&(a.value="");se()}function Ze(){u(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")||u(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ta")||be()}function $e(){be()} function af(){P(["#gsc_coauth_opn",".gsc_rsb_btne",".gsc_rsb_btnv"],"click",Ye);P(".gsc_rsb_aa",["click","keydown"],Xe);Q("#gsc_prf_t-ath","click",$e);H(function(){Nc.add(Ze);Ze()})};function bf(){P(["#gsc_fol_a","#gsc_fol_c","#gsc_fol_r"],"gs-change",Ue);Q("#gsc_fol_m","input",Ue);Q("#gsc_fol_f","submit",Ve);P("#gsc_fol_f","gsc-fol-submit",function(a){a.currentTarget.submit()})};function cf(a){if(a){a.id&&a.removeAttribute("id");for(var b=0;b<a.children.length;b++)cf(a.children[b])}}function df(){var a=document.documentElement;!A("gsc_hist_opn")||u(a,"gs_el_ph")||u(a,"gs_el_ta")||V("gsc_md_hist")}function ef(){var a=A("gsc_md_hist_c");if(!a.innerHTML){var b=document.getElementsByClassName("gsc_g_hist_wrp");b.length==1&&(a.appendChild(b[0].cloneNode(!0)),cf(a.lastElementChild))}};function ff(){P("#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("href")||"";b+="&tzom="+(new Date).getTimezoneOffset();La(b);a.g.preventDefault()})};function gf(){var a=A("gsc_md_pro_f");a.reset();a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b];r(c,"gs_in_txte");c.querySelector(".gs_in_txts").innerHTML=""}a=A("gsc_md_pro-d");a.setAttribute("data-ifc","");V(a.id,wb({t:"gsc_md_pro_ed"}))}function hf(){v(A("gsc_prf_w"),"gsc_prf_why")}function jf(){var a=A("gsc_prf_pufii");if(w("MSIE ")){var b=A("gsc_prf_puf");hb("gsc_prf_pufi",function(){q(b,"gsc_prf_pufo")},function(){r(b,"gsc_prf_pufo")},a)}else a.click()} function kf(a){(a.type!="keydown"||a.g.keyCode==13&&a.g&&!ab(a.g))&&jf()}function lf(){A("gsc_prf_puf").submit()}function mf(){v(A("gsc_prf_ion"),"gs_prf_ion_show")}function nf(){Q("#gsc_prf_btne","click",gf);P("#gsc_prf_btnf","click",function(){V("gsc_md_fol")});P("#gsc_md_fol_pub","click",function(){A("gsc_fol_mpf").submit()});Q("#gsc_prf_iv_tg","click",hf);P(".gsc_prf_pel",["click","keydown"],kf);Q("#gsc_prf_pufii","change",lf);Q("#gsc_prf_ion_btn","click",mf)};function of(a){var b=A("gsc_bdy");b.setAttribute("data-tab",a.currentTarget.id);b=b.querySelectorAll(".gsc_prf_tab");for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d.setAttribute("aria-selected",""+(d==a.currentTarget))}}function pf(){var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gsc_prf_pnl"),b=document.documentElement;b=u(b,"gs_el_ph")||u(b,"gs_el_ta");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++)a[c].setAttribute("role",b?"tabpanel":"region")}function qf(){Q(".gsc_prf_tab","click",of);H(function(){Nc.add(pf);pf()})};(function(){var a=zb(window.location.hash),b=a.u||"";a.d=="gs_md_cita-d"&&b.match(Oa)&&b.indexOf("view_citation")>=0&&La(b);Q("#gsc_md_cod","gs-md-ldin",ne);Q("#gsc_md_cod","gs-md-lded",pe);Q("#gsc_cods_frm","gsc-lwpds-submit",se);Q("#gsc_cods_pp","gsc-navigate",ue);P([".gsc_ccb_add",".gsc_ccb_del"],"click",we);Q("#gsc_cod_trev","click",xe);Q("#gsc_cod_done","click",ze);af();ge();Re();bf();Q("#gsc_md_hist","gs-md-lded",ef);P(["#gsc_hist_opn",".gsc_md_hist_b"],"click",df);ff();nf();qf();Q("#gsc_md_cbyd", "gs-md-ldin",Ae);Q("#gsc_md_cbyd","gs-md-lded",Be);P("#gsc_md_cbym",["gs-md-ldin","gs-md-lded"],Ce);Q("#gsc_md_cbym_e","click",De);gc(he,ie);Ya(Je);Q(".gsc_a_x","change",Je);Q("#gsc_x_all","gs-change",He);Q(".gsc_a_acm","click",Ke);Q(".gsc_a_am","click",Le);Q("#gs_sth","gs-sth-change",Me);Q("#gs_md_cita-b-save","click",$d);Q(".gsc_ecd_form_tsel","click",ae);Zd(function(){var c=A("gsc_bdy").getAttribute("data-usv")||"-";return{triggerId:c.substr(1),sa:c[0]=="+"}})})(); }({"customAC":0,"eventId":"ugVHZ5WOM5uDy9YPs-PngA4"});</script></head><body><div id="gs_top" onclick=""><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}.gs_md_ds:before{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;z-index:100;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before{top:-1px;bottom:-1px;right:-1px;left:-1px;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before{background-color:#666;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{opacity:.5;visibility:visible;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),opacity 0s .27s,visibility 0s .27s,max-height 0s .27s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr>a,.gs_md_hdr>a.gs_btn_lrge{flex:0 0 auto;width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr>a{margin:0 2px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c{margin:0 0 0 2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child){display:none;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:"";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{flex:1;}.gs_md_ftr{border-top:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">Loading...</div><div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds"><div id="gsc_md_hist" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_hist-t" data-wfc="gsc_md_hist-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_hist-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_hist" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_hist-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Citations per year</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_hist-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gsc_md_hist{width:80%;max-width:386px;}#gsc_md_hist_c{position:relative;width:100%;}</style><div id="gsc_md_hist_c"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="600" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cbyd" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cbyd-t" data-cid="gsc_md_cbyd_l" data-wfc="gsc_md_cbyd-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cbyd-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cbyd" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cbyd-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Duplicate citations</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cbyd-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><form id="gsc_md_cbyd_f" action="/citations?hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&view_op=list_works" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="s" value=""><div class="gs_md_lbl">The following articles are merged in Scholar. Their <a id="gsc_md_cbyd_c" href="javascript:void(0)">combined citations</a> are counted only for the first article.</div><div id="gsc_md_cbyd_l"></div></form></div></div></div><div data-h="600" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cbym" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cbym-t" data-cid="gsc_md_cbym_l" data-wfc="gsc_md_cbym-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cbym-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cbym" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cbym-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Merged citations</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cbym-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><div class="gs_md_lbl">This "Cited by" count includes citations to the following articles in Scholar. The ones marked <span id="gsc_md_cbym_s">*</span> may be different from the article in the profile.