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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamza_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamza_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Hamza forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamza_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modified_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modified_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Modified letters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modified_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gemination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Gemination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gemination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nunation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nunation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.5 Nunation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nunation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.6 Ligatures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Vowels </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vowels subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Short vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Long vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_omission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_omission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Vowel omission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_omission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Additional letters </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Additional_letters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Additional letters subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Additional_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Regional variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-standard_letters_to_Modern_Standard_Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-standard_letters_to_Modern_Standard_Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Non-standard letters to Modern Standard Arabic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-standard_letters_to_Modern_Standard_Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Used_in_languages_other_than_Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Used_in_languages_other_than_Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Used in languages other than Arabic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Used_in_languages_other_than_Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Numerals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Numerals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letters_as_numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters_as_numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Letters as numerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters_as_numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_tributes_and_alphabets_written_in_Arabic_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_tributes_and_alphabets_written_in_Arabic_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Other tributes and alphabets written in Arabic dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_tributes_and_alphabets_written_in_Arabic_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Arabic printing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Computers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Computers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Computers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Unicode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Keyboards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handwriting_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handwriting_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Handwriting recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handwriting_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Arabic alphabet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" > 140 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Хьэрып тхыпкъылъэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хьэрып тхыпкъылъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiese_alfabet" title="Arabiese alfabet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arabiese alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisches_Alphabet" title="Arabisches Alphabet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arabisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%93%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%8B%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B5" title="የዓረብኛ አልፋቤት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የዓረብኛ አልፋቤት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية عربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية عربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_arabe" title="Alfabeto arabe – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alfabeto arabe" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%A6%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%A5%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Արաբերէնի Այբուբեն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արաբերէնի Այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabetu árabe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu árabe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arave%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD_achegety" title="Araveñe'ẽ achegety – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Araveñe'ẽ achegety" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="ГӀараб алипба – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀараб алипба" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Ərəb əlifbası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəb əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="عرب الیفباسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عرب الیفباسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আরবি বর্ণমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরবি বর্ণমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Arap" title="Abjad Arap – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Abjad Arap" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-la-pek_j%C4%AB-b%C3%B3" title="A-la-pek jī-bó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-la-pek jī-bó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ғәрәп яҙмаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғәрәп яҙмаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Арабскі алфавіт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арабскі алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Арабскі альфабэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арабскі альфабэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арабска азбука – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арабска азбука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisches_Oiphabet" title="Arabisches Oiphabet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Arabisches Oiphabet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_alfabet" title="Arapski alfabet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arapski alfabet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg_arabek" title="Lizherenneg arabek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg arabek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Араб үзэг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Араб үзэг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_%C3%A0rab" title="Alfabet àrab – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet àrab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF_%C3%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Арап çырăвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арап çырăвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_Inarabigo" title="Sulat Inarabigo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sulat Inarabigo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_wyddor_Arabeg" title="Yr wyddor Arabeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr wyddor Arabeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_arabiske_alfabet" title="Det arabiske alfabet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det arabiske alfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisches_Alphabet" title="Arabisches Alphabet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia_kiri" title="Araabia kiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Araabia kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Αραβικό αλφάβητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραβικό αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabeto árabe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto árabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_alfabeto" title="Araba alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araba alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiar_alfabeto" title="Arabiar alfabeto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiar alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="الفبای عربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbii_akchhar" title="Arbii akchhar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Arbii akchhar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska_stavra%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Arabiska stavraðið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Arabiska stavraðið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_arabe" title="Alphabet arabe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet arabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aib%C3%ADtir_Arabach" title="Aibítir Arabach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aibítir Arabach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbyrlhit_Arabagh" title="Abbyrlhit Arabagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abbyrlhit Arabagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibidil_Arabach" title="Aibidil Arabach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aibidil Arabach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabeto árabe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto árabe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="阿拉伯字母 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="阿拉伯字母" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="아랍 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Արաբերենի այբուբեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբերենի այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी वर्णमाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरबी वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapska_abeceda" title="Arapska abeceda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_alfabeto" title="Araba alfabeto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Araba alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabeto_nga_Arabiko" title="Alpabeto nga Arabiko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alpabeto nga Arabiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Arab" title="Abjad Arab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abjad Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabeto_arabe" title="Alphabeto arabe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alphabeto arabe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C3%ADskt_letur" title="Arabískt letur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arabískt letur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_arabo" title="Alfabeto arabo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto arabo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99" title="אלפבית ערבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית ערבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Arab" title="Aksara Arab – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Arab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Араб алфавит – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Араб алфавит" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="არაბული დამწერლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბული დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Араб жазуы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Араб жазуы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytherennek_arabek" title="Lytherennek arabek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lytherennek arabek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herufi_za_Kiarabu" title="Herufi za Kiarabu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Herufi za Kiarabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalfab%C3%A9_arab" title="Lalfabé arab – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lalfabé arab" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeya_ereb%C3%AE" title="Alfabeya erebî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfabeya erebî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Арап жазмасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арап жазмасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_arab" title="Alfabet arab – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Alfabet arab" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Arabicum" title="Abecedarium Arabicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abecedarium Arabicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%81bu_alfab%C4%93ts" title="Arābu alfabēts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arābu alfabēts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Араб алфавит – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Араб алфавит" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Arabų raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arabų raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisch_sjrif" title="Arabisch sjrif – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Arabisch sjrif" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_arabi" title="Alfabeta arabi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta arabi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Arab ábécé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arab ábécé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арапска азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арапска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_arabo" title="Abidy arabo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy arabo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="അറബി ലിപി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറബി ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी वर्णमाला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अरबी वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="არაბული ჭარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არაბული ჭარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89" title="حروف عربى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حروف عربى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Arab" title="Abjad Arab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯑꯥꯔꯕꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯥꯔꯕꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Arab" title="Abjad Arab – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Abjad Arab" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80-l%C3%A1-b%C3%A1ik_c%C3%AA-m%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Ā-lá-báik cê-mō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ā-lá-báik cê-mō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Араб цагаан толгой – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Араб цагаан толгой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisch_alfabet" title="Arabisch alfabet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabisch alfabet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="アラビア文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビア文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ӏаьрбийн йоза – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьрбийн йоза" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabisk_alfabeet" title="Araabisk alfabeet – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Araabisk alfabeet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_arabiske_alfabetet" title="Det arabiske alfabetet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det arabiske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_arabiske_alfabetet" title="Det arabiske alfabetet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det arabiske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_arabi" title="Alfabet arabi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabet arabi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_alifbosi" title="Arab alifbosi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arab alifbosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਰਬੀ ਵਰਣਮਾਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਬੀ ਵਰਣਮਾਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="عربی حروف تہجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عربی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_arabe" title="Abjad arabe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Abjad arabe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_ar%C3%A0bich" title="Alfabet aràbich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alfabet aràbich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabsch_Alphabeet" title="Araabsch Alphabeet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Araabsch Alphabeet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_arabski" title="Alfabet arabski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabet arabski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabeto árabe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto árabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_elifbesi" title="Arap elifbesi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Arap elifbesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_arab" title="Alfabetul arab – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul arab" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapya_siq%27i_llumpa" title="Arapya siq'i llumpa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Arapya siq'i llumpa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Арабскый алфавіт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Арабскый алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Арабский алфавит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабский алфавит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Араабтыы сурук-бичик – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Араабтыы