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href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-近代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>近代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-近代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-列表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#列表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>列表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-列表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">絕跡語言</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。27种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="لغة بائدة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة بائدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%87" title="لغه منقرضه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه منقرضه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="বিলুপ্ত ভাষা – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিলুপ্ত ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="বিলুপ্ত ভাষা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিলুপ্ত ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udd%C3%B8de_sprog" title="Uddøde sprog – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uddøde sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausgestorbene_Sprache" title="Ausgestorbene Sprache – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ausgestorbene Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Extinct language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_extinta" title="Lengua extinta – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua extinta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ljasurnud_keel" title="Väljasurnud keel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Väljasurnud keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4" title="زبان خاموش – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان خاموش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_%C3%A9teinte" title="Langue éteinte – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue éteinte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naungaw_a_pagsasao" title="Naungaw a pagsasao – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Naungaw a pagsasao" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_estinta" title="Lingua estinta – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua estinta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Мөхсөн хэл – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мөхсөн хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_pupus" title="Bahasa pupus – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa pupus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utd%C3%B8ydd_spr%C3%A5k" title="Utdøydd språk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Utdøydd språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wymar%C5%82y" title="Język wymarły – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język wymarły" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%90_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="ورکې شوې ژبې – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ورکې شوې ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_extinta" title="Língua extinta – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua extinta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_leid" title="Extinct leid – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Extinct leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Extinct language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Изумрли језик – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Изумрли језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utd%C3%B6tt_spr%C3%A5k" title="Utdött språk – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utdött språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="معدوم زبان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معدوم زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_estinguesta" title="Łéngua estinguesta – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua estinguesta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moirt_lingaedje" title="Moirt lingaedje – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Moirt lingaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E4%BA%A1%E8%AA%9E" title="消亡語 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="消亡語" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38058796#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&oldid=82399171" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&id=82399171&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25B5%2595%25E8%25B7%25A1%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25A8%2580"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25B5%2595%25E8%25B7%25A1%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25A8%2580"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extinct_languages" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38058796" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E8%AF%AD&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="死语">死语</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>「<b>死语</b>」重定向至此。关于过去常用但目前罕用的词语，请见「<b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="廢語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="廃語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A2%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廢語（页面不存在）">廢語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%83%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:廃語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">廃語</span></a></span>）</span></span></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_English plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_language" class="extiw" title="en:Extinct language">英語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eteocypriot_writing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eteocypriot_writing.jpg/240px-Eteocypriot_writing.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eteocypriot_writing.jpg/360px-Eteocypriot_writing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eteocypriot_writing.jpg/480px-Eteocypriot_writing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>發現於<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯">賽普勒斯</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Amathous" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amathous"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amathous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amathous（页面不存在）">Amathous</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amathous" class="extiw" title="en:Amathous"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Amathous</span></a></span>）</span></span>約<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="公元前">公元前</a>500年至300年之間的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="伊特拉塞浦路斯语">伊特拉塞浦路斯语</a>文字模板，現藏於<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BB%80%E8%8E%AB%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="阿什莫林博物館">阿什莫林博物館</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>絕跡語言</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Extinct language</span>），又稱<b>滅絕語言</b>、<b>灭亡语言</b>、<b>死語</b>，指一種已經不再有人以之作為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>。