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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Book of Giants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Book_of_Giants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Book_of_Jubilees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Book_of_Jubilees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Book of Jubilees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Book_of_Jubilees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damascus_Document" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damascus_Document"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Damascus Document</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damascus_Document-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>First Epistle to the Corinthians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philo_of_Byblos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philo_of_Byblos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Philo of Byblos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philo_of_Byblos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kabbalah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabbalah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Kabbalah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabbalah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_Babylonian/Aramaic_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_Babylonian/Aramaic_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Possible Babylonian/Aramaic origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_Babylonian/Aramaic_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Depictions in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grigori" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_(ange)" title="Grigori (ange) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grigori (ange)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjaga_(malaikat)" title="Penjaga (malaikat) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penjaga (malaikat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori" title="Grigori – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grigori" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virraszt%C3%B3_(angyal)" title="Virrasztó (angyal) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Virrasztó (angyal)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpiambina_(anjely)" title="Mpiambina (anjely) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mpiambina (anjely)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AA" title="グリゴリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グリゴリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1_(%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%81)" title="ناظر (فرشتہ) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ناظر (فرشتہ)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori" title="Grigori – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grigori" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigias" title="Vigias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vigias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori" title="Grigori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grigori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1_(%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%81)" title="ناظر (فرشتہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ناظر (فرشتہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of angelic beings in biblical texts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Iyr" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/IYR_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="IYR (disambiguation)">IYR</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_on_the_spire_of_St_Michael%27s_church,_Clifton_Hampden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573635.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Angel_on_the_spire_of_St_Michael%27s_church%2C_Clifton_Hampden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573635.jpg/220px-Angel_on_the_spire_of_St_Michael%27s_church%2C_Clifton_Hampden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573635.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Angel_on_the_spire_of_St_Michael%27s_church%2C_Clifton_Hampden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573635.jpg/330px-Angel_on_the_spire_of_St_Michael%27s_church%2C_Clifton_Hampden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573635.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Angel_on_the_spire_of_St_Michael%27s_church%2C_Clifton_Hampden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573635.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Watching angel on the spire of St Michael's church, <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Hampden" title="Clifton Hampden">Clifton Hampden</a>, Oxfordshire, England</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Watcher</b> (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> עִיר <i>ʿiyr</i>, plural עִירִין <i>ʿiyrin</i>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: ἐιρ or ἐγρήγορος, <i><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">egrḗgoros</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a>. The word is related to the root meaning to be awake.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurs in both plural and singular forms in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>, where reference is made to the holiness of the beings. The <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Book of Enoch (disambiguation)">Books of Enoch</a> (2nd–1st centuries BC) refer to both good and bad Watchers, with a primary focus on the rebellious ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_Enoch_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker_Enoch-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barker_Lost_Prophet_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker_Lost_Prophet-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Good_watchers_in_Daniel">Good watchers in Daniel <span class="anchor" id="Daniel"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Good watchers in Daniel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Book of Daniel 4:13, 17, 23 (<a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">ESV</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are three references to the class of "watcher, holy one" ("watcher", Aramaic <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">ʿir</i></span>; "holy one", Aramaic <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">qaddish</i></span>). The term is introduced by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar</a> who says he saw "a watcher, a holy one come down (singular verb) from <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>." He describes how in his dream the watcher says that Nebuchadnezzar will eat grass and be mad and that this punishment is "by the decree of the watchers, the demand by the word of the holy ones" ... "that the living may know that the Most High rules in the kingdom of men." After hearing the king's dream, Daniel considers for an hour and then responds: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And because the king saw a watcher, a holy one, coming down from heaven and saying, 'Chop down the tree and destroy it, but leave the stump of its roots in the earth, bound with a band of iron and bronze, in the tender grass of the field, and let him be wet with the dew of heaven, and let his portion be with the beasts of the field, till seven periods of time pass over him,' this is the interpretation, O king: It is a decree of the Most High, which has come upon my lord the king, that you shall be driven from among men, and your dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field. You shall be made to eat grass like an ox, and you shall be wet with the dew of heaven, and seven periods of time shall pass over you, till you know that the Most High rules the kingdom of men and gives it to whom He will.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_reformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant reformer">Protestant reformer</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_Reformers#W" title="List of Protestant Reformers">Johann Wigand</a> viewed the <i>watcher</i> in Nebuchadnezzar's dream as either God himself, or the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>. He promoted <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarian</a> thinking by linking verse 17 ("This matter is by the decree of the watchers") with verse 24 ("this is the decree of the Most High").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars view these "watchers, holy ones" as perhaps showing an influence of <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian religion</a>, that is an attempt by the author of this section of Daniel to present Nebuchadnezzar's Babylonian gods recognizing the power of the god of Israel as "Most High".