сурук-бичик" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AF" title="ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_arab" title="Alfabeti arab – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti arab" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arabic alphabet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabska_abeceda" title="Arabska abeceda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arabska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8E%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ئەلفوبێی عەرەبی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلفوبێی عەرەبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арапски алфабет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арапски алфабет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_alfabet" title="Arapski alfabet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arapski alfabet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Arab" title="Aksara Arab – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aksara Arab" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_aakkoset" title="Arabian aakkoset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabian aakkoset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska_alfabetet" title="Arabiska alfabetet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arabiska alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabetong_Arabe" title="Alpabetong Arabe – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alpabetong Arabe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="அரபு எழுத்துமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரபு எழுத்துமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agemmay_a%C9%9Brab" title="Agemmay aɛrab – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agemmay aɛrab" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabb%C3%A8te_%C3%A0rabe" title="Alfabbète àrabe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Alfabbète àrabe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Гарәп язуы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гарәп язуы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ชุดตัวอักษรอาหรับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุดตัวอักษรอาหรับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Writing system of the Arabic language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Arabic script as it is used by all languages, see <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:palegreen;">Arabic alphabet <div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_Language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arabic_Language.svg/200px-Arabic_Language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arabic_Language.svg/300px-Arabic_Language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arabic_Language.svg/400px-Arabic_Language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="385" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3rd century CE – present<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" title="Right-to-left script">Right-to-left script</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8196?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyphics">Egyptian hieroglyphics</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Arabic alphabet</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>Arab <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">(160), Arabic</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Arabic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf">U+0600–U+06FF</a> Arabic,</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf">U+0750–U+077F</a> Arabic Supplement,</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0870.pdf">U+0870-U+089F</a> Arabic Extended-B,</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf">U+08A0–U+08FF</a> Arabic Extended-A,</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf">U+FB50–U+FDFF</a> Arabic Presentation Forms-A,</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf">U+FE70–U+FEFF</a> Arabic Presentation Forms-B,</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10EC0.pdf">U+10EC0-U+10EFF</a> Arabic Extended-C,</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf">U+1EE00–U+1EEFF</a> Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"> This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabic alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numeration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks abchis-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> 32nd <abbr title="century">c.</abbr> BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a> 32nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a> 3rd c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a> 19th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> 15th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian</a> 9th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li>(see <a href="#tp-abchistory-phx">below</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1601</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a> 1989</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a> 6th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> 3rd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> 4th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a> 6th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> 611</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> 7th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼPhags-pa">ʼPhags-pa</a> 1269</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> 10th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a> 1840</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic#Square_Aramaic_Alphabet" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Square Aramaic</a> 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a> 2nd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabic</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a> 1949</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a> 6th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 650</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> 1204</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a> 2nd century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Etruscan</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a> 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a> 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Syllabic_writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> 1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a> 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a> 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a> 2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> 2nd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a> 5th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> 405 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 420</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 430</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> 862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 940 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Permic">Old Permic</a> 1372</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh#Neo-Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a> 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic</a> 7th c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.png/270px-Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.png/405px-Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.png/540px-Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Countries and regions that use the Arabic script: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  as the sole official script</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  as a co-official script</div></figcaption></figure> The Arabic alphabet,<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> or the Arabic abjad, is the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> as specifically codified for writing the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language. It is written from right-to-left in a <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> style, and includes 28 letters,<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> of which most have contextual letterforms. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, the script has no concept of <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">letter case</a>. The Arabic alphabet is considered an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>, with only <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> required to be written; due to its optional use of diacritics to notate vowels, it is considered an <a href="/wiki/Impure_abjad" class="mw-redirect" title="Impure abjad">impure abjad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Letters">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Arabic_alphabet" title="Special:EditPage/Arabic alphabet">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>. Forms using the Arabic script to write other languages added and removed letters: for example ⟨پ⟩ is often used to represent /p/ in adaptations of the Arabic script. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Greek</a>-derived alphabets, Arabic has no distinct <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">upper and lower case</a> letterforms. Many letters look similar but are distinguished from one another by dots (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I'jam_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">ʾiʿjām</a>) above or below their central part (<a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">rasm</a>). These dots are an integral part of a letter, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds. For example, the Arabic letters ب b, ت t, and ث th have the same basic shape, but with one dot added below, two dots added above, and three dots added above respectively. The letter ن n also has the same form in initial and medial forms, with one dot added above, though it is somewhat different in its isolated and final forms. Historically, they were often omitted, in a writing style called <a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">rasm</a>. Both printed and written Arabic are <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a>, with most letters within a word directly joined to adjacent letters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabetical_order">Alphabetical order</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alphabetical order">edit</a>]</div> There are two main <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collating sequences</a> ('alphabetical orderings') for the Arabic alphabet: Hija'i, and Abjadi. The Hija'i order (هِجَائِيّ Hijāʾiyy /hid͡ʒaːʔijj/) is the more common order and it is used when sorting lists of words and names, such as in phonebooks, classroom lists, and dictionaries. The ordering groups letters by the graphical similarity of the glyphs' shapes. The original Abjadi order (أَبْجَدِيّ ʾabjadiyy /ʔabd͡ʒadijj/) derives from that used by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>, and is therefore reminiscent of the orderings of other alphabets, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>. With this ordering, letters are also used as numbers known as <a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">abjad numerals</a>, possessing the same numerological codes as in Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a> and Greek <a href="/wiki/Isopsephy" title="Isopsephy">isopsephy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hija'i">Hija'i</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hija'i">edit</a>]</div> Modern dictionaries and other reference books do not use the Abjadi order to sort alphabetically; instead, the newer Hija'i order is used wherein letters are partially grouped together by similarity of shape. The Hija'i order is never used as numerals. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Common hija'i order </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>ا</td> <td>ب</td> <td>ت</td> <td>ث</td> <td>ج</td> <td>ح</td> <td>خ</td> <td>د</td> <td>ذ</td> <td>ر</td> <td>ز</td> <td>س</td> <td>ش</td> <td>ص</td> <td>ض</td> <td>ط</td> <td>ظ</td> <td>ع</td> <td>غ</td> <td>ف</td> <td>ق</td> <td>ك</td> <td>ل</td> <td>م</td> <td>ن</td> <td>ه</td> <td>و</td> <td>ي </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>[ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</big></td> <td>b</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>j</td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>kh</td> <td>d</td> <td>dh</td> <td>r</td> <td>z</td> <td>s</td> <td>sh</td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>ḍ</td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>ẓ</td> <td><big>[ʿ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</big></td> <td>gh</td> <td>f</td> <td>q</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>h</td> <td>w</td> <td>y </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="pink"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgreen"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> </td> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="lightgreen"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="lightgreen"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Other hijāʾī order used to be used in the Maghreb but now it is considered obsolete, the sequence is:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1986117,_130,_149-5">[3]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Maghrebian hija'i order (obsolete) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>ا</td> <td>ب</td> <td>ت</td> <td>ث</td> <td>ج</td> <td>ح</td> <td>خ</td> <td>د</td> <td>ذ</td> <td>ر</td> <td>ز</td> <td>ط</td> <td>ظ</td> <td>ك</td> <td>ل</td> <td>م</td> <td>ن</td> <td>ص</td> <td>ض</td> <td>ع</td> <td>غ</td> <td>ف</td> <td>ق</td> <td>س</td> <td>ش</td> <td>ه</td> <td>و</td> <td>ي </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>[ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</big></td> <td>b</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>j</td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>kh</td> <td>d</td> <td>dh</td> <td>r</td> <td>z</td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>ḍ</td> <td><big>[ʿ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</big></td> <td>gh</td> <td>f</td> <td>q</td> <td>s</td> <td>sh</td> <td>h</td> <td>w</td> <td>y </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgreen"> </td> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="lightgreen"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="lightgreen"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="pink"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="28" bgcolor="lightgrey" style="font-size: 70%; font-style: italic;">The colors indicate which letters have different positions from the previous table </td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Hamdani" title="Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani">Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani</a>'s encyclopedia الإكليل من أخبار اليمن وأنساب حمير Kitāb al-Iklīl min akhbār al-Yaman wa-ansāb Ḥimyar, the letter sequence is:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1986130-6">[4]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Al-Iklīl's order </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>ا</td> <td>ب</td> <td>ت</td> <td>ث</td> <td>ج</td> <td>ح</td> <td>خ</td> <td>د</td> <td>ذ</td> <td>ك</td> <td>ل</td> <td>م</td> <td>و</td> <td>ن</td> <td>ص</td> <td>ض</td> <td>ع</td> <td>غ</td> <td>ط</td> <td>ظ</td> <td>ف</td> <td>ق</td> <td>ر</td> <td>ز</td> <td>ه</td> <td>س</td> <td>ش</td> <td>ي </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>[ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</big></td> <td>b</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>j</td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>kh</td> <td>d</td> <td>dh</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>w</td> <td>n</td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>ḍ</td> <td><big>[ʿ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</big></td> <td>gh</td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>f</td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td>z</td> <td>h</td> <td>s</td> <td>sh</td> <td>y </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="lightgreen"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="lightgreen"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgreen"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="pink"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_vs_Hebrew_Syriac_Greek_mul.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabic_vs_Hebrew_Syriac_Greek_mul.svg/320px-Arabic_vs_Hebrew_Syriac_Greek_mul.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabic_vs_Hebrew_Syriac_Greek_mul.svg/480px-Arabic_vs_Hebrew_Syriac_Greek_mul.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabic_vs_Hebrew_Syriac_Greek_mul.svg/640px-Arabic_vs_Hebrew_Syriac_Greek_mul.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>hijāʾī collation compared to Hebrew, Syriac, and Greek</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abjadi">Abjadi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abjadi">edit</a>]</div> The Abjadi order is not a simple correspondence with the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, as it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter <a href="/wiki/Samek" class="mw-redirect" title="Samek">samek</a> 𐡎‎, which has no cognate letter in the Arabic alphabet historically. The loss of sameḵ was compensated for by: <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriqi</a> abjad sequence, the letter ﺱ sīn took the place of sameḵ, and the letter ش shīn took place of <a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">šīn</a> 𐡔.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebi</a> abjad sequence, the letter <a href="/wiki/Tsade_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsade (letter)">ṣāḏē</a> 𐡑 was split into two independent Arabic letters, ض ḍad and ص ṣad, with the latter taking the place of sameḵ.</li></ul> The six other letters that do not correspond to any north Semitic letter are placed at the end. