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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_(identitat_racial)" title="Passing (identitat racial) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Passing (identitat racial)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpation_raciale" title="Usurpation raciale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Usurpation raciale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_(identitas_rasial)" title="Passing (identitas rasial) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Passing (identitas rasial)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing" title="Passing – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Passing" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing" title="Passing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Passing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing" title="Passing – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Passing" data-language-autonym="Português" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">When a person classified as one race is accepted as another</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Racial_misrepresentation" title="Racial misrepresentation">Racial misrepresentation</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passing_(sociology)" title="Passing (sociology)">Passing (sociology)</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Racial passing</b> occurred when a person who was categorized as black - their <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race (human categorization)</a> in the United States of America, sought to be accepted or perceived ("passes") as a member of another racial group, usually white. Historically, the term has been used primarily in the United States to describe a <a href="/wiki/Black_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Black person">black person</a>, especially a <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a> person who assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white majority</a> to escape the legal and social conventions of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a> and discrimination. In the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum South</a>, passing as white was a temporary disguise used as a means of escaping <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passing_for_white">Passing for white</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Passing for white"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Weldon_Johnson,_half-length_portrait_at_desk_with_telephone_LCCN95518635.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/James_Weldon_Johnson%2C_half-length_portrait_at_desk_with_telephone_LCCN95518635.jpg/220px-James_Weldon_Johnson%2C_half-length_portrait_at_desk_with_telephone_LCCN95518635.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/James_Weldon_Johnson%2C_half-length_portrait_at_desk_with_telephone_LCCN95518635.jpg/330px-James_Weldon_Johnson%2C_half-length_portrait_at_desk_with_telephone_LCCN95518635.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/James_Weldon_Johnson%2C_half-length_portrait_at_desk_with_telephone_LCCN95518635.jpg/440px-James_Weldon_Johnson%2C_half-length_portrait_at_desk_with_telephone_LCCN95518635.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a>, author of the <i>Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">anti-miscegenation laws</a> outlawing <a href="/wiki/Racial_intermarriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial intermarriage">racial intermarriage</a> existed in the North American Colonies as early as 1664,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were no laws preventing or prosecuting the rape of enslaved girls and women. Rape of slaves was legal and encouraged during slavery to increase the slave population. For generations, enslaved black mothers bore mixed-race children who were deemed "<a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattos</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">quadroons</a>", "octoroons", or "hexadecaroons" based on their percentage of "black blood".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although these mixed-race people were often half white or more, institutions of <a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">hypodescent</a> and the 20th-century <a href="/wiki/One_drop_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="One drop rule">one drop rule</a> in some states – particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> – classified them as black and therefore, inferior, particularly after slavery became a racial caste. But there were other mixed-race people who were born to unions or marriages in colonial Virginia between free white women and African or African-American men, free, indentured, or slave, and became ancestors to many free families of color in the early decades of the United States, as documented by Paul Heinegg in his <i>Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For some people, passing as white and using their whiteness to uplift other black people was the best way to undermine the system that relegated black people to a lower position in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Passing_for_White,_Passing_for_Blac_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passing_for_White,_Passing_for_Blac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These same people that were able to pass as white were sometimes known for leaving the African American community and getting an education, later to return and assist with <a href="/wiki/Racial_uplift" title="Racial uplift">racial uplifting</a>. Although the reasons behind the decision to attempt to pass are deeply individual, the history of African Americans passing as white can be categorized by the following time periods: the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum</a> era, post-emancipation, Reconstruction through <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a>, and present day.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobb2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antebellum_United_States">Antebellum United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antebellum United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum period</a>, passing as white was a means of escaping slavery. Once they left the plantation, escaped slaves who could pass as white found safety in their perceived whiteness. To pass as white was to pass as free.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobb2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> However, once they gained their freedom, most escaped slaves intended to return to blackness—passing as white was a temporary disguise used to gain freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobb2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> Once they had escaped, their racial ambiguity could be a safeguard to their freedom. If an escaped slave was able to pass as white, they were less likely to be caught and returned to their plantation. If they <i>were</i> caught, white-passing slaves such as <a href="/wiki/Morrison_v._White" title="Morrison v. White">Jane Morrison</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> could sue for their freedom, using their white appearance as justification for emancipation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobb2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-emancipation">Post-emancipation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-emancipation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Post-emancipation, passing as white was no longer a means to obtain freedom. As passing shifted from a necessity to an option, it fell out of favor in the black community. Author Charles W. Chestnutt, who was born free in Ohio as a mixed-race African American, explored circumstances for persons of color in the South after emancipation, for instance, for a formerly enslaved woman who marries a white-passing man shortly after the conclusion of Civil War. Some fictional exploration coalesced around the figure of the "tragic mulatta", a woman whose future is compromised by her being mixed race and able to pass for white.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_Reconstruction_through_Jim_Crow">From Reconstruction through Jim Crow</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From Reconstruction through Jim Crow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>, black people slowly gained some of the constitutional rights of which they were deprived during slavery. Although they would not secure "full" constitutional equality for another century until after passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, reconstruction promised African Americans legal equality for the first time. Abolishing slavery did not abolish racism. During Reconstruction whites tried to enforce white supremacy, in part through the rise of <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> chapters, rifle clubs and later paramilitary insurgent groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passing was used by some African Americans to evade segregation. Those who were able to pass as white often engaged in tactical passing or passing as white in order to get a job, go to school, or to travel.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobb2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> Outside these situations, "tactical passers" still lived as black people, and for this reason, tactical passing is also referred to as "9 to 5 passing."<sup id="cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobb2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> The writer and literary critic <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Broyard" title="Anatole Broyard">Anatole Broyard</a> saw his father pass in order to get work after his <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a> family moved north to Brooklyn before World War II. </p><p>This idea of crossing the color line at different points in one's life is explored in <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a>'s <i>Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the narrator closes the novel by saying "I have sold my birthright for <a href="/wiki/Mess_of_pottage" title="Mess of pottage">a mess of pottage</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that he regrets trading in his blackness for whiteness. The idea that passing as white was a rejection of blackness was common at the time and remains so to the present time.