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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-现状" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现状"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>现状</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-现状-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关现状子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-现状-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-语言使用者数量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语言使用者数量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>语言使用者数量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-语言使用者数量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語系分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語系分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>語系分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語系分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言形態" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言形態"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>語言形態</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言形態-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語系演進" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語系演進"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>語系演進</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語系演進-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-词汇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词汇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>词汇</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-词汇-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关词汇子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-词汇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-克丘亚的词源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#克丘亚的词源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>克丘亚的词源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-克丘亚的词源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-语法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>语法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-语法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关语法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-语法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-代词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#代词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>代词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-代词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-名词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>名词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考文獻子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-书目文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#书目文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>书目文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-书目文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>延伸閱讀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">克丘亞語</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。114种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%89%BF" title="ቀቿ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቀቿ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kescwisc_spr%C7%A3ccynn" title="Kescwisc sprǣccynn – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Kescwisc sprǣccynn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="क्वेशुआ भाषा – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="क्वेशुआ भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7" title="كتشوا – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتشوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_quechua" title="Idioma quechua – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma quechua" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhichwa_aru" title="Qhichwa aru – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qhichwa aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C3%A7ua_dill%C9%99ri" title="Keçua dilləri – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Keçua dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Кечуанскія мовы – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кечуанскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Кечуа (мова) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кечуа (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Кечуа (език) – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кечуа (език)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="কেচুয়া ভাষাসমূহ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেচুয়া ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kechuaeg" title="Kechuaeg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kechuaeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Duanski_jezik" title="Kečuanski jezik – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kečuanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADtxua" title="Quítxua – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quítxua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8E%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="زمانەکانی کێچوا – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانەکانی کێچوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Du%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Kečuánština – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kečuánština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_(%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5)" title="Кечуа (чĕлхе) – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кечуа (чĕлхе)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C3%A7uwa" title="Keçuwa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Keçuwa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1" title="Γλώσσες Κέτσουα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσες Κέτσουα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Quechuan languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%89ua_lingvaro" title="Keĉua lingvaro – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Keĉua lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_quechuas" title="Lenguas quechuas – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas quechuas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ket%C5%A1ua_keel" title="Ketšua keel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ketšua keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitxua" title="Kitxua – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kitxua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="زبان‌های کچوا – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های کچوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ket%C5%A1ua" title="Ketšua – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ketšua" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketschua_spriaken" title="Ketschua spriaken – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ketschua spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketsj%C3%BBa_(taal)" title="Ketsjûa (taal) – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ketsjûa (taal)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Cheatsuais" title="An Cheatsuais – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Cheatsuais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_quechuas" title="Linguas quechuas – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas quechuas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kechua%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Kechuañe’ẽ – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kechuañe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%86_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="કેચુઆ ભાષા – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેચુઆ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua-ng%C3%AE" title="Quechua-ngî – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Quechua-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Kekua" title="ʻŌlelo Kekua – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Kekua" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="קצ'ואה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קצ'ואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82" title="क्वेशुआ भाषाएं – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्वेशुआ भाषाएं" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_bhasa" title="Quechua bhasa – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Quechua bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Duanski_jezik" title="Kečuanski jezik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kečuanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecsua_nyelv" title="Kecsua nyelv – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kecsua nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կեչուա լեզուներ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեչուա լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_quechua" title="Linguas quechua – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas quechua" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Quechua" title="Rumpun