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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins of printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_printing_presses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_printing_presses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolution of printing presses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution_of_printing_presses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution of printing presses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_printing_presses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Gutenberg_Press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gutenberg_Press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Gutenberg Press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gutenberg_Press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_and_industrial_advances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_and_industrial_advances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mechanical and industrial advances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_and_industrial_advances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offset_Lithography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offset_Lithography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Offset Lithography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offset_Lithography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Друкарня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Друкарня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Друкарня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Друкарня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Печатница – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Печатница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisk%C3%A1rna_(podnik)" title="Tiskárna (podnik) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tiskárna (podnik)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druckerei" title="Druckerei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Druckerei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BCkikoda" title="Trükikoda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trükikoda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Τυπογραφείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τυπογραφείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drukkerij" title="Drukkerij – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Drukkerij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%87%84%EC%86%8C" title="인쇄소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인쇄소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Տպարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տպարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiskara" title="Tiskara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tiskara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentsmi%C3%B0ja" title="Prentsmiðja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Prentsmiðja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95_(%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A8)" title="ಮುದ್ರಕ (ಪ್ರಕಾಶನ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುದ್ರಕ (ಪ್ರಕಾಶನ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Баспахана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Баспахана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipogr%C4%81fijas_uz%C5%86%C4%93mums" title="Tipogrāfijas uzņēmums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tipogrāfijas uzņēmums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaustuv%C4%97" title="Spaustuvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Spaustuvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Хэвлэгч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэвлэгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drukkerij" title="Drukkerij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Drukkerij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE" title="印刷会社 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="印刷会社" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trykkeri" title="Trykkeri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trykkeri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosmaxona" title="Bosmaxona – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bosmaxona" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drukarnia" title="Drukarnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drukarnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1fica" title="Gráfica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gráfica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografie_(%C3%AEntreprindere)" title="Tipografie (întreprindere) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tipografie (întreprindere)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Типография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Типография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtypshkronja" title="Shtypshkronja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtypshkronja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(publishing)" title="Printer (publishing) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Printer (publishing)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiskarna" title="Tiskarna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tiskarna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryckeri" title="Tryckeri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tryckeri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அச்சுப்பொறி வகைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அச்சுப்பொறி வகைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1c%C4%B1_(yay%C4%B1mc%C4%B1)" title="Yazıcı (yayımcı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yazıcı (yayımcı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Друкарня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друкарня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E5%BB%A0" title="印刷廠 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印刷廠" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6500733#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Printer_(publishing)" title="View the content 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Printer_(publisher)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Printer (publisher)">Printer (publisher)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Printing terminology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the device, see <a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">printer (computing)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Printing_towns_incunabula.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Printing_towns_incunabula.svg/220px-Printing_towns_incunabula.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Printing_towns_incunabula.svg/330px-Printing_towns_incunabula.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Printing_towns_incunabula.svg/440px-Printing_towns_incunabula.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption>Print shops in the 15th century per establishment date and book output</figcaption></figure> <p>In publishing, <b>printers</b> are both <a href="/wiki/Company_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Company (law)">companies</a> providing <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> services and individuals who directly operate <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing presses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_printing">Origins of printing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printer_(publishing)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of printers in publishing in Western Europe dates back to the mid-15th century with the invention of the printing press. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>, a German <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmith</a>, is credited with developing <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> in the 1450s. His printing press incorporated various innovative techniques, such as individual metal letter blocks and an oil-based ink, enabling faster and more efficient book production.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_printing_presses">Evolution of printing presses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printer_(publishing)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution of printing presses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Gutenberg_Press">The Gutenberg Press</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printer_(publishing)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Gutenberg Press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gutenberg's press set the foundation for subsequent developments in printing technology. It comprised a heavy wooden frame with a <a href="/wiki/Screw_(simple_machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw (simple machine)">screw mechanism</a>, enabling the even application of pressure to inked type and paper. Gutenberg's printing press accelerated the production of books, leading to the spread of knowledge and the democratization of information.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_and_industrial_advances">Mechanical and industrial advances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printer_(publishing)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mechanical and industrial advances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the following centuries, printing presses underwent significant advancements. In the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam-powered</a> press was introduced, enabling higher print volumes. Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> brought forth the development of <a href="/wiki/Rotary_printing_press" title="Rotary printing press">cylinder presses</a>, powered by steam or mechanized systems. These presses could print thousands of pages per hour, marking a substantial leap in production capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offset_Lithography">Offset Lithography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printer_(publishing)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Offset Lithography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century, the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Offset_lithography" class="mw-redirect" title="Offset lithography">offset lithography</a> revolutionized the printing industry. This technique used a flat metal plate with an image to transfer ink to a rubber blanket, which, in turn, printed the image onto the paper. Offset lithography offered more efficient and cost-effective printing, enabling high-quality reproductions and color printing on a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printer_(publishing)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Printers can include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspaper</a> printers, often owned by newspaper publishers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazine</a> printers, usually independent of magazine publishers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> printers, often not directly connected with book publishers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">Postcard</a> printers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stationery" title="Stationery">Stationery</a> printers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a> printers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_printing" title="Trade printing">Trade printers</a>, who offer wholesale rates within the printing industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-format_printer" title="Wide-format printer">Wide-format printers</a>, who specialize in wide format prints, such as signs and banners</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Printmaker">Printmakers</a>, artists who create their artworks using printing</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printer_(publishing)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Printing_works" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Printing works">Printing works</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/printer">"Printer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i>. 22 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Printer&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2024-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fprinter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinter+%28publishing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovett1980" class="citation journal cs1">Lovett, A. W (9 September 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400026225">"The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe. By Elizabeth L. Eisenstein. 2 vols. Pp xxi, 794. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1979. £40"</a>. <i>Irish Historical Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (86): 184–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021121400026225">10.1017/s0021121400026225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1214">0021-1214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163333347">163333347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Printing+Press+as+an+Agent+of+Change.+Communications+and+Cultural+Transformations+in+Early-Modern+Europe.+By+Elizabeth+L.+Eisenstein.+2+vols.+Pp+xxi%2C+794.+Cambridge%3A+Cambridge+University+Press.+1979.+%C2%A340.&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=86&rft.pages=184-185&rft.date=1980-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163333347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-1214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021121400026225&rft.aulast=Lovett&rft.aufirst=A.+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0021121400026225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinter+%28publishing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaengerFebvreMartin1994" class="citation journal cs1">Saenger, Paul; Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/369239">"The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing, 1450–1800"</a>. <i>History of Education Quarterly</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F369239">10.2307/369239</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2680">0018-2680</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/369239">369239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Coming+of+the+Book%3A+The+Impact+of+Printing%2C+1450%E2%80%931800&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0018-2680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F369239%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F369239&rft.aulast=Saenger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Febvre%2C+Lucien&rft.au=Martin%2C+Henri-Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F369239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinter+%28publishing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan2002" class="citation book cs1">Man, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/4744933"><i>The Gutenberg revolution: the story of a genius and an invention that changed the world</i></a>. London: Review. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-4504-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-4504-9"><bdi>978-0-7472-4504-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gutenberg+revolution%3A+the+story+of+a+genius+and+an+invention+that+changed+the+world&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Review&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7472-4504-9&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearchworks.stanford.edu%2Fview%2F4744933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinter+%28publishing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindlerMoran1974" class="citation journal cs1">Schindler, Charles R.; Moran, James (1 January 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3102770">"Printing Presses: History and Development from the Fifteenth Century to Modern Times"</a>. <i>Technology and Culture</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3102770">10.2307/3102770</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-165X">0040-165X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3102770">3102770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Printing+Presses%3A+History+and+Development+from+the+Fifteenth+Century+to+Modern+Times&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92&rft.date=1974-01-01&rft.issn=0040-165X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3102770%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3102770&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft.au=Moran%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F3102770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinter+%28publishing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1987" class="citation book cs1">Adams, J. R. R. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dncsAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Printed Word and the Common Man: Popular Culture in Ulster, 1700-1900</i></a>. Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85389-304-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85389-304-2"><bdi>978-0-85389-304-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Printed+Word+and+the+Common+Man%3A+Popular+Culture+in+Ulster%2C+1700-1900&rft.pub=Institute+of+Irish+Studies%2C+Queen%27s+University+of+Belfast&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-85389-304-2&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdncsAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinter+%28publishing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.tech.uh.edu/digitalmedia/materials/3350/History_of_Litho.pdf">The history of lithography</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printer_(publishing)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/printing-and-publishing">Printing and publishing</a> – Law Insider</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Self-publishing" title="Template:Self-publishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Self-publishing" title="Template talk:Self-publishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Self-publishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Self-publishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Self-publishing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Self-publishing<br />companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blurb,_Inc." title="Blurb, Inc.">Blurb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkside_communication_group" title="Darkside communication group">Darkside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiggyPOD" title="DiggyPOD">DiggyPOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastPencil" class="mw-redirect" title="FastPencil">FastPencil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FriesenPress" class="mw-redirect" title="FriesenPress">FriesenPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Source" title="Lightning Source">Lightning Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llumina_Press" title="Llumina Press">Llumina Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lulu (company)">Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notion_Press" title="Notion Press">Notion Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_Publish,_Be_Happy" title="Self Publish, Be Happy">Self Publish, Be Happy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford_Publishing" title="Trafford Publishing">Trafford Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattpad" title="Wattpad">Wattpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xlibris" title="Xlibris">Xlibris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xulon_Press" title="Xulon Press">Xulon Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing#Publishing_platforms" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing<br />e-book platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Amazon <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Direct_Publishing" title="Kindle Direct Publishing">Kindle Direct Publishing</a></li> <li>Apple <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS)">App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blurb,_Inc." title="Blurb, Inc.">Blurb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmate" title="Bookmate">Bookmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo Writing Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Source" title="Lightning