</div><div id="gsc_md_cbym_l" data-act="/citations?hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&view_op=list_works"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="900" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cod" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gsc_cod_lc" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cod-t" data-cid="gsc_cods_res" data-wfc="gsc_md_cod-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cod-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cod" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cod-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"><span id="gsc_cod_t"><span id="gsc_cod_tadd">Add co-authors</span><span id="gsc_cod_tedit">Co-authors</span><a id="gsc_cod_trev" href="javascript:void(0)" data-txt="Review" data-lim="Limit reached"></a></span></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gsc_cod_done" aria-label="Add co-authors" disabled class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cod-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><div id="gsc_cods_urls" class="gsc_cods_hide" data-ls="" data-lc="/citations?view_op=list_colleagues&hl=en&json=&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ" data-sa=""></div><form id="gsc_cods_save" action="" method="POST"><input type="hidden" name="colleague_add"><input type="hidden" name="colleague_del"></form><div id="gsc_cods_res"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="800" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_cita-d-t" data-cid="gs_md_cita-l" data-wfc="gs_md_cita-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_cita-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_cita-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_md_cita-b-save" aria-label="Save" class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_md_cita-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_md_cita-d{width:90%;max-width:1000px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_md_cita-d{width:100%;max-width:none;}#gs_md_cita-d .gs_md_prg{min-height:600px;}</style><div id="gs_md_cita-l" aria-live="assertive"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_fol" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_fol-t" data-wfc="gsc_md_fol-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_fol-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_fol" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_fol-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Follow</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_fol-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><form method="post" id="gsc_fol_f" action="/citations?hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&view_op=list_works"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="ADIE8skAAAAAZ0hXOqMUZqDTk2mcRKSGwntWyZI"><input type="hidden" name="user" value="VDLrGwgAAAAJ"><div id="gsc_fol_inp"></div><div id="gsc_fol_cb"><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_a" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">New articles by this author</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_c" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">New citations to this author</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_r" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">New articles related to this author's research</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div></div><div id="gsc_fol_email"><label id="gsc_fol_ml" for="gsc_fol_m">Email address for updates</label><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="email_for_op" value="" id="gsc_fol_m" maxlength="100" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div><div class="gs_md_btns"><button type="submit" id="gsc_fol_b" disabled class=" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Done</span></span></button></div></form></div></div></div><!--[if lte IE 9]><div class="gs_alrt" style="padding:16px"><div>Sorry, some features may not work in this version of Internet Explorer.</div><div>Please use <a href="//www.google.com.my/chrome/">Google Chrome</a> or <a href="//www.mozilla.com/firefox/">Mozilla Firefox</a> for the best experience.</div></div><![endif]--><div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs" data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_in"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="Options" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo" href="/schhp?hl=en" aria-label="Homepage"></a></div><div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Metrics</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Alerts</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com.my/schhp%3Fhl%3Den" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Sign in</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner" class="gs_hdr_src"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_lgo" class="" href="/schhp?hl=en" aria-label="Homepage"></a><div id="gs_hdr_md"><div id="gs_hdr_srch"><form id="gs_hdr_frm" action="/citations"><input type=hidden name="view_op" value="search_authors"><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="mauthors" value="" id="gs_hdr_tsi" placeholder="Search profiles" size="50" maxlength="2048" autocapitalize="off" aria-label="Search"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><span id="gs_hdr_tsc"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_X"></span></span><button type="submit" id="gs_hdr_tsb" name="btnG" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></form></div></div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_sre" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_frm" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnTSB gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com.my/schhp%3Fhl%3Den">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gsc_bdy" class="gs_scl" data-tab="gsc_prf_t-art" data-usv=""><div class="gsc_rsb" role="navigation"><a id="gsc_rsb_gpl" class="gsc_rsb_s" href="/citations?hl=en">Get my own profile</a><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_cit" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-cit"><h3 class="gsc_rsb_header"><span class="gsc_rsb_title">Cited by</span><button type="button" id="gsc_hist_opn" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_action"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></h3><table id="gsc_rsb_st"><thead><tr><th class="gsc_rsb_sth"></th><th class="gsc_rsb_sth">All</th><th class="gsc_rsb_sth">Since 2019</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="This is the number of citations to all publications. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the number of new citations in the last 5 years to all publications.">Citations</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">11655</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">4253</td></tr><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="h-index is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h citations. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h new citations in the last 5 years.">h-index</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">51</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">30</td></tr><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="i10-index is the number of publications with at least 10 citations. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the number of publications that have received at least 10 new citations in the last 5 years.">i10-index</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">190</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">101</td></tr></tbody></table><style>.gsc_g_t{position:absolute;bottom:0;color:#777;font-size:11px;}.gsc_g_a{position:absolute;bottom:13px;width:15px;background:#777;}.gsc_g_a:hover,.gsc_g_a:focus,.gsc_g_a:active{text-decoration:none;cursor:default;}.gsc_g_al{position:absolute;bottom:15px;left:7px;color:#222;background:white;font-size:11px;padding:1px;border:1px solid #777;border-radius:1px;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gsc_g_a:hover .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:focus .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:active .gsc_g_al{visibility:visible;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}#gsc_md_hist{max-width:962px;}.gsc_md_hist_w{position:relative;overflow:hidden;margin-right:43px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ph .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ta .gsc_md_hist_w{overflow-x:auto;padding-bottom:16px;}.gsc_md_hist_b{position:relative;height:174px;width:100%;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_a{bottom:auto;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_t{bottom:auto;top:161px;}.gsc_md_hist_b:after{position:absolute;right:920px;content:"\00A0";}.gsc_g_hist_x{position:relative;margin-right:45px;}.gsc_g_hist_xl{position:absolute;right:8px;width:35px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_xl,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_xl{right:16px;}.gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-top:32px;position:relative;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-right:8px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp{border-top:0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after{display:block;content:"";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:0;left:0;width:20px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),rgba(255,255,255,1) 80%);}.gsc_g_x,.gsc_g_xt{position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;width:100%;text-align:right;}.gsc_g_x{border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_g_xtl{position:absolute;color:#777;}.gsc_g_gtr{position:absolute;}.gsc_g_a:last-child .gsc_g_al{right:0;left:auto;}</style><div class="gsc_g_hist_wrp" dir="rtl"><div class="gsc_g_hist_x"><div class="gsc_g_x" style="top:160px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:0px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:80px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:120px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:40px;"></div></div><div class="gsc_g_hist_xl"><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:153px;">0</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:-7px;">760</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:73px;">380</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:113px;">190</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:33px;">570</div></div><div class="gsc_md_hist_w"><div class="gsc_md_hist_b"><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:867px">1997</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:835px">1998</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:803px">1999</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:771px">2000</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:739px">2001</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:707px">2002</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:675px">2003</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:643px">2004</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:611px">2005</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:579px">2006</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:547px">2007</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:515px">2008</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:483px">2009</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:451px">2010</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:419px">2011</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:387px">2012</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:355px">2013</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:323px">2014</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:291px">2015</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:259px">2016</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:227px">2017</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:195px">2018</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:163px">2019</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:131px">2020</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:99px">2021</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:67px">2022</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:35px">2023</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:3px">2024</span><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:872px;top:148px;height:12px;z-index:28"><span class="gsc_g_al">61</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:840px;top:141px;height:19px;z-index:27"><span class="gsc_g_al">93</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:808px;top:140px;height:20px;z-index:26"><span class="gsc_g_al">99</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:776px;top:130px;height:30px;z-index:25"><span class="gsc_g_al">145</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:744px;top:127px;height:33px;z-index:24"><span class="gsc_g_al">159</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:712px;top:122px;height:38px;z-index:23"><span class="gsc_g_al">185</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:680px;top:114px;height:46px;z-index:22"><span class="gsc_g_al">223</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:648px;top:109px;height:51px;z-index:21"><span class="gsc_g_al">244</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:616px;top:119px;height:41px;z-index:20"><span class="gsc_g_al">195</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:584px;top:91px;height:69px;z-index:19"><span class="gsc_g_al">329</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:552px;top:97px;height:63px;z-index:18"><span class="gsc_g_al">300</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:520px;top:89px;height:71px;z-index:17"><span class="gsc_g_al">338</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:488px;top:88px;height:72px;z-index:16"><span class="gsc_g_al">346</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:456px;top:96px;height:64px;z-index:15"><span class="gsc_g_al">304</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:424px;top:75px;height:85px;z-index:14"><span class="gsc_g_al">408</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:392px;top:71px;height:89px;z-index:13"><span class="gsc_g_al">424</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:360px;top:72px;height:88px;z-index:12"><span class="gsc_g_al">421</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:328px;top:63px;height:97px;z-index:11"><span class="gsc_g_al">464</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:296px;top:39px;height:121px;z-index:10"><span class="gsc_g_al">579</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:264px;top:38px;height:122px;z-index:9"><span class="gsc_g_al">582</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:232px;top:24px;height:136px;z-index:8"><span