bahasa Quechua – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Quechua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua-linguo" title="Quechua-linguo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Quechua-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketsj%C3%BAa" title="Ketsjúa – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ketsjúa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_quechua" title="Lingue quechua – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue quechua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AE%E1%93%B1%E1%90%8A" title="ᑮᓱᐊ – 因纽特语" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑮᓱᐊ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因纽特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="ケチュア語族 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケチュア語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="კეჩუა (ენა) – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კეჩუა (ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Quechua" title="Bahasa Quechua – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Quechua" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Кечуа тілі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кечуа тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕ್ವೆಚುವಾ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ವೆಚುವಾ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EC%B6%94%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="케추아어족 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케추아어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Кечуа (кыв) – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кечуа (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Quechuae" title="Linguae Quechuae – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Quechuae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetxua_(lingua)" title="Cetxua (lingua) – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cetxua (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Duj%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kečujų kalba – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kečujų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Dvu_valoda" title="Kečvu valoda – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kečvu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Keitua" title="Reo Keitua – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Keitua" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кечуански јазици – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кечуански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ക്വെചുവൻ ഭാഷ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്വെചുവൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="क्वेचुआ भाषा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्वेचुआ भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Quechua" title="Bahasa Quechua – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Quechua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%A7" title="کچوئا – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کچوئا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuatlatolli" title="Quechuatlatolli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Quechuatlatolli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_(Spraak)" title="Quechua (Spraak) – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Quechua (Spraak)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="क्वेस्वा – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्वेस्वा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_(taal)" title="Quechua (taal) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quechua (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuaspr%C3%A5k" title="Quechuaspråk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Quechuaspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADchoa" title="Quíchoa – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quíchoa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_keczua" title="Język keczua – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język keczua" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_quechuan" title="Lenghe quechuan – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe quechuan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="کیوچوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیوچوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کيچوا ژبه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيچوا ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_qu%C3%ADchua" title="Língua quíchua – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua quíchua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qichwa_simi" title="Qichwa simi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qichwa simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_quechua" title="Limbi quechua – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi quechua" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кечуанские языки – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кечуанские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кечуа тыла – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кечуа тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱠᱮᱪᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱮᱪᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_leids" title="Quechuan leids – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Quechuan leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Dua_(jezik)" title="Kečua (jezik) – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kečua (jezik)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Du%C3%A1n%C4%8Dina" title="Kečuánčina – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kečuánčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Duan%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Kečuanščina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kečuanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue%C3%A7ua_(gjuh%C3%AB)" title="Kueçua (gjuhë) – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kueçua (gjuhë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Кечуа (језик) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кечуа (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கெச்வா மொழிகள் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கெச்வா மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="కెచ్వా భాష – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కెచ్వా భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="ตระกูลภาษาเกชัว – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตระกูลภาษาเกชัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C3%A7uva_dilleri" title="Keçuva dilleri – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Keçuva dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Кечуа теле – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кечуа теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%90%DA%86%DB%87%D8%A6%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="كېچۇئا تىلى – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كېچۇئا تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Кечуа (мова) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кечуа (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="کیچوائی زبانیں – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیچوائی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Duan_kel%27" title="Kečuan kel' – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kečuan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Quechua" title="Ngữ hệ Quechua – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Quechua" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchwa" title="Ketchwa – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ketchwa" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="克丘亚语 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克丘亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="კეჩუა (ნინა) – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კეჩუა (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua-g%C3%AD" title="Quechua-gí – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Quechua-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%A5%9A%E8%8F%AF%E6%96%87" title="奇楚華文 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奇楚華文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5218#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&oldid=84793456" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&id=84793456&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2585%258B%25E4%25B8%2598%25E4%25BA%259E%25E8%25AA%259E"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2585%258B%25E4%25B8%2598%25E4%25BA%259E%25E8%25AA%259E"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quechuan_languages" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5218" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: lightblue;">克丘亚语</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lightblue;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="qu">Qhichwa / Runa Shimi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">母语国家和地区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="玻利維亞">玻利維亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9" title="智利">智利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="厄瓜多爾">厄瓜多爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="秘魯">秘魯</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><b>区域</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="安地斯山脈">安地斯山脈</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">族群</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="克丘亞人">克丘亞人</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">母语使用人数</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">14,000,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="克丘亞語系">克丘亞語系</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>克丘亚语</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightblue;;">官方地位</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="官方语言">作为官方语言</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/22px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/33px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/44px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="秘魯">秘魯</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="玻利維亞">玻利维亚</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94" title="厄瓜多尔">厄瓜多尔</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">管理机构</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克丘亚高等语言学院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9A%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克丘亚高等语言学院（页面不存在）">克丘亚高等语言学院</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Mayor_de_la_Lengua_Quechua" class="extiw" title="en:Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua</span></a></span>）</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightblue;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=qu">qu</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/que" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:que">que</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/que" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:que">que</a></code> – 克丘亚語 (一般)<br />克丘亚語的很多方言有其不同的代碼。</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/quec1387">quec1387</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="floatright" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em" width="300px"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="toccolours"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦音">齒齦音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="硬顎音">硬顎音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟顎音">軟顎音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌音">小舌音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門音">聲門音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="right">塞音 </th> <td align="center">p </td> <td align="center">t </td> <td align="center">ch </td> <td align="center">k </td> <td align="center">q </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">擦音 </th> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">s </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">x </td> <td align="center">h </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">邊音 </th> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">l </td> <td align="center">ll </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">顫音 </th> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">r </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">鼻音 </th> <td align="center">m </td> <td align="center">n </td> <td align="center">ñ </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">半元音 </th> <td align="center">w </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">y </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right;"" width="306px"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center">普通塞音 </th> <th align="center">緊喉音 </th> <th align="center">送氣塞音 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>p</td> <td>p'</td> <td>ph </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>t</td> <td>t'</td> <td>th </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ch</td> <td>ch'</td> <td>chh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>k</td> <td>k'</td> <td>kh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>q</td> <td>q'</td> <td>qh </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>克丘亞語</b>（西班牙語：<span lang="es">Quechua</span>，或譯<b>盖丘亚语</b>），又稱<b>奇楚瓦語</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="奇楚瓦語">奇楚瓦語</a>：<span lang="qu">Qhichwa shimi / Runa Shimi</span>），是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="美洲原住民語言">南美洲原住民的一种語言</a>。克丘亞語對自己的語言稱呼為Runa Simi，runa意為“人”，simi意為“語”。該語言為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="印加帝國">印加帝國</a>官方語言，也常稱其為<b>印加語</b>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="现状"><span id=".E7.8E.B0.E7.8A.B6"></span>现状</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：现状"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_(censo_nacional_2007).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png/350px-El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="453" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png/525px-El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png/700px-El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>克丘亞語使用者在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="秘魯">秘魯</a>的分布</figcaption></figure> <p>1975年，秘鲁成为第一个承认克丘亞语为其官方语言的国家。<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1975_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1975-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>厄瓜多尔在其2006年宪法中赋予该语言官方地位，2009年玻利维亚通过了一项新宪法，承认克丘亚语和其他几种原住民族语言为该国的官方语言。<sup id="cite_ref-Andes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>克丘亚语族的使用和教学的主要障碍是缺乏书籍、报纸、软件和杂志等语言的书面材料。圣经已被翻译成克丘亚语，并由某些传教团体分发。克丘亚语同<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E" title="艾馬拉語">艾馬拉語</a>和其它原住民族语言一样，基本上仍然是一种口语。 </p><p>近年来，克丘亚语被引入<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="玻利维亚">玻利维亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94" title="厄瓜多尔">厄瓜多尔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81" title="秘鲁">秘鲁</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="跨文化双语教育" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intercultural_bilingual_education"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8C%E8%AF%AD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跨文化双语教育（页面不存在）">跨文化双语教育</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercultural_bilingual_education" class="extiw" title="en:Intercultural bilingual education"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intercultural_bilingual_education</span></a></span>）</span></span>（Intercultural Bilingual Education，IBE）。即使在这些地区，政府也只能接触到克丘亚母语人口的一部分。为了<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95" title="社會流動">社會流動</a>，每个国家的一些原住民族让他们的孩子学习西班牙语。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="秘鲁国家广播电台" data-lang-code="es" data-lang-name="西班牙语" data-foreign-title="Radio Nacional del Perú"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="秘鲁国家广播电台（页面不存在）">秘鲁国家广播电台</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">西班牙语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA" class="extiw" title="es:Radio Nacional del Perú"><span lang="es" dir="auto">Radio Nacional del Perú</span></a></span>）</span></span>每天早上用克丘亚语播放新闻和农业节目。 </p><p>克丘亚语和西班牙语目前在安第斯地区的大部分地区大量混合，在克丘亚语中有数百个西班牙语借词。同样，西班牙语使用者常常使用克丘亚语短语和单词。例如，在玻利维亚南部的农村地区，许多克丘亚语，如 <i>wawa</i>（婴儿）、<i>misi</i>（猫），<i>waska</i>（带子或捶打），与他们的西班牙对应词一样常用，甚至在完全讲西班牙语的地区也是如此。克丘亚语也对美洲其他本土语言产生了深远的影响，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%99%AE%E5%88%87%E8%AA%9E" title="馬普切語">馬普切語</a>。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="语言使用者数量"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E8.A8.80.E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8.E8.80.85.E6.95.B0.E9.87.8F"></span>语言使用者数量</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：语言使用者数量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根据不同的消息来源，语言使用者差别很大。“民族语言”16中的总数为1000万，主要基于1987至2002年公布的数字，但有一些可追溯到20世纪60年代。例如，“民族语言”中的因巴布拉高原克丘亞語（Imbabura Highland Quechua）使用者数字是30万，这是1977年的估计数。 </p><p>另一方面，传教组织FEDEPI估计有100万因巴布拉（Imbabura）方言使用者（2006年发布）。由于报告不足，人口普查数据也存在问题。2001年厄瓜多尔人口普查报告只有50万名克丘亚语使用者，而大多数语言学来源的估计数字超过200万。秘鲁（2007年）和玻利维亚（2001年）的人口普查被认为更可靠。 </p> <ul><li>阿根廷：900,000人（1971年）</li> <li>玻利维亚：2,100,000人 (2001年人口调查)；2,800,000 南玻利维亚（1987年）</li> <li>智利：很少；8200人 in ethnic group (2002年人口调查）</li> <li>哥伦比亚：4,402 到 16,000人<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>厄瓜多尔：2,300,000人（Adelaar 1991年）</li> <li>秘鲁：3,800,000人 (2017年年人口调查<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)；3,500,000 到 4,400,000人（Adelaar 2000）</li></ul> <p>此外，移民社区的语言使用人数不详，包括美国纽约州<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%E5%8D%80" title="皇后區">皇后區</a>和纽约和美国的新泽西州的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E6%A3%AE_(%E6%96%B0%E6%B3%BD%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%9E)" title="帕特森 (新泽西州)">帕特森</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語系分類"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E7.B3.BB.