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wetting</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: wetting"> <meta name="keywords" content="wetting"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="wetting"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 116</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: wetting</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">116</span> Effects of Surface Textures and Chemistries on Wettability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dipti%20Raj">Dipti Raj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himanshu%20Mishra"> Himanshu Mishra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wetting of a solid surface by a liquid is an extremely common yet subtle phenomenon in natural and applied sciences. A clear understanding of both short and long-term wetting behaviors of surfaces is essential for creating robust anti-biofouling coatings, non-wetting textiles, non-fogging mirrors, and preventive linings against dirt and icing. In this study, silica beads (diameter, D ≈ 100 μm) functionalized using different silane reagents were employed to modify the wetting characteristics of smooth polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces. Resulting composite surfaces were found to be super-hydrophobic, i.e. contact angle of water, <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contact%20angle" title="contact angle">contact angle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cassie-Baxter" title=" Cassie-Baxter"> Cassie-Baxter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PDMS" title=" PDMS"> PDMS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silica" title=" silica"> silica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=texture" title=" texture"> texture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wetting" title=" wetting"> wetting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56157/effects-of-surface-textures-and-chemistries-on-wettability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56157.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">255</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">115</span> Effect of Wetting Layer on the Energy Spectrum of One-Electron Non-Uniform Quantum Ring</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20A.%20Rodr%C3%ADguez-Prada">F. A. Rodríguez-Prada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W%20Gutierrez"> W Gutierrez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20D.%20Mikhailov"> I. D. Mikhailov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We study the spectral properties of one-electron non-uniform crater-shaped quantum dot whose thickness is increased linearly with different slopes in different radial directions between the central hole and the outer border and which is deposited over thin wetting layer in the presence of the external vertically directed magnetic field. We show that in the adiabatic limit, when the crater thickness is much smaller than its lateral dimension, the one-particle wave functions of the electron confined in such structure in the zero magnetic field case can be found exactly in an analytical form and they can be used subsequently as the base functions in framework of the exact diagonalization method to study the effect of the wetting layer and an external magnetic field applied along of the grown axis on energy levels of one-electron non-uniform quantum dot. It is shown that both the structural non-uniformity and the increase of the thickness of the wetting layer provide a quenching of the Aharonov-Bohm oscillations of the lower energy levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electronic%20properties" title="electronic properties">electronic properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20rings" title=" quantum rings"> quantum rings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volcano%20shaped" title=" volcano shaped"> volcano shaped</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wetting%20layer" title=" wetting layer"> wetting layer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34102/effect-of-wetting-layer-on-the-energy-spectrum-of-one-electron-non-uniform-quantum-ring" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34102.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">386</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">114</span> The Study of Wetting Properties of Silica-Poly (Acrylic Acid) Thin Film Coatings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sevil%20Kaynar%20Turkoglu">Sevil Kaynar Turkoglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinde%20Zhang"> Jinde Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jo%20Ann%20Ratto"> Jo Ann Ratto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanna%20Dodiuk"> Hanna Dodiuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20Kenig"> Samuel Kenig</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joey%20Mead"> Joey Mead</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Superhydrophilic, crack-free thin film coatings based on silica nanoparticles were fabricated by dip-coating method. Both thermodynamic and dynamic effects on the wetting properties of the thin films were investigated by modifying the coating formulation via changing the particle-to-binder ratio and weight % of silica in solution. The formulated coatings were characterized by a number of analyses. Water contact angle (WCA) measurements were conducted for all coatings to characterize the surface wetting properties. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken to examine the morphology of the coating surface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis was done to study surface topography. The presence of hydrophilic functional groups and nano-scale roughness were found to be responsible for the superhydrophilic behavior of the films. In addition, surface chemistry, compared to surface roughness, was found to be a primary factor affecting the wetting properties of the thin film coatings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poly%20%28acrylic%20acid%29" title="poly (acrylic acid)">poly (acrylic acid)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silica%20nanoparticles" title=" silica nanoparticles"> silica nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superhydrophilic%20coatings" title=" superhydrophilic coatings"> superhydrophilic coatings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20wetting" title=" surface wetting"> surface wetting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114795/the-study-of-wetting-properties-of-silica-poly-acrylic-acid-thin-film-coatings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114795.