class="gsc_g_al">646</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:200px;top:5px;height:155px;z-index:7"><span class="gsc_g_al">737</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:168px;top:21px;height:139px;z-index:6"><span class="gsc_g_al">661</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:136px;top:3px;height:157px;z-index:5"><span class="gsc_g_al">748</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:104px;top:11px;height:149px;z-index:4"><span class="gsc_g_al">710</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:72px;top:14px;height:146px;z-index:3"><span class="gsc_g_al">695</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:40px;top:5px;height:155px;z-index:2"><span class="gsc_g_al">739</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:8px;top:14px;height:146px;z-index:1"><span class="gsc_g_al">698</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_mnd" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-mnd"><div class="gsc_rsb_header gsc_rsb_m_header"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_title">Public access</div><a href="/citations?view_op=list_mandates&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ" id="gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk">View all</a></div><div class="gsc_rsb_hm gs_ota gs_oph"><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/citations?view_op\x3dlist_mandates\x26hl\x3den\x26user\x3dVDLrGwgAAAAJ'" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_a"><span>87 articles</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_na"><div>44 articles</div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_bar"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_bar_na" style="width:34%"></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_a"><span>available</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_na"><span>not available</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_desc">Based on funding mandates</div></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_co" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-ath"><h3 class="gsc_rsb_header"><span class="gsc_rsb_title">Co-authors</span><button type="button" id="gsc_coauth_opn" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_action"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></h3><ul class="gsc_rsb_a"><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-thQOwAUAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-thQOwAUAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-thQOwAUAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-thQOwAUAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Sergey I. Bokarev" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-thQOwAUAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=thQOwAUAAAAJ&citpid=4" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=thQOwAUAAAAJ&citpid=4 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=thQOwAUAAAAJ&citpid=4 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=thQOwAUAAAAJ&citpid=4 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=thQOwAUAAAAJ&hl=en">Sergey I. Bokarev</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Chemistry Department, The Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uni-rostock.de</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-sgFtodoAAAAJ-img{width:23px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-sgFtodoAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-sgFtodoAAAAJ-img{width:41px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-sgFtodoAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Ashour A. Ahmed" sizes="(max-width:981px) 41px,23px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-sgFtodoAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=sgFtodoAAAAJ&citpid=1" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=sgFtodoAAAAJ&citpid=1 23w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=sgFtodoAAAAJ&citpid=1 41w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=sgFtodoAAAAJ&citpid=1 93w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=sgFtodoAAAAJ&hl=en">Ashour A. Ahmed</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Germany</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uni-rostock.de</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-ts2gY58AAAAJ-img{width:27px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-ts2gY58AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-ts2gY58AAAAJ-img{width:47px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-ts2gY58AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Tönu Pullerits" sizes="(max-width:981px) 47px,27px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-ts2gY58AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=ts2gY58AAAAJ&citpid=3" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=ts2gY58AAAAJ&citpid=3 27w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=ts2gY58AAAAJ&citpid=3 47w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=ts2gY58AAAAJ&citpid=3 108w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=ts2gY58AAAAJ&hl=en">Tönu Pullerits</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Chemical Physics, Lund University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at chemphys.lu.se</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-wlW9esAAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-wlW9esAAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-wlW9esAAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-wlW9esAAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Mohamed Shibl" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-wlW9esAAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=wlW9esAAAAAJ&citpid=12" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=wlW9esAAAAAJ&citpid=12 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=wlW9esAAAAAJ&citpid=12 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=wlW9esAAAAAJ&citpid=12 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=wlW9esAAAAAJ&hl=en">Mohamed Shibl</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Cairo University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at cu.edu.eg</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-kNrUQWgAAAAJ-img{width:25px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-kNrUQWgAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-kNrUQWgAAAAJ-img{width:43px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-kNrUQWgAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Emad Aziz" sizes="(max-width:981px) 43px,25px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-kNrUQWgAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=kNrUQWgAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=kNrUQWgAAAAJ&citpid=2 25w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=kNrUQWgAAAAJ&citpid=2 43w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=kNrUQWgAAAAJ&citpid=2 99w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=kNrUQWgAAAAJ&hl=en">Emad Aziz</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Head of the Joint Ultrafast Dynamics Lab in Solutions and at Interfaces: Department of Physics at FU</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at