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>語系分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：語系分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>克丘亞語有許多“方言”，有時被看成彼此相關但獨立的語言，情況有點類似漢語。克丘亞語的各“方言”（或是獨立但彼此相關的語言）自成一個語系——<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="克丘亞語系">克丘亞語系</a>（Quechuan languages）。這些語言分布在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="玻利維亞">玻利維亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9" title="智利">智利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哥倫比亞">哥倫比亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="厄瓜多爾">厄瓜多爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="秘魯">秘魯</a>等地方。克丘亞語在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="玻利維亞">玻利維亞</a>有等同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙語">西班牙語</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="艾瑪拉語">艾瑪拉語</a>的全國性官方語言的地位，根據<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BO">SIL</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121002125709/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BO">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）的資料，在玻利維亞有官方地位的克丘亞語為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北玻利維亞克丘亞語（页面不存在）">北玻利維亞克丘亞語</a>（North Bolivian Quechua）（1978年有116,483人）與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="南玻利維亞克丘亞語">南玻利維亞克丘亞語</a>（South Bolivian Quechua）（1987年有3,637,500人）。另外克丘亞語在秘魯、哥倫比亞及厄瓜多爾的一些地區有地方性的官方語言的地位。以各種克丘亞語為第一語言的使用人口總計有960萬人，使用各種克丘亞語的人口總計有1400萬人。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語言形態"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E5.BD.A2.E6.85.8B"></span>語言形態</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：語言形態"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>克丘亞語的型態為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="綜合語">綜合語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E8%91%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="黏著語">黏著語</a>。克丘亞語是高度規則的語言，有許多的中綴和後綴可以細微地或完全地改變詞意，因此可以做出細緻的表達。詞的重音與語調不具有辨意的功能。克丘亞語有三個元音/a/、/i/、/u/。克丘亞語一般來說有十六個輔音，塞音的有聲或無聲除了從西班牙語借來的詞以外通常沒有辨意的功能。但是一些克丘亞方言（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="庫斯科">庫斯科</a>方言）裡的塞音分成三套：不送氣塞音、送氣塞音、緊喉音，而同一個部位的不同塞音有辨意的功能。有人認為這是受到艾瑪拉語所影響而形成的現象。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語系演進"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E7.B3.BB.E6.BC.94.E9.80.B2"></span>語系演進</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：語系演進"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>現代認為克丘亞語約於西元前2600年左右起源於秘魯的卡拉爾（Caral）地區。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="庫斯科">庫斯科</a>的印加皇帝將克丘亞語作為官方語言，克丘亞語也隨著<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="印加帝國">印加帝國</a>在第十四世紀的擴張而成了秘魯地區的通用語。到了十六世紀西班牙征服者的時代，克丘亞語已經擴及南美洲的許多地方了。在印加帝國之後，由於天主教教會選擇克丘亞語作為向<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="安地斯山脈">安地斯山脈</a>地區的美洲原住民傳教的語言，使得克丘亞語的使用地區超出了原本印加帝國的範圍。 </p><p>克丘亞語約有三分之一的詞彙與艾瑪拉語近似，因此有人主張克丘亞語與艾瑪拉語屬於一個更大的克丘马拉（Quechumaran）語系，但是這個主張仍有爭議。雖然克丘亞語與艾瑪拉語有許多同源詞，但是兩者的詞綴系統卻沒什麼關係，因此兩者之間的相似性可能是由於長期接觸造成的，而不是因為有相同的起源。 </p><p>在西班牙征服者帶來拉丁字母之前，克丘亞語沒有書寫的文字，而是以一種叫<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%99%AE" title="奇普">奇普</a>的結繩記事的工具來記事。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%99%AE" title="奇普">奇普</a>在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="庫斯科方言（页面不存在）">庫斯科方言</a>裡就是繩結的意思。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词汇"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.B1.87"></span>词汇</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：词汇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一些克丘亚语<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="借词">借词</a>通过<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a>输入<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>，包括 <i>coca</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%9F%AF" title="古柯">古柯</a>）、<i>condor</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%B7%B2" title="神鷲">神鷲</a>）、<i>guano</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%B8%9F%E7%B2%AA" title="海鸟粪">海鸟粪</a>）、<i>jerky</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E5%B9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="肉干">肉干</a>）、<i>llama</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%BE%8A%E9%A9%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="大羊驼">大羊驼</a>）、<i>pampa</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%B7%B4%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="彭巴草原">平原</a>）、<i>poncho</i>（披风）、<i>puma</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%91%E7%8C%AB%E5%B1%9E" title="美洲金猫属">美洲狮</a>）、<i>quinine</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%8E%E5%AE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="奎宁">奎宁</a>）、<i>quinoa</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9C%E9%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="藜麦">藜麦</a>）、<i>vicuña</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8A%E9%A7%9D" title="小羊駝">小羊驼</a>），以及还可能包括 <i>gaucho</i>（高喬人）。单词 <i>lagniappe</i> 来源于克丘亚语词汇 <i>yapay</i>（增加），在前面添加了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a>的定冠词 <i>la</i>，在西班牙语中为 <i>la yapa</i> 或 <i>la ñapa</i>。 </p><p>对拉丁美洲西班牙语的影响包括这些借词，<i>papa</i>（马铃薯），<i>chuchaqui</i>（宿醉）在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94" title="厄瓜多尔">厄瓜多尔</a>。还有对"<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="高原反应">高原反应</a>"的变化借词，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="玻利维亚">玻利维亚</a>从克丘亚语 <i>suruqch'i</i> 成为 <i>sorojchi</i>，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94" title="厄瓜多尔">厄瓜多尔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81" title="秘鲁">秘鲁</a>为 <i>soroche</i>. </p><p>一个罕见的借词，西班牙语使用 <i>carpa</i> 作为“帐篷”（克丘亚语：<i>karpa</i>）。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>特别是在玻利维亚，一些克丘亚语词甚至被非克丘亚语使用者广泛使用。包括 wawa（孩子，婴儿），ch'aki（宿醉），misi（猫），juk'ucho（鼠），q'omer uchu（青椒），jacu（我们走），chhiri 和 chhurco（卷曲的头发）等等。克丘亚语语法也进入了玻利维亚西班牙语，如使用 -ri 后缀。在玻利维亚克丘亚语中，-ri 添加到动词后以表示动作是用感情执行的或是在祈使句中作为一个粗略的等同于请。在玻利维亚 -ri 常在西班牙语祈使句中暗示“请”或柔化命令。例如，标准的“pásame”（递给我）变成了“pasarime”。 </p><p>克丘亚语词中借用了大量的西班牙语词，如 <i>piru</i>（<i>pero</i>，但是）、<i>bwenu</i>（<i>bueno</i>，好）、iskwila（<i>escuela</i>，学校），waka（<i>vaca</i>，母牛）和<i>burru</i>（<i>burro</i>，驴）。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="克丘亚的词源"><span id=".E5.85.8B.E4.B8.98.E4.BA.9A.E7.9A.84.E8.AF.8D.E6.BA.90"></span>克丘亚的词源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：克丘亚的词源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>最初，西班牙人将印加帝国的语言称为“lengua general”，即“通用语言”。<i>Quichua</i>这个名称的第一次使用是在1560年<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多明戈德圣托马斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Domingo de Santo Tomás"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%A3%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多明戈德圣托马斯（页面不存在）">多明戈德圣托马斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_de_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s" class="extiw" title="en:Domingo de Santo Tomás"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Domingo de Santo Tomás</span></a></span>）</span></span>在他的《秘鲁王国印第安人的一般语言语法或艺术》<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaar179_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar179-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 目前尚不清楚母语人士在殖民时代之前给他们的语言提供了什么名称，以及西班牙人是否称之为“克丘亚语”。<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaar179_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar179-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>克丘亚（Quechua）作为语言的名称可能有两种词源：这个名字有可能来源于<i>*qiĉ.wa</i>，这个本土词最初是指安第斯山脉的“温带山谷”海拔生态区（适合玉米种植）及其居民。<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaar179_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar179-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>另一种说法，早期的西班牙编年史学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佩德罗·希耶萨·德里昂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pedro Cieza de Leon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E8%80%B6%E8%90%A8%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%98%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佩德罗·希耶萨·德里昂（页面不存在）">佩德罗·希耶萨·德里昂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Cieza_de_Leon" class="extiw" title="en:Pedro Cieza de Leon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pedro Cieza de Leon</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%A2%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%B6%AD%E5%8A%A0" title="印卡·加西拉索·德拉維加">印卡·加西拉索·德拉維加</a>提到，在现在的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="阿普里马克大区">阿普里马克地区</a>存在一个名为“Quichua”的人，并且可以推断出他们的名字被赋予了整个语言。