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobb2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p><p>African-American people also chose to pass as whites during Jim Crow and beyond. For example, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">United States civil rights</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a> conducted investigations in the South during which he passed as <a href="/wiki/Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Whites">white</a> to gather information on <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynchings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a>, and to protect himself in socially hostile environments. White, who was blond-haired, blue-eyed, and had a light complexion, was of <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a>, mostly European ancestry. Twenty-seven of White's 32 great-great-great-grandparents were white; the other five were classified as black and had been slaves. White grew up with his parents in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta</a> in the black community and identified with it. He served as the chief executive of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP) from 1929 until his death in 1955. </p><p>In the 20th century, <i><a href="/wiki/Krazy_Kat" title="Krazy Kat">Krazy Kat</a></i> comics creator <a href="/wiki/George_Herriman" title="George Herriman">George Herriman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> cartoonist born to <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> parents, passed as white throughout his adult life. Around this time, those who passed as white were referred to through French Creole slang as <i>passant</i> (passing) <i>à blanc</i> or <i>pour blanc</i> (as white).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aforementioned 20th-century writer and critic Anatole Broyard was a Louisiana Creole who chose to pass for white in his adult life in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>. He wanted to create an independent writing life and rejected being classified as a black writer. In addition, he did not identify with northern urban black people, whose experiences had been much different from his as a child in New Orleans' Creole community. He married an American woman of European descent. His wife and many of his friends knew he was partly black in ancestry. His daughter Bliss Broyard did not find out until after her father's death. In 2007, she published a memoir that traced her exploration of her father's life and family mysteries entitled <i>One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life: A Story of Race and Family Secrets</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_2000_to_the_present">From 2000 to the present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From 2000 to the present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Passing as white is more controversial in the 21st-century because it is frequently seen as being a rejection of blackness, family and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobb2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Passing_for_White,_Passing_for_Blac_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passing_for_White,_Passing_for_Blac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2021, Black writer for <i><a href="/wiki/Steven_Universe_Future" title="Steven Universe Future">Steven Universe Future</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Craig_of_the_Creek" title="Craig of the Creek">Craig of the Creek</a></i>, Taneka Stotts, told <i><a href="/wiki/Insider_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insider (website)">Insider</a></i> that often Black and brown characters in animation exist ambiguously, calling this a "White passing narrative...where the narrative is written in a way that it's white-passing enough to get past your executives and the powers that be."<sup id="cite_ref-whiabchikal2021_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whiabchikal2021-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae Catt, a queer <a href="/wiki/Asian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian-American">Asian-American</a> writer for <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Justice_(TV_series)" title="Young Justice (TV series)">Young Justice</a></i>, added that when shows are not run or written by <a href="/wiki/People_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="People of color">people of color</a>, Black characters are "surface decoration" with racial representation going "very similarly to queer representation" as the cultural identity of characters is not shown, with an "unspoken implicit destructive bias" that their behavior is "correct," behavior that is "inevitably white."<sup id="cite_ref-whiabchikal2021_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whiabchikal2021-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Stirling_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Edward_Stirling_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Edward_Stirling_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Edward_Stirling_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Edward_Stirling_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Edward_Stirling_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Edward_Stirling_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stirling_(politician)" title="Edward Stirling (politician)">Edward Stirling</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stirling_(politician)" title="Edward Stirling (politician)">Edward Stirling</a>, one of the early British settlers in South Australia, was the illegitimate child of a Scottish slaveholder in Jamaica and an unidentified woman of colour. Financed by his father's <a href="/wiki/Slave_Compensation_Act_1837" title="Slave Compensation Act 1837">slave compensation</a>, he passed as Scottish after arriving in Australia and became one of the colony's wealthiest individuals. He and his sons <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Stirling" title="Lancelot Stirling">Lancelot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Stirling" title="Edward Charles Stirling">Edward Charles Stirling</a> were all members of parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Joseph_Hooker" title="Leslie Joseph Hooker">Leslie Joseph Hooker</a>, the founder of one of Australia's real estate firms <a href="/wiki/LJ_Hooker" title="LJ Hooker">LJ Hooker</a>, concealed his Chinese ancestry during his lifetime, including changing his birth surname of Tingyou.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly to the African-American practice, many <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> have passed as white to avoid legal and social discriminations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the iconic autobiography <a href="/wiki/My_Place_(book)" title="My Place (book)"><i>My Place</i></a>, a central theme is <a href="/wiki/Sally_Morgan_(artist)" title="Sally Morgan (artist)">Sally Morgan</a>, whose family passed as <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a>, discovering her Aboriginal heritage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germany">Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Jews in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, passing as "Aryan" or white and non-Jewish was a means of escaping persecution. There were three ways to avoid being shipped off to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">death camps</a>: run, hide or pass. No option was perfect, and all carried the risk of getting caught. People who could not run away but wanted to maintain a life without hiding attempted to pass as "Aryan."<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Michigan_Press_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Michigan_Press-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who were "visibly Jewish"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> could try to alter their appearance to become "Aryan", while other Jewish people with more ambiguous features could pass into the "Aryan" ideal more easily. In these attempts to pass as "Aryan", Jewish people altered their appearance by dyeing their hair blonde and even attempting to reverse circumcisions.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Michigan_Press_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Michigan_Press-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edith_Hahn_Beer" title="Edith Hahn Beer">Edith Hahn Beer</a> was Jewish and passed as "Aryan"; she survived the Holocaust by living with and marrying a Nazi officer. Hahn-Beer wrote a memoir called: <a href="/wiki/The_Nazi_Officer%27s_Wife" title="The Nazi Officer's Wife"><i>The Nazi Officer's Wife: How One Jewish Woman Survived the Holocaust</i></a>. Another such example is <a href="/wiki/Stella_K%C3%BCbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Stella Kübler">Stella Kübler</a>, a Jewish collaborator who initially attempted to <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jew">hide her Jewish background</a>. </p><p>There are also examples of the opposite: some persons such as <a href="/wiki/Misha_Defonseca" title="Misha Defonseca">Misha Defonseca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurel_Rose_Willson" title="Laurel Rose Willson">Laurel Rose Willson</a> or the author who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Fragments:_Memories_of_a_Wartime_Childhood" title="Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood">Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood</a></i> falsely claimed to be Jewish <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivor" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust survivor">Holocaust survivors</a> after 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of racial passing have been used by people to assimilate into groups other than European. Marie Lee Bandura, who grew up as part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Westminster_Indian_Band" title="New Westminster Indian Band">New Westminster Indian Band</a> in British Columbia, was orphaned and believed she was the last of her people. She moved to <a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(Vancouver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown (Vancouver)">Vancouver's Chinatown</a>, married a Chinese man, and raised her four children believing they were Chinese and French. One day she told her daughter Rhonda Larrabee about her heritage: "I will tell you once, but you must never ask me again." Marie Lee Bandura had chosen to hide her roots due to the prejudice she faced.<sup id="cite_ref-onf-nfb.gc.ca_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onf-nfb.gc.ca-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hui2003_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hui2003-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Special:EditPage/Passing (racial identity)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Webb" title="Frank J. Webb">Frank J. Webb</a>'s 1857 novel <i>The Garies and Their Friends</i>, explores the choices in the racist antebellum North (Philadelphia) of three mixed-race characters who can pass for white: George Winston, who opts to leave the United States rather than be subjected to discriminatory laws; Emily Garie, who marries into the coloured society that she identifies with and defends; and her brother, Clarence Gary, who secretly passes after attending a white boarding school. He falls in love with a white woman, is exposed as being part black, and dies of tuberculosis and despair.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Chopin" title="Kate Chopin">Kate Chopin</a>'s 1893 short story "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9e%27s_Baby" title="Désirée's Baby">Désirée's Baby</a>", tells the story of an abandoned baby, apparently white, raised by a wealthy French Creole family. The baby (Désirée) grows up to marry a wealthy man of good name. When their child is born, in a few months it becomes apparent the child is part black. The husband, Armand, sends Désirée and the baby away, implying she is of mixed race. The final scene reveals that Armand was the one of mixed ancestry, and that this had been kept from him by his parents.