Source">Lightning Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lulu (company)">Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribd" title="Scribd">Scribd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattpad" title="Wattpad">Wattpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xlibris" title="Xlibris">Xlibris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xulon_Press" title="Xulon Press">Xulon Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">E-book</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital <br />distribution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Book Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive_of_Our_Own" title="Archive of Our Own">Archive of Our Own</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FanFiction.Net" title="FanFiction.Net">FanFiction.Net</a> (aka Fiction Press)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopla_(digital_media_service)" title="Hoopla (digital media service)">Hoopla Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Direct_Publishing" title="Kindle Direct Publishing">Kindle Direct Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Kindle Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulu.com" title="Lulu.com">Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoiseTrade" title="NoiseTrade">NoiseTrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive,_Inc." title="OverDrive, Inc.">OverDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribd" title="Scribd">Scribd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattpad" title="Wattpad">Wattpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_(company)" title="Oyster (company)">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun_(publishing_platform)" title="Pronoun (publishing platform)"> Pronoun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanity_press" title="Vanity press">Vanity publishers</a><br />(authors pay to <br />have their<br />books published)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Amazon <a href="/wiki/CreateSpace" title="CreateSpace">CreateSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_Star_Books" title="America Star Books">America Star Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Biographical_Institute" title="American Biographical Institute">American Biographical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_Solutions" title="Author Solutions">Author Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorrance_Publishing_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Dorrance Publishing Co.">Dorrance Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famous_Poets_Society" title="Famous Poets Society">Famous Poets Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUniverse" title="IUniverse">iUniverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry.com" title="Poetry.com">Poetry.com</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Library_of_Poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Library of Poetry">International Library of Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Publishing_%26_Enterprises" title="Tate Publishing & Enterprises">Tate Publishing & Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vantage_Press" title="Vantage Press">Vantage Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xlibris" title="Xlibris">Xlibris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xulon_Press" title="Xulon Press">Xulon Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Print_on_demand" title="Print on demand">Print on <br />demand</a> books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_Star_Books" title="America Star Books">America Star Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiggyPOD" title="DiggyPOD">DiggyPOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_Book_Machine" title="Espresso Book Machine">Espresso Book Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Source" title="Lightning Source">Lightning Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llumina_Press" title="Llumina Press">Llumina Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lulu (company)">Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford_Publishing" title="Trafford Publishing">Trafford Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xlibris" title="Xlibris">Xlibris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Self-printing<br />products and<br />custom<br />merchandise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CafePress" title="CafePress">CafePress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_Ink" title="Custom Ink">Custom Ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etsy" title="Etsy">Etsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbubble" title="Redbubble">Redbubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RushOrderTees" title="RushOrderTees">RushOrderTees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopify" title="Shopify">Shopify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutterfly" title="Shutterfly">Shutterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_Group" title="Spread Group">Spreadshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeePublic" title="TeePublic">TeePublic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teespring" title="Teespring">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistaprint" title="Vistaprint">Vistaprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazzle" title="Zazzle">Zazzle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_printing_marketplace" title="3D printing marketplace">3D printing marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_processing_charge" title="Article processing charge">Article processing charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Little_Presses" title="Association of Little Presses">Association of Little Presses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_mill" title="Author mill">Author mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bird" title="Bill Bird">Bill Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_small_press_comics" title="British small press comics">British small press comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_media" title="Custom media">Custom media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_printing" title="Digital printing">Digital printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjin">Dōjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_publishing" title="Dynamic publishing">Dynamic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">Independent music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_language_small_presses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English language small presses">List of English language small presses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_magazines" title="List of literary magazines">List of literary magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_self-publishing_companies" title="List of self-publishing companies">List of self-publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_presses" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary presses">Literary presses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitizdat" title="Magnitizdat">Magnitizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_customization" title="Mass customization">Mass customization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimeo_Revolution" title="Mimeo Revolution">Mimeo Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">Offset printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalization" title="Personalization">Personalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_open_access_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory open access publishing">Predatory open access publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_on_demand" title="Print on demand">Print on demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_press" title="Private press">Private press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_Publish,_Be_Happy" title="Self Publish, Be Happy">Self Publish, Be Happy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-published_books" title="Category:Self-published books">Category:Self-published books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-publishing_companies" title="Category:Self-publishing companies">Category:Self-publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-publishing_online_stores" title="Category:Self-publishing online stores">Category:Self-publishing online stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self publishing">Self publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Small magazine">Small magazine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Little_magazine" title="Little magazine">little magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">Small press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Press_Distribution" title="Small Press Distribution">Small Press Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity_award" title="Vanity award">Vanity award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity_gallery" title="Vanity gallery">Vanity gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity_label" title="Vanity label">Vanity label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity_press" title="Vanity press">Vanity press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_data_printing" title="Variable data printing">Variable data printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web-to-print" title="Web-to-print">Web-to-print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_fiction" title="Web fiction">Web fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Publishing" title="Category:Publishing">Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-publishing" title="Category:Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500733#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133333-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Imprimeurs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119339251">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Imprimeurs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119339251">BnF data</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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