<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaar179_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar179-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>自17世纪在秘鲁和玻利维亚，特别是在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="利马第三届理事会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Third Council of Lima"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E9%A9%AC%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%8A%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="利马第三届理事会（页面不存在）">利马第三届理事会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Council_of_Lima" class="extiw" title="en:Third Council of Lima"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Third Council of Lima</span></a></span>）</span></span>之后，该词被西班牙语化拼写为“Quechua”和“Quichua”。现今“Quechua Simi”的发音变体包括：<small></small><span title="IPA標音" class="IPA">/ˈqʰeʃwa ˈsimi/</span><small></small>、<small></small><span title="IPA標音" class="IPA">/ˈχetʃwa ˈʃimi/</span><small></small>、<small></small><span title="IPA標音" class="IPA">/ˈkitʃwa ˈʃimi/</span><small></small>以及<small></small><span title="IPA標音" class="IPA">/ˈʔitʃwa ˈʃimi/</span><small></small>。 </p><p>母语人士给他们自己的语言有另外的名字“Runa Simi”，意思是“人的语言”。它似乎也在殖民时期出现过。<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaar179_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar179-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="语法"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95"></span>语法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：语法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="代词"><span id=".E4.BB.A3.E8.AF.8D"></span>代词</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：代词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px gray solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%; vertical-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:white;border-top:2px white solid;border-right:1px solid gray;border-bottom:1px solid gray;border-left:2px white solid;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#9fb6cd;"><b>数</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#b9d3ee;"> <td><i><b>单数</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>复数</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#9FB6CD"><b>人称</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#b9d3ee;"><i><b>第一人称</b></i> </td> <td>Ñuqa </td> <td>Ñuqanchik（包含） <p>Ñuqayku（不包含） </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#b9d3ee;"><i><b>第二人称</b></i> </td> <td>Qam </td> <td>Qamkuna </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#b9d3ee;"><i><b>第三人称</b></i> </td> <td>Pay </td> <td>Paykuna </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>在克丘亞語中，有七个<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E" title="代詞">代词</a>。包括两个第一人称复数代词（“我们”）：如果说话者希望包括受话者（“我们和你”）称作<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E5%BC%8F" title="包含式">包含式</a>，如果不包括受话者（“我们没有你”）称作不包含。克丘亞語还将后缀 -kuna 添加到第二和第三人称单数代词 <i>qam</i> 和 <i>pay</i> 创建复数形式 <i>qam-kuna</i> 和 <i>pay-kuna</i>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="名词"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E8.AF.8D"></span>名词</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：名词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名词</a>词根接受指定<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0" title="人称">人称</a>（指示所有格，而不是身份）、 <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">数</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a>的后缀。通常，人称后缀先于数后缀。然而，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%A5-%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97" title="圣地亚哥-德尔埃斯特罗">圣地亚哥-德尔埃斯特罗</a>变体中，顺序是相反的。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 不同的变体中，后缀可能会变化。 </p> <table style="margin:auto;" class="wikitable"> <caption>举例，<i>wasi</i> (房子)<i></i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">功能 </th> <th>后缀 </th> <th>举例 </th> <th>(翻译) </th></tr> <tr> <td>数后缀 </td> <td>复数 </td> <td>-kuna </td> <td>wasi<b>kuna</b> </td> <td>房子（复数） </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">所有格后缀 </td> <td>第一人称单数 </td> <td>-y, -: </td> <td>wasi<b>y</b>, wasi<b>i</b> </td> <td>我的房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td>第二人称单数 </td> <td>-yki </td> <td>wasi<b>yki</b> </td> <td>你的房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td>第三人称单数 </td> <td>-n </td> <td>wasi<b>n</b> </td> <td>他/她/它的房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td>第一人称复数（包含） </td> <td>-nchik </td> <td>wasi<b>nchik</b> </td> <td>我们的房子（包含） </td></tr> <tr> <td>第一人称复数（不包含） </td> <td>-y-ku </td> <td>wasi<b>yku</b> </td> <td>我们的房子（不包含） </td></tr> <tr> <td>第二人称复数 </td> <td>-yki-chik </td> <td>wasi<b>ykichik</b> </td> <td>你们的房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td>第三人称复数 </td> <td>-n-ku </td> <td>wasi<b>nku</b> </td> <td>他/她/它们的房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="19">格后缀 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>wasi </td> <td>房子（主语） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="宾格">宾格</a> </td> <td>-(k)ta </td> <td>wasi<b>ta</b> </td> <td>房子（宾语） </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="工具格">工具格</a> </td> <td>-wan </td> <td>wasi<b>wan</b> </td> <td>与<i>这间</i>房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A0%E6%A0%BC" title="欠格">欠格</a> </td> <td>-naq </td> <td>wasi<b>naq</b> </td> <td>不与<i>这间</i>房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="与格">与格</a> </td> <td>-paq </td> <td>wasi<b>paq</b> </td> <td>对<i>这间</i>房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">属格</a> </td> <td>-p(a) </td> <td>wasi<b>p(a)</b> </td> <td><i>这间</i>房子的 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="使动格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Causative case"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%BF%E5%8A%A8%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="使动格（页面不存在）">使动格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causative_case" class="extiw" title="en:Causative case"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Causative case</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td>-rayku </td> <td>wasi<b>rayku</b> </td> <td>因为<i>这间</i>房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有益格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Benefactive case"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有益格（页面不存在）">有益格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefactive_case" class="extiw" title="en:Benefactive case"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Benefactive case</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td>-paq </td> <td>wasi<b>paq</b> </td> <td>为<i>这间</i>房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E6%A0%BC" title="方位格">方位格</a> </td> <td>-pi </td> <td>wasi<b>pi</b> </td> <td>在<i>这间</i>房子这 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="相关格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Allative case"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相关格（页面不存在）">相关格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allative_case" class="extiw" title="en:Allative case"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Allative case</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td>-man </td> <td>wasi<b>man</b> </td> <td>向<i>这间</i>房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td>包含格 </td> <td>-piwan, puwan </td> <td>wasi<b>piwan</b>, wasi<b>puwan</b> </td> <td>包括<i>这间</i>房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="终止格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Terminative case"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%88%E6%AD%A2%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="终止格（页面不存在）">终止格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminative_case" class="extiw" title="en:Terminative case"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Terminative case</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td>-kama, -yaq </td> <td>wasi<b>kama</b>, wasi<b>yaq</b> </td> <td>直到<i>这间</i>房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="过渡的" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Perlative case"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E7%9A%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="过渡的（页面不存在）">过渡的</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlative_case" class="extiw" title="en:Perlative case"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Perlative case</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td>-(rin)ta </td> <td>wasi<b>nta</b> </td> <td>穿过<i>这间</i>房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="离格">离格</a> </td> <td>-manta, -piqta </td> <td>wasi<b>manta</b>, wasi<b>piqta</b> </td> <td>从<i>这间</i>房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="共同格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Comitative case"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共同格（页面不存在）">共同格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitative_case" class="extiw" title="en:Comitative case"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Comitative case</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td>-(ni)ntin </td> <td>wasi<b>ntin</b> </td> <td>和<i>这间</i>房子一起 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="立即格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Immediate case"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%8B%E5%8D%B3%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="立即格（页面不存在）">立即格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate_case" class="extiw" title="en:Immediate case"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Immediate case</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td>-raq </td> <td>wasi<b>raq</b> </td> <td>先是<i>这间</i>房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="在内格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intrative case"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A8%E5%86%85%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="在内格（页面不存在）">intrative</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrative_case" class="extiw" title="en:Intrative case"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intrative case</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td>-pura </td> <td>wasi<b>pura</b> </td> <td>在这些房子中 </td></tr> <tr> <td>不包含格 </td> <td>-lla(m) </td> <td>wasi<b>lla(m)</b> </td> <td>仅<i>这间</i>房子 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E6%A0%BC" title="比较格">比较格</a> </td> <td>-naw, -hina </td> <td>wasi<b>naw</b>, wasi<b>hina</b> </td> <td>比<i>这间</i>房子 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%99%AE" title="奇普">奇普</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/quec1387">Quechuan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a>. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Quechuan&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.btitle=Glottolog+2.7&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fquec1387&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1975-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1975_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kandell, Jonathan Gay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501071021/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/05/23/issue.html">Peru officially adopting Indian tongue</a>. New York Times. 1975-05-22 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/05/23/issue.html">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Peru+officially+adopting+Indian+tongue&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Gay&rft.aulast=Kandell&rft.date=1975-05-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1975%2F05%2F23%2Fissue.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Borsdorf, Axel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgEyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=ecuador+constitution+quechua&source=bl&ots=8GozrigzHx&sig=JpuKLTOIIyBexrmjlEPPMid49vY&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwj8o7SJtKHMAhWEvoMKHTC1BHYQ6AEIWjAN#v=onepage&q=ecuador%20constitution%20quechua&f=false">The Andes: A Geographical Portrait</a>. : 142 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019201403/https://books.google.com/books?id=lgEyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=ecuador+constitution+quechua&source=bl&ots=8GozrigzHx&sig=JpuKLTOIIyBexrmjlEPPMid49vY&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwj8o7SJtKHMAhWEvoMKHTC1BHYQ6AEIWjAN#v=onepage&q=ecuador%20constitution%20quechua&f=false">存档</a>于2020-10-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft.aulast=Borsdorf&rft.btitle=The+Andes%3A+A+Geographical+Portrait&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=142&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlgEyBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA142%26lpg%3DPA142%26dq%3Decuador%2Bconstitution%2Bquechua%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D8GozrigzHx%26sig%3DJpuKLTOIIyBexrmjlEPPMid49vY%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0ahUKEwj8o7SJtKHMAhWEvoMKHTC1BHYQ6AEIWjAN%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Decuador%2520constitution%2520quechua%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adelaar 2004, pp. 258–259: "The Quechua speakers' wish for social mobility for their children is often heard as an argument for not transmitting the language to the next generation.... As observed quite adequately by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodolfo_Cerr%C3%B3n_Palomino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino（页面不存在）">Cerrón Palomino</a>, "Quechua (and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymaran_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aymaran languages（页面不存在）">Aymara</a>) speakers seem to have taken the project of assimilation begun by the dominating classes and made it their own."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.fi/DICCIONARIO.htm">Alain Fabre, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pubelos indígenas sudamericanos</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925212732/http://www.ling.fi/DICCIONARIO.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=Alain+Fabre%2C+Diccionario+etnoling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico+y+gu%C3%ADa+bibliogr%C3%A1fica+de+los+pubelos+ind%C3%ADgenas+sudamericanos&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.fi%2FDICCIONARIO.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censos2017.inei.gob.pe/redatam/">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913021542/http://censos2017.inei.gob.pe/redatam/">存档</a>于2018-09-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensos2017.inei.gob.pe%2Fredatam%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Claudio Torrens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/may/28/some-ny-immigrants-cite-lack-of-spanish-as-barrier/">Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier</a>. UTSanDiego.com. 2011-05-28 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-02-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201040607/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/may/28/some-ny-immigrants-cite-lack-of-spanish-as-barrier/">存档</a>于2015-02-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Some+NY+immigrants+cite+lack+of+Spanish+as+barrier&rft.au=Claudio+Torrens&rft.date=2011-05-28&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UTSanDiego.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utsandiego.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2Fmay%2F28%2Fsome-ny-immigrants-cite-lack-of-spanish-as-barrier%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward A. Roberts, <i>A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language...</i>, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Muysken, Pieter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121605/http://www.ru.nl/publish/pages/632031/root_affix_asymmetries.pdf">Root/Affix asymmetries in contact and transfer: Case studies from the Andes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. www.ru.nl. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ru.nl/publish/pages/632031/root_affix_asymmetries.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2015-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Root%2FAffix+asymmetries+in+contact+and+transfer%3A+Case+studies+from+the+Andes&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rft.aulast=Muysken&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ru.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ru.nl%2Fpublish%2Fpages%2F632031%2Froot_affix_asymmetries.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelaar179-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar179_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar179_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar179_10-2"><sup><b>10.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar179_10-3"><sup><b>10.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar179_10-4"><sup><b>10.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú</i>, Adelaar 2004, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Alderetes, Jorge R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Cap3-1.htm">Morfología nominal del quechua santiagueño</a>. 1997 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-03-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125336/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Cap3-1.htm">存档</a>于2017-10-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Jorge+R.&rft.aulast=Alderetes&rft.btitle=Morfolog%C3%ADa+nominal+del+quechua+santiague%C3%B1o&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusuarios.arnet.com.ar%2Fyanasu%2FCap3-1.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="书目文献"><span id=".E4.B9.A6.E7.9B.AE.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>书目文献</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：书目文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>Rolph, Karen Sue. <i>Ecologically Meaningful Toponyms: Linking a lexical domain to production ecology in the Peruvian Andes</i>. Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University, 2007.</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_Adelaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem Adelaar（页面不存在）">Adelaar, Willem F. H</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UiwaUY6KsY8C&pg=PA179">The Languages of the Andes</a>. 