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s 1894 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Pudd%27nhead_Wilson" title="Pudd'nhead Wilson">The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson</a></i>, is a scathing satire of passing in the antebellum South. Roxy, a slave, is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> black; in order to avoid being sold down the river, she decides to switch her own baby (who is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> black) with a white child she is caring for. Her baby Tom, who passes for white, is raised as a spoiled aristocrat, but when his true identity becomes known, as the child of a slave and thus born into slavery, he is sold down the river.</li> <li>Writing in the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a> explored issues of mixed-race people passing for white in several of his short stories and novels set in the South after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. It was a tumultuous time, with dramatic social changes following the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>; many of the people who had been enslaved were mixed race because of generations of white men having taken sexual advantage of slave women, or having more conventional liaisons with them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In 1912, <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a> anonymously published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_an_Ex-Colored_Man" title="The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man">The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man</a></i>, which depicts the life of a biracial man who, after witnessing a lynching, chooses to live as white. Doing so costs him his connection to and dream of making music steeped in African-American roots.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Redmon_Fauset" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessie Redmon Fauset">Jessie Redmon Fauset</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bun" title="Plum Bun">Plum Bun</a></i> in 1928, a novel in which the African-American protagonist, Angela Murray, tries to leverage her light skin tone to gain social advantage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nella_Larsen" title="Nella Larsen">Nella Larsen</a>'s 1929 novella <i><a href="/wiki/Passing_(novel)" title="Passing (novel)">Passing</a></i>, deals with two <a href="/wiki/Biracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Biracial">biracial</a> women's <a href="/wiki/Racial_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial identity">racial identities</a> and their social experience: one generally passes for white and has married white; the other is married to a black man and lives in the black community of <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>'s 1932 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Light_in_August" title="Light in August">Light in August</a></i>, explores white passing through its protagonist Joe Christmas, although passing is not the novel's central theme.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Hurst" title="Fannie Hurst">Fannie Hurst</a>'s 1933 bestselling novel <i><a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Life_(novel)" title="Imitation of Life (novel)">Imitation of Life</a></i>, includes the character Peola, a light-skinned African-American girl who rejects her darker-skinned mother in order to pass for white. The novel was adapted as two independent major motion pictures of the same name (see <a href="#Film">Film</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Sprigle" title="Ray Sprigle">Ray Sprigle</a>, a white journalist, disguised himself as black and travelled in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> with <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a>, a guide from the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>. Sprigle wrote a series of articles under the title <i>I Was a Negro in the South for 30 Days</i>. The articles formed the basis of Sprigle's 1949 book <i>In the Land of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a> wrote several pieces related to passing, including two relevant short stories. One, titled "Passing" in the 1934 collection <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ways_of_White_Folks" title="The Ways of White Folks">The Ways of White Folks</a></i>, concerns a son who thanks his mother for literally disregarding him on the street as he is passing for white. The other, titled "Who's Passing for Who" (1952), portrays a couple whose racial ambiguity leads to questioning whether they are passing for white or for black.</li> <li>Unpublished in <a href="/wiki/Regina_M._Anderson" title="Regina M. Anderson">Regina M. Anderson</a>'s lifetime, the one-act play <i>The Man Who Passed</i> narrates the plight of Fred Carrington. A former Harlem resident, after years of passing as white, returns to the friends he had abandoned to face the many consequences of his choice.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Like_Me" title="Black Like Me">Black Like Me</a></i> (1961) was an account by journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Griffin" title="John Howard Griffin">John Howard Griffin</a> about his experiences as a Southern white man passing as black in the late 1950s to explore how blacks were treated in the Deep South.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzy_Senna" title="Danzy Senna">Danzy Senna</a>'s 1998 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Caucasia_(novel)" title="Caucasia (novel)">Caucasia</a></i>, features Birdie, a biracial girl who looks white and accompanies her white mother as they go into hiding. Her sister, Cole, looks black and goes with their black father into a different hiding place.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Jerome_Dickey" title="Eric Jerome Dickey">Eric Jerome Dickey</a>'s 1999 novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milk_in_My_Coffee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milk in My Coffee (page does not exist)">Milk in My Coffee</a></i>, features a biracial woman who has been traumatized by the black community and her family; she moves to New York City and passes for white.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Stain" title="The Human Stain">The Human Stain</a></i> (2000) is a novel by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> featuring a light-skinned African-American man who spent his adult professional life passing as a <a href="/wiki/Jewish-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-American">Jewish-American</a> intellectual.</li> <li>Mat Johnson and Warren Pleese's graphic novel <i>Incognegro</i> is inspired by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter White</a>'s work as an investigative reporter for the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynchings</a> in the South in the early 20th century. It tells of Zane Pinchback, a young, light-skinned, African-American man whose eyewitness reports of lynchings are regularly published in a New York periodical under the byline "Incognegro".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a> writer, examines the emotional impact of passing in his allegorical short story, "Pennies, Off a Dead Man's Eyes". In it, a white man (secretly an alien non-human who was stranded on Earth as a child) attends the funeral of a beloved black man who raised him, and who taught him how to blend in and appear human.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Zink" title="Nell Zink">Nell Zink</a>'s 2015 novel <i>Mislaid</i> is told in the voice of a white Southern lesbian, who pretends to be heterosexual to marry. She eventually leaves her husband and assumes a new African-American identity for herself and her daughter, passing as a mixed-race woman.</li> <li>In her 2017 book <i>Real American: A Memoir</i>, author <a href="/wiki/Julie_Lythcott-Haims" title="Julie Lythcott-Haims">Julie Lythcott-Haims</a> depicts her experiences as a person of mixed race.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Brit_Bennett" title="Brit Bennett">Brit Bennett</a>'s 2020 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vanishing_Half" title="The Vanishing Half">The Vanishing Half</a></i>, one of a set of identical twin sisters decides to cut her family ties and pass as white.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_F._Kuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebecca F. Kuang">Rebecca F. Kuang</a>'s 2023 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Yellowface_(novel)" title="Yellowface (novel)">Yellowface</a></i>, author June Hayward steals the manuscript for <i>The Last Front</i>, a novel about the experiences of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Labour_Corps" title="Chinese Labour Corps">Chinese labourers during the First World War</a> written by Chinese-American writer Athena Liu shortly before her death, editing it and submitting it as her original work. Adopting the new <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> Juniper Song (her full first and middle names), her publishing house arranges new author photos that present her as <a href="/wiki/Racially_ambiguous" class="mw-redirect" title="Racially ambiguous">racially ambiguous</a> ahead of the novel's publication, with Hayward conceding that she is white when asked but asserting that it should not prevent her from writing about the experiences of others. Nevertheless, she is publicly accused of cultural appropriation and theft.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The 1934 film <i><a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Life_(1934_film)" title="Imitation of Life (1934 film)">Imitation of Life</a></i> featured the character Peola, who has mixed ancestry and passes as white. The <a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Life_(1959_film)" title="Imitation of Life (1959 film)">1959 remake</a> renamed the character Sarah Jane.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1936_film)" title="Show Boat (1936 film)">1936</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1951_film)" title="Show Boat (1951 film)">1951 adaptations</a> of the musical <i><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</a></i>, set in the segregated South, feature a character named Julie who is of mixed race and accepted as white. The discovery of her partially African ancestry sets off a crisis, as she is married to a white man.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Boundaries" title="Lost Boundaries">Lost Boundaries</a></i> (1949) features a black couple passing for white in New Hampshire who become pillars of the community, with the husband serving as the esteemed town doctor. Upon being commissioned in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, his racial identity is revealed. This fictional account is based on the history of a real family.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinky_(film)" title="Pinky (film)">Pinky</a></i> was a 1949 film on the topic starring <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Crain" title="Jeanne Crain">Jeanne Crain</a> as a Southern woman who passed for white in the North while studying to be a nurse. Crain was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Academy Award for Best Actress</a>.