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Common Abjadi sequence<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1986117,_130,_149-5">[3]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>ا </td> <td>ب </td> <td>ج </td> <td>د </td> <td>ه </td> <td>و </td> <td>ز </td> <td>ح </td> <td>ط </td> <td>ي </td> <td>ك </td> <td>ل </td> <td>م </td> <td>ن </td> <td>س </td> <td>ع </td> <td>ف </td> <td>ص </td> <td>ق </td> <td>ر </td> <td>ش </td> <td>ت </td> <td>ث </td> <td>خ </td> <td>ذ </td> <td>ض </td> <td>ظ </td> <td>غ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>) </td> <td>b </td> <td>j </td> <td>d </td> <td>h </td> <td>w </td> <td>z </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td>y </td> <td>k </td> <td>l </td> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td>s </td> <td>[ʿ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>) </td> <td>f </td> <td>ṣ </td> <td>q </td> <td>r </td> <td>sh </td> <td>t </td> <td>th </td> <td>kh </td> <td>dh </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td>ẓ </td> <td>gh </td></tr> <tr style="color:gray"> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr style="color:gray"> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>90 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>400 </td> <td>500 </td> <td>600 </td> <td>700 </td> <td>800 </td> <td>900 </td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="pink"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="yellow"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="pink"> </td> <td colspan="4" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="yellow"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="yellow"> </td></tr></tbody></table> This is commonly vocalized as follows: <dl><dd>ʾabjad hawwaz ḥuṭṭī kalaman saʿfaṣ qarashat thakhadh ḍaẓagh.</dd></dl> Another vocalization is: <dl><dd>ʾabujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman saʿfaṣ qurishat thakhudh ḍaẓugh[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebian</a> Abjadi sequence (quoted in apparently earliest authorities & considered older)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1986117,_130,_149-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-magb3-7">[5]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>ا </td> <td>ب </td> <td>ج </td> <td>د </td> <td>ه </td> <td>و </td> <td>ز </td> <td>ح </td> <td>ط </td> <td>ي </td> <td>ك </td> <td>ل </td> <td>م </td> <td>ن </td> <td>ص </td> <td>ع </td> <td>ف </td> <td>ض </td> <td>ق </td> <td>ر </td> <td>س </td> <td>ت </td> <td>ث </td> <td>خ </td> <td>ذ </td> <td>ظ </td> <td>غ </td> <td>ش </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>) </td> <td>b </td> <td>j </td> <td>d </td> <td>h </td> <td>w </td> <td>z </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td>y </td> <td>k </td> <td>l </td> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td>ṣ </td> <td>[ʿ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>) </td> <td>f </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td>q </td> <td>r </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td> <td>th </td> <td>kh </td> <td>dh </td> <td>ẓ </td> <td>gh </td> <td>sh </td></tr> <tr style="color:gray"> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr style="color:gray"> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>90 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>400 </td> <td>500 </td> <td>600 </td> <td>700 </td> <td>800 </td> <td>900 </td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="yellow"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="yellow"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="pink"> </td> <td colspan="4" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="yellow"> </td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="pink"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="28" bgcolor="lightgrey" style="font-size: 70%; font-style: italic;">The colors indicate which letters have different positions from the previous table </td></tr></tbody></table> This can be vocalized as: <dl><dd>ʾabujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman ṣaʿfaḍ qurisat thakhudh ẓaghush</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_forms">Letter forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Letter forms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Calligraphy" title="Category:Calligraphy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:KeitenAijin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/150px-KeitenAijin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/225px-KeitenAijin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/300px-KeitenAijin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4188" data-file-height="1984" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By script</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_calligraphy" title="Turkish calligraphy">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calligraphy" title="Tibetan calligraphy">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_calligraphy" title="Serbian calligraphy">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyaz_(Cyrillic_calligraphy)" title="Vyaz (Cyrillic calligraphy)">Vyaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calligraphy" title="Vietnamese calligraphy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_calligraphy" title="Western calligraphy">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calligraphy" title="Mongolian calligraphy">Mongolian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> The Arabic alphabet is always cursive and letters vary in shape depending on their position within a word. Letters can exhibit up to four distinct forms corresponding to an initial, medial (middle), final, or isolated position (<a href="/wiki/IMFI" title="IMFI">IMFI</a>). While some letters show considerable variations, others remain almost identical across all four positions. Generally, letters in the same word are linked together on both sides by short horizontal lines, but six letters (و ,ز ,ر ,ذ ,د ,ا) can only be linked to their preceding letter. In addition, some letter combinations are written as <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligatures</a> (special shapes), notably <a href="/wiki/L%C4%81m-alif" class="mw-redirect" title="Lām-alif">lām-alif</a> لا,<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> which is the only mandatory ligature (the unligated combination ل‌ا is considered difficult to read). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table_of_basic_letters">Table of basic letters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Table of basic letters">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Arabic letters usage in Literary Arabic </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Abjadi Order </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a><a href="#cite_note-romanization-9">[c]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Letter name in<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Letter name in Arabic script<a href="#cite_note-names-10">[d]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Value in Literary Arabic (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) </th> <th colspan="3">Contextual forms </th> <th rowspan="2">Isolated form </th> <th rowspan="2">Hija'i Order </th></tr> <tr> <th>Maghreb </th> <th>Common </th> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="01.">1 </td> <td data-sort-value="01.">1 </td> <td>[ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>) / ʔ, ā </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʔalif]</a> </td> <td>أَلِف </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>/<a href="#cite_note-alif-11">[e]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">ـا </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="01.">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="02.">2 </td> <td data-sort-value="02.">2 </td> <td>b </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[baːʔ]</a> </td> <td>بَاء </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/ </td> <td>ـب </td> <td>ـبـ </td> <td>بـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="02.">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>t </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[taːʔ]</a> </td> <td>تَاء </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ </td> <td>ـت </td> <td>ـتـ </td> <td>تـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="03.">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>ṯ / th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[θaːʔ]</a> </td> <td>ثَاء </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/ </td> <td>ـث </td> <td>ـثـ </td> <td>ثـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="04.">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="03.">3 </td> <td data-sort-value="03.">3 </td> <td>j </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[d͡ʒiːm]</a> </td> <td>جِيم </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/<a href="#cite_note-12">[f]</a> </td> <td>ـج </td> <td>ـجـ </td> <td>جـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="05.">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="08.">8 </td> <td data-sort-value="08.">8 </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ħaːʔ]</a> </td> <td>حَاء </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>/ </td> <td>ـح </td> <td>ـحـ </td> <td>حـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="06.">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>ḵ / kh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[xaːʔ]</a> </td> <td>خَاء </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ </td> <td>ـخ </td> <td>ـخـ </td> <td>خـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="07.">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="04.">4 </td> <td data-sort-value="04.">4 </td> <td>d </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[daːl]</a> </td> <td>دَال </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/ </td> <td colspan="2">ـد </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="08.">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>ḏ / dh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ðaːl]</a> </td> <td>ذَال </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/ </td> <td colspan="2">ـذ </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="09.">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>r </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[raːʔ]</a> </td> <td>رَاء </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/ </td> <td colspan="2">ـر </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="07.">7 </td> <td data-sort-value="07.">7 </td> <td>z </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[zaːj]</a> </td> <td>زَاي <a href="#cite_note-zāy_names-13">[g]</a> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ </td> <td colspan="2">ـز </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>s </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[siːn]</a> </td> <td>سِين </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td>ـس </td> <td>ـسـ </td> <td>سـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>š / sh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʃiːn]</a> </td> <td>شِين </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ </td> <td>ـش </td> <td>ـشـ </td> <td>شـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>ṣ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[sˤaːd]</a> </td> <td>صَاد </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a>/ </td> <td>ـص </td> <td>ـصـ </td> <td>صـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[dˤaːd]</a> </td> <td>ضَاد </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˤ</a>/ </td> <td>ـض </td> <td>ـضـ </td> <td>ضـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="09.">9 </td> <td data-sort-value="09.">9 </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[tˤaːʔ]</a> </td> <td>طَاء </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a>/ </td> <td>ـط </td> <td>ـطـ </td> <td>طـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>ẓ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ðˤaːʔ]</a> </td> <td>ظَاء </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ðˤ</a>/ </td> <td>ـظ </td> <td>ـظـ </td> <td>ظـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a> </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>[ʿ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>) / ʕ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʕajn]</a> </td> <td>عَيْن </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/ </td> <td>ـع </td> <td>ـعـ </td> <td>عـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>ḡ / gh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ɣajn]</a> </td> <td>غَيْن </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/ </td> <td>ـغ </td> <td>ـغـ </td> <td>غـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> </td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>f </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[faːʔ]</a> </td> <td>فَاء </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/ </td> <td>ـف </td> <td>ـفـ </td> <td>فـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>q </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[qaːf]</a> </td> <td>قَاف </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/ </td> <td>ـق </td> <td>ـقـ </td> <td>قـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>k </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[kaːf]</a> </td> <td>كَاف </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ </td> <td>ـك </td> <td>ـكـ </td> <td>كـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ك">ك</a> </td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>l </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[laːm]</a> </td> <td>لاَم </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ </td> <td>ـل </td> <td>ـلـ </td> <td>لـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>m </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[miːm]</a> </td> <td>مِيم </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/ </td> <td>ـم </td> <td>ـمـ </td> <td>مـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>n </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[nuːn]</a> </td> <td>نُون </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ </td> <td>ـن </td> <td>ـنـ </td> <td>نـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="05.">5 </td> <td data-sort-value="05.">5 </td> <td>h </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[haːʔ]</a> </td> <td>هَاء </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ </td> <td>ـه‎ </td> <td>ـهـ‎‎ </td> <td>هـ‎ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EF%BB%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ﻩ">ﻩ</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[h]</a> </td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="06.">6 </td> <td data-sort-value="06.">6 </td> <td>w, ū </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[waːw]</a> </td> <td>وَاو </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>/<a href="#cite_note-vowels-15">[i]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">ـو </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>y, ī </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[jaːʔ]</a> </td> <td>يَاء </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/<a href="#cite_note-vowels-15">[i]</a> </td> <td>ـي </td> <td>ـيـ </td> <td>يـ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a><a href="#cite_note-regional-variation-16">[j]</a> </td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="11"> </th></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>[ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>) / ʔ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[hamza(h)]</a> </td> <td>هَمْزة </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/ </td> <td colspan="4">ء (used in medial and final positions as an unlinked letter) </td> <td>-<a href="#cite_note-17">[k]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الْأَبْجَدِيَّة الْعَرَبِيَّة al-ʾabjadiyyah l-ʿarabiyyah <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[alʔabd͡ʒaˈdijːa‿lʕaraˈbijːa]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The Hamza <ء> can be considered a letter but it is not part of the alphabet. </li> <li id="cite_note-romanization-9"><a href="#cite_ref-romanization_9-0">^</a> The romanization depends on each system or country; for example ج is romanized to G in Egypt and J in most other Arabic countries. </li> <li id="cite_note-names-10"><a href="#cite_ref-names_10-0">^</a> The Arabic letter names below are the standard and most universally used names, other names (e.g. letter names in Egypt) might be used instead. </li> <li id="cite_note-alif-11"><a href="#cite_ref-alif_11-0">^</a> Alif can represent different phonemes; initially: a/i/u /a, i, u/ or sometimes silent in the definite article ال (a)l-. Medially and finally it represents a long vowel ā /aː/. It is also used in some hamzah /ʔ/ forms, check <a href="#Hamzah_forms">#Hamzah forms</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> When speaking Modern Standard Arabic (الفصحى al-Fuṣḥā) the ج pronunciation varies regionally, most prominently [d͡ʒ] in most of the Arabian Peninsula, parts of the Levant, parts of Egypt (especially the countryside and upper Egypt), Iraq, and northern-central Algeria, it is also considered as the predominant pronunciation of Literary Arabic when reciting the Quran and in Arabic studies outside the Arab world, [ʒ] in most of Northwest Africa and parts of the Levant (especially urban centers) and parts of the Arabian Peninsula, while [ɡ] is the standard pronunciation only in Egypt, ([ɡ] appears as a dialectal pronunciation in coastal Yemen, and coastal Oman), as well as [ɟ] in Sudan. </li> <li id="cite_note-zāy_names-13"><a href="#cite_ref-zāy_names_13-0">^</a> ز the standard name of the letter is zāy زاي but it is sometimes miscalled "zayn" زين. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> In certain contexts such as serial numbers and license plates the initial form is used to prevent confusion with the western number zero or Eastern Arabic Numeral for 5(٥). It's also worth mentioning that the initial form هـ is usually used when writing the letter separately, rather than using the isolated form ه. </li> <li id="cite_note-vowels-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vowels_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vowels_15-1">b</a> The letters ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a>⟩ are used to transcribe the vowels /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/ respectively in loanwords and dialects. ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a>⟩ also appears as a silent letter in the name عمرو Amr /ʕamr/ which is sometimes romanized wrongly as Amro or Amru. </li> <li id="cite_note-regional-variation-16"><a href="#cite_ref-regional-variation_16-0">^</a> in Egypt and Sudan, the yā’ ي is dotless in the isolated and final position, merging with the ʾalif maqṣūrah ى. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> can be considered a letter and plays an important role in Arabic spelling but not considered part of the alphabet. </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>See the article <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization of Arabic</a> for details on various transliteration schemes. Arabic language speakers may usually not follow a standardized scheme when transcribing words or names. Some Arabic letters which do not have an equivalent in English (such as ط) are often spelled as numbers when Romanized. Also names are regularly transcribed as pronounced locally, not as pronounced in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a> (if they were of Arabic origin).