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> version differs from the Aramaic <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>: for example, the Aramaic text is ambiguous about who is telling the story of verse 14, whether it is Nebuchadnezzar, or the watcher in his dream.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_of_Enoch">Books of Enoch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Books of Enoch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Book of Enoch (disambiguation)">Books of Enoch</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> devotes much of its attention to the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel#2_Enoch" title="Fallen angel">fall of the watchers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Enoch">Second Book of Enoch</a> addresses the watchers (Gk. <i>egrḗgoroi</i>) who are in fifth heaven where the fall took place. The <a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">Third Book of Enoch</a> gives attention to the unfallen watchers.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlesworth,130_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth,130-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the term "watchers" is common in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>. The <i>Book of the Watchers</i> (1 Enoch 6–36) occurs in the Aramaic fragments with the phrase <i>irin we-qadishin</i>, "Watchers and Holy Ones", a reference to Aramaic Daniel.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aramaic <i>irin</i> "watchers" is rendered as "angel" (Greek <i>angelos</i>, Coptic <i>malah</i>) in the Greek and Ethiopian translations, although the usual Aramaic term for angel <i>malakha</i> does not occur in Aramaic Enoch.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have attempted to date this section of 1 Enoch to around the 2nd–1st century BC and they believe this book is based on one interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a> passage in Genesis 6, according to which angels mated with human females, giving rise to a race of hybrids known as the <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a>. The term <i>irin</i> is primarily applied to disobedient watchers who numbered a total of 200, and of whom their leaders are named; but equally Aramaic <i>iri</i> ("watcher" singular) is applied to the obedient archangels who chain them, such as Raphael (1 Enoch 22:6). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rogue_watchers_in_the_Book_of_Enoch">Rogue watchers in the Book of Enoch <span class="anchor" id="Book_of_Enoch"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rogue watchers in the Book of Enoch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angel</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, the watchers (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> עִירִין, <i>iyrin</i>) are angels dispatched to Earth to watch over the humans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They soon begin to lust for human women and, at the prodding of their leader <a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a>, defect to illicitly instruct mankind and procreate among them, arriving <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The offspring of these unions are the <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a>, savage giants who pillage the earth and endanger humanity. </p><p>Samyaza and his associates further taught their human charges arts and technologies such as weaponry, cosmetics, mirrors, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">sorcery</a>, and other techniques that would otherwise be discovered gradually over time by humans, not foisted upon them all at once. Eventually, God allows a <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Great Flood</a> to rid the earth of the Nephilim, but first sends <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a> to warn <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> so as not to eradicate the human race. The watchers are bound "in the valleys of the Earth" until <a href="/wiki/Judgment_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment Day">Judgment Day</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a> verse 6 says, "And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day."). </p><p>The chiefs of tens, listed in the Book of Enoch, are as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>7. And these are the names of their chiefs: <a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Shemihazah</a>—this one was their leader; <a href="/wiki/Arakiel" title="Arakiel">Arteqoph</a>, second to him; <a href="/wiki/Chazaqiel" title="Chazaqiel">Remashel</a>, third to him; <a href="/wiki/Kokabiel" title="Kokabiel">Kokabel</a>, fourth to him; <a href="/wiki/Bezaliel" title="Bezaliel">Armumahel</a>, fifth to him; <a href="/wiki/Ramiel" title="Ramiel">Ramel</a>, sixth to him; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(angel)" title="Daniel (angel)">Daniel</a>, seventh to him; <a href="/wiki/Zaqiel" title="Zaqiel">Ziqel</a>, eighth to him; <a href="/wiki/Baraqiel" title="Baraqiel">Baraqel</a>, ninth to him; <a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Asael</a>, tenth to him; <a href="/wiki/Armaros" title="Armaros">Hermani</a>, eleventh to him; <a href="/wiki/Batariel" title="Batariel">Matarel</a>, twelfth to him; <a href="/wiki/Ananiel" title="Ananiel">Ananel</a>, thirteenth to him; <a href="/wiki/Sathariel" title="Sathariel">Setawel</a>, fourteenth to him; <a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Samshiel</a>, fifteenth to him; <a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Sahriel</a>, sixteenth to him; <a href="/wiki/Tamiel" title="Tamiel">Tummiel</a>, seventeenth to him; <a href="/wiki/Turiel" title="Turiel">Turiel</a>, eighteenth to him; <a href="/wiki/Yomiel" title="Yomiel">Yomiel</a>, nineteenth to him; <a href="/wiki/Jegudiel" title="Jegudiel">Yehadiel</a>, twentieth to him. 8. These are their chiefs of tens.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>George W.E. Nickelsburg, <i>1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation</i>, Chapter 6</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The book of Enoch also lists leaders of the 200 fallen angels who married and commenced unnatural unions with human women, and who taught forbidden knowledge. Some are also listed in <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Book of Raziel (Sefer Raziel HaMalakh)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Jubilees</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araqiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Araqiel">Araqiel</a> (also <a href="/wiki/Arakiel" title="Arakiel">Arakiel</a>, Araqael, Araciel, Arqael, Sarquael, Arkiel, Arkas) taught humans the signs of the earth. However, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a></i>, Araqiel is referred to not as a <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angel</a>, or watcher, but as one of the five <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a> who lead the souls of humans to judgment, the other four being <a href="/wiki/Ramiel" title="Ramiel">Ramiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armaros" title="Armaros">Armaros</a> (also Amaros or Armoniel) in Enoch I taught humanity the resolving of enchantments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a> taught humans to make knives, swords, shields, and how to devise ornaments and cosmetics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadreel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadreel">Gadreel</a> (or Gader'el) taught the art of cosmetics, the use of weapons and killing blows.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraqel" class="mw-redirect" title="Baraqel">Baraqel</a> (Baraqiel) taught <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezaliel" title="Bezaliel">Bezaliel</a> mentioned in Enoch I, left out of most translations because of damaged manuscripts and problematic <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">transmission of the text</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazaqiel" title="Chazaqiel">Chazaqiel</a> (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Ezeqeel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezeqeel">Ezeqeel</a> or Cambriel) taught humans the signs of the <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokabiel" title="Kokabiel">Kokabiel</a> (also Kakabel, Kochbiel, Kokbiel, Kabaiel, and Kochab), In the <i>Book of Raziel</i> he is a high-ranking, holy angel. In Enoch I, he is a fallen watcher, resident of the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">nether realms</a>, and commands 365,000 surrogate spirits to do his bidding. Among other duties, he instructs his fellows in astrology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penemue" title="Penemue">Penemue</a> "taught mankind the art of writing with ink and paper," and taught "the children of men the bitter and the sweet and the secrets of wisdom." (I Enoch 69.8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariel_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sariel (angel)">Sariel</a> (also <a href="/wiki/Suriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Suriel">Suriel</a>) taught humankind about the courses of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a> (at one time regarded as forbidden knowledge).