</li> <li>In the film <i><a href="/wiki/Band_of_Angels" title="Band of Angels">Band of Angels</a></i> (1957), starring <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_de_Carlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne de Carlo">Yvonne de Carlo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a>, Amantha Starr grows up as a privileged white Southern belle in the segregated antebellum South. After her father dies, her world is shattered when it is revealed that her mother was an African-American slave.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sapphire_(film)" title="Sapphire (film)">Sapphire</a></i> (1959) is a British movie which explores the theme of racial passing.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_(1959_film)" title="Shadows (1959 film)">Shadows</a></i> is a 1959 American independent drama film directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">John Cassavetes</a> about race relations during the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> years in New York City. The film stars Ben Carruthers, Lelia Goldoni, and Hugh Hurd as three mulatto siblings, though only one of them is dark-skinned enough to be considered African American.</li> <li>The 1960 film <i><a href="/wiki/I_Passed_for_White" title="I Passed for White">I Passed for White</a></i> features an African-American character who is accepted as white.</li> <li>The 1973 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spook_Who_Sat_by_the_Door_(film)" title="The Spook Who Sat by the Door (film)">The Spook Who Sat by the Door</a></i> features a bank robbery conducted by an <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> underground guerrilla group. Lighter-skinned members, who use wigs to pass as white, are purposefully used. Witnesses to the crime describe them as Caucasian males, deflecting suspicion from the guerrillas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Dash" title="Julie Dash">Julie Dash</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Illusions_(1982_film)" title="Illusions (1982 film)">Illusions</a></i> (1982), set in 1942, featured a woman in a Hollywood film studio who had passed as white to gain her position. It was named one of the decade's best films in 1989 by the Black Filmmakers Association.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The 1986 film <i><a href="/wiki/Soul_Man_(film)" title="Soul Man (film)">Soul Man</a></i> features a white man who wears <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a> to qualify for an African American-only scholarship at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>.</li> <li>In the 1990 film <i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Europa" title="Europa Europa">Europa Europa</a></i>, based on the real-life story of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Perel" title="Solomon Perel">Solomon Perel</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the main character is a young Jewish refugee who discards his identity papers and is eventually accepted as a hero of the Nazi regime and exemplar of Aryan traits.</li> <li>The 1995 film <i><a href="/wiki/Panther_(film)" title="Panther (film)">Panther</a></i> features a black <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> agent named Pruitt, who passes for white when among <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>.</li> <li>The 1995 film <i><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_a_Blue_Dress_(film)" title="Devil in a Blue Dress (film)">Devil in a Blue Dress</a></i> features a mixed-race woman, light-skinned enough to pass, who becomes embroiled in a mystery in which her appearance is an important factor.</li> <li>The 1996 film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Family_Thing" title="A Family Thing">A Family Thing</a></i> features a white man, played by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Duvall" title="Robert Duvall">Robert Duvall</a>, who learns when his mother dies that she was not his biological mother. His natural mother was African American and died as she gave birth to him. He also finds he has a black half-brother (played by <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a>) who is a policeman, as well as a maternal aunt.</li> <li>The 2000 TV movie <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_House_Divided_(television_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A House Divided (television film) (page does not exist)">A House Divided</a></i> is based on Kent Anderson Leslie's non-fiction book <i>Woman of Color, Daughter of Privilege: <a href="/wiki/Amanda_America_Dickson" title="Amanda America Dickson">Amanda America Dickson</a>, (1849–1893)</i>, about a mixed-race woman in the South whose mother was a slave. Her wealthy white father raises her in a life of privilege. When he tries to will his property to her, his white relatives challenge her for control of the estate. They cite local laws forbidding property ownership by blacks (legally, the younger woman is defined by her mother's slave status and racial caste). After court challenges, Amanda Dickson succeeded in inheriting her father's fortune.</li> <li>The 2003 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Stain_(film)" title="The Human Stain (film)">The Human Stain</a></i> stars <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> as an <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> man of mixed-race ancestry who has passed as <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">white</a> for most of his adult life to achieve his professional and academic goals. It is adapted from <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Human_Stain" title="The Human Stain">novel of the same name</a>.</li> <li>In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Wayans" title="Marlon Wayans">Marlon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Wayans" title="Shawn Wayans">Shawn Wayans</a> starred in the film <i><a href="/wiki/White_Chicks" title="White Chicks">White Chicks</a></i> in which two black FBI agents go <a href="/wiki/Undercover" class="mw-redirect" title="Undercover">undercover</a> as rich white girls and are believed to be white by the white people they encounter, including the girls' friends.</li> <li>The 2005 film <i><a href="/wiki/Slow_Burn_(2005_film)" title="Slow Burn (2005 film)">Slow Burn</a></i> has themes of interracial dating, "passing" or pretending to be a member of another race.</li> <li>The 2007 documentary short <i>Black/White & All That Jazz</i> tells the story of singer-actor <a href="/wiki/Herb_Jeffries" title="Herb Jeffries">Herb Jeffries</a>, who identified as "a man of color" in order to be accepted as a singer. He was of <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a> ancestry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In the 2008 film <i><a href="/wiki/Tropic_Thunder" title="Tropic Thunder">Tropic Thunder</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr." title="Robert Downey Jr.">Robert Downey Jr.</a> plays a blue-eyed, blond-haired Australian <a href="/wiki/Method_actor" class="mw-redirect" title="Method actor">method actor</a> who undergoes <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a> to portray an African-American soldier in a <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">movie within the movie</a>.</li> <li>The 2021 film <i><a href="/wiki/Passing_(film)" title="Passing (film)">Passing</a></i> tells the story of a biracial woman who meets a biracial friend who is "passing" as white.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>On the soap opera <i><a href="/wiki/One_Life_to_Live" title="One Life to Live">One Life to Live</a></i>, the character of <a href="/wiki/Carla_Gray" title="Carla Gray">Carla Gray</a> was introduced in 1968 as an <a href="/wiki/Italian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-American">Italian-American</a> traveling actress. She has dalliances with both white and black doctors (scandalizing television viewers when Gray, who they believed was white, kissed a black doctor). Her true racial heritage was revealed when maid <a href="/wiki/Sadie_Gray" title="Sadie Gray">Sadie Gray</a>, a black woman, claimed Carla as her daughter.</li> <li>On the last episode of the first season of the sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" title="The Jeffersons">The Jeffersons</a></i> (1975), <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rubin" title="Andrew Rubin">Andrew Rubin</a> played <a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Helen_Willis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom and Helen Willis">Tom and Helen Willis</a>' son Allan, who left the family for two years and traveled in Europe, passing as white. This enraged his sister Jenny, who looks black.</li> <li>In an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/WKRP_in_Cincinnati" title="WKRP in Cincinnati">WKRP in Cincinnati</a></i>, clueless news reporter <a href="/wiki/Les_Nessman" title="Les Nessman">Les Nessman</a> actually tries to dye his skin black to appear as an African American for a news story; this is a spoof of the <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Griffin" title="John Howard Griffin">John Howard Griffin</a> story <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Like_Me" title="Black Like Me">Black Like Me</a></i>.</li> <li>On the December 15, 1984, episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i>, the black actor <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a> appeared in "White Like Me",<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a sketch in which he used theatrical make-up to appear as a white man.</li> <li>In 1985, actor <a href="/wiki/Phil_Morris_(actor)" title="Phil Morris (actor)">Phil Morris</a> played black attorney <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrone Jackson">Tyrone Jackson</a> on the soap opera <i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless" title="The Young and the Restless">The Young and the Restless</a></i>. He uses make-up to pass as a white man and infiltrate a crime organization.</li> <li>In "Are You Now or Have You Ever Been", the second episode of season-2 of the television show <i><a href="/wiki/Angel_(1999_TV_series)" title="Angel (1999 TV series)">Angel</a></i> (October 3, 2000), actress Melissa Marsala plays Judy Kovacs, a bank robber on the lam who is passing.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The episode takes place in 1952 and introduces the <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperion Hotel">Hyperion Hotel</a> as a setting for the show.</li> <li>In November 2005, <a href="/wiki/Ice_Cube" title="Ice Cube">Ice Cube</a> and Emmy Award-winning filmmaker <a href="/wiki/R._J._Cutler" title="R. J. Cutler">R. J. Cutler</a> teamed to create the six-part <a href="/wiki/Documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary">documentary</a> series titled <i><a href="/wiki/Black._White." title="Black. White.">Black. White.