</li> <li>Regarding pronunciation, the phonemic values given are those of Modern Standard Arabic, which is taught in schools and universities. In practice, pronunciation may vary considerably from region to region. For more details concerning the pronunciation of Arabic, consult the articles <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">varieties of Arabic</a>.</li> <li>The names of the Arabic letters can be thought of as abstractions of an older version where they were meaningful words in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Semitic">Proto-Semitic</a> language.</li> <li>Six letters (و ز ر ذ د ا) do not have a distinct medial form and have to be written with their final form without being connected to the next letter. Their initial form matches the isolated form. The following letter is written in its initial form, or isolated form if it is the final letter in the word.</li> <li>The letter alif originated in the Phoenician alphabet as a consonant-sign indicating a glottal stop. Today it has lost its function as a consonant, and, together with ya’ and wāw, is a <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">mater lectionis</a>, a consonant sign standing in for a long vowel (see below), or as support for certain diacritics (maddah and hamzah).</li> <li>Arabic currently uses a <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation mark</a> called the hamzah (ء) to denote the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> [ʔ], written alone or with a carrier: <ul><li>alone: ء</li> <li>with a carrier: إ أ (above or under an alif), ؤ (above a wāw), ئ (above a dotless yā’ or yā’ hamzah).</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd>In academic work, the hamza is transliterated with the <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_right_half_ring" title="Modifier letter right half ring">modifier letter right half ring</a> (ʾ) or (ʔ) on <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_left_half_ring" title="Modifier letter left half ring">modifier letter left half ring</a> (ʿ) or (ʕ) on Wiktionary, transliterates the letter <a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">‘ayn</a> (ع), which represents a different sound, not found in English.</dd> <dd>The hamza has a single form, since it is never linked to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes combined with a wāw, yā’, or alif, and in that case the carrier behaves like an ordinary wāw, yā’, or alif, check the table below:</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hamza_forms">Hamza forms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hamza forms">edit</a>]</div> The Hamza /<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/ (glottal stop) can be written either alone, as if it were a letter, or with a carrier, when it becomes a <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">diacritic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[7]</a> For the writing rule of each form, check <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="3">Contextual forms </th> <th rowspan="2">Isolated </th> <th rowspan="2">Position occurrence </th></tr> <tr> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hamzah ʿalā al-<a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_variants" title="Aleph">ʾalif</a> (<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى الأَلِفْ</big>) </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">ـأ </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">أ </td> <td>Initial / Medial / Final positions </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hamzah taḥt al-ʾalif (<big>هَمْزَة تَحْت الأَلِفْ</big>) </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">- </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">إ </td> <td>Initial position only </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hamzah ʿalā as-saṭr (<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى السَّطْر</big>) </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">ء </td> <td style="text-align:center">- </td> <td style="text-align:center">ء </td> <td>Medial / Final only </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hamzah ʿalā al-wāw (<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى الوَاو</big>) </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">ـؤ </td> <td style="text-align:center">- </td> <td style="text-align:center">ؤ </td> <td>Medial / Final only </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hamzah ʿalā nabra (<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى نَبْرَة</big>) (medial) Hamzah ʿalā al-yāʾ (<big>هَمْزَة عَلَى اليَاء</big>) (final) </td> <td style="text-align:center">ـئ </td> <td style="text-align:center">ـئـ </td> <td style="text-align:center">- </td> <td style="text-align:center">ئ </td> <td>Medial / Final only </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hamzat al-madd (<big>هَمْزَةْ المد</big>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">- </td> <td style="text-align:center">ـآ </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">آ </td> <td>Initial / Medial only </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wasla" title="Wasla">Wasla</a></div> The hamzat al-waṣl (هَمْزَةُ ٱلْوَصْلِ, '<a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a> of connection') is a variant of the letter <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a> (ء) resembling part of the letter <a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">ṣād</a> (ص) that is rarely placed over the letter <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ʾalif</a> at the beginning of the word (<big><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ٱ">ٱ</a></big>). It indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ʾalif</a> is not pronounced as a glottal stop (written as the hamza), but that the word is connected to the previous word (like <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">liaison</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>). Outside of <a href="/wiki/Vocalised_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocalised Arabic">vocalised</a> liturgical texts, the waṣla is usually not written.<a href="#cite_note-19">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[9]</a> e.g. Abdullah <big>عَبْدُ ٱلله</big> can be written with hamzat al-wasl on the first letter of the word <big>ٱلله</big> but it is mostly written without it <big>عَبْدُ الله</big>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Form </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Name in Arabic script </th> <th>Written Form </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wasala_on_screen_20200507.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wasala_on_screen_20200507.png/30px-Wasala_on_screen_20200507.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wasala_on_screen_20200507.png/45px-Wasala_on_screen_20200507.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wasala_on_screen_20200507.png/60px-Wasala_on_screen_20200507.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>hamzat al-waṣl </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>همزة الوصل‎ </td> <td>written above <big>أَلِف الْوَصْلِ</big> ʾalif al-waṣl (<big>ا</big>) to form (<big>ٱ</big>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modified_letters">Modified letters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modified letters">edit</a>]</div> The following are not individual letters, but rather different contextual variants of some of the Arabic letters. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="3">Contextual forms </th> <th rowspan="2">Isolated </th> <th rowspan="2">Translit. </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes and Phonemic Value (IPA) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81%CA%BE_marb%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tāʾ marbūṭah">tāʾ marbūṭah</a> (<big>تَاءْ مَرْبُوطَة</big>) </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;">ـة </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;">(only final) </td> <td style="text-align:center">ة </td> <td>h or t/ẗ </td> <td>(aka "correlated tā'") used in final position, often for denoting singular feminine noun/word or to make the noun/word feminine, it has two pronunciations rules; often unpronounced or pronounced /h/ as in مدرسة madrasa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[madrasa]</a> / madrasah <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[madrasah]</a> "school" and pronounced /t/ in <a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">construct state</a> as in مدرسة سارة madrasatu sāra "Sara's school". In rare irregular noun/word cases, it appears to denote masculine singular nouns as in أسامة ʾusāma, or some masculine plural noun forms as in بَقَّالَة baqqāla plural of بَقَّال baqqāl. plural nouns: āt (a preceding letter followed by a fatḥah alif + tāʾ = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـَات‎) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_variants" title="Aleph">ʾalif maqṣūrah</a> (<big>أَلِفْ مَقْصُورَة</big>) </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;">ـى </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;">(only final) </td> <td style="text-align:center">ى </td> <td>ā or y/ỳ </td> <td>Two uses: 1. The letter called أَلِفْ مَقْصُورَة alif maqṣūrah or ْأَلِف لَيِّنَة alif layyinah (as opposed to أَلِف مَمْدُودَة alif mamdūda ا), pronounced /aː/ in Modern Standard Arabic. It is used only at the end of words in some special cases to denote the neuter/non-feminine aspect of the word (mainly verbs), where <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81%CA%BE_marb%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tāʾ marbūṭah">tā’ marbūṭah</a> cannot be used. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 2. A way of writing the letter ي yāʾ without its dots at the end of words, either traditionally or in contemporary use in Egypt and Sudan. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gemination">Gemination</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gemination">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadda">Shadda</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a> is the doubling of a consonant. Instead of writing the letter twice, Arabic places a W-shaped sign called shaddah, above it. Note that if a vowel occurs between the two consonants the letter will simply be written twice. The diacritic only appears where the consonant at the end of one syllable is identical to the initial consonant of the following syllable. (The generic term for such diacritical signs is <a href="/wiki/Harakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat">ḥarakāt</a>), e. g., درس darasa (with full diacritics: دَرَسَ) is a Form I verb meaning to study, whereas درّس darrasa (with full diacritics: دَرَّسَ) is the corresponding Form II verb, with the middle r consonant doubled, meaning to teach. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">General Unicode </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Name in Arabic script </th> <th>Transliteration </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;">0651 </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ــّـ ‎ </td> <td>shaddah </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">شَدَّة‎ </td> <td>(consonant doubled/geminated) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nunation">Nunation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nunation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a></div> Nunation (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: تنوين tanwīn) is the addition of a final -n  to a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>. The vowel before it indicates <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical case</a>. In written Arabic nunation is indicated by doubling the vowel diacritic at the end of the word; e.g. شُكْرًا šukran <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʃukran]</a> "thank you". <table class="wikitable" style="align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Nunation - tanwīn تَنْوِين forms </th></tr> <tr> <th>Symbol </th> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـٌ‎ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـٍ‎ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـً‎ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Transliteration </th> <td colspan="1">-un </td> <td rowspan="1">-in </td> <td rowspan="1">-an </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ligatures">Ligatures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ligatures">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_components_(letters)_in_the_word_Allah_only_black.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Arabic_components_%28letters%29_in_the_word_Allah_only_black.png/240px-Arabic_components_%28letters%29_in_the_word_Allah_only_black.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Arabic_components_%28letters%29_in_the_word_Allah_only_black.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Components of a ligature for "Allah": 1. <a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic" title="Aleph">alif</a> 2. <a href="/wiki/Hamza#Hamzat_al-waṣl_(_ٱ_)" title="Hamza">hamzat waṣl</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ْهَمْزَة وَصْل‎) 3. <a href="/wiki/L%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Lām">lām</a> 4. lām 5. <a href="/wiki/Shadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadda">shadda</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">شَدَّة‎) 6. <a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">dagger alif</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">أَلِفْ خَنْجَریَّة‎) 7. <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81%CA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Hāʾ">hāʾ</a></figcaption></figure> The use of <a href="/wiki/Typographical_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographical ligature">ligature</a> <a href="#Ligatures_2">in Arabic</a> is common. There is one compulsory ligature, that for lām ل + alif ا, which exists in two forms. All other ligatures, of which there are many,<a href="#cite_note-21">[10]</a> are optional. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Contextual forms </th> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Trans. </th> <th rowspan="2">Value </th></tr> <tr> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th> <th>Isolated </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ﻼ‎ </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ﻻ‎ </td> <td>lām + alif </td> <td>laa </td> <td>/laː/ </td></tr></tbody></table> A more complex ligature that combines as many as seven distinct components is commonly used to represent the word <a href="/wiki/All%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Allāh">Allāh</a>. The only ligature within the primary range of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a> (U+06xx) is lām + alif. This is the only one compulsory for fonts and word-processing. Other ranges are for compatibility to older standards and contain other ligatures, which are optional. <ul><li>lām + alif <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">لا‎</dd></dl></li></ul> Note: <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> also has in its Presentation Form B FExx range a code for this ligature. If your browser and font are configured correctly for Arabic, the ligature displayed above should be identical to this one, <code>U+FEFB</code> ARABIC LIGATURE LAM WITH ALEF ISOLATED FORM: <dl><dd><dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ﻻ‎</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><code>U+0640</code> ARABIC TATWEEL + lām + alif <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـلا‎</dd></dl></li></ul> Note: <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> also has in its Presentation Form B U+FExx range a code for this ligature. If your browser and font are configured correctly for Arabic, the ligature displayed above should be identical to this one: <ul><li><code>U+FEFC</code> ARABIC LIGATURE LAM WITH ALEF FINAL FORM <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ﻼ‎</dd></dl></li></ul> Another ligature in the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Presentation Form A range U+FB50 to U+FDxx is the special code for glyph for the ligature Allāh ("God"), <code>U+FDF2</code> ARABIC LIGATURE ALLAH ISOLATED FORM: <dl><dd><dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ﷲ‎</dd></dl></dd></dl> This is a work-around for the shortcomings of most text processors, which are incapable of displaying the correct <a href="/wiki/Harakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat">vowel marks</a> for the word <a href="/wiki/All%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Allāh">Allāh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. Because Arabic script is used to write other texts rather than Quran only, rendering lām + lām + hā’ as the previous ligature is considered faulty. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This simplified style is often preferred for clarity, especially in non-Arabic languages, but may not be considered appropriate in situations where a more elaborate style of calligraphy is preferred. –<a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[11]</a></blockquote> If one of a number of the fonts (Noto Naskh Arabic, mry_KacstQurn, KacstOne, Nadeem, DejaVu Sans, Harmattan, Scheherazade, Lateef, Iranian Sans, Baghdad, DecoType Naskh) is installed on a computer (Iranian Sans is supported by Wikimedia web-fonts), the word will appear without diacritics. <ul><li>lām + lām + hā’ = LILLĀH (meaning "to Allāh [only to God]") <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">لله‎  or  <span dir="rtl" style="font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,Nadeem,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef,Baghdad,'DecoType Naskh'; font-size:250%;line-height:normal"> لله </dd></dl></li> <li>alif + lām + lām + hā’ = ALLĀH (the Arabic word for "god") <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">الله‎  or  <span dir="rtl" style="font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,Nadeem,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef,Baghdad,'DecoType Naskh'; font-size:250%;line-height:normal"> الله </dd></dl></li> <li>alif + lām + lām + <code>U+0651</code> ARABIC SHADDA + <code>U+0670</code> ARABIC LETTER SUPERSCRIPT ALEF + hā’ <dl><dd> اللّٰه   (DejaVu Sans and KacstOne don't show the added superscript Alef)</dd></dl></li></ul> An attempt to show them on the faulty fonts without automatically adding the gemination mark and the superscript alif, although may not display as desired on all browsers, is by adding the <code>U+200d</code> (Zero width joiner) after the first or second lām <ul><li>(alif +) lām + lām + <code>U+200d</code> ZERO WIDTH JOINER + hā’ <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">الل‍ه‎   ‎   <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">لل‍ه‎</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Arabic_alphabet" title="Special:EditPage/Arabic alphabet">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (July 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Users of Arabic usually write <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a> but omit short ones, so readers must utilize their knowledge of the language in order to supply the missing vowels. However, in the education system and particularly in classes on Arabic grammar these vowels are used since they are crucial to the grammar. An Arabic sentence can have a completely different meaning by a subtle change of the vowels. This is why in an important text such as the Qur’ān the three basic vowel signs are mandated, like the Arabic diacritics and other types of marks, like the <a href="/wiki/Cantillation" title="Cantillation">cantillation signs</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_vowels">Short vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Short vowels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></div> In the Arabic handwriting of everyday use, in general publications, and on street signs, short vowels are typically not written. On the other hand, copies of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur’ān</a> cannot be endorsed by the religious institutes that review them unless the diacritics are included. Children's books, elementary school texts, and Arabic-language grammars in general will include diacritics to some degree. These are known as "<a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">vocalized</a>" texts. Short vowels may be written with diacritics placed above or below the consonant that precedes them in the syllable, called ḥarakāt. All Arabic vowels, long and short, follow a consonant; in Arabic, words like "Ali" or "alif", for example, start with a consonant: ‘Aliyy, alif. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Short vowels (fully <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">vocalized</a> text) </th> <th>Code </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Name in Arabic script </th> <th>Trans. </th> <th>Phonemic Value </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 50%;">Remarks </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ــَـ ‎ </td> <td>064E </td> <td>fat·ḥah </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> فَتْحَة ‎ </td> <td>a </td> <td>/a/ </td> <td>Ranges from [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>], to [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>], depending on the native dialect, position, and stress. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ــُـ ‎ </td> <td>064F </td> <td>ḍammah </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ضَمَّة ‎ </td> <td>u </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td>Ranges from [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>], to [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>], depending on the native dialect, position, and stress. Approximated to English "U" (as in "put") </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ــِـ ‎ </td> <td>0650 </td> <td>kasrah </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> كَسْرَة ‎ </td> <td>i </td> <td>/i/ </td> <td>Ranges from [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>], to [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>], depending on the native dialect, position, and stress. Approximated to English "I" (as in "pick") </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_vowels">Long vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Long vowels">edit</a>]</div> In the fully vocalized Arabic text found in texts such as the Quran, a long ā following a consonant other than a <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamzah</a> is written with a short a sign (fatḥah) on the consonant plus an ʾalif after it; long ī is written as a sign for short i (kasrah) plus a yāʾ; and long ū as a sign for short u (ḍammah) plus a wāw. Briefly, ᵃa = ā; ⁱy = ī; and ᵘw = ū. Long ā following a hamzah may be represented by an ʾalif maddah or by a free hamzah followed by an ʾalif (two consecutive ʾalifs are never allowed in Arabic). The table below shows vowels placed above or below a dotted circle replacing a primary consonant letter or a <a href="/wiki/Shadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadda">shaddah</a> sign. For clarity in the table, the primary letters on the left used to mark these long vowels are shown only in their isolated form. Most consonants do connect to the left with ʾalif, wāw and yāʾ written then with their medial or final form. Additionally, the letter yāʾ in the last row may connect to the letter on its left, and then will use a medial or initial form. Use the table of primary letters to look at their actual glyph and joining types. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Long vowels (with fully vocalized text) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Letter with diacritic </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Trans. </th> <th>Variants </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding:10px;">064E 0627 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـَـا‎ </td> <td>ʾalif mamdūdah </td> <td>ā </td> <td>aa </td> <td rowspan="2">/aː/ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding:10px;">064E 0649 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـَـى‎ </td> <td>ʾalif maqṣūrah </td> <td>ā </td> <td>aa </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding:10px;">064F 0648 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـُـو‎ </td> <td>wāw mamdūdah </td> <td>ū </td> <td>uw/ ou </td> <td>/uː/ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding:10px;">0650 064A </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـِـي‎ </td> <td>yāʾ mamdūdah </td> <td>ī </td> <td>iy </td> <td>/iː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Regional Variation (Egypt and Sudan) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>0650 0649 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـِـى‎<a href="#cite_note-regional-variation-23">[a]</a> </td> <td>yāʾ mamdūdah </td> <td>ī </td> <td>iy </td> <td>/iː/ </td></tr></tbody></table> In unvocalized text (one in which the short vowels are not marked), the long vowels are represented by the vowel in question: ʾalif mamdūdah/maqṣūrah, wāw, or yāʾ. Long vowels written in the middle of a word of unvocalized text are treated like consonants with a sukūn (see below) in a text that has full diacritics. Here also, the table shows long vowel letters only in isolated form for clarity. Combinations وا and يا are always pronounced wā and yā respectively. The exception is the suffix ـوا۟ in verb endings where ʾalif is silent, resulting in ū or aw. In addition, when transliterating names and loanwords, Arabic language speakers write out most or all the vowels as long (ā with <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> ʾalif, ē and ī with <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a> yaʾ, and ō and ū with <a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> wāw), meaning it approaches a true alphabet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> حروف اللين ḥurūfu l-līn /aj/ and /aw/ are represented in vocalized text as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Diphthongs (fully <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">vocalized</a> text) </th> <th>Trans. </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding:10px;">064A 064E <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـَـي‎ </td> <td>ay </td> <td>/aj/ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding:10px;">0648 064E <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـَـو‎ </td> <td>aw </td> <td>/aw/ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Other Diphthongs </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـِـيّ‎ </td> <td>iyy </td> <td>/ijj/ </td></tr></tbody></table> A final yaʾ is usually written at the end of words for <a href="/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives#Nisba" title="Arabic nouns and adjectives">nisba</a> (اَلنِّسْبَة nisbah) which is a common suffix to form adjectives of relation or pertinence. The suffix is ـِيّ -iyy for masculine (ـِيَّة -iyya(t)- for feminine); for example اِشْتِرَاكِيّ ištirākiyy "socialist", it is also used for a singulative ending that applies to human or other <a href="/wiki/Sentient" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentient">sentient</a> beings as in جندي jundiyy "a soldier". However nowadays this final yaʾ is mostly pronounced with a long yaʾ (yāʾ mamdūdah) -ī as in اِشْتِرَاكِي ištirākī /iʃtiraːkiː/ instead of اِشْتِرَاكِيّ ištirākiyy /iʃtiraːkijj/. A similar mistake happens at the end of some third person plural verbs as in جَرَوْا jaraw "they ran" which is pronounced nowadays as جَرُوا jarū /d͡ʒaruː/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_omission">Vowel omission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vowel omission">edit</a>]</div> An Arabic <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> can be open (ending with a vowel) or closed (ending with a consonant): <ul><li>open: CV [consonant-vowel] (long or short vowel)</li> <li>closed: CVC (short vowel only)</li></ul> A normal text is composed only of a series of consonants plus vowel-lengthening letters; thus, the word qalb, "heart", is written qlb, and the word qalaba "he turned around", is also written qlb. To write qalaba without this ambiguity, we could indicate that the l is followed by a short a by writing a fatḥah above it. To write qalb, we would instead indicate that the l is followed by no vowel by marking it with a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> called sukūn (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ْ‎), like this: قلْب. This is one step down from full vocalization, where the vowel after the q would also be indicated by a fatḥah: قَلْب. The <a href="/wiki/Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Qurʾān">Qurʾān</a> is traditionally written in full vocalization. The long i sound in some editions of the Qur’ān is written with a kasrah followed by a diacritic-less y, and long u by a ḍammah followed by a bare w. In others, these y and w carry a sukūn. Outside of the Qur’ān, the latter convention is extremely rare, to the point that y with sukūn will be unambiguously read as the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> /aj/, and w with sukūn will be read /aw/. For example, the letters m-y-l can be read like English meel or mail, or (theoretically) also like mayyal or mayil. But if a sukūn is added on the y then the m cannot have a sukūn (because two letters in a row cannot be sukūnated), cannot have a ḍammah (because there is never an uy sound in Arabic unless there is another vowel after the y), and cannot have a kasrah (because kasrah before sukūnated y is never found outside the Qur’ān), so it must have a fatḥah and the only possible pronunciation is /majl/ (meaning mile, or even e-mail). By the same token, m-y-t with a sukūn over the y can be mayt but not mayyit or meet, and m-w-t with a sukūn on the w can only be mawt, not moot (iw is impossible when the w closes the syllable). Vowel marks are always written as if the <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%99I%E2%80%98rab" class="mw-redirect" title="’I‘rab">i‘rāb</a> vowels were in fact pronounced, even when they must be skipped in actual pronunciation. So, when writing the name Aḥmad, it is optional to place a sukūn on the ḥ, but a sukūn is forbidden on the d, because it would carry a ḍammah if any other word followed, as in Aḥmadu zawjī "Ahmad is my husband". Another example: the sentence that in correct literary Arabic must be pronounced Aḥmadu zawjun shirrīr "Ahmad is a wicked husband", is usually pronounced (due to influence from vernacular Arabic varieties) as Aḥmad zawj shirrīr. Yet, for the purposes of Arabic grammar and orthography, is treated as if it were not mispronounced and as if yet another word followed it, i.e., if adding any vowel marks, they must be added as if the pronunciation were Aḥmadu zawjun sharrīrun with a tanwīn 'un' at the end. So, it is correct to add an un tanwīn sign on the final r, but actually pronouncing it would be a hypercorrection. Also, it is never correct to write a sukūn on that r, even though in actual pronunciation it is (and in correct Arabic MUST be) sukūned. Of course, if the correct i‘rāb is a sukūn, it may be optionally written. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">General Unicode </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Name in Arabic script </th> <th>Translit. </th> <th>Phonemic Value (IPA) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding:10px;">0652 </td> <td style="padding:10px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ــْـ ‎ </td> <td>sukūn </td> <td>سُكُون </td> <td>(no vowel with this consonant letter or diphthong with this long vowel letter) </td> <td>∅ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding:10px;">0670 </td> <td style="padding:10px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ــٰـ ‎ </td> <td>alif khanjariyyah [dagger ’alif – smaller ’alif written above consonant] </td> <td>أَلِف خَنْجَرِيَّة </td> <td>ā </td> <td>/aː/ </td></tr></tbody></table> ٰٰ The sukūn is also used for transliterating words into the Arabic script. The English name "Mark" is written مارك, for example, might be written with a sukūn above the ر to signify that there is no vowel sound between that letter and the ك. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_letters">Additional letters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Additional letters">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Regional variations">edit</a>]</div> Some letters take a traditionally different form in specific regions: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Letter</th> <th rowspan="2">Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Isolated</th> <th>Final</th> <th>Medial</th> <th>Initial </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ی‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـی‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـیـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">یـ‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;">The traditional style to write or print the letter, and remains so in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a> region (Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan... etc.) and sometimes Maghreb; yā’ <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a> is dotless in the isolated and final position. Merging with the ʾalif maqṣūrah <a href="/wiki/%D9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ى">ى</a>; e.g. على /ʕalaː/ "on" and علي /ʕaliː/ "<a href="/wiki/Ali_(name)" title="Ali (name)">Ali</a>" are both written على in Egypt and Sudan. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ک‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـک‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـکـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">کـ‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;">An alternative version of final kāf ـک‎ is used (instead of ـك) in some script variants, for example in the <a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Madani script</a> which is used on road signs in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> and on the logo of the chemical company <a href="/wiki/SABIC" title="SABIC">SABIC</a> written سابک‎‎. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڢ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـڢ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـڢـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڢـ‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;">An obsolete traditional <a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)#Maghrebi_variant" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Maghrebi variant</a> of fā’ ف. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڧ/ٯ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـڧ/ـٯ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـڧـ/ـٯـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڧـ/ٯـ‎ </td> <td style="text-align:left;">An obsolete traditional <a href="/wiki/Qoph#Maghrebi_variant" title="Qoph">Maghrebi variant</a> of qāf ق. Generally dotless in isolated and final positions and dotted in the initial and medial forms. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-standard_letters_to_Modern_Standard_Arabic">Non-standard letters to Modern Standard Arabic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Non-standard letters to Modern Standard Arabic">edit</a>]</div> Some modified letters are used to represent non-native sounds to Modern Standard Arabic. These letters are used as an optional alternative in transliterated names, loanwords and dialectal words. The usage of these letters depends on the writer and their country of origin and their usage is not mandatory. The non-standard phoneme /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/ (considered a standard pronunciation of ج only in Egypt) has the highest number of variations when writing loanwords or foreign proper nouns in Standard Arabic, and it can be written with either the standard letters ج, غ, ق, and ك or with the non-standard letters ڨ‎‎‎ (used only in Tunisia and Algeria), ڭ (used only in Morocco), and گ (used mainly in Iraq) for example "<a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a>" pronounced /ɡoːlf/ can be written جولف, غولف, قولف, كولف, ڨولف‎‎‎, ڭولف or گولف depending on the writer and their country of origin. On the other hand, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/ is considered a native phoneme in most Arabic dialects, either as a reflex of ج as in lower Egypt, parts of Oman and parts of Yemen (e.g. جمل <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[gamal]</a>) or as a reflex of ق as in most of the Arabian peninsula, Iraq, Sudan, and parts of Egypt, Levant and North Africa (e.g. قال <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[gaːl]</a>). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Phoneme</th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Persian_letter)" title="Pe (Persian letter)">پ</a>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ </td> <td>Sometimes used when transliterating foreign names and loanwords instead of bā’ ب. only used in foreign words. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/Ve_(Arabic_letter)" title="Ve (Arabic letter)">ڤ</a>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ </td> <td>Sometimes used when transliterating foreign names and loanwords instead of fā’ ف.<a href="#cite_note-dialecttutorial-24">[12]</a> only used in foreign words. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/Ve_(Arabic_letter)" title="Ve (Arabic letter)">ڥ</a>‎ </td> <td>Only used in Algeria and Tunisia when transliterating foreign names and loanwords instead of fā’ ف, this form is used to distinguish it from ڨ. only used in foreign words. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ڨ">ڨ‎‎</a>‎ </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/ </td> <td>Only in Algeria and Tunisia /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/ is officially written using ڨ or ق including in city names e.g. the city of <a href="/wiki/Guelma" title="Guelma">Guelma</a> is written ڨالمة or قالمة <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ɡelmæ]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gafsa" title="Gafsa">Gafsa</a> is written ڨفصة or قفصة <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[gafsˤa]</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s" title="Gabès">Gabès</a> is written ڨابس or قابس <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[gaːbis]</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ڭ">ڭ‎‎‎</a>‎ </td> <td>Only in Morocco /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/ is officially written using ڭ or ك including in city names; e.g. the city of <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Agadir</a> is written أڭادير or أكادير <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʔaɡaːdiːr]</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="گ">گ‎‎‎</a>‎ </td> <td>Used in <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Arabic">Mesopotamian</a> Arabic but only when writing dialectal words (e.g. گمر <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ɡʊmər]</a> "moon" instead of Standard Arabic قمر <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[qamar]</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/Che_(Persian_letter)" title="Che (Persian letter)">چ</a>‎ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/ </td> <td>Used in <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Arabic">Mesopotamian</a> Arabic but only when writing dialectal words where /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/ is considered a native phoneme/allophone (e.g. چلب <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[t͡ʃəlb]</a> "dog" instead of Standard Arabic كلب <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[kalb]</a>). While in Standard Arabic throughout the Arab world, the sequence تشـ [[[ت|tāʼ]]-<a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">shīn</a>] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 3) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>) is usually preferred (e.g. تشاد <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[tʃaːd]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>", التشيك <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[at.tʃiːk]</a> "Czechia" and تشيلي <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[tʃiː.liː]</a> "Chile"). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/ </td> <td>Used in Egypt when transliterating foreign names and loanwords where standard ج is mostly pronounced /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/ as in the city of <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a> is written الجيزة <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[elˈgiːzæ]</a>., (e.g. چيبة or جيبة <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʒiː.ba]</a> "skirt"). only used in foreign words. </td></tr></tbody></table> Note: The sounds /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ are non-native to most Arabic dialects (excl. <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian Arabic</a> where ذِئْب "Wolf" is pronounced vīp <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[viːp]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[13]</a> instead of Standard Arabic <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ðɪʔb]</a>), while /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/ appear as a native phoneme or allophone in many dialects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Used_in_languages_other_than_Arabic">Used in languages other than Arabic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Used in languages other than Arabic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script#Additional_letters_used_in_other_languages" title="Arabic script">Arabic script § Additional letters used in other languages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Numerals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Western_Arabic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Arabic numerals">Western Arabic numerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic numerals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Arabic_alphabet" title="Special:EditPage/Arabic alphabet">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (July 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Western (Maghreb, Europe)</th> <th rowspan="2">Central (Mideast)</th> <th colspan="2">Eastern </th></tr> <tr> <th>Persian </th> <th>Urdu </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>٠ </td> <td>۰ </td> <td>۰ </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>١ </td> <td>۱ </td> <td>۱ </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>٢ </td> <td>۲ </td> <td>۲ </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>٣ </td> <td>۳ </td> <td>۳ </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>٤ </td> <td>۴ </td> <td>۴ </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>٥ </td> <td>۵ </td> <td>۵ </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>٦ </td> <td>۶ </td> <td>۶ </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>٧ </td> <td>۷ </td> <td>۷ </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>٨ </td> <td>۸ </td> <td>۸ </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>٩ </td> <td>۹ </td> <td>۹ </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>١٠ </td> <td>۱۰ </td> <td>۱۰ </td></tr></tbody></table> There are two main kinds of numerals used along with Arabic text; <a href="/wiki/Western_Arabic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Arabic numerals">Western Arabic numerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic numerals</a>. In most of present-day North Africa, the usual Western Arabic numerals are used. Like Western Arabic numerals, in Eastern Arabic numerals, the units are always right-most, and the highest value left-most. Eastern Arabic numbers are written from left to right. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters_as_numerals">Letters as numerals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Letters as numerals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad numerals</a></div> In addition, the Arabic alphabet can be used to represent numbers (<a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad numerals</a>). This usage is based on the ʾabjadī order of the alphabet. أ ʾalif is 1, ب bāʾ is 2, ج jīm is 3, and so on until ي yāʾ = 10, ك kāf = 20, ل lām = 30, ..., ر rāʾ = 200, ..., غ ghayn = 1000. This is sometimes used to produce <a href="/wiki/Chronogram" title="Chronogram">chronograms</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History of the Arabic alphabet</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_script_evolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabic_script_evolution.svg/250px-Arabic_script_evolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabic_script_evolution.svg/375px-Arabic_script_evolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabic_script_evolution.svg/500px-Arabic_script_evolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of early <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a> (9th–11th century). The <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a> is taken as an example, from <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> <a href="/wiki/Qur%E2%80%99%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur’ān">Qur’ān</a> manuscripts. (1) Early 9th century script used no dots or <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> marks;<a href="#cite_note-26">[14]</a> (2) and (3) in the 9th–10th century during the Abbasid dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Aswad_al-Du%27ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali">Abu al-Aswad</a>'s system used red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel. Later, a second system of black dots was used to differentiate between letters like fā’ and qāf;<a href="#cite_note-wikimedia1-27">[15]</a> (4) in the 11th century (<a href="/wiki/Al-Khalil_ibn_Ahmad_al-Farahidi" title="Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi">al-Farāhīdī</a>'s system) dots were changed into shapes resembling the letters to transcribe the corresponding long vowels. This system is the one used today.<a href="#cite_note-28">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> The Arabic alphabet can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Aramaic" title="Nabataean Aramaic">Nabataean Aramaic</a>. A transitional phase, between the Nabataean Aramaic script and a subsequent, recognizably Arabic script, is known as <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a>. The pre-Islamic phase of the script as it existed in the fifth and sixth centuries, once it had become recognizably similar to the script as it came to be known in the Islamic era, is known as <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arabic" title="Paleo-Arabic">Paleo-Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENehmé2020-29">[17]</a> The first known text in the Arabic alphabet is a late fourth-century inscription from <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Ram" title="Jabal Ram">Jabal Ram</a> 50 km east of <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">‘Aqabah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Zabad_inscription" title="Zabad inscription">Zabad trilingual inscription</a> is the earliest dated Arabic text from 512, and was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a> record is extremely sparse. Later, dots were added above and below the letters to differentiate them. (The Aramaic language had fewer phonemes than the Arabic, and some originally distinct Aramaic letters had become indistinguishable in shape, so that in the early writings 14 distinct letter-shapes had to do duty for 28 sounds; cf. the similarly ambiguous <a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book Pahlavi</a>.) The first surviving document that definitely uses these dots is also the first surviving Arabic <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/PERF_558" title="PERF 558">PERF 558</a>), dated April 643, although they did not become obligatory until much later. Important texts were and still are frequently memorized, especially in <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Qurʾan memorization</a>. Later still, vowel marks and the hamza were introduced, beginning some time in the latter half of the 7th century, preceding the first invention of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalizations</a>. Initially, this was done by a system of red dots, said to have been commissioned in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> era by <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Aswad_al-Du%27ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali">Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali</a>, a dot above = a, a dot below = i, a dot on the line = u, and doubled dots indicated <a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">nunation</a>. However, this was cumbersome and easily confusable with the letter-distinguishing dots, so about 100 years later, the modern system was adopted. The system was finalized around 786 by <a href="/wiki/Al-Khalil_ibn_Ahmad_al-Farahidi" title="Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi">al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_tributes_and_alphabets_written_in_Arabic_dialects">Other tributes and alphabets written in Arabic dialects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other tributes and alphabets written in Arabic dialects">edit</a>]</div> Arabic dialects were written in different alphabets before the spread of the Arabic alphabet currently in use. The most important of these alphabets and inscriptions are the <a href="/wiki/Safaitic" title="Safaitic">Safaitic</a> inscriptions, amounting to 30,000 inscriptions discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Levant desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[18]</a> There are about 3,700 inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Hismaic" title="Hismaic">Hismaic</a> in central Jordan and northwest of the Arabian Peninsula, and Nabataean inscriptions, the most important of which are the Umm al-Jimal I inscription and the <a href="/wiki/Namara_inscription" title="Namara inscription">Numara inscription</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panel_Almaqah_Louvre_DAO18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Panel_Almaqah_Louvre_DAO18.jpg/220px-Panel_Almaqah_Louvre_DAO18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Panel_Almaqah_Louvre_DAO18.jpg/330px-Panel_Almaqah_Louvre_DAO18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Panel_Almaqah_Louvre_DAO18.jpg/440px-Panel_Almaqah_Louvre_DAO18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a> script as is clear from one of the <a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sabaean</a> inscriptions.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_printing">Arabic printing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Arabic printing">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tarsh" title="Tarsh">Medieval Arabic blockprinting</a> flourished from the 10th century until the 14th. It was devoted only to very small texts, usually for use in <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>. In 1514, following <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>'s invention of the printing press in 1450, Gregorio de Gregorii, a Venetian, published an entire prayer-book in Arabic script; it was entitled <a href="/wiki/Kitab_salat_al-sawai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab salat al-sawai">Kitab Salat al-Sawa'i</a> and was intended for eastern Christian communities.<a href="#cite_note-32">[20]</a> Between 1580 and 1586, type designer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Granjon" title="Robert Granjon">Robert Granjon</a> designed Arabic typefaces for Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinando de' Medici</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Medici_Oriental_Press" title="Medici Oriental Press">Medici Oriental Press</a> published many Christian prayer and scholarly Arabic texts in the late 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-33">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8.png/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8.png/330px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8.png/440px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8.png 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1379" /></a><figcaption>A page from the manuscript of Al-Kamil's book on the making of the northern and southern <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> and their reasons for geometry and arithmetic by <a href="/wiki/Al-Farghani" title="Al-Farghani">Ahmed bin Katheer Al-Farghani</a>, where the letters appear in red in an arranged order expressing numbers.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> monks at Maar Quzhay Monastery on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> published the first Arabic books to use movable type in the Middle East. The monks transliterated the Arabic language using <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> script. Although <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> generally receives credit for introducing the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> to Egypt during his invasion of the country in 1798, and though he did indeed bring printing presses and Arabic presses to print the French occupation's official newspaper Al-Tanbiyyah "The Courier", printing in the Arabic language had started several centuries earlier. A goldsmith (like Gutenberg) designed and implemented an Arabic-script movable-type printing-press in the Middle East. The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Melkite_Christians" title="Lebanese Melkite Christians">Lebanese Melkite</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Zakher" title="Abdallah Zakher">Abdallah Zakher</a> set up an Arabic <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> using <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> at the monastery of Saint John at the town of <a href="/wiki/Dhour_El_Shuwayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhour El Shuwayr">Dhour El Shuwayr</a> in Mount Lebanon, the first homemade press in Lebanon using Arabic script. He personally cut the type molds and did the founding of the typeface. The first book came off his press in 1734; this press continued in use until 1899.<a href="#cite_note-34">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computers">Computers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Computers">edit</a>]</div> The Arabic alphabet can be encoded using several <a href="/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character sets</a>, including <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-6" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-6">ISO-8859-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, the latter of which contains the "Arabic segment", entries U+0600 to U+06FF. However, none of the sets indicates the form that each character should take in context. It is left to the <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendering engine</a> to select the proper <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> to display for each character. Each letter has a position-independent encoding in Unicode, and the rendering software can infer the correct glyph form (initial, medial, final or isolated) from its joining context. That is the current recommendation. However, for compatibility with previous standards, the initial, medial, final and isolated forms can also be encoded separately. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode">Unicode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Unicode">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></div> As of Unicode 16.0, the Arabic script is contained in the following <a href="/wiki/Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">blocks</a>:<a href="#cite_note-35">[23]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_(Unicode_block)" title="Arabic (Unicode block)">Arabic</a> (0600–06FF, 256 characters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Supplement" title="Arabic Supplement">Arabic Supplement</a> (0750–077F, 48 characters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Extended-A" title="Arabic Extended-A">Arabic Extended-A</a> (08A0–08FF, 96 characters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Extended-B" title="Arabic Extended-B">Arabic Extended-B</a> (0870–089F, 42 characters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Extended-C" title="Arabic Extended-C">Arabic Extended-C</a> (10EC0–10EFF, 7 characters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-A" title="Arabic Presentation Forms-A">Arabic Presentation Forms-A</a> (FB50–FDFF, 631 characters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-B" title="Arabic Presentation Forms-B">Arabic Presentation Forms-B</a> (FE70–FEFF, 141 characters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_Numeral_Symbols" title="Rumi Numeral Symbols">Rumi Numeral Symbols</a> (10E60–10E7F, 31 characters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indic_Siyaq_Numbers" title="Indic Siyaq Numbers">Indic Siyaq Numbers</a> (1EC70–1ECBF, 68 characters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Siyaq_Numbers" title="Ottoman Siyaq Numbers">Ottoman Siyaq Numbers</a> (1ED00–1ED4F, 61 characters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Mathematical_Alphabetic_Symbols" title="Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols">Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols</a> (1EE00—1EEFF, 143 characters)</li></ul> The basic Arabic range encodes the standard letters and diacritics but does not encode contextual forms (U+0621-U+0652 being directly based on <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-6" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-6">ISO 8859-6</a>). It also includes the most common diacritics and <a href="/wiki/Arabic-Indic_digits" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-Indic digits">Arabic-Indic digits</a>. U+06D6 to U+06ED encode Qur'anic annotation signs such as "end of <a href="/wiki/Ayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayah">ayah</a>" ۝ۖ and "start of <a href="/wiki/Rub_El_Hizb" class="mw-redirect" title="Rub El Hizb">rub el hizb</a>" ۞. The Arabic supplement range encodes letter variants mostly used for writing African (non-Arabic) languages. The Arabic Extended-A range encodes additional Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-A range encodes contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants needed for Persian, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, Sindhi and Central Asian languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-B range encodes spacing forms of Arabic diacritics, and more contextual letter forms. The Arabic Mathematical Alphabetical Symbols block encodes characters used in Arabic mathematical expressions. See also the notes of the section on <a href="#Modified_letters">modified letters</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboards">Keyboards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Keyboards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">Keyboard layout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KB_Arabic_MAC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/KB_Arabic_MAC.svg/450px-KB_Arabic_MAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/KB_Arabic_MAC.svg/675px-KB_Arabic_MAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/KB_Arabic_MAC.svg/900px-KB_Arabic_MAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Arabic Mac keyboard layout</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KB_Arabic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/KB_Arabic.svg/450px-KB_Arabic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/KB_Arabic.svg/675px-KB_Arabic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/KB_Arabic.svg/900px-KB_Arabic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Arabic PC keyboard layout</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intellark4qwerty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Intellark4qwerty.png/450px-Intellark4qwerty.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Intellark4qwerty.png/675px-Intellark4qwerty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Intellark4qwerty.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Intellark" title="Intellark">Intellark</a> imposed on a QWERTY keyboard layout</figcaption></figure> Keyboards designed for different nations have different layouts, so proficiency in one style of keyboard, such as Iraq's, does not transfer to proficiency in another, such as Saudi Arabia's. Differences can include the location of non-alphabetic characters. All Arabic keyboards allow typing Roman characters, e.g., for the URL in a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. Thus, each Arabic keyboard has both Arabic and Roman characters marked on the keys. Usually, the Roman characters of an Arabic keyboard conform to the <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> layout, but in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, where <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is the most common language typed using the Roman characters, the Arabic keyboards are <a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a>. To encode a particular written form of a character, there are extra code points provided in Unicode which can be used to express the exact written form desired. The range Arabic presentation forms A (U+FB50 to U+FDFF) contain ligatures while the range Arabic presentation forms B (U+FE70 to U+FEFF) contains the positional variants. These effects are better achieved in Unicode by using the <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">zero-width joiner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">zero-width non-joiner</a>, as these presentation forms are deprecated in Unicode and should generally only be used within the internals of text-rendering software; when using Unicode as an intermediate form for conversion between character encodings; or for backwards compatibility with implementations that rely on the hard-coding of glyph forms. Finally, the Unicode encoding of Arabic is in logical order, that is, the characters are entered, and stored in computer memory, in the order that they are written and pronounced without worrying about the direction in which they will be displayed on paper or on the screen. Again, it is left to the rendering engine to present the characters in the correct direction, using Unicode's <a href="/wiki/Bi-directional_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-directional text">bi-directional text</a> features. In this regard, if the Arabic words on this page are written left to right, it is an indication that the Unicode rendering engine used to display them is out of date.<a href="#cite_note-36">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[25]</a> There are competing online tools, e.g. Yamli editor, which allow entry of Arabic letters without having Arabic support installed on a PC, and without knowledge of the layout of the Arabic keyboard.<a href="#cite_note-38">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handwriting_recognition">Handwriting recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Handwriting recognition">edit</a>]</div> The first software program of its kind in the world that identifies Arabic handwriting in real time was developed by researchers at <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Gurion University">Ben-Gurion University</a> (BGU). The prototype enables the user to write Arabic words by hand on an electronic screen, which then analyzes the text and translates it into printed Arabic letters in a thousandth of a second. The error rate is less than three percent, according to Dr. Jihad El-Sana, from BGU's department of computer sciences, who developed the system along with master's degree student Fadi Biadsy.<a href="#cite_note-39">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variations">Variations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Variations">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The modern Hijā’ī sequence (excluding hamzah) in 15 fonts: </caption> <tbody><tr class="nowrap"> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:180%"><a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ك">ك</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;">Hijā’ī sequence </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_in_15_fonts_2020-03-25_1554.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arabic_in_15_fonts_2020-03-25_1554.png/830px-Arabic_in_15_fonts_2020-03-25_1554.png" decoding="async" width="830" height="544" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arabic_in_15_fonts_2020-03-25_1554.png/1245px-Arabic_in_15_fonts_2020-03-25_1554.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arabic_in_15_fonts_2020-03-25_1554.png/1660px-Arabic_in_15_fonts_2020-03-25_1554.png 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00007f;background-color:#00007f">• </td> <td class="nowrap" style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Noto_fonts" title="Noto fonts">Noto</a> <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#003399;background-color:#003399">• </td> <td class="nowrap" style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Scheherazade_New" title="Scheherazade New">Scheherazade New</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00549a;background-color:#00549a">• </td> <td style="font-size:95%">Lateef </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#007670;background-color:#007670">• </td> <td class="nowrap" style="font-size:95%">Noto <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> Arabic </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00b050;background-color:#00b050">• </td> <td style="font-size:95%">Markazi Text </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#49da00;background-color:#49da00">• </td> <td style="font-size:95%">Noto <a href="/wiki/Sans_serif" class="mw-redirect" title="Sans serif">Sans</a> Arabic </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#ffc900;background-color:#ffc900">• </td> <td style="font-size:95%">El Messiri </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#ff9800;background-color:#ff9800">• </td> <td style="font-size:95%">Lemonada  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#ff00aa;background-color:#ff00aa">• </td> <td style="font-size:95%">Changa  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#c900ff;background-color:#c900ff">• </td> <td style="font-size:95%">Mada </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#9933ff;background-color:#9933ff">• </td> <td style="font-size:95%">Noto <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufi</a> Arabic </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#6600ff;background-color:#6600ff">• </td> <td style="font-size:95%">Reem Kufi </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#1f00bf;background-color:#1f00bf">• </td> <td style="font-size:95%">Lalezar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00007f;background-color:#00007f">• </td> <td style="font-size:95%">Jomhuria </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;color:#00003f;background-color:#00003f">• </td> <td style="font-size:95%">Rakkas </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arabic_alphabet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian braille">Algerian braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic braille">Arabic braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabic chat alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_letter_frequency" title="Arabic letter frequency">Arabic letter frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArabTeX" title="ArabTeX">ArabTeX</a> – provides Arabic support for <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> and <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History of the Arabic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_mathematical_notation" title="Modern Arabic mathematical notation">Modern Arabic mathematical notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization of Arabic</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-regional-variation-23"><a href="#cite_ref-regional-variation_23-0">^</a> See the section on <a href="#Regional_variations">regional variations</a> in letter form. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Daniels, Peter T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bright">Bright, William</a>, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 559. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195079937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195079937"><bdi>978-0195079937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=559&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0195079937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZitouni2014" class="citation book cs1">Zitouni, Imed (2014). Natural Language Processing of Semitic Languages. Springer Science & Business. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3642453588" title="Special:BookSources/978-3642453588"><bdi>978-3642453588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Language+Processing+of+Semitic+Languages&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3642453588&rft.aulast=Zitouni&rft.aufirst=Imed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1986117,_130,_149-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1986117,_130,_149_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1986117,_130,_149_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1986117,_130,_149_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacdonald1986">Macdonald 1986</a>, p. 117, 130, 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1986130-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1986130_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacdonald1986">Macdonald 1986</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-magb3-7"><a href="#cite_ref-magb3_7-0">^</a> (in Arabic) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alyaseer.net/vb/showthread.php?t=8807">Alyaseer.net ترتيب المداخل والبطاقات في القوائم والفهارس الموضوعية Ordering entries and cards in subject indexes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223135008/http://alyaseer.net/vb/showthread.php?t=8807">Archived</a> 23 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Discussion thread (Accessed 2009-October–06) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers,_Henry2005" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Henry (2005). 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Springer Nature. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-02139-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-02139-8"><bdi>978-3-031-02139-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Arabic+Natural+Language+Processing&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft.isbn=978-3-031-02139-8&rft.aulast=Habash&rft.aufirst=Nizar+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsYhyEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlhonen" class="citation web cs1">Alhonen, Miikka-Markus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03166-wasla.pdf">"Proposal for encoding the combining diacritic Arabic wasla"</a> (PDF). unicode.org. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal+for+encoding+the+combining+diacritic+Arabic+wasla&rft.pub=unicode.org&rft.aulast=Alhonen&rft.aufirst=Miikka-Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2003%2F03166-wasla.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2012" class="citation web cs1">Price, James M (7 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allthearabicyouneverlearnedthefirsttimearound.com/p1/p1-ch1/helping-vowels-and-the-elidable-hamza/">"Helping Vowels and the Elidable Hamza"</a>. Arabic Language Lessons: All The Arabic You Never Learned The First Time Around. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helping+Vowels+and+the+Elidable+Hamza&rft.pub=Arabic+Language+Lessons%3A+All+The+Arabic+You+Never+Learned+The+First+Time+Around&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=James+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallthearabicyouneverlearnedthefirsttimearound.com%2Fp1%2Fp1-ch1%2Fhelping-vowels-and-the-elidable-hamza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://graphemica.com/search?q=arabic+ligature">"A list of Arabic ligature forms in Unicode"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+list+of+Arabic+ligature+forms+in+Unicode.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgraphemica.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Darabic%2Bligature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//software.sil.org/scheherazade/design/">"Scheherazade New"</a>. SIL International. Retrieved 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Scheherazade+New&rft_id=%2F%2Fsoftware.sil.org%2Fscheherazade%2Fdesign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dialecttutorial-24"><a href="#cite_ref-dialecttutorial_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217151017/http://www1.ccls.columbia.edu/~cadim/ArabicDialectTutorialAMTA2006.pdf">"Arabic Dialect Tutorial"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.ccls.columbia.edu/~cadim/ArabicDialectTutorialAMTA2006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabic+Dialect+Tutorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.ccls.columbia.edu%2F~cadim%2FArabicDialectTutorialAMTA2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkkuş" class="citation web cs1">Akkuş, Faruk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://langsci-press.org/catalog/view/235/1808/1834-1">"Anatolian Arabic"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatolian+Arabic&rft.aulast=Akku%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=Faruk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flangsci-press.org%2Fcatalog%2Fview%2F235%2F1808%2F1834-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Basmala_kufi.svg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Basmala kufi.svg">File:Basmala kufi.svg – Wikimedia Commons</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikimedia1-27"><a href="#cite_ref-wikimedia1_27-0">^</a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kufi.