根據估計，每兩星期就有一種人類的語言滅亡，變成絕跡語言。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>但在一些特殊情況中，某些国家需藉助之前已滅亡国家的名义來保持自己的勢力及合法性，此时与该灭亡国家有關的绝迹語言就得以持續被使用在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學">科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">律法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>等各種方面，从而保存下來，並繼續以非母語的方式使用。例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>被用來造科學方面的新詞，而其他如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="古教會斯拉夫語">古教會斯拉夫語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E8%AA%9E" title="阿維斯陀語">阿維斯陀語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="科普特語">科普特語</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%8C%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="吉茲語">吉茲語</a>等則仍然用於宗教儀式或文学作品中。 </p><p>其他有些組織則會為了特定情境、文化的氣氛營造，而偶爾使用這些絕跡語言，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%A5%E8%BB%8D" title="美國童軍">美國童軍</a>就會在他們一個童軍儀式「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E7%AE%AD%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖箭盟（页面不存在）">聖箭盟</a>」裡使用一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="北美印地安人">北美印地安人</a>的絕跡語言<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%AB%E5%B0%BC%E8%90%8A%E7%B4%8D%E4%BD%A9%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="倫尼萊納佩語（页面不存在）">倫尼萊納佩語</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="近代"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E4.BB.A3"></span>近代</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：近代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以最後一位將其作為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a>的說話人之死亡日期為判定基準： </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E7%AA%9D%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="立窝尼亚语">立沃尼亚语</a>：（2013年）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B2%B1%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿岱語（页面不存在）">阿岱語</a>（Adai）：（19世紀末葉）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E6%B3%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿卡波語">阿卡波語</a>（Aka-Bo）：Boa Sr（2010年）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="埃雅克語">埃雅克語</a>（屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%EF%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%A7%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="納－德內語系">納－德內語系</a>）：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Marie Smith Jones" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marie Smith Jones"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Smith_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Smith Jones（页面不存在）">瑪麗·史密斯·瓊斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Smith_Jones" class="extiw" title="en:Marie Smith Jones"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marie Smith Jones</span></a></span>）</span></span>（2008年1月21日）<sup id="cite_ref-save_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-save-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E8%98%AD%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="格陵蘭諾爾斯語">格陵蘭諾爾斯語</a>：（至15世紀末葉，最晚至16世紀）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B3%A2%E8%8E%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="北波莫語">北波莫語</a>：（1994年）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%B3%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="瓦波語">瓦波語</a>：蘿拉·費雪·索莫薩（Laura Fish Somersal，1990年逝世）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%89%98%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威托语（页面不存在）">威托语</a>（Weyto）：有證明最後的母語使用者于1770年仍存在，不過18世紀的探險家卻找不到流利的說話人。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%84%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維約特語（页面不存在）">維約特語</a>（Wiyot）：Della Prince（1962年）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E7%B4%8D%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞納语（页面不存在）">亞納语</a>（Yana）：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E5%96%9C" title="依喜">依喜</a>（1916年）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="约拉语">约拉语</a>：中古英語的分支（19世紀中葉）</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="列表"><span id=".E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8"></span>列表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：列表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="亞洲滅亡語言列表">亞洲滅亡語言列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%81%AD%E4%BA%A1%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="欧洲灭亡语言列表">歐洲滅亡語言列表</a>（List of extinct languages of Europe）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%95%E5%8D%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="瀕危語言">瀕危語言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="語言復興">語言復興</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="伊特拉塞浦路斯语">伊特拉塞浦路斯语</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Thomas H. Maugh II. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125001843/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/19/science/sci-language19">Researchers say a language disappears every two weeks</a>. Los Angeles Times. 2007-09-19 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-06-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/19/science/sci-language19">原始内容</a>存档于2018-11-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&rft.atitle=Researchers+say+a+language+disappears+every+two+weeks&rft.au=Thomas+H.+Maugh+II&rft.date=2007-09-19&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2007%2Fsep%2F19%2Fscience%2Fsci-language19&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Charles Kader. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606163129/https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/boy-scouts-playing-indians-X039STijO0q2mOW6AMEk_g/">Boy Scouts Playing Indians</a>. Indian Country Today. 2015-08-26 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-06-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/boy-scouts-playing-indians-X039STijO0q2mOW6AMEk_g/">原始内容</a>存档于2019-06-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&rft.atitle=Boy+Scouts+Playing+Indians&rft.au=Charles+Kader&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Country+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsmaven.io%2Findiancountrytoday%2Farchive%2Fboy-scouts-playing-indians-X039STijO0q2mOW6AMEk_g%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306171251/http://www.alflcouncilbsa.org/OA_files/OA_Vigil.html">The Vigil Honor</a>. Cowikee Lodge. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-06-06</span>]</span>. 原始内容存档于2009-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&rft.btitle=The+Vigil+Honor&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Cowikee+Lodge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alflcouncilbsa.org%2FOA_files%2FOA_Vigil.