</a></i>, broadcast on cable network <a href="/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)" title="FX (TV channel)">FX</a>. Two families, one black and one white, shared a home in the <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a> for the majority of the show. The Sparks and their son Nick, from <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, were made up to appear to be white. The Wurgels and their daughter Rose were transformed from white to black. The show premiered in March 2006.</li> <li>In "Libertyville" (March 29, 2009), an episode from the <a href="/wiki/Cold_Case_(season_6)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Case (season 6)">sixth season</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Cold_Case_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Case (TV series)">Cold Case</a></i> set in 1958, the actor <a href="/wiki/Johnathon_Schaech" title="Johnathon Schaech">Johnathon Schaech</a> portrays Julian Bellowes, who has just married into a wealthy family in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. He has not told them he is a <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a> of color.<sup id="cite_ref-ColdCase_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColdCase-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the third-season episode "Colors" (October 16, 2005) (set in 1945) includes <a href="/wiki/Christina_Hendricks" title="Christina Hendricks">Christina Hendricks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Donahue" title="Elinor Donahue">Elinor Donahue</a> playing a dancer who passes as white for at least sixty years.</li> <li>A Season 8 episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Law_%26_Order" title="Law & Order">Law & Order</a></i>, entitled "Blood" (November 19, 1997), features a rich African American who has been passing for white for his entire adult life in order to first get a corporate job in the South and then to maintain his career. He was initially accused of killing his white wife in order to give away their dark-skinned newborn baby that would expose him as being of African-American descent. It was later revealed that his ex-wife murdered her to cover up the fact that she was married to him and that their son was of black ancestry.</li> <li>The sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Unbreakable_Kimmy_Schmidt" title="Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt">Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt</a></i> (2015–2019) features <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_White_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline White (character)">Jacqueline White</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> woman who passes for white. She is played by white actress <a href="/wiki/Jane_Krakowski" title="Jane Krakowski">Jane Krakowski</a>; the casting of a white woman in the role drew criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The political satire series <i><a href="/wiki/Veep" title="Veep">Veep</a></i> features Laura Montez, one of the vice-presidential candidates in the 2016 election who becomes President after an Electoral College tie and an unresolved tie in the contingent vote in the House of Representatives. As Montez is her married name (with her maiden being Cunningham), and as she pronounces her name in a Spanish accent and frequently uses Spanish words in regular conversation, her predecessor (and successor) Selina Meyer believes that she is passing as Hispanic to further her political career.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Racial passing is a recurring theme in American artist <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Piper" title="Adrian Piper">Adrian Piper</a>'s work. For example, in her 1988 visual performance piece <i>Cornered</i>, Piper states "I'm black" and explains that this statement may surprise her audience because Piper, who is a light-skinned African American, could pass as white.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The rock band <a href="/wiki/Big_Black" title="Big Black">Big Black</a> released a song on this subject called "Passing Complexion" on their 1986 album <i>Atomizer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Latin_America" title="Race and ethnicity in Latin America">Race and ethnicity in Latin America</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concepts">Concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_white" title="Acting white">Acting white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (history)">Amalgamation (history)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assimilated_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilated Jews">Assimilated Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum laws</a>, also known as Indian blood laws (as in, Native American)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Paper_Bag_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Paper Bag Test">Brown Paper Bag Test</a>, also known as a Paper Bag Party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color-blind_casting" title="Color-blind casting">Color-blind casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_terminology_for_race" title="Color terminology for race">Color terminology for race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination based on skin color">Discrimination based on skin color</a>, also known as colorism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Lookism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(gender)" title="Passing (gender)">Passing (gender)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretendian" title="Pretendian">Pretendian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_fluidity" title="Racial fluidity">Racial fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_misrepresentation" title="Racial misrepresentation">Racial misrepresentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_transformation_(individual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial transformation (individual)">Racial transformation (individual)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_appearance_of_Michael_Jackson#Skin_diseases" title="Health and appearance of Michael Jackson">Racial transformation of Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martina_Big" title="Martina Big">Martina Big</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">Skin whitening</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Operated_Jew" title="The Operated Jew">The Operated Jew</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transracial_(identity)" title="Transracial (identity)">Transracial (identity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">White privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">Whiteness studies</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_Broyard" title="Anatole Broyard">Anatole Broyard</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvera_Frederic" title="Alvera Frederic">Alvera Frederic</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Florence_Hemmings" title="Anita Florence Hemmings">Anita Florence Hemmings</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Mason_(real_estate_broker)" title="Alice Mason (real estate broker)">Alice Mason (real estate broker)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mason-2023_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-2023-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Green-2024_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-2024-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_John_McKee" title="Theophilus John McKee">Theophilus John McKee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Oberon" title="Merle Oberon">Merle Oberon</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Roxborough" title="Elsie Roxborough">Elsie Roxborough</a><sup id="cite_ref-Michigan_Quarterly_Review_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michigan_Quarterly_Review-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Mildred_Williams" title="Mary Mildred Williams">Mary Mildred Williams</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passing_(racial_identity)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFViñas-Nelson2017" class="citation web cs1">Viñas-Nelson, Jessica (July 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://origins.osu.edu/article/interracial-marriage-post-racial-america">"Interracial Marriage in "Post-Racial" America"</a>. <i>Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective</i>. The history departments at The Ohio State University and Miami University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102328/http://origins.osu.edu/article/interracial-marriage-post-racial-america">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Origins%3A+Current+Events+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.atitle=Interracial+Marriage+in+%22Post-Racial%22+America&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft.aulast=Vi%C3%B1as-Nelson&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forigins.osu.edu%2Farticle%2Finterracial-marriage-post-racial-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeereyBodenhausen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Peerey, Destiny; Bodenhausen, Galen, V. (2008). "Black + White = Black Hypodescent in Reflexive Categorization of Racially Ambiguous Faces". <i>Psychological Science</i>. <b>19</b> (10): 973–977. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2008.02185.x">10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02185.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19000204">19000204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12042421">12042421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Black+%2B+White+%3D+Black+Hypodescent+in+Reflexive+Categorization+of+Racially+Ambiguous+Faces&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=973-977&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12042421%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19000204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2008.02185.x&rft.aulast=Peerey&rft.aufirst=Destiny&rft.au=Bodenhausen%2C+Galen%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinegg1995–2000" class="citation book cs1">Heinegg, Paul (1995–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100807191511/http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/"><i>Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware</i></a>. Baltimore: Geneaological Publishing Co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freeafricanamericans.com/">the original</a> on August 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+African+Americans+of+Virginia%2C+North+Carolina%2C+South+Carolina%2C+Maryland+and+Delaware&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Geneaological+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1995%2F2000&rft.aulast=Heinegg&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freeafricanamericans.