fu-berlin.de</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-MtpK7ukAAAAJ-img{width:28px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-MtpK7ukAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-MtpK7ukAAAAJ-img{width:49px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-MtpK7ukAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Sergei D. Ivanov" sizes="(max-width:981px) 49px,28px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-MtpK7ukAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=MtpK7ukAAAAJ&citpid=4" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=MtpK7ukAAAAJ&citpid=4 28w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=MtpK7ukAAAAJ&citpid=4 49w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=MtpK7ukAAAAJ&citpid=4 111w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=MtpK7ukAAAAJ&hl=en">Sergei D. Ivanov</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Senior researcher, University of Rostock</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uni-rostock.de</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-2U6bldAAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-2U6bldAAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-2U6bldAAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-2U6bldAAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Ralf Ludwig" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-2U6bldAAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=2U6bldAAAAAJ&citpid=3" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=2U6bldAAAAAJ&citpid=3 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=2U6bldAAAAAJ&citpid=3 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=2U6bldAAAAAJ&citpid=3 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=2U6bldAAAAAJ&hl=en">Ralf Ludwig</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University of Rostock, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uni-rostock.de</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-3PlSNy0AAAAJ-img{width:31px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-3PlSNy0AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-3PlSNy0AAAAJ-img{width:54px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-3PlSNy0AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Rifaat Hilal" sizes="(max-width:981px) 54px,31px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-3PlSNy0AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=3PlSNy0AAAAJ&citpid=5" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=3PlSNy0AAAAJ&citpid=5 31w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=3PlSNy0AAAAJ&citpid=5 54w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=3PlSNy0AAAAJ&citpid=5 122w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=3PlSNy0AAAAJ&hl=en">Rifaat Hilal</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor of Theoretical Chemistry , Cairo University, Egypt.</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at kau.edu.sa</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-DT-V7aYAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-DT-V7aYAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-DT-V7aYAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:55px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-DT-V7aYAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Leticia González" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-DT-V7aYAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=DT-V7aYAAAAJ&citpid=7" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=DT-V7aYAAAAJ&citpid=7 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=DT-V7aYAAAAJ&citpid=7 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=DT-V7aYAAAAJ&citpid=7 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=DT-V7aYAAAAJ&hl=en">Leticia González</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Professor for Theoretical Chemistry</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at univie.ac.at</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-0B3m-ToAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:29px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-0B3m-ToAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-0B3m-ToAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:51px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-0B3m-ToAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Sergey Polyutov (Сергей Полютов)" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-0B3m-ToAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=0B3m-ToAAAAJ&citpid=13" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=0B3m-ToAAAAJ&citpid=13 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=0B3m-ToAAAAJ&citpid=13 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=0B3m-ToAAAAJ&citpid=13 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=0B3m-ToAAAAJ&hl=en">Sergey Polyutov (Сергей Полютов)</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Siberian Federal University, Researcher</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at sfu-kras.ru</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-qOSRzrMAAAAJ-img{width:26px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-qOSRzrMAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-qOSRzrMAAAAJ-img{width:45px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-qOSRzrMAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Yi Zhao" sizes="(max-width:981px) 45px,26px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-qOSRzrMAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=qOSRzrMAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=qOSRzrMAAAAJ&citpid=2 26w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=qOSRzrMAAAAJ&citpid=2 45w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=qOSRzrMAAAAJ&citpid=2 102w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=qOSRzrMAAAAJ&hl=en">Yi Zhao</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Xiamen University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at xmu.edu.cn</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-DtUrK3wAAAAJ-img{width:25px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-DtUrK3wAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-DtUrK3wAAAAJ-img{width:43px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-DtUrK3wAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Knut R. Asmis" sizes="(max-width:981px) 43px,25px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-DtUrK3wAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=DtUrK3wAAAAJ&citpid=1" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=DtUrK3wAAAAJ&citpid=1 25w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=DtUrK3wAAAAJ&citpid=1 43w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=DtUrK3wAAAAJ&citpid=1 99w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=DtUrK3wAAAAJ&hl=en">Knut R. Asmis</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Leipzig University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uni-leipzig.de</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-yQ7DAUYAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-yQ7DAUYAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-yQ7DAUYAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-yQ7DAUYAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Thomas Elsaesser" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-yQ7DAUYAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=yQ7DAUYAAAAJ&hl=en">Thomas Elsaesser</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Max