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a> (also Shemyazaz, Shamazya, Semiaza, Shemhazi, Semyaza and Amezyarak) is one of the leaders of the fall from heaven in <i>Vocabulaire de l' Angelologie</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Shamsiel</a>, once a guardian of <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Eden</a> as stated in the <i>Zohar</i>, served as one of the two chief aides to the <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangel</a> <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a> (the other aide being Hasdiel) when <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a> bore his standard into battle, and is the head of 365 legions of angels and also crowns <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a>, accompanying them to the 5th <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>. In <i>Jubilees</i>, he is referred to as one of the Watchers. He is a fallen angel who teaches the signs of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Five_Satans"></span>Yeqon or Jeqon (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יָקוּם</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yaqum</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'he shall rise') was the ringleader who first tempted the other Watchers into having sexual relations with humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Bane_2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bane_2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His accomplices were <a href="/wiki/Asbeel" title="Asbeel">Asbeel</a>, Gadreel, Penemue, and <a href="/wiki/Kasdaye" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasdaye">Kasdaye</a> (or Kasadya), who were all identified as individual "<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">satans</a>".</li></ul> <p>The account of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> has been associated with the passage in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 6:1–4, which speaks of <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a> instead of Watchers: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When men began to multiply on earth and daughters were born to them, the <i>sons of God</i> saw how beautiful the daughters of man were, and so they took for their wives as many of them as they chose. Then the Lord said: "My spirit shall not remain in man forever, since he is but flesh. His days shall comprise one hundred and twenty years." At that time the <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a> appeared on earth [{as well as later}], after the sons of God had intercourse with the daughters of man, who bore them sons. They were the <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroes</a> of old, the men of renown.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Genesis/6?1">Genesis 6:1–4</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Book_of_Enoch"><span class="anchor" id="Grigori"></span> Second Book of Enoch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Book of Enoch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the masculine given name, see <a href="/wiki/Gregory_(given_name)" title="Gregory (given name)">Gregory_(given_name)</a>.</div> <p>The Jewish <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigraphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Enoch">Second Book of Enoch</a> (<i>Slavonic Enoch</i>) refers to the <i>Grigori</i>, who are the same as the Watchers of 1 Enoch.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov,164_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov,164-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic language">Slavic</a> word <i>Grigori</i> used in the book is a transcription<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov93_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word ἐγρήγοροι <i>egrḗgoroi</i>, meaning "wakeful".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> equivalent is ערים, meaning "waking", "awake".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 18 presents the Grigori as countless soldiers of human appearance, "their size being greater than that of great giants". They are located in the fifth heaven and identified as "the Grigori, who with their prince Satanail rejected the Lord of light".<sup id="cite_ref-2En18_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2En18-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One version of 2 Enoch adds that their number was 200 <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriads</a> (2 million).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Branden_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branden-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, some "went down on to earth from the Lord's throne" and there married women and "<a href="/wiki/Nephilim#Fallen_angels" title="Nephilim">befouled the earth with their deeds</a>", resulting in confinement <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">underground</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2En18_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2En18-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DDD,893_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDD,893-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of those who descended to earth is generally put at three,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but Andrei A. Orlov, while quoting the text as saying three,<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov93_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remarks in a footnote that some manuscripts put them at 200 or even 200 myriads.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov,164_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov,164-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 29, referring to the second day of creation, before the creation of human beings, says that "one from out the order of angels"<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, according to other versions of 2 Enoch, "one of the order of <a href="/wiki/Archangels" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangels">archangels</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "one of the ranks of the archangels"<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "conceived an impossible thought, to place his throne higher than the clouds above the earth, that he might become equal in rank to [the Lord's] power. And [the Lord] threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless." Although in this chapter the name "Satanail" is mentioned only in a heading added in one manuscript,<sup id="cite_ref-Branden_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branden-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this chapter too is often understood to refer to Satanail and his angels, the Grigori.<sup id="cite_ref-Branden_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branden-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i> makes a distinction between the Grigori and the fallen angels by stating that in fifth heaven, Enoch sees "the giants whose brothers were the fallen angels."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The longer recension of 2 Enoch 18:3 identifies the prisoners of second heaven as the angels of <a href="/wiki/Satanail" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanail">Satanail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sources_and_traditions">Other sources and traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other sources and traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Book_of_Giants">The Book of Giants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Book of Giants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The story of the Watchers is shown also in <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Book_of_Jubilees">The Book of Jubilees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Book of Jubilees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Watchers" occurs in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">The Book of Jubilees</a> (Jub. 4:15, 5:1). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damascus_Document">Damascus Document</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Damascus Document"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A reference to the "fall of the watchers from heaven" is found in Hebrew in the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document</a> 2:18 echoing 1 Enoch 13:10.