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Passing_for_White,_Passing_for_Blac-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Passing_for_White,_Passing_for_Blac_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Passing_for_White,_Passing_for_Blac_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper1992" class="citation journal cs1">Piper, Adrian (1992). "Passing for White, Passing for Black". <i>Transition</i> (58): 4–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2934966">10.2307/2934966</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2934966">2934966</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153989912">153989912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transition&rft.atitle=Passing+for+White%2C+Passing+for+Black&rft.issue=58&rft.pages=4-32&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153989912%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2934966%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2934966&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobb2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobb2014_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs2014" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, Allyson (2014). <i>A Chosen Exile: A History of Racial Passing in American Life</i>. 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University of Vermont Journal of American History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916180641/http://www.uvm.edu/~psearls/johnson.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Vermont&rft.atitle=The+Slave+Trader%2C+the+White+Slave%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Racial+Determination+in+the+1850s&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2F~psearls%2Fjohnson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellFraser2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, James, M.; Fraser, Rebecca, J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wGmD0Zl27GIC&pg=PR15"><i>Reconstruction: People and Perspectives</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO; Oxford, England: ACB-CLIO, Inc. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598840216" title="Special:BookSources/9781598840216"><bdi>9781598840216</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128151738/https://books.google.com/books?id=wGmD0Zl27GIC&pg=PR15">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction%3A+People+and+Perspectives&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA%3B+Denver%2C+CO%3B+Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=ACB-CLIO%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781598840216&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=James%2C+M.&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Rebecca%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwGmD0Zl27GIC%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBornstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Bornstein, George (2011). <i>The Colors of Zion</i>. USA: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05701-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05701-2"><bdi>978-0-674-05701-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colors+of+Zion&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Cataloging-in-Publication+Data&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05701-2&rft.aulast=Bornstein&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeldon-Johnson1912" class="citation book cs1">Weldon-Johnson, James (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGI1AQAAMAAJ&q=mess+of+pottage"><i>The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man</i></a>. Boston: Sherman, French, & Company. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781774414736" title="Special:BookSources/9781774414736"><bdi>9781774414736</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128045540/https://books.google.com/books?id=cGI1AQAAMAAJ&q=mess+of+pottage">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+an+Ex-Colored+Man&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Sherman%2C+French%2C+%26+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=9781774414736&rft.aulast=Weldon-Johnson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGI1AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmess%2Bof%2Bpottage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.louisianafolklife.org/lt/articles_essays/lfmcreoles.html">"Growing up in Davant, Louisiana: The Creoles of the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish"</a>. <i>www.louisianafolklife.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mandingo Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pass%C3%A9+Pour+Blanc+%28passed+for+White%29%3A+Creole+Secrets&rft.pub=Mandingo+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXDuawwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whiabchikal2021-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whiabchikal2021_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whiabchikal2021_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteChik2021" class="citation web cs1">White, Abbey; Chik, Kalai (August 31, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insider.com/lgbtq-creatives-of-color-discrimination-kids-animation-cartoons-2021-8">"LGBTQ characters of color are making animation history — but creatives of color can't escape the industry's discriminatory past"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Insider_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insider (website)">Insider</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210831153307/https://www.insider.com/lgbtq-creatives-of-color-discrimination-kids-animation-cartoons-2021-8">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n10094/pdf/05_robertson.pdf">"Edward Stirling: Embodiment and beneficiary of slave-ownership"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australian Journal of Biography and History</i>. <b>6</b> (6): 103–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FAJBH.06.2022">10.22459/AJBH.06.2022</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Biography+and+History&rft.atitle=Edward+Stirling%3A+Embodiment+and+beneficiary+of+slave-ownership&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=103-124&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FAJBH.06.2022&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Beth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fn10094%2Fpdf%2F05_robertson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpearritt1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Spearritt, Peter (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hooker-sir-leslie-joseph-10537">"Sir Leslie Joseph Hooker (1903–1976)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. 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Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+Leslie+Joseph+Hooker+%281903%E2%80%931976%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=Spearritt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fhooker-sir-leslie-joseph-10537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chineseaustralia.org/lj-hookers-chinese-roots/">"LJ Hooker's Chinese roots"</a>. <i>ChineseAustralia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ChineseAustralia.org&rft.atitle=LJ+Hooker%27s+Chinese+roots&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchineseaustralia.org%2Flj-hookers-chinese-roots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2005" class="citation news cs1">Barlow, Karen (October 28, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2005/s1492592.htm">"Justice Spigelman calls for pride on Indigenous ancestry"</a>. <i>Australian Broadcasting Corporation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Justice+Spigelman+calls+for+pride+on+Indigenous+ancestry&rft.date=2005-10-28&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fam%2Fcontent%2F2005%2Fs1492592.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_Michigan_Press-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Michigan_Press_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Michigan_Press_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallach2017" class="citation book cs1">Wallach, Kerry (2017). <i>Passing Illusions: Jewish Visibility in Weimar Germany</i>. United States of America: University of Michigan Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472123001" title="Special:BookSources/9780472123001"><bdi>9780472123001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passing+Illusions%3A+Jewish+Visibility+in+Weimar+Germany&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780472123001&rft.aulast=Wallach&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallach2017" class="citation book cs1">Wallach, Kerry (2017). <i>Passing Illusions: Jewish Visibility in Weimar Germany</i>. United States of America: University of Michigan Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472123001" title="Special:BookSources/9780472123001"><bdi>9780472123001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passing+Illusions%3A+Jewish+Visibility+in+Weimar+Germany&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780472123001&rft.aulast=Wallach&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onf-nfb.gc.ca-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onf-nfb.gc.ca_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onf-nfb.gc.ca/eng/collection/film/?lg=en&id=51207">"A Tribe of One"</a>. <i>Government of Canada</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706182857/http://www.onf-nfb.gc.ca/eng/collection/film/?lg=en&id=51207">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Canada&rft.atitle=A+Tribe+of+One&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onf-nfb.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fcollection%2Ffilm%2F%3Flg%3Den%26id%3D51207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hui2003-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hui2003_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHui2003" class="citation news cs1">Hui, Stephen (May 26, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225123828/http://peak.sfu.ca/the-peak/2003-2/issue4/ar-tribe.html">"Film: The story of the smallest tribe"</a>. Vol. 114, no. 4. Burnaby, British Columbia: Simon Fraser University. p. 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.sfu.ca/utils/getfile/collection/peak_A/id/28740/filename/28734.pdfpage/page/10">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Film%3A+The+story+of+the+smallest+tribe&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2003-05-26&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.sfu.ca%2Futils%2Fgetfile%2Fcollection%2Fpeak_A%2Fid%2F28740%2Ffilename%2F28734.pdfpage%2Fpage%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=137901">Mat Johnson on Incognegro</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Newsarama" title="Newsarama">Newsarama</a>, November 29, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/28/obituaries/albert-johnston-87-focus-of-film-on-race.html">"Albert Johnston, 87, Focus of Film on Race"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 28, 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Albert+Johnston%2C+87%2C+Focus+of+Film+on+Race&rft.date=1988-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F06%2F28%2Fobituaries%2Falbert-johnston-87-focus-of-film-on-race.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1995" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Robert McG. Jr. (November 29, 1995). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/29/us/thyra-johnston-91-symbol-of-racial-distinctions-dies.html">"Thyra Johnston, 91, Symbol of Racial Distinctions, Dies"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thyra+Johnston%2C+91%2C+Symbol+of+Racial+Distinctions%2C+Dies&rft.date=1995-11-29&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Robert+McG.