Born Institute, Berlin, Germany</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at mbi-berlin.de</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-oqDcLs8AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:24px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-oqDcLs8AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-oqDcLs8AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:42px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-oqDcLs8AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Thomas Niehaus" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-oqDcLs8AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=oqDcLs8AAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=oqDcLs8AAAAJ&citpid=2 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=oqDcLs8AAAAJ&citpid=2 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=oqDcLs8AAAAJ&citpid=2 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=oqDcLs8AAAAJ&hl=en">Thomas Niehaus</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at univ-lyon1.fr</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-Rgg_v78AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-Rgg_v78AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-Rgg_v78AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-Rgg_v78AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Shaaban A. K. Elroby" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-Rgg_v78AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=Rgg_v78AAAAJ&citpid=4" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=Rgg_v78AAAAJ&citpid=4 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=Rgg_v78AAAAJ&citpid=4 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=Rgg_v78AAAAJ&citpid=4 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=Rgg_v78AAAAJ&hl=en">Shaaban A. K. Elroby</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Beni-Suef University- Faculty of Science- Chemistry Department</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at kau.edu.sa</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-_qli25UAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-_qli25UAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-_qli25UAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-_qli25UAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Hong-Liang Cui,Hongliang Cui, H.L. Cui, Cui Hongliang, 崔洪亮, Hong liang Cui" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-_qli25UAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=_qli25UAAAAJ&hl=en">Hong-Liang Cui,Hongliang Cui, H.L....</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Jilin University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at jlu.edu.cn</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-C6TfvlkAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:24px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-C6TfvlkAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-C6TfvlkAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:42px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-C6TfvlkAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Mikhael Korolkov" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-C6TfvlkAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=C6TfvlkAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=C6TfvlkAAAAJ&citpid=2 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=C6TfvlkAAAAJ&citpid=2 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=C6TfvlkAAAAJ&citpid=2 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=C6TfvlkAAAAJ&hl=en">Mikhael Korolkov</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at ifanbel.bas-net.by</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-ln1v8lgAAAAJ-img{width:20px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-ln1v8lgAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-ln1v8lgAAAAJ-img{width:35px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-ln1v8lgAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Robert Benny Gerber" sizes="(max-width:981px) 35px,20px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-ln1v8lgAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=ln1v8lgAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=ln1v8lgAAAAJ&citpid=2 20w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=ln1v8lgAAAAJ&citpid=2 35w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=ln1v8lgAAAAJ&citpid=2 80w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=ln1v8lgAAAAJ&hl=en">Robert Benny Gerber</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, University of California at Irvine, University of Helsinki</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at fh.huji.ac.il</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-YGjk6v0AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-YGjk6v0AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-YGjk6v0AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-YGjk6v0AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Peter Hamm" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-YGjk6v0AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=YGjk6v0AAAAJ&hl=en">Peter Hamm</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at chem.uzh.ch</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-Vlx_qoEAAAAJ-img{width:31px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-Vlx_qoEAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-Vlx_qoEAAAAJ-img{width:54px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-Vlx_qoEAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Andre D Bandrauk" sizes="(max-width:981px) 54px,31px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-Vlx_qoEAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=Vlx_qoEAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=Vlx_qoEAAAAJ&citpid=2 31w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=Vlx_qoEAAAAJ&citpid=2 54w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=Vlx_qoEAAAAJ&citpid=2 122w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=Vlx_qoEAAAAJ&hl=en">Andre D Bandrauk</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Université de Sherbrooke</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at usherbrooke.ca</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><div class="gsc_rsb_hmv gs_ota gs_oph"><button type="button" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_btnv"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></div></div></div><div class="gsc_lcl" role="main" id="gsc_prf_w"><div id="gsc_prf"><a href="javascript:void(0)" role="button" id="gsc_prf_btnf" class="gsc_prf_btn gsc_prf_btn_top gs_btnFA gsc_prf_btn_act"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gsc_prf_btn_lbl">Follow</span></a><div id="gsc_prf_pu"><div id="gsc_prf_pua" class="gs_rimg"><style>#gsc_prf_pup-img{width:92px;height:128px;}@media print{#gs_top #gsc_prf_pup-img{width:57pt;height:80pt;}}</style><img alt="Oliver Kühn" sizes="print 57px,92px" src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citpid=3" id="gsc_prf_pup-img" srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citpid=3 92w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citpid=3 183w"></div></div><div id="gsc_prf_i"><div id="gsc_prf_inw"><div id="gsc_prf_in">Oliver Kühn</div></div><div class="gsc_prf_il"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_org&hl=en&org=15085176176340057386" class="gsc_prf_ila">University