<sup id="cite_ref-DDD,893_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDD,893-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First Epistle to the Corinthians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Corinthians</a> 11:10 ("For this cause ought the woman to have power on her head because of the angels"), according to the early Church Father <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, refers to the Watchers.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2022_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2022-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught that the lust of the Watchers was the reason for <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a>'s directive to Christian women to wear a headcovering.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2022_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2022-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tertullian referenced the case of a woman who was touched on the neck by an angel "who found her to be a temptation".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philo_of_Byblos">Philo of Byblos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Philo of Byblos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i>PrEv</i> 1.10.1-2 of <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byblos" title="Philo of Byblos">Philo of Byblos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanchuniathon" title="Sanchuniathon">Sanchuniathon</a> mentioned "some living beings who had no perception, out of whom intelligent beings came into existence, and they were called <i>Zophasemin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Heb.</a> <i>șōpē-šāmayim</i>, that is, 'Watchers of Heaven'). And they were formed like the shape of an egg."<sup id="cite_ref-Charlesworth,130_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth,130-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kabbalah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> makes reference to the "watchers" of Nebuchadnezzar's dream. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_Babylonian/Aramaic_origin"><span id="Possible_Babylonian.2FAramaic_origin"></span>Possible Babylonian/Aramaic origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Possible Babylonian/Aramaic origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Jonathan Ben-Dov of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a>, the myth of the watchers began in Lebanon when Aramaic writers tried to interpret the imagery on Mesopotamian stone monuments without being able to read their <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> text.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amar Annus from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a> argues that the Watchers were intended as polemical representations of the Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Apkallu</a>, who gave wisdom to man before the Flood (which is portrayed as a corrupting influence in Enochian literature).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_popular_culture">Depictions in popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Depictions in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been many different depictions of the Grigori in fiction and wider popular culture. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Smith" title="Kevin Smith">Kevin Smith</a>'s 1999 religious satire <i><a href="/wiki/Dogma_(film)" title="Dogma (film)">Dogma</a></i>, the character Bartleby (played by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a>) is mentioned to have formerly been a Watcher. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Darren_Aronofsky" title="Darren Aronofsky">Darren Aronofsky</a>'s 2014 <a href="/wiki/Epic_film#Subgenres" title="Epic film">Biblical epic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Noah_(2014_film)" title="Noah (2014 film)">Noah</a></i>, there are a large number of Watchers and they are depicted as having been cast out of Heaven after deciding to help mankind. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Traci_Harding" title="Traci Harding">Traci Harding</a>'s book <i>The Cosmic Logos,</i> the Grigori are a group of fallen spiritual beings who watched over and assisted human spiritual evolution thus gaining the title "the Watchers". </p><p>Looking in on us from way out there, the protagonist of the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Hawkwind" title="Hawkwind">Hawkwind</a> song <a href="/wiki/Doremi_Fasol_Latido#Songs" title="Doremi Fasol Latido"><i>The Watcher</i></a> feels his "sense all disgusted:" although man had the chance to do the right thing, "avarice destroyed your sphere." Convinced once more that we cannot be trusted as custodians of this world, the Watcher proclaims our fearful end.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernatural (U.S. TV series)">Supernatural</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_(season_10)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernatural (season 10)">season 10</a> episode "Angel Heart" mentions the Grigori with one, <a href="/wiki/Tamiel" title="Tamiel">Tamiel</a> (under the name "Peter Holloway") appearing as the main enemy of the episode. At one point in this episode, a picture is shown that is implied to be a painting of a grigori—it is, in fact, a classic depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">archangel Michael</a> besting Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the popular <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Tapes" title="The Black Tapes">The Black Tapes</a></i> podcast, Grigori are mentioned in Episode 105 titled "The Devil You Know". </p><p>In his <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma Force">Sigma Force</a> novel <i>The Bone Labyrinth</i> (2015), <a href="/wiki/James_Rollins" title="James Rollins">James Rollins</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>' creators as Watchers, a superior hybrid species of early humans and neanderthals who disseminated knowledge and possibly interbred with people throughout the world. They also created the protected, hidden city of Atlantis, located in Ecuador. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Kate" title="Lauren Kate">Lauren Kate</a>'s book <i>Fallen,</i> a group called 'The Watchers' studied angels who consorted with mortal women, but more closely, Daniel Grigori the sixth archangel. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Darynda_Jones" title="Darynda Jones">Darynda Jones</a>' "Charley Davidson" series, Sean Foster is identified as <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">nephilim</a>, "part human, part angel ... descended from the union of a grigori and a human." (<i>Eleventh Grave in Moonlight</i>, 2017) </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ichiei_Ishibumi" title="Ichiei Ishibumi">Ichiei Ishibumi</a>'s Japanese light novel series <i><a href="/wiki/High_School_DxD" title="High School DxD">High School DxD</a></i>, the Grigori is an organisation of fallen angels, the leaders of which are some of the Watchers named in the Book of Enoch. Three of them play important roles in the story <a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a> is the Governor General of Grigori and becomes a major supporting character, <a href="/wiki/Kokabiel" title="Kokabiel">Kokabiel</a> is the main antagonist of Volume 3 and <a href="/wiki/Baraqiel" title="Baraqiel">Baraqiel</a> is the estranged father of <a href="/wiki/Akeno_Himejima" class="mw-redirect" title="Akeno Himejima">Akeno Himejima</a>, one of the main characters. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai:_Ascension_of_the_Metatron" title="El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron">El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron</a></i>, many members of the Grigori are shown throughout the game as the main antagonists. To name a few: <a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armaros" title="Armaros">Armaros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arakiel" title="Arakiel">Arakiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baraqiel" title="Baraqiel">Baraqiel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Semyaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyaza">Semyaza</a>. </p><p>In the English localization of the <a href="/wiki/Drakengard_(video_game)" title="Drakengard (video game)">first <i>Drakengard</i> game</a>, the overarching antagonists are semi-divine beings called "the Watchers." Though the game sometimes refers to them as "<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">daemons</a>," in the original Japanese text they are simply called angels. The English localization for the prequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Drakengard_3" title="Drakengard 3">Drakengard 3</a></i>, calls them angels as well. </p><p>In the original <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Dogma" title="Dragon's Dogma">Dragon's Dogma</a></i>, the dragon is called Grigori. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Angels_(film)" title="City of Angels (film)">City of Angels</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Cage" title="Nicolas Cage">Nicolas Cage</a> plays a watcher angel who falls in love with a human woman, <a href="/wiki/Meg_Ryan" title="Meg Ryan">Meg Ryan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igigi" title="Igigi">Igigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Watchers" title="Dark Watchers">Dark Watchers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Daniel, the Septuagint has ἐιρ while Aquila and Symmachus have ἐγρήγορος.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enoch has ἐγρήγορος.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodotian <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">trans</a>: <i>ir</i>; from the root of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Heb</a>. <i>ʿer</i>, "awake, watchful";<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: ἐγρήγοροι, <i><a href="/wiki/Transliterated" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliterated">transl.</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">egrḗgoroi</a></i>; "Watchers", "those who are awake"; "guard", "watcher"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/5894.htm">Strong's Concordance</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSDA_Commentary_on_Daniel1980">SDA Commentary on Daniel 1980</a>, pp. 789, 780</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115183316/http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/Lexicon.cfm?strongs=H5894">"Strong's H5894"</a>. Blueletterbible.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/Lexicon.cfm?strongs=H5894">the original</a> on 2012-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strong%27s+H5894&rft.pub=Blueletterbible.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2FLexicon.cfm%3Fstrongs%3DH5894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker_Enoch-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barker_Enoch_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barker, Margaret. (2005) [1987]. "Chapter 1: The Book of Enoch", in <i>The Older Testament: The Survival of Themes from the Ancient Royal Cult in Sectarian Judaism and Early Christianity</i>. London: SPCK; Sheffield Phoenix Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905048199" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905048199">978-1905048199</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker_Lost_Prophet-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barker_Lost_Prophet_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Barker" title="Margaret Barker">Barker, Margaret</a> (2005) [1998]. <i>The Lost Prophet: The Book of Enoch and Its Influence on Christianity</i>. London: SPCK; Sheffield Phoenix Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905048-18-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-905048-18-1">1-905048-18-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Daniel+4:1">Daniel 4:1–37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Daniel+4:23">Daniel 4:23–25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2012" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Carl L., ed. (6 February 2012). <i>Ezekiel, Daniel</i>. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2962-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2962-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-2962-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ezekiel%2C+Daniel&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Ill.&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2012-02-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2962-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorteous1965">Porteous 1965</a>, p. 69: "... of the watchers, the decision by the words of the holy ones' may reflect the influence of the Babylonian belief"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeadowcroft1995">Meadowcroft 1995</a>, p. 45: "14 of the MT the reader wonders who is telling the story, the watcher or Nebuchadnezzar. For a brief moment it does not seem to matter because the dream and its reason ('so that the living might know..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charlesworth,130-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth,130_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth,130_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharlesworth2010">Charlesworth 2010</a>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoccaccini2005">Boccaccini 2005</a>, p. 157: "Exceedingly common in 1 Enoch is the term 'watchers,' which gives its name to an entire book of Enoch (1 En 6–36). It occurs in the phrase 'irin we-qadishin, "watchers and holy ones,"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNickelsburg2004">Nickelsburg 2004</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles" class="citation book cs1">Charles, R.H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacred-texts.com/bib/boe/boe009.htm"><i>The Book of Enoch</i></a>. Sacred-Texts.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Enoch&rft.pub=Sacred-Texts.com&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacred-texts.com%2Fbib%2Fboe%2Fboe009.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNickelsburg2004">Nickelsburg 2004</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bane_2012-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bane_2012_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBane2012" class="citation book cs1">Bane, Theresa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=njDRfG6YVb8C&pg=PA333"><i>Encyclopedia of Demons in World Religions and Cultures</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8894-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8894-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-8894-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Demons+in+World+Religions+and+Cultures&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8894-0&rft.aulast=Bane&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnjDRfG6YVb8C%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlov,164-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orlov,164_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlov,164_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrlov2011">Orlov 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlov93-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orlov93_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlov93_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrei_A._Orlov2011" class="citation book cs1">Andrei A. Orlov (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22three+of+them+descended%22+orlov"><i>Dark Mirrors</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3951-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3951-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-3951-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Mirrors&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3951-8&rft.au=Andrei+A.+Orlov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26hl%3Den%26q%3D%2522three%2Bof%2Bthem%2Bdescended%2522%2Borlov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek-English_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="A Greek-English Lexicon">A Greek-English Lexicon</a></i> revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940. p. 474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concordances.org/hebrew/5894.htm">"Strong's Hebrew: 5894. עִיר (ir) – waking or wakeful one"</a>. <i>Concordances.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Concordances.org&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew%3A+5894.+%D7%A2%D6%B4%D7%99%D7%A8+%28ir%29+%E2%80%93+waking+or+wakeful+one&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconcordances.org%2Fhebrew%2F5894.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2En18-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2En18_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2En18_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/fbe/fbe125.htm">"The Forgotten Books of Eden: The Book of the Secrets of Enoch: Chapter XVIII"</a>. <i>Sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Books+of+Eden%3A+The+Book+of+the+Secrets+of+Enoch%3A+Chapter+XVIII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fbib%2Ffbe%2Ffbe125.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22these+are+the+Grigori+who+with%22">[1]</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225234400/http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=orlov+%22200+myriads+together%22">"Orlov "200 myriads together" – Google Search"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=orlov+%22200+myriads+together%22">the original</a> on 2016-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orlov+%22200+myriads+together%22+%E2%80%93+Google+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26hl%3Den%26q%3Dorlov%2B%2522200%2Bmyriads%2Btogether%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Cresswell2006" class="citation book cs1">Julia Cresswell (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Cresswell+%22200+myriads%22"><i>The Watkins Dictionary of Angels</i></a>. Duncan Baird. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78028-360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78028-360-9"><bdi>978-1-78028-360-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Watkins+Dictionary+of+Angels&rft.pub=Duncan+Baird&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-78028-360-9&rft.au=Julia+Cresswell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26hl%3Den%26q%3DCresswell%2B%2522200%2Bmyriads%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Branden-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Branden_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branden_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branden_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Charles_Branden2006" class="citation book cs1">Robert Charles Branden (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Branden+%22heading+in+a+later+manuscript%22"><i>Satanic Conflict and the Plot of Matthew</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7916-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7916-3"><bdi>978-0-8204-7916-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satanic+Conflict+and+the+Plot+of+Matthew&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-7916-3&rft.au=Robert+Charles+Branden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26hl%3Den%26q%3DBranden%2B%2522heading%2Bin%2Ba%2Blater%2Bmanuscript%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDD,893-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DDD,893_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDD,893_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDDD1998">DDD 1998</a>, p. 893</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210914091645/http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22equal+in+rank+to+my+power%22">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"equal in rank to my power" – Google Search"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22equal+in+rank+to+my+power%22">the original</a> on 2021-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22equal+in+rank+to+my+power%22+%E2%80%93+Google+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26hl%3Den%26q%3D%2522equal%2Bin%2Brank%2Bto%2Bmy%2Bpower%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Michael_Epstein1997" class="citation book cs1">Marc Michael Epstein (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22thought+up+an+impossible+idea%22"><i>Dreams of Subversion in Medieval Jewish Art and Literature</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University_Press" title="Penn State University Press">Penn State University Press</a>. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01605-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01605-4"><bdi>978-0-271-01605-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+of+Subversion+in+Medieval+Jewish+Art+and+Literature&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01605-4&rft.au=Marc+Michael+Epstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26hl%3Den%26q%3D%2522thought%2Bup%2Ban%2Bimpossible%2Bidea%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210914091640/http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22Order+of+the+archangels+deviated%22">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Order of the archangels deviated" - Google Search"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22Order+of+the+archangels+deviated%22">the original</a> on 2021-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Order+of+the+archangels+deviated%22+-+Google+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26hl%3Den%26q%3D%2522Order%2Bof%2Bthe%2Barchangels%2Bdeviated%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hastings-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Hastings1898" class="citation book cs1">James Hastings (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Hastings+%22ranks+of+the+archangels%22"><i>A Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Vol. 4. University Press of the Pacific. p. 409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-1728-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-1728-8"><bdi>978-1-4102-1728-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=978-1-4102-1728-8&rft.au=James+Hastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26hl%3Den%26q%3DHastings%2B%2522ranks%2Bof%2Bthe%2Barchangels%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_H._Charlesworth2010" class="citation book cs1">James H. Charlesworth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22Satanail+is+present%22+Charlesworth"><i>Old Testament Pseudepigrapha-set</i></a>. Hendrickson. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-489-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-489-1"><bdi>978-1-59856-489-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Testament+Pseudepigrapha-set&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59856-489-1&rft.au=James+H.+Charlesworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26hl%3Den%26q%3D%2522Satanail%2Bis%2Bpresent%2522%2BCharlesworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMercer1997" class="citation book cs1">Mercer (1997). Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger (eds.). <i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i> (3rd and corr. printing. ed.). Macon, Ga.: <a href="/wiki/Mercer_University_Press" title="Mercer University Press">Mercer University Press</a>. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9"><bdi>0-86554-373-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Macon%2C+Ga.&rft.pages=253&rft.edition=3rd+and+corr.+printing.&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-86554-373-9&rft.au=Mercer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrlov2005" class="citation book cs1">Orlov, Andrei A. (2005). <i>The Enoch-Metatron tradition</i>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148544-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148544-0"><bdi>3-16-148544-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enoch-Metatron+tradition&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-16-148544-0&rft.aulast=Orlov&rft.aufirst=Andrei+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas J. Baker-Brian, <i>Manichaeism: An Ancient Faith Rediscovered</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart2022-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2022_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2022_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewart2022" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Tyler A. (25 February 2022). <i>The Origin and Persistence of Evil in Galatians</i>. Mohr Siebeck. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-159873-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-159873-9"><bdi>978-3-16-159873-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Persistence+of+Evil+in+Galatians&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft.isbn=978-3-16-159873-9&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Tyler+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammerling2008" class="citation book cs1">Hammerling, Roy (2 October 2008). <i>A History of Prayer: The First to the Fifteenth Century</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17122-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17122-0"><bdi>978-90-04-17122-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Prayer%3A+The+First+to+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2008-10-02&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17122-0&rft.aulast=Hammerling&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Ben-Dov2013" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Ben-Dov (October 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/.premium-1.553219">"Turning to the angels to save Jewish mythology"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Turning+to+the+angels+to+save+Jewish+mythology&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft.au=Jonathan+Ben-Dov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fweekend%2F.premium-1.553219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnnus2010" class="citation journal cs1">Annus, A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4570714">"On the Origin of Watchers: A Comparative Study of the Antediluvian Wisdom in Mesopotamian and Jewish Traditions"</a>. <i>Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha</i>. <b>19</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">277–</span>320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0951820710373978">10.1177/0951820710373978</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55446884">55446884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Pseudepigrapha&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+Watchers%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Antediluvian+Wisdom+in+Mesopotamian+and+Jewish+Traditions&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0951820710373978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55446884%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Annus&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4570714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228052334/http://www.starfarer.net/hwtab1.txt">lyrics</a> were written and declaimed by chaplain's son <a href="/wiki/Lemmy" title="Lemmy">Lemmy Kilmister</a> of future <a href="/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead" title="Motörhead">Motörhead</a> fame.