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F11%2F29%2Fus%2Fthyra-johnston-91-symbol-of-racial-distinctions-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The title refers to <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Like_Me" title="Black Like Me">Black Like Me</a></i> (1961), a book by the journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Griffin" title="John Howard Griffin">John Howard Griffin</a> who temporarily passed as black to learn about racial segregation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenfeld2014" class="citation book cs1">Schoenfeld, Jené (2014). 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Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 95–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5227-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5227-2"><bdi>978-1-4384-5227-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Can+One+Really+Choose%3F+Passing+and+Self-Identification+at+the+Turn+of+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.btitle=Passing+Interest%3A+Racial+Passing+in+US+Novels%2C+Memoirs%2C+Television%2C+and+Film%2C+1990%E2%80%932010&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=95-105&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-5227-2&rft.aulast=Schoenfeld&rft.aufirst=Jen%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenzies,_David2014" class="citation web cs1">Menzies, David (May 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denofgeek.com/tv/angel/30156/10-angel-episodes-that-were-too-big-for-sunnydale">"10 Angel episodes that were too big for Sunnydale"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Angel+episodes+that+were+too+big+for+Sunnydale&rft.pub=Den+of+Geek&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft.au=Menzies%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denofgeek.com%2Ftv%2Fangel%2F30156%2F10-angel-episodes-that-were-too-big-for-sunnydale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColdCase-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ColdCase_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1256074/">"<i>Cold Case</i>: Libertyville (2009)"</a>. Internet Movie Database. March 29, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219000120/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1256074/">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cold+Case%3A+Libertyville+%282009%29&rft.pub=Internet+Movie+Database&rft.date=2009-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1256074%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@emmieodea/the-unbreakable-kimmy-schmidt-has-a-race-problem-4465102f3173">"The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Has a Race Problem"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unbreakable+Kimmy+Schmidt+Has+a+Race+Problem&rft.date=2015-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40emmieodea%2Fthe-unbreakable-kimmy-schmidt-has-a-race-problem-4465102f3173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/annehelenpetersen/the-unbreakable-kimmie-schmidt-has-a-major-race-problem">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt' Has A Major Race Problem"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed" title="BuzzFeed">BuzzFeed</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed&rft.atitle=%27Unbreakable+Kimmy+Schmidt%27+Has+A+Major+Race+Problem&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeed.com%2Fannehelenpetersen%2Fthe-unbreakable-kimmie-schmidt-has-a-major-race-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Chu, Arthur (March 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/television/2015/03/race_in_unbreakable_kimmy_schmidt_how_critics_are_missing_the_point.html">"Racial Stereotypes Can Be Funny"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170521010115/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/television/2015/03/race_in_unbreakable_kimmy_schmidt_how_critics_are_missing_the_point.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Racial+Stereotypes+Can+Be+Funny&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Ftelevision%2F2015%2F03%2Frace_in_unbreakable_kimmy_schmidt_how_critics_are_missing_the_point.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargent2018" class="citation news cs1">Sargent, Antwaun (April 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-adrian-pipers-massive-moma-survey-will-force-face-prejudices">"Adrian Piper's Massive MoMA Survey Will Force You to Face Your Prejudices"</a>. <i>Artsy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516015116/https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-adrian-pipers-massive-moma-survey-will-force-face-prejudices">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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June 10, 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=White+Like+Me&rft.date=1996-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F1996%2F06%2F17%2Fwhite-like-me&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/mother-passed-white-mixed-race-heritage-denial-gail-lukasik-alvera-frederic-new-orleans-louisiana-a8067351.html">"My mother spent her life passing as white. Discovering her secret changed my view of race - and myself"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. November 21, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/mother-passed-white-mixed-race-heritage-denial-gail-lukasik-alvera-frederic-new-orleans-louisiana-a8067351.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=My+mother+spent+her+life+passing+as+white.+Discovering+her+secret+changed+my+view+of+race+-+and+myself&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fmother-passed-white-mixed-race-heritage-denial-gail-lukasik-alvera-frederic-new-orleans-louisiana-a8067351.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vassar.edu/vq/issues/2002/01/features/passing-as-white.html">"Passing as White - Vassar, the Alumnae/i Quarterly"</a>. <i>www.vassar.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vassar.edu&rft.atitle=Passing+as+White+-+Vassar%2C+the+Alumnae%2Fi+Quarterly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vassar.edu%2Fvq%2Fissues%2F2002%2F01%2Ffeatures%2Fpassing-as-white.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason-2023-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mason-2023_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2023" class="citation web cs1">Mason, Christopher (December 2, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airmail.news/issues/2023-12-2/sight-unseen">"The Queen of New York Realtors and a Lifelong Secret"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airmail.news&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airmail.news (page does not exist)">airmail.news</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airmail.news&rft.atitle=The+Queen+of+New+York+Realtors+and+a+Lifelong+Secret&rft.date=2023-12-02&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairmail.news%2Fissues%2F2023-12-2%2Fsight-unseen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-2024-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green-2024_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2024" class="citation web cs1">Green, Penelope (January 11, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/11/style/alice-mason-dead.html">"Alice Mason, Real Estate Fixer and Hostess to the Elite, Dies at 100"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alice+Mason%2C+Real+Estate+Fixer+and+Hostess+to+the+Elite%2C+Dies+at+100&rft.date=2024-01-11&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F01%2F11%2Fstyle%2Falice-mason-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/07/last-tycoon-jennifer-beals-merle-oberon">"The Fascinating Old Hollywood Story That Inspired The Last Tycoon's Best Plotline"</a>. <i>Vanity Fair</i>. July 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=The+Fascinating+Old+Hollywood+Story+That+Inspired+The+Last+Tycoon%27s+Best+Plotline&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fhollywood%2F2017%2F07%2Flast-tycoon-jennifer-beals-merle-oberon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michigan_Quarterly_Review-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michigan_Quarterly_Review_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauke1984" class="citation journal cs1">Hauke, Kathleen A. (Spring 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mqrarchive/act2080.0023.002/12:2?g=mqrg;rgn=full+text;view=image">"The "Passing" of Elsie Roxborough"</a>. <i>Michigan Quarterly Review</i>. <b>23</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+%22Passing%22+of+Elsie+Roxborough&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Hauke&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fm%2Fmqrarchive%2Fact2080.0023.002%2F12%3A2%3Fg%3Dmqrg%3Brgn%3Dfull%2Btext%3Bview%3Dimage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Brune, Jeffrey A., and Daniel J. Wilson (eds.), <i>Disability and Passing: Blurring the Lines of Identity</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2013.</li> <li>Crary, David (November 4, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gainesville.com/story/news/2003/11/05/passing-for-white-not-a-relic-of-the-past/31649609007/">"Passing for White Not a Relic of the Past"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gainesville_Sun" title="The Gainesville Sun">The Gainesville Sun</a></i> (Gainesville, Florida). <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>.</li> <li>Davenport, Lauren. 2020. "<a href="//doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-060418-042801" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060418-042801">The Fluidity of Racial Classifications</a>". <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>.</li> <li>Dahis, Ricardo, Emily Nix, Nancy Qian. 2019. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w26465">Choosing Racial Identity in the United States, 1880–1940</a>". NBER Working Paper No. 26465.</li> <li>De Micheli, D. (2020). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1017/S0043887120000179" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/S0043887120000179">Racial Reclassification and Political Identity Formation</a>". <i>World Politics</i>.</li> <li>Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051216122742/http://web.princeton.edu/sites/english/NEH/GATES1.HTM">"The Passing of Anatole Broyard"</a>. <i>Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man</i>. New York: Random House. pp. 180–214. The life story of a famous writer, whose family was Louisiana Creole (whom Gates labels black), who passed as white for most of his adult life in the Northeast.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Randall_Kennedy" title="Randall Kennedy">Kennedy, Randall</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/70462/OSLJ_V62N3_1145.pdf">"Racial Passing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ohio State Law Journal</i>. <b>62</b> (3): 1145–1193. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1811%2F70462">1811/70462</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1572">0048-1572</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328185418/http://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/70462/OSLJ_V62N3_1145.