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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Iroquoian_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Iroquoian_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>List of Iroquoian peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Iroquoian_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:135%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples<br />in Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Transparentadicon.png/130px-Transparentadicon.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Transparentadicon.png/195px-Transparentadicon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Transparentadicon.png/260px-Transparentadicon.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_First_Nations_history" title="Timeline of First Nations history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Pre-colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism_in_Canada" title="Settler colonialism in Canada">Settler colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hospital" title="Indian hospital">Indian hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada">Reconciliation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indigenous_law" title="Canadian Indigenous law">Indigenous law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Treaty_Process" title="British Columbia Treaty Process">British Columbia Treaty Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Transfer_Policy" title="Indian Health Transfer Policy">Health Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_No_More" title="Idle No More">Idle No More</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a></i></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_claims_in_Canada" title="Indigenous land claims in Canada">Land claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_defender" title="Land defender">Land defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_land_title_in_Canada" title="Aboriginal land title in Canada">Land title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples">Royal Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada" title="Indigenous specific land claims in Canada">Specific claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Aboriginal_case_law" title="Category:Canadian Aboriginal case law">Case law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_organizations_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous organizations in Canada">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_politics_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous politics in Canada">Politics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_culture_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous culture in Canada">Indigenous cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Canadian_personalities" title="Indigenous Canadian personalities">Indigenous personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Country food">Country food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Canada" title="Indigenous music of Canada">Music</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Demographics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserves</a></li> <li>AB <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="First Nations in Alberta">FN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Atlantic_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Atlantic Canada">Atlantic CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_British_Columbia" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in British Columbia">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Manitoba" title="First Nations in Manitoba">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Ontario" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec" title="Indigenous peoples in Quebec">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Saskatchewan" title="First Nations in Saskatchewan">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Northern_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Northern Canada">Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Pacific Coast</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada#Aboriginal_languages" title="Languages of Canada">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinuk_Wawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinuk Wawa">Chinuk Wawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada">Indigenous English Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">NAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Aboriginal syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook Writing">Chinuk pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit grammar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Traditional beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit religion</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Index</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Indigenous_Canadians" title="Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians">Index of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_Nations_in_Canada" title="Category:First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inuit" title="Category:Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_M%C3%A9tis_people" title="Category:Canadian Métis people">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America_stubs" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of North America stubs">Stubs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/16px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/24px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/32px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="299" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous North Americas</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_Peoples_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Indigenous Peoples of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_Peoples_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous Peoples of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iroquoian_langs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iroquoian_langs.png/310px-Iroquoian_langs.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iroquoian_langs.png/465px-Iroquoian_langs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iroquoian_langs.png/620px-Iroquoian_langs.png 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Pre-contact distribution of Iroquoian languages</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Iroquoian peoples</b> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a> of peoples from eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Their traditional territories, often referred to by scholars as Iroquoia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20204_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20204-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stretch from the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> in the north, to modern-day <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> in the south. </p><p>Historical <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian">Iroquoian</a> people were the Five nations of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> or <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wendat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petun" title="Petun">Petun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral Nation">Neutral</a> or <a href="/wiki/Attawandaron" class="mw-redirect" title="Attawandaron">Attawandaron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erie_people" title="Erie people">Erie people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenro" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenro">Wenro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a> and the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Iroquoians" title="St. Lawrence Iroquoians">St. Lawrence Iroquoians</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> are also an Iroquoian-speaking people. </p><p>There is <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> evidence for Iroquoian peoples in the area around present-day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 CE, and possibly as far back as 4000 BCE. Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about 1000 CE. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Iroquoian_peoples">List of Iroquoian peoples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iroquoian_peoples&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of Iroquoian peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> ( Kanienʼkehá:ka): of Quebec and Ontario, Canada, and New York, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a> (Onödowáʼga): of New York and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, United States and Ontario, Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a> (Gayogo̱hó꞉nǫʼ): New York and Oklahoma, United States and Ontario, Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a> (Onʌyoteˀa·ká·): New York, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, United States and Ontario, Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a> (Skarù:ręˀ): of New York, United States, and Ontario, Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a> (Onöñda’gaga’): of New York, United States, and Ontario, Canada.