of Rostock</a></div><div class="gsc_prf_il" id="gsc_prf_ivh">Verified email at uni-rostock.de - <a href="http://web.physik.uni-rostock.de/quantendynamik/" rel="nofollow" class="gsc_prf_ila">Homepage</a></div><div class="gsc_prf_il" id="gsc_prf_int"><a href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&mauthors=label:institute_of_physics" class="gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl">Institute of Physics</a></div></div></div></div><div id="gsc_prf_t_wrp" role="navigation"><div id="gsc_prf_t" role="tablist"><a id="gsc_prf_t-art" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role=tab aria-controls="gsc_art" aria-selected="true">Articles</a><a id="gsc_prf_t-cit" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role="tab" aria-controls="gsc_rsb_cit">Cited by</a><a id="gsc_prf_t-mnd" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role="tab" aria-controls="gsc_rsb_mnd">Public access</a><a id="gsc_prf_t-ath" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role=tab aria-controls="gsc_rsb_co">Co-authors</a></div></div><div class="gsc_lcl gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_art" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-art"><form method="post" action="/citations?hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&view_op=list_works"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="ADIE8skAAAAAZ0hXOqMUZqDTk2mcRKSGwntWyZI"><div id="gsc_a_tw"><table id="gsc_a_t"><thead><tr id="gsc_a_tr0" aria-hidden="true"><th class="gsc_a_t"></th><th class="gsc_a_c"></th><th class="gsc_a_y"></th></tr><tr id="gsc_a_trh"><th class="gsc_a_t" scope="col"><span id="gsc_a_ta"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=title" class="gsc_a_a">Title</a></span><div id="gsc_dd_sort-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_rmb gs_md_rmbl"><button type="button" id="gsc_dd_sort-b" aria-controls="gsc_dd_sort-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_mnu gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Sort</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gsc_dd_sort-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><div id="gsc_dd_sort-s" class="gs_oph gsc_dd_sec gsc_dd_sep"><a role="menuitem" href="/citations?hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&view_op=list_works" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li gsc_dd_sort-sel">Sort by citations</a><a role="menuitem" href="/citations?hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Sort by year</a><a role="menuitem" href="/citations?hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=title" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Sort by title</a></div></div></div></th><th class="gsc_a_c" scope="col" dir="rtl"><span id="gsc_a_ca"><div class="gs_nph">Cited by</div><div class="gs_oph">Cited by</div></span></th><th class="gsc_a_y" scope="col"><span class="gsc_a_h" id="gsc_a_ha"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate" class="gsc_a_a">Year</a></span></th></tr></thead><tbody id="gsc_a_b"><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C" class="gsc_a_at">Charge and energy transfer dynamics in molecular systems</a><div class="gs_gray">V May, O Kühn</div><div class="gs_gray">John Wiley & Sons<span class="gs_oph">, 2023</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=15386271619883819079,12521918265245885832,4624421111263708397" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">2894</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2023</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:u-x6o8ySG0sC" class="gsc_a_at">Ultrafast excitation energy transfer dynamics in photosynthetic pigment–protein complexes</a><div class="gs_gray">T Renger, V May, O Kühn</div><div class="gs_gray">Physics Reports 343 (3), 137-254<span class="gs_oph">, 2001</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=10403833994385358527" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">468</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2001</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:bjlTY1bLvvcC" class="gsc_a_at">Innovative methods in soil phosphorus research: A review</a><div class="gs_gray">J Kruse, M Abraham, W Amelung, C Baum, R Bol, O Kühn, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Journal of plant nutrition and soil science 178 (1), 43-88<span class="gs_oph">, 2015</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=16802362865495151398" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">380</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2015</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:FP-YCU5gdjEC" class="gsc_a_at">Exciton–vibrational coupling in the dynamics and spectroscopy of Frenkel excitons in molecular aggregates</a><div class="gs_gray">M Schröter, SD Ivanov, J Schulze, SP Polyutov, Y Yan, T Pullerits, O Kühn</div><div class="gs_gray">Physics Reports 567, 1-78<span class="gs_oph">, 2015</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=6938064468147765282" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">252</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2015</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C" class="gsc_a_at">Excitons in photosynthetic purple bacteria: wavelike motion or incoherent hopping?</a><div class="gs_gray">M Chachisvilis, O Kühn, T Pullerits, V Sundström</div><div class="gs_gray">The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 101 (37), 7275-7283<span class="gs_oph">, 1997</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=17301827016485732962" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">246</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">1997</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC" class="gsc_a_at">Pump–probe spectroscopy of dissipative energy transfer dynamics in photosynthetic antenna complexes: A density matrix approach</a><div class="gs_gray">O Kühn, V Sundström</div><div class="gs_gray">The Journal of chemical physics 107 (11), 4154-4164<span class="gs_oph">, 1997</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=2779461935550517433" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">203</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">1997</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC" class="gsc_a_at">Multidimensional quantum dynamics and infrared spectroscopy of hydrogen bonds</a><div class="gs_gray">K Giese, M Petković, H Naundorf, O Kühn</div><div class="gs_gray">Physics Reports 430 (4), 211-276<span class="gs_oph">, 2006</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=17483227929654666659" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">164</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2006</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:2P1L_qKh6hAC" class="gsc_a_at">The infrared spectrum of the O⋯ H⋯ O fragment of H5O2+: Ab initio classical molecular dynamics and quantum 4D model calculations</a><div class="gs_gray">MV Vener, O Kühn, J Sauer</div><div class="gs_gray">The Journal of Chemical Physics 114 (1), 240-249<span class="gs_oph">, 2001</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=1228859264685196284,6436847568204357811,2153137213070340098" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">144</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2001</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:aUOtug7Ojf8C" class="gsc_a_at">Biphasic