2004-06-10 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781139451123" title="Special:网络书源/9781139451123"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781139451123</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019201442/https://books.google.com/books?id=UiwaUY6KsY8C&pg=PA179">存档</a>于2020-10-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Willem+F.+H&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+the+Andes&rft.date=2004-06-10&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781139451123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUiwaUY6KsY8C%26pg%3DPA179&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_Adelaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem Adelaar（页面不存在）">Adelaar, Willem</a>. <i>The Languages of the Andes</i>. With the collaboration of P.C. Muysken. Cambridge language survey. Cambridge University Press, 2007, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-36831-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-36831-5">978-0-521-36831-5</a></li> <li>Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. <i>Lingüística Quechua</i>, Centro de Estudios Rurales Andinos 'Bartolomé de las Casas', 2nd ed. 2003</li> <li>Cole, Peter. "Imbabura Quechua", North-Holland (Lingua Descriptive Studies 5), Amsterdam 1982.</li> <li>Cusihuamán, Antonio, <i>Diccionario Quechua Cuzco-Collao</i>, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas", 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9972-691-36-5" title="Special:网络书源/9972-691-36-5">9972-691-36-5</a></li> <li>Cusihuamán, Antonio, <i>Gramática Quechua Cuzco-Collao</i>, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas", 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9972-691-37-3" title="Special:网络书源/9972-691-37-3">9972-691-37-3</a></li> <li>Mannheim, Bruce, <i>The Language of the Inka since the European Invasion</i>, University of Texas Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-292-74663-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-292-74663-6">0-292-74663-6</a></li> <li>Rodríguez Champi, Albino. (2006). Quechua de Cusco. <i>Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias</i>, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International y Universidad Ricardo Palma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lengamer.org/publicaciones/trabajos/quechua_cusco_afi.pdf">Lengamer.org</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181221063223/http://lengamer.org/publicaciones/trabajos/quechua_cusco_afi.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Aikhenvald, Alexandra. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004. Print.</li> <li>Floyd, Rick. The Structure of Evidential Categories in Wanka Quechua. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1999. Print.</li> <li>Hintz, Diane. “The evidential system in Sihuas Quechua: personal vs. shared knowledge” The Nature of Evidentiality Conference, The Netherlands, 14–16 June 2012. SIL International. Internet. 13 April 2014.</li> <li>Lefebvre, Claire, and Pieter Muysken. Mixed Categories: Nominalizations in Quechua. Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer Academic, 1988. Print.</li> <li>Weber, David. "Information Perspective, Profile, and Patterns in Quechua." Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Ed. Wallace L. Chafe and Johanna Nichols. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub, 1986. 137-55. Print.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>延伸閱讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_Adelaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem Adelaar（页面不存在）">Adelaar, Willem F. H.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521172146/http://es.scribd.com/doc/91245441/Towards-a-reconstruction-of-the-history-of-Quechuan%E2%80%93Aymaran-interaction">Modeling convergence: Towards a reconstruction of the history of Quechuan–Aymaran interaction</a> About the origin of Quechua, and its relation with Aymara, 2011.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_Adelaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem Adelaar（页面不存在）">Adelaar, Willem F. H.</a> <i>Tarma Quechua: Grammar, Texts, Dictionary</i>. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press, 1977.</li> <li>Bills, Garland D., Bernardo Vallejo C., and Rudolph C. Troike. <i>An Introduction to Spoken Bolivian Quechua</i>. Special publication of the Institute of Latin American Studies, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>. Austin: Published for the Institute of Latin American Studies by the University of Texas Press, 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-292-70019-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-292-70019-9">0-292-70019-9</a></li> <li>Coronel-Molina, Serafín M.<i> Quechua Phrasebook</i>. 2002 Lonely Planet <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-86450-381-5" title="Special:网络书源/1-86450-381-5">1-86450-381-5</a></li> <li>Curl, John, <i>Ancient American Poets</i>. Tempe AZ: Bilingual Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-931010-21-8" title="Special:网络书源/1-931010-21-8">1-931010-21-8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://red-coral.net/Pach.html">Red-coral.net</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201112005003/http://red-coral.net/Pach.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Gifford, Douglas. <i>Time Metaphors in Aymara and Quechua</i>. St. Andrews: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St._Andrews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of St. Andrews（页面不存在）">University of St. Andrews</a>, 1986.</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Heggarty and David Beresford-Jones, Paul. Not the Incas? Weaving Archaeology and Language into a Single New Prehistory. London: British Academy Review 12: 11-15. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Not+the+Incas%3F+Weaving+Archaeology+and+Language+into+a+Single+New+Prehistory&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Heggarty+and+David+Beresford-Jones&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Harrison, Regina. <i>Signs, Songs, and Memory in the Andes: Translating Quechua Language and Culture</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-292-77627-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-292-77627-6">0-292-77627-6</a></li> <li>Jake, Janice L. <i>Grammatical Relations in Imbabura Quechua</i>. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Garland Pub, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8240-5475-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-8240-5475-X">0-8240-5475-X</a></li> <li>King, Kendall A. <i>Language Revitalization Processes and Prospects: Quichua in the Ecuadorian Andes</i>. Bilingual education and bilingualism, 24. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters LTD, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-85359-495-4" title="Special:网络书源/1-85359-495-4">1-85359-495-4</a></li> <li>King, Kendall A., and Nancy H. Hornberger. <i>Quechua Sociolinguistics</i>. Berlin: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouton_de_Gruyter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mouton de Gruyter（页面不存在）">Mouton de Gruyter</a>, 2004.</li> <li>Lara, Jesús, Maria A. Proser, and James Scully. <i>Quechua Peoples Poetry</i>. Willimantic, Conn: Curbstone Press, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-915306-09-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-915306-09-3">0-915306-09-3</a></li> <li>Lefebvre, Claire, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Muysken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter Muysken（页面不存在）">Pieter Muysken</a>. <i>Mixed Categories: Nominalizations in Quechua</i>. Studies in natural language and linguistic theory, [v. 11]. Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-55608-050-6" title="Special:网络书源/1-55608-050-6">1-55608-050-6</a></li> <li>Lefebvre, Claire, and Pieter Muysken. <i>Relative Clauses in Cuzco Quechua: Interactions between Core and Periphery</i>. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1982.</li> <li>Muysken, Pieter. <i>Syntactic Developments in the Verb Phrase of Ecuadorian Quechua</i>. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/90-316-0151-9" title="Special:网络书源/90-316-0151-9">90-316-0151-9</a></li> <li>Nuckolls, Janis B. <i>Sounds Like Life: Sound-Symbolic Grammar, Performance, and Cognition in Pastaza Quechua</i>. Oxford studies in anthropological linguistics, 2. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1996.</li> <li>Parker, Gary John. <i>Ayacucho Quechua Grammar and Dictionary</i>. Janua linguarum. Series practica, 82. The Hague: Mouton, 1969.</li> <li>Plaza Martínez, Pedro. Quechua. In: Mily Crevels and Pieter Muysken (eds.) <i>Lenguas de Bolivia</i>, vol. I, 215-284. La Paz: Plural editores, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-99954-1-236-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-99954-1-236-4">978-99954-1-236-4</a>. (in Spanish)</li> <li>Sánchez, Liliana. Quechua-Spanish Bilingualism: Interference and Convergence in Functional Categories. Language acquisition & language disorders, v. 35. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-58811-471-6" title="Special:网络书源/1-58811-471-6">1-58811-471-6</a></li> <li>Weber, David. <i>A Grammar of Huallaga (Huánuco) Quechua</i>. University of California publications in linguistics, v. 112. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-520-09732-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-520-09732-7">0-520-09732-7</a></li> <li>Quechua bibliographies online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Main/i_BIBL.HTM">quechua.org.uk</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200925212828/http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Main/i_BIBL.HTM">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">维基百科提供如下语言版本：<b><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="qu:"> 克丘亞語維基百科</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%B5%E8%82%B2%E5%A0%B4" title="Wikipedia:維基孵育場">维基孵育场</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="維基百科">維基百科</a>語言試驗版：<b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/qwh" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/qwh">安卡什克丘亚语試驗版</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8" title="維基教科書">維基教科書</a>中的相關電子教程：<b><a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/Quechua" class="extiw" title="b:Quechua">Quechua</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%8E%E9%81%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="維基導遊">維基導遊</a>上的相關旅行指南：<b><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Quechua_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Quechua phrasebook">Quechua phrasebook</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://qu.wikipedia.org">克丘亞語版本的維基百科</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210220153042/http://qu.wikipedia.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andes.org/q_grammar.html">Quechua lessons (www.andes.org)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201019201458/http://www.andes.org/q_grammar.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） in Spanish and English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055048/http://en.proyectoperucentre.org/quechua/index.html">Quechua course</a> Spanish to Quechua</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704121911/http://quechuas.net/Q/">Detailed map of the varieties of Quechua according to SIL (fedepi.org)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=111">Quechua Collection</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150423143853/http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=111">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） of Patricia Dreidemie at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archive_of_the_Indigenous_Languages_of_Latin_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America（页面不存在）">Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=125">Huancavelica Quechua Fieldnotes of Willem de Ruese</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150423114649/http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=125">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, copies of handwritten notes on Quechua pedagogical and descriptive materials, from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archive_of_the_Indigenous_Languages_of_Latin_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America（页面不存在）">Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125334/http://www.clacs.illinois.edu/documents/quechua/QuechuaDicc.pdf">Diccionario Quechua: Español–Runasimi–English</a> Dictionary of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayacucho_Quechua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayacucho Quechua（页面不存在）">Ayacucho Quechua</a> from Clodoaldo Soto Ruiz.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Quechua_Swadesh_list">Quechua Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201002014954/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Quechua_Swadesh_list">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101027084401/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:智利语言（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:智利语言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="智利諸語言（西班牙语：-&#123;Lenguas_de_Chile&#125;-）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="智利諸語言" data-lang-code="es" data-lang-name="西班牙语" data-foreign-title="Lenguas de Chile"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="智利諸語言（页面不存在）">智利諸語言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">西班牙语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_de_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Lenguas de Chile"><span lang="es" dir="auto">Lenguas de Chile</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">存活中語言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿亞庫喬克丘亞語" data-lang-code="es" data-lang-name="西班牙语" data-foreign-title="Quechua ayacuchano"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%BA%AB%E5%96%AC%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿亞庫喬克丘亞語（页面不存在）">阿亞庫喬克丘亞語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">西班牙语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_ayacuchano" class="extiw" title="es:Quechua ayacuchano"><span lang="es" dir="auto">Quechua ayacuchano</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="艾马拉语">中艾馬拉語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="南玻利維亞克丘亞語">南玻利維亞克丘亞語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="智利手語" data-lang-code="es" data-lang-name="西班牙语" data-foreign-title="Lengua de señas chilena"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="智利手語（页面不存在）">智利手語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">西班牙语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_de_se%C3%B1as_chilena" class="extiw" title="es:Lengua de señas chilena"><span lang="es" dir="auto">Lengua de señas chilena</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%88%87%E8%AF%AD" title="惠里切语">惠里切语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%99%AE%E5%88%87%E8%AA%9E" title="馬普切語">馬普切語</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">克丘亞語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%95%E5%8A%AA%E4%BC%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="拉帕努伊语">拉帕努伊语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="智利西班牙语">智利西班牙語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">滅絕及瀕危語言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_kaw%C3%A9sqar" class="extiw" title="es:Idioma kawésqar">Kawésqar/Alacaluf</a> (≤ 22)</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunza" class="extiw" title="es:Kunza">Kunza</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="塞尔克南语">塞尔克南语</a> (1–3)</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tehuelche" class="extiw" title="es:Idioma tehuelche">Tehuelche</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_yag%C3%A1n" class="extiw" title="es:Idioma yagán">Yaghan</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cac%C3%A1n" class="extiw" title="es:Cacán">Cacán</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">语族</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾馬拉語族" data-lang-code="es" data-lang-name="西班牙语" data-foreign-title="Lenguas aimaras"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾馬拉語族（页面不存在）">艾馬拉語族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">西班牙语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_aimaras" class="extiw" title="es:Lenguas aimaras"><span lang="es" dir="auto">Lenguas aimaras</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="崇语族" data-lang-code="es" data-lang-name="西班牙语" data-foreign-title="Lenguas chon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B4%87%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="崇语族（页面不存在）">崇语族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">西班牙语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_chon" class="extiw" title="es:Lenguas chon"><span lang="es" dir="auto">Lenguas chon</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5-%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="马来-波利尼西亚语族">马来-波利尼西亚语族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%B3%E5%9D%8E%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="阿劳坎语系">阿劳坎语系</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_kaw%C3%A9sqar" class="extiw" title="es:Idioma kawésqar">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南克丘亞語族" data-lang-code="es" data-lang-name="西班牙语" data-foreign-title="Quechua sureño"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南克丘亞語族（页面不存在）">南克丘亞語族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">西班牙语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_sure%C3%B1o" class="extiw" title="es:Quechua sureño"><span lang="es" dir="auto">Quechua sureño</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5218#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5218#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 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