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Kufi.jpg">File:Kufi.jpg – Wikimedia Commons</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Qur%27an_folio_11th_century_kufic.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Qur'an folio 11th century kufic.jpg">File:Qur'an folio 11th century kufic.jpg – Wikimedia Commons</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENehmé2020-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENehmé2020_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNehmé2020">Nehmé 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022117/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-11299/page-275">"علم اللغة العربية • الموقع الرسمي للمكتبة الشاملة"</a>. 15 December 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-11299/page-275">the original</a> on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%E2%80%A2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9&rft.date=2018-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshamela.ws%2Fbrowse.php%2Fbook-11299%2Fpage-275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Jallad2019" class="citation cs2">Al-Jallad, Ahmad (6 January 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38100372">A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic</a> – via Academia.edu</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+the+Historical+Grammar+of+Arabic&rft.date=2019-01-06&rft.aulast=Al-Jallad&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38100372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viverefano.com/2014/11/19/294-anniversario-della-biblioteca-federiciana-ricerche-e-curiosit-sul-kitab-salat-al-sawai/504874/">"294° anniversario della Biblioteca Federiciana: ricerche e curiosità sul Kitab Salat al-Sawai"</a>. Retrieved 31 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=294%C2%B0+anniversario+della+Biblioteca+Federiciana%3A+ricerche+e+curiosit%C3%A0+sul+Kitab+Salat+al-Sawai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viverefano.com%2F2014%2F11%2F19%2F294-anniversario-della-biblioteca-federiciana-ricerche-e-curiosit-sul-kitab-salat-al-sawai%2F504874%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaghashian2013" class="citation book cs1">Naghashian, Naghi (21 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xu2y8w_o2sQC&q=Robert+Granjon+designed+Arabic+typefaces&pg=PA11">Design and Structure of Arabic Script</a>. epubli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783844245059" title="Special:BookSources/9783844245059"><bdi>9783844245059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+and+Structure+of+Arabic+Script&rft.pub=epubli&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft.isbn=9783844245059&rft.aulast=Naghashian&rft.aufirst=Naghi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXu2y8w_o2sQC%26q%3DRobert%2BGranjon%2Bdesigned%2BArabic%2Btypefaces%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198102/arabic.and.the.art.of.printing-a.special.section.htm">Arabic and the Art of Printing – A Special Section</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061229133008/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198102/arabic.and.the.art.of.printing-a.special.section.htm">Archived</a> 29 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Paul Lunde </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Scripts.txt">"UAX #24: Script data file"</a>. Unicode Character Database. The Unicode Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode+Character+Database&rft.atitle=UAX+%2324%3A+Script+data+file&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FUNIDATA%2FScripts.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> For more information about encoding Arabic, consult the Unicode manual available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/">The Unicode website</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/mideast/Multilingual_Computing_with_Arabic_and_Arabic_Transliteration.pdf">Multilingual Computing with Arabic and Arabic Transliteration: Arabicizing Windows Applications to Read and Write Arabic & Solutions for the Transliteration Quagmire Faced by Arabic-Script Languages</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/mideast/multilingual_computing_arabic.ppt">A PowerPoint Tutorial (with screen shots and an English voice-over) on how to add Arabic to the Windows Operating System</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911024303/https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/mideast/Multilingual_Computing_with_Arabic_and_Arabic_Transliteration.pdf">Archived</a> 11 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yamli.com/press/">"Yamli in the News"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yamli+in+the+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yamli.com%2Fpress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israel21c.org/technology/arabic-handwriting-gets-computerized-thanks-to-israeli-innovation/">"Israel 21c"</a>. 14 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+21c&rft.date=2007-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israel21c.org%2Ftechnology%2Farabic-handwriting-gets-computerized-thanks-to-israeli-innovation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._A._Macdonald" title="Michael C. A. Macdonald">Macdonald, Michael C. A.</a> (1986). "ABCs and letter order in Ancient North Arabian". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies (16): 101–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&rft.atitle=ABCs+and+letter+order+in+Ancient+North+Arabian&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=101-168&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehmé2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nehmé, Laila (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/J.SEC.5.122984">"The religious landscape of Northwest Arabia as reflected in the Nabataean, Nabataeo-Arabic, and pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions"</a>. Semitica et Classica. 13: 127–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.SEC.5.122984">10.1484/J.SEC.5.122984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Semitica+et+Classica&rft.atitle=The+religious+landscape+of+Northwest+Arabia+as+reflected+in+the+Nabataean%2C+Nabataeo-Arabic%2C+and+pre-Islamic+Arabic+inscriptions&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=127-154&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.SEC.5.122984&rft.aulast=Nehm%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Laila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brepolsonline.net%2Fdoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.SEC.5.122984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaalanRaza2009" class="citation journal cs1">Shaalan, Khaled; Raza, Hafsa (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264209725">"NERA: Named entity recognition for Arabic"</a>. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60 (8): 1652–1663. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.21090">10.1002/asi.21090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Information+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=NERA%3A+Named+entity+recognition+for+Arabic&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1652-1663&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasi.21090&rft.aulast=Shaalan&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft.au=Raza%2C+Hafsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F264209725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabic+alphabet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_alphabets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_script" title="Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_script" title="Template talk:Arabic script"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_script" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language#Writing_systems" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language#Alphabets" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li>Circassian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language#Other_writing_systems" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language#Orthography" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Aljamiado" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language#Writing_Comparison_Table" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li>Tatar (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Jawi" title="Cham Jawi">Cham Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari (Rajasthani)</a></li> <li>Pamir (<a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Writing_system" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li>Shina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Gilgiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Sulat Sug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula Ajami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Adamawa Fulfulde">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Bagirmi Fulfulde">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Fulfulde" title="Nigerian Fulfulde">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pular_language#Writing" title="Pular language">Fuuta Jalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language#Orthography" title="Pulaar language">Fuuta Tooro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasina_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Maasina Fulfulde">Maasina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language#Writing_system" title="Serer language">Serer Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humburi_Senni_language" title="Humburi Senni language">Humburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Air Tamajeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofal_alphabet" title="Wolofal alphabet">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjemi" title="Anjemi">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_script" title="Category:Arabic script">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_language" title="Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_language" title="Template talk:Arabic language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I‘jām_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">i‘jām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)" title="Arabic diacritics">Tashkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)" title="Arabic diacritics">Harakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph">ʾAlif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)">Bāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw">Tāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel">Ǧīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth">Ḥāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet">Dāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh">Rāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zāy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)">Sīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)">Šīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade">Ṣād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth">Ṭāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿAyn" title="Ayin">ʿAyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">Ġayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Fāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph">Qāf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph">Kāf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh">Lām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem">Mīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)">Nūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)">Hāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)">Wāw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh">Yāʾ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">ʾIʿrāb (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Islam and Arabic language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" title="Category:Arabic language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li>Danish</li> <li>Finnish</li> <li>Greenlandic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></li> <li>Norwegian</li> <li>Swedish</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chinese semi-syllabaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Northwest_Semitic_abjad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Template:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Template talk:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Northwest_Semitic_abjad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Northwest Semitic abjad</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 125%;"> <td> <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ʾ</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">b</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">g</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">d</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">h</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">w</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">z</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ḥ</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">ṭ</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">y</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">k</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">l</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">m</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">n</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">s</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ʿ</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">p</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">ṣ</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">q</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">r</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">š</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">t</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>20</td> <td>30</td> <td>40</td> <td>50</td> <td>60</td> <td>70</td> <td>80</td> <td>90</td> <td>100</td> <td>200</td> <td>300</td> <td>400 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet#Semitic_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Inscriptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orthographies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_orthographies" title="Template talk:Language orthographies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language orthographies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orthographies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthographies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li>Orthographies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans alphabet">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_orthography" title="Faroese orthography">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian</a></li> <li>Swedish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_alphabet" title="West Frisian alphabet">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language#Orthography" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language#Orthography" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language#Orthography" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_alphabet" title="Istro-Romanian alphabet">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Phonology & ortography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_orthography" title="Walloon orthography">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_orthography" title="Latvian orthography">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_orthography" title="Lithuanian orthography">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara%C5%A1kievica" title="Taraškievica">Classical orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian</a></li> <li>Polish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_orthography" title="Silesian orthography">Silesian</a></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_alphabet" title="Sorbian alphabet">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography" title="Ukrainian orthography">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_alphabets" title="Romani alphabets">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_orthography" title="Estonian orthography">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_orthography" title="Finnish orthography">Finnish</a></li> <li>Hungarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_alphabet" title="Karelian alphabet">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_alphabets" title="Komi alphabets">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_alphabets" title="Mansi alphabets">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_alphabets" title="Mordvinic alphabets">Mordvinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Sámi orthography">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Kildin Sámi orthography">Kildin Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_alphabets" title="Udmurt alphabets">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_alphabet" title="Bashkir alphabet">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_alphabet" title="Gagauz alphabet">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_alphabets" title="Khakas alphabets">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_alphabets" title="Nogai alphabets">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_scripts" title="Yakut scripts">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungus—Manchu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Even_alphabets" title="Even alphabets">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_orthography" title="Evenki orthography">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_alphabets" title="Udege alphabets">Udege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargin_writing" title="Dargin writing">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabic</a></li> <li>Aramaic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabets" title="Somali alphabets">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_orthography" title="Sesotho orthography">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_scripts" title="Okinawan scripts">Okinawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan alphabet">Dungan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_alphabets" title="Nivkh alphabets">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_writing_systems" title="Massachusett writing systems">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_orthography" title="Nahuatl orthography">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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