self-assembly pathways and size-dependent photophysical properties of perylene bisimide dye aggregates</a><div class="gs_gray">F Fennel, S Wolter, Z Xie, PA Plötz, O Kühn, F Würthner, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Journal of the American Chemical Society 135 (50), 18722-18725<span class="gs_oph">, 2013</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=2915226923098411118" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">134</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2013</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:1sJd4Hv_s6UC" class="gsc_a_at">Hydrogen bonding in ionic liquids probed by linear and nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy</a><div class="gs_gray">C Roth, S Chatzipapadopoulos, D Kerlé, F Friedriszik, M Lütgens, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">New Journal of Physics 14 (10), 105026<span class="gs_oph">, 2012</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=2232256077995172719" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">129</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2012</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC" class="gsc_a_at">Dissipative vibrational dynamics in a curve–crossing system</a><div class="gs_gray">O Kühn, V May, M Schreiber</div><div class="gs_gray">The Journal of chemical physics 101 (12), 10404-10415<span class="gs_oph">, 1994</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=1896260637896417466" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">117</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">1994</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:UeHWp8X0CEIC" class="gsc_a_at">Energy transfer and relaxation dynamics in light-harvesting antenna complexes of photosynthetic bacteria</a><div class="gs_gray">O Kühn, V Sundström</div><div class="gs_gray">The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 101 (17), 3432-3440<span class="gs_oph">, 1997</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=13890799723577877687" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">102</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">1997</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:J_g5lzvAfSwC" class="gsc_a_at">Exciton-vibrational coupling in molecular aggregates: Electronic versus vibronic dimer</a><div class="gs_gray">S Polyutov, O Kühn, T Pullerits</div><div class="gs_gray">Chemical Physics 394 (1), 21-28<span class="gs_oph">, 2012</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=18391763401846259929" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">101</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2012</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:zYLM7Y9cAGgC" class="gsc_a_at">Fluorescence depolarization dynamics in the B850 complex of purple bacteria</a><div class="gs_gray">O Kühn, V Sundström, T Pullerits</div><div class="gs_gray">Chemical physics 275 (1-3), 15-30<span class="gs_oph">, 2002</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=5887938136804207121" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">94</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2002</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:PflRiyi98mgC" class="gsc_a_at">Acceleration of a ground-state reaction by selective femtosecond-infrared-laser-pulse excitation</a><div class="gs_gray">T Stensitzki, Y Yang, V Kozich, AA Ahmed, F Kössl, O Kühn, K Heyne</div><div class="gs_gray">Nature Chemistry 10 (2), 126-131<span class="gs_oph">, 2018</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=18360148213060356535" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">91</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2018</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:uoIO7Ko97q4C" class="gsc_a_at">Multi-layer multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree (ML-MCTDH) approach to the correlated exciton-vibrational dynamics in the FMO complex</a><div class="gs_gray">J Schulze, MF Shibl, MJ Al-Marri, O Kühn</div><div class="gs_gray">The Journal of chemical physics 144 (18)<span class="gs_oph">, 2016</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=6737404714597187190" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">91</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2016</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:70eg2SAEIzsC" class="gsc_a_at">Theory of exciton-vibrational dynamics in molecular dimers</a><div class="gs_gray">O Kühn, T Renger, V May</div><div class="gs_gray">Chemical physics 204 (1), 99-114<span class="gs_oph">, 1996</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=4719367444421905173" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">91</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">1996</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:LkGwnXOMwfcC" class="gsc_a_at">Gas‐Phase Infrared Spectroscopy and Multidimensional Quantum Calculations of the Protonated Ammonia Dimer N2H7+</a><div class="gs_gray">KR Asmis, Y Yang, G Santambrogio, M Brümmer, JR Roscioli, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Angewandte Chemie International Edition 46 (45), 8691-8694<span class="gs_oph">, 2007</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=13297437948187030572,2092770386181173742,10823805756167648526" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">90</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2007</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:_FxGoFyzp5QC" class="gsc_a_at">1H/2H NMR studies of geometric H/D isotope effects on the coupled hydrogen bonds in porphycene derivatives</a><div class="gs_gray">M Pietrzak, MF Shibl, M Bröring, O Kühn, HH Limbach</div><div class="gs_gray">Journal of the American Chemical Society 129 (2), 296-304<span class="gs_oph">, 2007</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12802622771442213406" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">90</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2007</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VDLrGwgAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VDLrGwgAAAAJ:tS2w5q8j5-wC" class="gsc_a_at">State-Dependent Electron Delocalization Dynamics at the Solute-Solvent Interface: Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Ab Initio Calculations</a><div class="gs_gray">SI Bokarev, M Dantz, E Suljoti, O Kühn, EF Aziz</div><div class="gs_gray">Physical Review Letters 111, 083002<span class="gs_oph">, 2013</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=6072880576724696879,3896710383595059909" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">89</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2013</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div id="gsc_a_sp"></div><div id="gsc_a_err" class="gs_alrt">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div></div><div id="gsc_lwp"><span id="gsc_a_nn">Articles 1–20</span><div id="gsc_bpf"><button type="button" id="gsc_bpf_more" class="gs_btnPD gs_in_ib gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Show more</span></span></button></div></div></form></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.com.my/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.com.my/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>