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+State+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Racial+Passing&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1145-1193&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1811%2F70462&rft.issn=0048-1572&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkb.osu.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1811%2F70462%2FOSLJ_V62N3_1145.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span> Definitions and examples, history, famous cases and a look at the theme in works of fiction.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal2004" class="citation web cs1">Neal, Rome (May 20, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/living-a-double-life/">"Living a Double Life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_Sunday_Morning" title="CBS News Sunday Morning">CBS News Sunday Morning</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328190502/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/living-a-double-life/">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News+Sunday+Morning&rft.atitle=Living+a+Double+Life&rft.date=2004-05-20&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fliving-a-double-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassing+%28racial+identity%29" class="Z3988"></span> A variety of ways to "pass".</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiethnicity" title="Template talk:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multiracial_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian Jews</a></li> <li>Brazilians <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pt:ju%C3%A7ara" class="extiw" title="wikt:pt:juçara"><i>juçaras</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras" title="Caiçaras">caiçaras</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco">mameluco</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarar%C3%A1" title="Sarará">sarará</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo"><i>cafuzo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla</a></li> <li>Eurasians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5i_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di" title="Bụi đời">Bụi đời</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Dutch Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasian Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Filipino Mestizo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu">Hāfu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topasses" title="Topasses">Topasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people_in_China" title="Multiracial people in China">Hùnxuě'ér</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu"><i>ainoko</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">castizo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">cholo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(racial_category)" title="Coyote (racial category)">coyote</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">Mixed-blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto"><i>mulatos</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacatra" title="Sacatra">Sacatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diasporas" title="List of diasporas">Diasporas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_luk_khrueng_people" title="List of luk khrueng people">luk khrueng people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">Race of the future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations<br />of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Black sentiment">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="White_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:White_people" title="Template:White people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:White_people" title="Template talk:White people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:White_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:White people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="White_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Bold</b> refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_emigration" title="European emigration">European emigration</a><br />by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Angolans" title="White Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Botswana" title="White people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Malawians" title="White Malawians">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zambia" title="White people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Pakistanis" title="European Pakistanis">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Bahamian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Bahamian">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Barbadians" title="White Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bermudians" title="White Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Canada</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caribbean_people" title="White Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caymanians" title="White Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Costa_Rica#European_Costa_Ricans" title="Demographics of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cubans#European" title="Cubans">Cuba</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominican_(Dominica)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Dominican (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominicans" title="White Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadorans#White_and_Mestizo_Salvadorans" title="Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalans#Criollo_and_other_European_descendants" title="Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Haitians" title="White Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Honduras#European" title="Demographics of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Jamaicans" title="White Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama#European_Panamanians" title="Demographics of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="White Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">United States</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_California" title="White Americans in California">California</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Americans in Los Angeles (page does not exist)">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_San_Francisco#European_Americans" title="Demographics of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Maryland" title="White Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_White_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of White Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">Southern United States</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Puerto_Ricans" title="White Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="White Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">Argentina</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bolivians" title="White Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chileans#European_and_neighboring_immigrants" title="Chileans">Chile</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Colombians" title="White Colombians">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Paraguayans" title="White Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Surinamese" title="White Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans#Europeans_or_whites" title="Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelans_of_European_descent" title="Venezuelans of European descent">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Australia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanqueamiento" title="Blanqueamiento">Blanqueamiento</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollos</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_white_child" title="First white child">First white child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_the_white_man" title="Play the white man">Play the white man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_conceptions_of_whiteness" title="Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness">Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_gods" title="White gods">White gods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological<br />phenomena and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_white" title="Acting white">Acting white</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Passing as white</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">Skin whitening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_guilt" title="White guilt">White guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">White privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">Whiteness studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_art" title="Whitewashing in art">Whitewashing in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_film" title="Whitewashing in film">Whitewashing in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_savior_narrative_in_film" title="White savior narrative in film">White savior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_demographic_decline" title="White demographic decline">White demographic decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:White_people_terms" title="Template:White people terms">White people terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negative stereotypes of Whites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_white_Americans" title="Stereotypes of white Americans">In the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_stereotypes" title="Appalachian stereotypes">Appalachian stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_white" title="Mountain white">Mountain whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_White" title="Poor White">Poor Whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redleg" title="Redleg">Redlegs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Rednecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">White trash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)" title="Karen (slang)">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_white_male" title="Angry white male">Angry white male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becky_(slang)" title="Becky (slang)">Becky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_(slang)" title="Basic (slang)">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_monkey" title="White monkey">White monkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States" title="Definitions of whiteness in the United States">US definitions of whiteness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li>Old Stock <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Americans" title="Old Stock Americans">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_laine" title="Pure laine">Quebeckers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">White Anglo-Saxon Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_identity" title="White identity">White identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_pride" title="White pride">White pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European native population</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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