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kissthemgoodbye.net/supernatural/displayimage.php?album=37&pid=59462#top_display_media">"Episode 20: Angel Heart – 1020 28321 – Supernatural High Quality HD Screencaps"</a>. <i>Kissthemgoodbye.net</i>. 2015-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kissthemgoodbye.net&rft.atitle=Episode+20%3A+Angel+Heart+%E2%80%93+1020+28321+%E2%80%93+Supernatural+High+Quality+HD+Screencaps&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kissthemgoodbye.net%2Fsupernatural%2Fdisplayimage.php%3Falbum%3D37%26pid%3D59462%23top_display_media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Barker" title="Margaret Barker">Barker, Margaret</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329025410/https://www.sheffieldphoenix.com/showbook.asp?bkid=22"><i>The Lost Prophet: The Book of Enoch and Its Influence on Christianity</i></a>. London: Sheffield Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905048182" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905048182"><bdi>978-1905048182</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheffieldphoenix.com/showbook.asp?bkid=22">the original</a> on 2019-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Prophet%3A+The+Book+of+Enoch+and+Its+Influence+on+Christianity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sheffield+Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1905048182&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffieldphoenix.com%2Fshowbook.asp%3Fbkid%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker2005" class="citation news cs1">Barker, Margaret (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070538/https://www.sheffieldphoenix.com/showbook.asp?bkid=23">"Chapter 1: The Book of Enoch"</a>. <i>The Older Testament: The Survival of Themes from the Ancient Royal Cult in Sectarian Judaism and Early Christianity</i>. London: Sheffield Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905048199" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905048199"><bdi>978-1905048199</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheffieldphoenix.com/showbook.asp?bkid=23">the original</a> on 30 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Older+Testament%3A+The+Survival+of+Themes+from+the+Ancient+Royal+Cult+in+Sectarian+Judaism+and+Early+Christianity&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+The+Book+of+Enoch&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1905048199&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffieldphoenix.com%2Fshowbook.asp%3Fbkid%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoccaccini2005" class="citation book cs1">Boccaccini, Gabriele, ed. (2005). <i>Enoch and Qumran origins : new light on a forgotten connection</i> ([Nachdr.]. ed.). Grand Rapids (Mich.): W. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2878-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2878-7"><bdi>0-8028-2878-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enoch+and+Qumran+origins+%3A+new+light+on+a+forgotten+connection&rft.place=Grand+Rapids+%28Mich.%29&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D.&rft.pub=W.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8028-2878-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2010" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H., ed. (2010). <i>The Old Testament pseudepigrapha</i>. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-491-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-491-4"><bdi>978-1-59856-491-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+pseudepigrapha.&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59856-491-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hernández Valencia, Juan S. (2024). "Influence of the Enochic tradition on Qumran: reception and adaptation of the Watchers and Giants as a case study", Perseitas 12, pp. 34–71 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://revistas.ucatolicaluisamigo.edu.co/index.php/perseitas/article/view/4671">https://revistas.ucatolicaluisamigo.edu.co/index.php/perseitas/article/view/4671</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDDD1998" class="citation book cs1">DDD, Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter W. van der Horst (1998). <i>Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible (DDD)</i> (2., extensively rev. ed.). Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0"><bdi>90-04-11119-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+deities+and+demons+in+the+Bible+%28DDD%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=2.%2C+extensively+rev.&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-11119-0&rft.aulast=DDD&rft.aufirst=Karel+van+der+Toorn%2C+Bob+Becking%2C+Pieter+W.+van+der+Horst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeadowcroft1995" class="citation book cs1">Meadowcroft, T. J. (1995). <i>Aramaic Daniel and Greek Daniel : a literary comparison</i>. Sheffield: Sheffield Acad. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85075-551-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85075-551-5"><bdi>1-85075-551-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aramaic+Daniel+and+Greek+Daniel+%3A+a+literary+comparison&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pub=Sheffield+Acad.+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85075-551-5&rft.aulast=Meadowcroft&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNickelsburg2004" class="citation book cs1">Nickelsburg, George W.E. (2004). <i>1 Enoch : a new translation : based on the Hermeneia commentary</i>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-3694-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-3694-5"><bdi>0-8006-3694-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+Enoch+%3A+a+new+translation+%3A+based+on+the+Hermeneia+commentary&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8006-3694-5&rft.aulast=Nickelsburg&rft.aufirst=George+W.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrlov2011" class="citation book cs1">Orlov, Andrei A. (2011). <i>Dark mirrors : Azazel and Satanael in early Jewish demonology</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3951-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3951-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-3951-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+mirrors+%3A+Azazel+and+Satanael+in+early+Jewish+demonology&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3951-8&rft.aulast=Orlov&rft.aufirst=Andrei+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlatt2004" class="citation book cs1">Platt, Rutherford H. (2004). <i>Forgotten Books of Eden</i> (Reprint ed.). Forgotten Books. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60506-097-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-60506-097-6"><bdi>1-60506-097-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Books+of+Eden.&rft.pages=239&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-60506-097-6&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=Rutherford+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorteous1965" class="citation book cs1">Porteous, Norman W. (1965). <i>Daniel : a commentary</i>. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22317-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22317-6"><bdi>0-664-22317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+%3A+a+commentary&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Westminster+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-664-22317-6&rft.aulast=Porteous&rft.aufirst=Norman+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSDA_Commentary_on_Daniel1980" class="citation book cs1">SDA Commentary on Daniel (1980). <i>Commentary on Daniel and the Revelation : from the Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary</i> (Reprint ed.). Hagerstown, Md.: Review and Herald Pub. Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8280-2380-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8280-2380-8"><bdi>0-8280-2380-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Daniel+and+the+Revelation+%3A+from+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Bible+Commentary.&rft.place=Hagerstown%2C+Md.&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Review+and+Herald+Pub.