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wendat</a>): <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. <ul><li>Attignawantan</li> <li>Attigneenongnahac</li> <li>Arendarhonon</li> <li>Tahontaenrat</li> <li>Ataronchronon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petun" title="Petun">Petun</a> (Tobacco or Tionontati): <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral Nation">Neutral Nation</a> (Chonnonton or Attawandaron): southwestern and south-central Ontario.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_people" title="Erie people">Erie</a> (Eriechronon): of <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Pennsylvania">Northwest Pennsylvania</a>, United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a> (Conestoga): of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, New York, and <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> (United States).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Iroquoians" title="St. Lawrence Iroquoians">St. Lawrence Iroquoians</a>: <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada, and New York, United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a>: Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio, United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scahentoarrhonon" title="Scahentoarrhonon">Scahentoarrhonon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Wyoming Valley</a>, Pennsylvania.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottoway_people" title="Nottoway people">Nottoway</a> (Cheroenhaka): of Virginia, United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Senedo people">Senedo</a>: Virginia, United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westo" title="Westo">Westo</a> (Chichimeco or Richahecrian): of Virginia and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenrohronon" title="Wenrohronon">Wenrohronon</a> (Wenro): New York, United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> (Anigiduwagi): <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, edges of western South Carolina, northern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meherrin" title="Meherrin">Meherrin</a> (Kauwets'a:ka): North Carolina.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iroquoian_peoples&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois mythology</a> tells that the Iroquoian people have their origin in a woman who fell from the sky,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that they have always been on Turtle Island.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iroquoian societies were affected by <a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">the wave of infectious diseases</a> resulting from the arrival of Europeans. For example, it is estimated that by the mid-17th century, the Huron population had decreased from 20,000–30,000 to about 9000, while the Petun population dropped from around 8000 to 3000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMillanYellowhorn200478_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMillanYellowhorn200478-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iroquoian_peoples&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a> describes the common aspects of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> civilization that flourished in settlements along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Eastern Woodlands</a> from 100 <a href="/wiki/Before_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Common Era">BCE</a> to 500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Woodland" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Woodland">Middle Woodland period</a>. The Hopewell tradition was not a single <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a> or society, but a widely dispersed set of populations connected by a common network of <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a>. This is known as the Hopewell exchange system. </p><p>There is archaeological evidence for Iroquoian peoples "in the area around present-day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 CE, and possibly as far back as 4000 BCE. Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about 1000 CE."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontario_Iroquois_tradition">Ontario Iroquois tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iroquoian_peoples&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ontario Iroquois tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ontario Iroquois tradition was conceptualized by the archaeologist J. V. Wright in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnow199567_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnow199567-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It encompasses a group of <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological cultures</a> considered by archaeologists to be Iroquoian or proto-Iroquoian in character. In the Early Ontario Iroquois stage (likely beginning around AD 900), these comprised the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnow199567_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnow199567-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which clustered in southwestern and eastern Ontario respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-ontario-summary_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ontario-summary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Uren_substage"></span>During the Middle Ontario Iroquois stage, rapid cultural change took place near the beginning of the 14th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19924_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19924-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and detectable differences between the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures disappeared. The Middle Ontario Iroquois stage is divided into chronological Uren and Middleport substages,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19925_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19925-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are sometimes termed as cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnow199568_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnow199568-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wright controversially attributed the increase in homogeneity to a "conquest theory", whereby the Pickering culture became dominant over the Glen Meyer and the former became the predecessor of the later Uren and Middleport substages. Archaeologists opposed to Wright's theory have criticized it on a number of levels, such as questioning whether the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures were meaningfully distinct from each other,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19924_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19924-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reclassifying some Uren and Middleport sites as Glen Meyer,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19923_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19923-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, by the 1990s, becoming increasingly reluctant to classify sub-groups of sites from the period in Ontario into distinct archaeological cultures at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19928_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19928-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one 1990 paper, Ronald Williamson stated that Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures might represent "two ends of a continuum of spatial variability extending across southern Ontario," in his arguments against the classification of Ontario Iroquoian sites into groups based on material culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1990295_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1990295-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dispute paralleled other contemporary discussions over the usefulness of the older system of material culture classification which had mostly been devised in the 1960s and 1970s, such as criticism of the usefulness of the pre-Ontario Iroquoian <a href="/wiki/Saugeen_complex" title="Saugeen complex">Saugeen complex</a> as a conceptual model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrisSpence199598_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrisSpence199598-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1995 article, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Snow" title="Dean Snow">Dean Snow</a> took a more middling view, supporting the idea of Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures being distinct, but also acknowledging that the "conquest theory" was not generally accepted by archaeologists by that point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnow199568_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnow199568-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Point_Peninsula_complex" title="Point Peninsula complex">Point Peninsula complex</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous</a> culture located in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> from 600 BCE to 700 CE (during the Middle <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culture, perhaps in interaction with other complexes eventually developed into the several <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian">Iroquoian</a>-speaking nations of Pennsylvania and New York. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iroquoian_peoples&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Iroquoian peoples had <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal</a> kinship systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were historically sedentary farmers who lived in large fortified villages enclosed by palisades thirty feet high as a defence against enemy attack, these settlements were referred to as “towns” by early Europeans and supplemented their diet with additional hunting and gathering activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Longhouses_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America">Longhouses</a> were also common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iroquoian_peoples&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iroquoian_peoples&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20204-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20204_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2020">Anderson 2020</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iroquois-people">"Iroquois | History, Culture, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Iroquois+%7C+History%2C+Culture%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FIroquois-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/eppp-archive/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/curriculum/iroquois/lesson4.htm">"Iroquois Creation Story - Lesson Four"</a>. <i>www.collectionscanada.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.collectionscanada.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Iroquois+Creation+Story+-+Lesson+Four&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Feppp-archive%2F100%2F200%2F301%2Fic%2Fcan_digital_collections%2Fcurriculum%2Firoquois%2Flesson4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMillanYellowhorn200478-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMillanYellowhorn200478_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMillanYellowhorn2004">McMillan & Yellowhorn 2004</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/iroquois">"Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) | The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Haudenosaunee+%28Iroquois%29+%7C+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Firoquois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnow199567-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnow199567_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnow199567_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnow1995">Snow 1995</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ontario-summary-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ontario-summary_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ontarioarchaeology.org/resources/summary-of-ontario-archaeology/">"Summary of Ontario Archaeology"</a>. Ontario Archaeological Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+Ontario+Archaeology&rft.pub=Ontario+Archaeological+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fontarioarchaeology.org%2Fresources%2Fsummary-of-ontario-archaeology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19924-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19924_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19924_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1992">Wright 1992</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19925-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19925_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1992">Wright 1992</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnow199568-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnow199568_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnow199568_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnow1995">Snow 1995</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19923-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19923_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1992">Wright 1992</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19928-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19928_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1992">Wright 1992</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1990295-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1990295_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson1990">Williamson 1990</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrisSpence199598-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrisSpence199598_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrisSpence1995">Ferris & Spence 1995</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://my.kwic.com/~pagodavista/schoolhouse/rec/mwdland.htm">"Middle Woodland Natives"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+Woodland+Natives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmy.kwic.com%2F~pagodavista%2Fschoolhouse%2Frec%2Fmwdland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-iroquois-native-cultures-of-north-america.html">"The Iroquois Peoples"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. 2017-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=The+Iroquois+Peoples&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-iroquois-native-cultures-of-north-america.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iroquoian_peoples&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2020" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Chad L. (2020). <i>The Storied Landscape of Iroquoia: History, Conquest, and Memory in the Native Northeast</i>. Borderlands and Transcultural Studies. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvzpv65x">10.2307/j.ctvzpv65x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781496218650" title="Special:BookSources/9781496218650"><bdi>9781496218650</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219044376">219044376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Storied+Landscape+of+Iroquoia%3A+History%2C+Conquest%2C+and+Memory+in+the+Native+Northeast&rft.series=Borderlands+and+Transcultural+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219044376%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvzpv65x&rft.isbn=9781496218650&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Chad+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrisSpence1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ferris, Neal; Spence, Michael W. (July–December 1995). "The Woodland Traditions in Southern Ontario". <i>Revista de Arqueología Americana</i> (9). Pan American Institute of Geography and History: <span class="nowrap">83–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27768356">27768356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Arqueolog%C3%ADa+Americana&rft.atitle=The+Woodland+Traditions+in+Southern+Ontario&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=1995-07%2F1995-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27768356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft.au=Spence%2C+Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillanYellowhorn2004" class="citation book cs1">McMillan, Alan D.; Yellowhorn, Eldon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tvSrEUFH3vkC&pg=PA77"><i>First Peoples In Canada</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Douglas_%26_McIntyre" title="Douglas & McIntyre">Douglas & McIntyre</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55365-053-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55365-053-0"><bdi>1-55365-053-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Peoples+In+Canada&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-55365-053-0&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=Alan+D.&rft.au=Yellowhorn%2C+Eldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtvSrEUFH3vkC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow1995" class="citation journal cs1">Snow, Dean R. (January 1995). "Migration in Prehistory: The Northern Iroquoian Case". <i>American Antiquity</i>. <b>60</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">59–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F282076">10.2307/282076</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/282076">282076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164163259">164163259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Migration+in+Prehistory%3A+The+Northern+Iroquoian+Case&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164163259%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F282076%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F282076&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Dean+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1990" class="citation magazine cs1">Williamson, Ronald F. (1990). Ellis, Chris J.; Ferris, Neal (eds.). "The Early Iroquoian Period of Southern Ontario". <i>The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650</i>. No. 5. pp. <span class="nowrap">291–</span>320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Archaeology+of+Southern+Ontario+to+A.D.