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">113</span> Water Management in Rice Plants of Dry Season in the Rainfed Lowland</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zainal%20Arifin">Zainal Arifin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Saeri"> Mohammad Saeri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to determine the efficiency of irrigation use on the growth and yield of two varieties of rice. Water management research on rainfed lowland rice was carried out in dry season (DS I) 2016 in an area of 10,000 m2 in Bunbarat Village, Rubaru Subdistrict, Sumenep Regency. The research was randomized block design factorial with 8 treatments and repeated 3 times, ie Factor I (varieties): (a) Inpago 9, and (b) Sidenuk; factor II (irrigation): (a) Alternate Wetting and Drying, (b) intermittent, (c) submerged, and (d) inundated. The results showed that dominant weed species such as purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli) were mostly found in rice cultivation with Alternate Wetting and Drying, intermittent and submerged irrigation treatment, while the lowest was inundated irrigation. The use of Sidenuk variety with Alternate Wetting and Drying irrigation yielded 5.7 t/ha dry grain harvest (dgh) and was not significantly different from the inundated watering using the Sidenuk variety (6.2 t/ha dgh). With Alternate Wetting and Drying irrigation technique, water use is more efficient as much as 1,503 m3/ha so as to produce 1 kg of grain, it needs 459 liters of water compared to inundated irrigation (665 liters/kg of grain). Results of analysis of rice farming Sidenuk variety with Alternate Wetting and Drying irrigation has the highest B/C ratio (2.56) so that economically feasible. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20management" title="water management">water management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=varieties" title=" varieties"> varieties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice" title=" rice"> rice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry%20season" title=" dry season"> dry season</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfed%20lowland" title=" rainfed lowland"> rainfed lowland</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90333/water-management-in-rice-plants-of-dry-season-in-the-rainfed-lowland" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90333.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">112</span> Wetting Properties of Silver Based Alloys</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zolt%C3%A1n%20Weltsch">Zoltán Weltsch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J%C3%B3zsef%20Hlinka"> József Hlinka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eszter%20K%C3%B3kai"> Eszter Kókai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The temperature dependence of wettability (wetting angle, Θ (T)) for Ag-based melts on graphite and Al2O3 substrates is compared. Typical alloying effects are found, as the Ag host metal is gradually replaced by various metallic elements. The essence of alloying lies in the change of the electron/atom (e/a) ratio. This ratio is also manifested in the shift of wetting angles on the same substrate. Nevertheless, the effects are partially smeared by other (metallurgical) factors, like the interaction between the oxygen-alloying elements and by the graphite substrate-oxygen interaction. In contrast, such effects are not pronounced in the case of Al2O3 substrates. As a consequence, Θ(T) exhibits an opposite trend in the case of two substrates. Crossovers of the Θ(T) curves were often found. The positions of crossovers depend on the chemical character and concentration of solute atoms. Segregation and epitaxial texture formation after solidification were also observed in certain alloy drops, especially in high concentration range. This phenomenon is not yet explained in every detail. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contact%20angle" title="contact angle">contact angle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphite" title=" graphite"> graphite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver" title=" silver"> silver</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soldering" title=" soldering"> soldering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20solubility" title=" solid solubility"> solid solubility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=substrate" title=" substrate"> substrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature%20dependence" title=" temperature dependence"> temperature dependence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wetting" title=" wetting"> wetting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25730/wetting-properties-of-silver-based-alloys" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">413</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">111</span> Formation of In-Situ Composite during Reactive Wetting and Imbibition Ta by Cu(B) Melt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergei%20Zhevnenko">Sergei Zhevnenko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Сontinuous layer of tantalum boride is formed on the surface as a result of reactive wetting of oxidized tantalum by copper melt with boron at a temperatures above 1150 °C. An increase in the wetting temperature above 1400 °C leads to a change in the formation mechanism of tantalum borides, they are formed in the nanosized flakes. In the presented work, we studied the process of copper-based in-situ composite formation, strengthened by the particles of tantalum borides. We investigated the structure of the formed particles, the conditions, and the kinetics of their