+Association&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8280-2380-8&rft.au=SDA+Commentary+on+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatcher+%28angel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions233" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template talk:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions233" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">Angels in<br />Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Presence" title="Angel of the Presence">Angel of the Presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">Destroying Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiel" title="Cassiel">Cassiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisheth" title="Eisheth">Eisheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadraniel" title="Hadraniel">Hadraniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haniel" title="Haniel">Haniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Lailah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuriel" title="Nuriel">Nuriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziel" title="Raziel">Raziel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaphkiel" title="Zaphkiel">Tzaphqiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoel" title="Yahoel">Yahoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_creatures_(Bible)" title="Living creatures (Bible)">Chayot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashmal" title="Hashmal">Hashmallim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishim_(angel)" title="Ishim (angel)">Ishim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_angel" title="Recording angel">Recording angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angels in<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Sariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiel" title="Ramiel">Ramiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaphiel" title="Selaphiel">Selaphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barachiel" title="Barachiel">Barachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jegudiel" title="Jegudiel">Jegudiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Portugal" title="Angel of Portugal">Guardian Angel of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_(angel)" title="Phanuel (angel)">Phanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(angel)" title="Aker (angel)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabuthelon" title="Gabuthelon">Gabuthelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arphugitonos" title="Arphugitonos">Arphugitonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beburos" title="Beburos">Beburos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebuleon" title="Zebuleon">Zebuleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(angel)" title="Daniel (angel)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerubiel" title="Kerubiel">Kerubiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokabiel" title="Kokabiel">Kokabiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Leliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_(angel)" title="Muriel (angel)">Muriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahaliah" title="Pahaliah">Pahaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraphiel" title="Seraphiel">Seraphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Shamsiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazaqiel" title="Chazaqiel">Chazaqiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Throne_(angel)" title="Throne (angel)">Thrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(angel)" title="Dominion (angel)">Dominions</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Lordships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Powers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Principalities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Watchers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels in <br />Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Mikha'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Jibra'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azra'il</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">ar-Rūḥ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">ʿAzāzīl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiya%27il" title="Artiya'il">Artiya'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darda%27il" title="Darda'il">Darda'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalqa%27il" title="Kalqa'il">Kalqa'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futrus" title="Futrus">Futrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_(angel)" title="Habib (angel)">Ḥabīb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri%E1%B8%8Dwan" title="Riḍwan">Riḍwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Mu'qarrabun</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyah" title="Zabaniyah">Angels of Hell</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27aqqibat" title="Mu'aqqibat">Hafaza</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiraman_Katibin" title="Kiraman Katibin">Recording angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81zi%27%C4%81t_and_N%C4%81shi%E1%B9%AD%C4%81t" title="Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt">Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthras (angels) in <br />Mandaeism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan_and_Yadathan" title="Adathan and Yadathan">Adathan and Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil_and_Marfeil" title="Urfeil and Marfeil">Urfeil and Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tar and Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukabar" title="Yukabar">Yukabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Niṭufta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupna">Gupna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Heavenly host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Watcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_Ars_Paulina" title="List of angels in Ars Paulina">List of angels in Ars Paulina</a></li> <li>Ambiguous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalkydri" title="Chalkydri">Chalkydri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teraphim" title="Teraphim">Teraphim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_fiction" title="List of angels in fiction">List of angels in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_angels" title="List of films about angels">List of films about angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Daniel172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Daniel" title="Template:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Daniel" title="Template talk:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Daniel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Daniel172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_1" title="Daniel 1">Daniel 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_2" title="Daniel 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_4" title="Daniel 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_8" title="Daniel 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 12">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" title="Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna and the Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Mede" title="Darius the Mede">Darius the Mede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmoni" title="Palmoni">Palmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Angels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_feast" title="Belshazzar's feast">Belshazzar's feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_kingdoms_of_Daniel" title="Four kingdoms of Daniel">Four kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den" title="Daniel in the lions' den">Lion's den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">Son of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_spirit" title="Territorial spirit">Territorial spirit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Watcher (angel)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian interpretations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Daniel" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Daniel">Historicist interpretations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_967" title="Papyrus 967">Papyrus 967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">Papyrus 62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Chisianus_45" title="Codex Chisianus 45">Codex Chisianus 45</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:דניאל ניקוד">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AE%CE%BB" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Δανιήλ">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Daniel">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Daniel">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Daniel">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Daniel">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Daniel">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&oldid=1266652087">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&oldid=1266652087</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>14 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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