+1650&rft.atitle=The+Early+Iroquoian+Period+of+Southern+Ontario&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Ronald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1992" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, J. V. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ontarioarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/oa054-01_wright.pdf">"The Conquest Theory of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition: a Reassessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ontario Archaeology</i>. <b>54</b>. Ontario Archaeological Society: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ontario+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Conquest+Theory+of+the+Ontario+Iroquois+Tradition%3A+a+Reassessment&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=J.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fontarioarchaeology.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Foa054-01_wright.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iroquoian_peoples&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbelVavrasekHart2019" class="citation journal cs1">Abel, Timothy J.; Vavrasek, Jessica L.; Hart, John P. (October 2019). "Radiocarbon Dating the Iroquoian Occupation of Northern New York". <i>American Antiquity</i>. <b>84</b> (4). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">748–</span>761. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faaq.2019.50">10.1017/aaq.2019.50</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26818405">26818405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198409952">198409952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon+Dating+the+Iroquoian+Occupation+of+Northern+New+York&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E748-%3C%2Fspan%3E761&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198409952%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26818405%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Faaq.2019.50&rft.aulast=Abel&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft.au=Vavrasek%2C+Jessica+L.&rft.au=Hart%2C+John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamannKuhnMolnarSnow1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bamann, Susan; Kuhn, Robert; Molnar, James; Snow, Dean (1992). "Iroquoian Archaeology". <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>21</b>. Annual Reviews: <span class="nowrap">435–</span>460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.an.21.100192.002251">10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002251</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155995">2155995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Iroquoian+Archaeology&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E435-%3C%2Fspan%3E460&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.an.21.100192.002251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2155995%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bamann&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+Robert&rft.au=Molnar%2C+James&rft.au=Snow%2C+Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirch2012" class="citation journal cs1">Birch, Jennifer (October 2012). "Coalescent communities: settlement aggregation and social integration in Iroquoian Ontario". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Antiquity" title="American Antiquity">American Antiquity</a></i>. <b>77</b> (4). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">646–</span>670. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7183%2F0002-7316.77.4.646">10.7183/0002-7316.77.4.646</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23486483">23486483</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163563683">163563683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Coalescent+communities%3A+settlement+aggregation+and+social+integration+in+Iroquoian+Ontario&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E646-%3C%2Fspan%3E670&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163563683%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23486483%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7183%2F0002-7316.77.4.646&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirch2015" class="citation journal cs1">Birch, Jennifer (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10814-015-9082-3">"Current Research on the Historical Development of Northern Iroquoian Societies"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Research</i>. <b>23</b> (3). Springer: <span class="nowrap">263–</span>323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10814-015-9082-3">10.1007/s10814-015-9082-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43956789">43956789</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254595251">254595251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Research&rft.atitle=Current+Research+on+the+Historical+Development+of+Northern+Iroquoian+Societies&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254595251%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43956789%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10814-015-9082-3&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10814-015-9082-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Braun, Gregory Vincent (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/70851/3/Braun_Gregory_V_201511_PhD_thesis.pdf"><i>Ritual, Materiality, and Memory in an Iroquoian Village</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). University of Toronto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ritual%2C+Materiality%2C+and+Memory+in+an+Iroquoian+Village&rft.inst=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Gregory+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fbitstream%2F1807%2F70851%2F3%2FBraun_Gregory_V_201511_PhD_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBursey2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bursey, Jeffrey A. (2003). "Discerning Storage and Structures at the Forster Site: A Princess Point Component in Southern Ontario". <i>Canadian Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>27</b> (2). 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Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">641–</span>660. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500010653">10.1017/S0010417500010653</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/178668">178668</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145308030">145308030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Trade+Politics+and+Native+Polities+in+Iroquoia+and+Asante&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E641-%3C%2Fspan%3E660&rft.date=1983-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145308030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F178668%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500010653&rft.aulast=Wesler&rft.aufirst=Kit+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte2007" class="citation journal cs1">Whyte, Thomas R. (Summer 2007). "Proto-Iroquoian Divergence in the Late Archaic-Early Woodland Period Transition of the Appalachian Highlands". <i>Southeastern Archaeology</i>. <b>26</b> (1). Taylor & Francis: <span class="nowrap">134–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40713422">40713422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeastern+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Proto-Iroquoian+Divergence+in+the+Late+Archaic-Early+Woodland+Period+Transition+of+the+Appalachian+Highlands&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40713422%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIroquoian+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iroquoian_peoples&oldid=1260493175">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iroquoian_peoples&oldid=1260493175</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iroquoian_peoples" title="Category:Iroquoian peoples">Iroquoian peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of North America">Indigenous peoples of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Indigenous peoples in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_Nations_in_Canada" title="Category:First Nations in Canada">First Nations in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_tribes" title="Category:Native American tribes">Native American tribes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Lists of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Lists of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_culture_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Category:Indigenous culture of the Northeastern Woodlands">Indigenous culture of the Northeastern Woodlands</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 December 2024, at 02:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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