formation. Dissolving boride particles do not have time to mix uniformly in the melt upon sufficiently rapid cooling and form a macrostructure, partly repeating the shape of the metallic tantalum. This allows to set different gradient structures in the copper alloy. Such macrostructures have been obtained. Boride particles and microstructures were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and regions with particles were investigated by nanoindentation. In this work, we also measured the kinetics of impregnation of porous tantalum with copper-boron melt and studied the structures of the composite, in which the melt filling the interpore space is saturated with boride particles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title="copper">copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tantalum%20borides" title=" tantalum borides"> tantalum borides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-situ%20composites" title=" in-situ composites"> in-situ composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wetting" title=" wetting"> wetting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imbibition" title=" imbibition"> imbibition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162812/formation-of-in-situ-composite-during-reactive-wetting-and-imbibition-ta-by-cub-melt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162812.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">110</span> Surface Morphology and Wetting Behavior of the Aspidiotus spp. Scale Covers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meril%20Kate%20Mariano">Meril Kate Mariano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Billy%20Joel%20Almarinez%20Divina%20Amalin"> Billy Joel Almarinez Divina Amalin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jose%20Isagani%20Janairo"> Jose Isagani Janairo </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The scale insects Aspidiotus destructor and Aspidiotus rigidus exhibit notable scale covers made of wax which provides protection against water loss and is capable to resist wetting, thus making them a desirable model for biomimetic designs. Their waxy covers enable them to infest mainly leaves of coconut trees despite the harsh wind and rain. This study aims to describe and compare the micro morphological characters on the surfaces of their scale covers consequently, how these micro structures affect their wetting properties. Scanning electron microscope was used for the surface characterization while an optical contact angle meter was employed in the wetting measurement. The scale cover of A. destructor is composed of multiple overlapping layers of wax that is arranged regularly while that of A. rigidus is composed of a uniform layer of wax with much more prominent wax ribbons irregularly arranged compared to the former. The protrusions found on the two organisms are formed by the wax ribbons that differ in arrangement with their height being A. destructor (3.57+1.29) < A. rigidus (4.23+1.22) and their density A. destructor (15+2.94) < A. rigidus (18.33+2.64). These morphological measurements could affect the contact angle (CA θ) measurement of A. destructor (102.66+9.78°) < A. rigidus (102.77 + 11.01°) wherein the assessment that the interaction of the liquid to the microstructures of the substrate is a large factor in the wetting properties of the insect scales is realized. The calculated surface free energy of A. destructor (38.47 mJ/m²) > A. rigidus (31.02 mJ/m²) shows inverse proportionality with the CA measurement. The dispersive interaction between the surface and liquid is more prevalent compared to the polar interaction for both Aspidiotus species, which was observed using the Fowkes method. The results of this study have possible applications to be a potential biomimetic design for various industries such as textiles and coatings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aspidiotus%20spp." title="Aspidiotus spp.">Aspidiotus spp.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomimetics" title=" biomimetics"> biomimetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contact%20angle" title=" contact angle"> contact angle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20characterization" title=" surface characterization"> surface characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wetting%20behavior" title=" wetting behavior"> wetting behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108362/surface-morphology-and-wetting-behavior-of-the-aspidiotus-spp-scale-covers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108362.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">109</span> Demarcating Wetting States in Pressure-Driven Flows by Poiseuille Number</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anvesh%20Gaddam">Anvesh Gaddam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Agrawal"> Amit Agrawal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suhas%20Joshi"> Suhas Joshi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20Thompson"> Mark Thompson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An increase in surface area to volume ratio with a decrease in characteristic length scale, leads to a rapid increase in pressure drop across the microchannel. Texturing the microchannel surfaces reduce the effective surface area, thereby decreasing the pressured drop. Surface texturing introduces two wetting states: a metastable Cassie-Baxter state and stable Wenzel state. Predicting wetting transition in textured microchannels is essential for identifying optimal parameters leading to maximum drag reduction. Optical methods allow visualization only in confined areas, therefore, obtaining whole-field information on wetting transition is challenging. In this work, we propose a non-invasive method to capture wetting transitions in textured microchannels under flow conditions. To this end, we tracked the behavior of the Poiseuille number Po = f.Re, (with f the friction factor and Re the Reynolds number), for a range of flow rates (5 < Re < 50), and different wetting states were qualitatively demarcated by observing the inflection points in the f.Re curve. Microchannels with both longitudinal and transverse ribs with a fixed gas