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bill Spencer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quora.com/Is-the-Boy-Scouts’-Order-of-the-Arrow-appropriating-Native-American-culture">Is the Boy Scouts’ Order of the Arrow appropriating Native American culture?</a>. Quora. 2017-03-12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-06-06</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&rft.au=Bill+Spencer&rft.btitle=Is+the+Boy+Scouts%E2%80%99+Order+of+the+Arrow+appropriating+Native+American+culture%3F&rft.date=2017-03-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Quora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quora.com%2FIs-the-Boy-Scouts%E2%80%99-Order-of-the-Arrow-appropriating-Native-American-culture&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-save-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-save_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224104102/http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12483451&fsrc=rss">When nobody understands</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 2008-10-23 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-10-25</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12483451&fsrc=rss">原始内容</a>存档于2009-02-24）. <q>The electronic age drives some languages out of existence, but can help save others</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&rft.atitle=When+nobody+understands&rft.date=2008-10-23&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Finternational%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D12483451%26fsrc%3Drss&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). <i>The languages of the Andes</i>. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521362757" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-36275-7</a>.</li> <li>Brenzinger, Matthias（ed.，1992) <i>Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa</i>. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783110134049" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-11-013404-9</a>.</li> <li>Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). <i>The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0292746245" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-292-74624-5</a>.</li> <li>Davis, Wade. (2009). <i>The Wayfinders: Why Ancient Wisdom Matters in the Modern World</i>. House of Anansi Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0887847668" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-88784-766-8</a>.</li> <li>Nancy Dorian (1978). Fate of morphological complexity in language death: Evidence from East Sutherland Gaelic. <i>Language</i>, <i>54</i>(3),590-609.</li> <li>Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). <i>Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0812277856" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8122-7785-6</a>.</li> <li>Dressler, Wolfgand & Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth（eds.，1977) <i>Language death</i> (International Journal of the Sociology of Language vol. 12). The Hague: Mouton.</li> <li>Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the world</i> (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/155671159X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-55671-159-X</a>. (Online version: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ethnologue.com">http://www.ethnologue.com</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20071227170852/http://www.ethnologue.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）).</li> <li>Harrison, K. David. (2007) When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780195181920" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-518192-0</a>.</li> <li>Mithun, Marianne. (1999). <i>The languages of Native North America</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521232287" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-23228-7</a> (hbk); <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/052129875X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-29875-X</a>.</li> <li>Mohan, Peggy; & Zador, Paul. (1986). Discontinuity in a life cycle: The death of Trinidad Bhojpuri. <i>Language</i>, <i>62</i>(2),291-319.</li> <li>Sasse, Hans-Jürgen(1992)'Theory of language death', in Brenzinger(ed.)<i>Language Death</i>, pp. 7–30.</li> <li>Schilling-Estes, Natalie; & Wolfram, Walt. (1999). Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration. <i>Language</i>, <i>75</i>(3),486-521.</li> <li>Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1973). <i>Linguistics in North America</i> (parts 1 & 2). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted as Sebeok 1976).</li> <li>Sharp, Joanne. (2008). Chapter 6: <i>Can the Subaltern Speak?</i>, in <i>Geographies of Postcolonialism</i>. Glasgow, UK: SAGE Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781412907798" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4129-0779-8</a>.</li> <li>Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. (2000). <i>Linguistic genocide in education or worldwide diversity and human rights?</i> Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0805834680" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8058-3468-0</a>.</li> <li>Thomason, Sarah Grey & Kaufman, Terrence. (1991). <i>Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics.</i> University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0520078934" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-520-07893-4</a>.</li> <li>Timmons Roberts, J. & Hite, Amy. （2000）. <i>From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Development and Social Change.</i> Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780631210979" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-631-21097-9</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524193818/http://mypage.iu.edu/~shetter/miniatures/extinct.htm">The Dodo's Fate: How languages become extinct</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistlist.org/ancientlgs.html">Linguist List - List of Ancient and Extinct Languages</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100125033026/http://linguistlist.org/ancientlgs.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）&<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/ancient-extinct-temp.html">A list of ancient and extinct languages with temporary codes</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090226043119/http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/ancient-extinct-temp.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ogmios.org/home.htm">The Foundation of Endangered Languages</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180616051442/http://www.ogmios.org/home.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124171254/http://endangered-languages.com/">Endangered Languages</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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