fraction (δ, a ratio of shear-free area to total area) and at a different confinement ratios (ε, a ratio of rib height to channel height) were fabricated. The measured pressure drop values for all the flow rates across the textured microchannels were converted into Poiseuille number. Transient behavior of the pressure drop across the textured microchannels revealed the collapse of liquid-gas interface into the gas cavities. Three wetting states were observed at ε = 0.65 for both longitudinal and transverse ribs, whereas, an early transition occurred at Re ~ 35 for longitudinal ribs at ε = 0.5, due to spontaneous flooding of the gas cavities as the liquid-gas interface ruptured at the inlet. In addition, the pressure drop in the Wenzel state was found to be less than the Cassie-Baxter state. Three-dimensional numerical simulations confirmed the initiation of the completely wetted Wenzel state in the textured microchannels. Furthermore, laser confocal microscopy was employed to identify the location of the liquid-gas interface in the Cassie-Baxter state. In conclusion, the present method can overcome the limitations posed by existing techniques, to conveniently capture wetting transition in textured microchannels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drag%20reduction" title="drag reduction">drag reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Poiseuille%20number" title=" Poiseuille number"> Poiseuille number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=textured%20surfaces" title=" textured surfaces"> textured surfaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wetting%20transition" title=" wetting transition"> wetting transition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72886/demarcating-wetting-states-in-pressure-driven-flows-by-poiseuille-number" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72886.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">108</span> Wetting Treatement: Comparative Overview: Case of Polypropylene Top Sheet Layer on Disposable Baby Diaper</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tilouche%20Rahma">Tilouche Rahma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sayeb%20Soumaya"> Sayeb Soumaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ben%20Hassen%20Mohamed"> Ben Hassen Mohamed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The wettability of materials is a very important aspect of surface science, it presents a key factor providing the best characteristic of product, especially in hygienic field. Hydrophobic polypropylene is used as nonwoven topsheet in disposable diaper, for its interesting properties (toughness, lightness...) by comparing with traditional product previously used. SURFACTANTs are widely used to reduce contact angle (water contact angles larger than 90° on smooth surfaces) and to change wetting properties. In the present work, we study ways to obtain hydrophilic polypropylene surface, by the deposition of a variety of surfactant on surfaces of varying morphology. We used two different methods for surface wetting: Spraying method and the coating method. The concentration of the wetting agent, the type of non-woven fabric and the parameters in the method for controlling, hugely affect the quality of treatment. Therefore need that the treatment is effective in terms of contact angle without affecting the mechanical properties of the nonwoven. For the assessment of the quality of treatment, two methods are used: The measurement of the contact angle and the strike trough time. Also, with subjective evaluation by Hedonic test (which involves the consumer preference (naive panel: group of moms). Finally, we selected the better treated topsheet referring to the assessment results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SURFACTANT" title="SURFACTANT">SURFACTANT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topsheet%20polypropylene" title=" topsheet polypropylene"> topsheet polypropylene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrophilic" title=" hydrophilic"> hydrophilic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrophobic" title=" hydrophobic"> hydrophobic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27947/wetting-treatement-comparative-overview-case-of-polypropylene-top-sheet-layer-on-disposable-baby-diaper" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27947.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">545</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">107</span> Wetting Features of Butterflies Morpho Peleides and Anti-icing Behavior</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burdin%20Louise">Burdin Louise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brulez%20Anne-Catherine"> Brulez Anne-Catherine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mazurcyk%20Radoslaw"> Mazurcyk Radoslaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leclercq%20Jean-louis"> Leclercq Jean-louis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benayoun%20St%C3%A9phane"> Benayoun Stéphane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> By using a biomimetic approach, an investigation was conducted to determine the connections between morphology and wetting. The interest is focused on the Morpho peleides butterfly. This butterfly is already well-known among researchers for its brilliant iridescent color and has inspired numerous innovations. The intricate structure of its wings is responsible for such color. However, this multiscale structure exhibits a multitude of other features, such as hydrophobicity. Given the limited research on the wetting properties of Morpho butterfly, a detailed analysis of its wetting behavior is proposed. Multiscale surface topographies of the Morpho peleides butterfly were analyzed using scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. To understand the relationship between morphology and wettability, a goniometer was employed to measured static and dynamic contact angle. Since several studies have consistently demonstrated that superhydrophobic surfaces can effectively delay freezing, icing delay time the Morpho’s wings was also measured. The results revealed contact angles close to 136°, indicating a high degree of hydrophobicity. Moreover, sliding angles (SA) were measured in different directions, including along and against the rolling-outward direction. The findings suggest anisotropic wetting. Specifically, when the wing was tilted along the rolling outward direction (i.e., away from the insect’s body) SA was about 7°. While, when the wing was tilted against the rolling outward direction, SA was about 29°. This phenomenon is directly linked to the butterfly’s survival strategy. To investigate the exclusive morphological impact on anti-icing properties, PDMS replicas of the Morpho butterfly were obtained. When compared to flat PDMS and microscale textured PDMS, Morpho replications exhibited a longer freezing time. Therefore, this could be a source of inspiration for designing superhydrophobic surfaces with anti-icing applications or functional surfaces with controlled wettability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomimetic" title="biomimetic">biomimetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anisotropic%20wetting" title=" anisotropic wetting"> anisotropic wetting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-icing" title=" anti-icing"> anti-icing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiscale%20roughness" title=" multiscale roughness"> multiscale roughness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178297/wetting-features-of-butterflies-morpho-peleides-and-anti-icing-behavior" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178297.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">58</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">106</span> Dynamic Thin Film Morphology near the Contact Line of a Condensing Droplet: Nanoscale Resolution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abbasali%20Abouei%20Mehrizi">Abbasali Abouei Mehrizi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hao%20Wang"> Hao Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The thin film region is so important in heat transfer process due to its low thermal resistance. On the other hand, the dynamic contact angle is crucial boundary condition in numerical simulations. While different modeling contains different assumption of the microscopic contact angle, none of them has experimental evidence for their assumption, and the contact line movement mechanism still remains vague. The experimental investigation in complete wetting is more popular than partial wetting, especially in nanoscale resolution when there is sharp variation in thin film profile in partial wetting. In the present study, an experimental investigation of water film morphology near the triple phase contact line during the condensation is performed. The state-of-the-art tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM) was used to get the high-resolution film profile goes down to 2 nm from the contact line. The droplet was put in saturated chamber. The pristine silicon wafer was used as a smooth substrate. The substrate was heated by PI film heater. So the chamber would be over saturated by droplet evaporation. By turning off the heater, water vapor gradually started condensing on the droplet and the droplet advanced. The advancing speed was less than 20 nm/s. The dominant results indicate that in contrast to nonvolatile liquid, the film profile goes down straightly to the surface till 2 nm from the substrate. However, small bending has been observed below 20 nm, occasionally. So, it can be claimed that for the low condensation rate the microscopic contact angle equals to the optically detectable macroscopic contact angle. This result can be used to simplify the heat transfer modeling in partial wetting. The experimental result of the equality of microscopic and macroscopic contact angle can be used as a solid evidence for using this boundary condition in numerical simulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advancing" title="advancing">advancing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condensation" title=" condensation"> condensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microscopic%20contact%20angle" title=" microscopic contact angle"> microscopic contact angle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20wetting" title=" partial wetting"> partial wetting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69914/dynamic-thin-film-morphology-near-the-contact-line-of-a-condensing-droplet-nanoscale-resolution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69914.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">105</span> Wetting Characterization of High Aspect Ratio Nanostructures by Gigahertz Acoustic Reflectometry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Virgilio">C. Virgilio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Carlier"> J. Carlier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Campistron"> P. Campistron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Toubal"> M. Toubal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Garnier"> P. Garnier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Broussous"> L. Broussous</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Thomy"> V. Thomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Nongaillard"> B. Nongaillard</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wetting efficiency of microstructures or nanostructures patterned on Si wafers is a real challenge in integrated circuits manufacturing. In fact, bad or non-uniform wetting during wet processes limits chemical reactions and can lead to non-complete etching or cleaning inside the patterns and device defectivity. This issue is more and more important with the transistors size shrinkage and concerns mainly high aspect ratio structures. Deep Trench Isolation (DTI) structures enabling pixels’ isolation in imaging devices are subject to this phenomenon. While low-frequency acoustic reflectometry principle is a well-known method for Non Destructive Test applications, we have recently shown that it is also well suited for nanostructures wetting characterization in a higher frequency range. In this paper, we present a high-frequency acoustic reflectometry characterization of DTI wetting through a confrontation of both experimental and modeling results. The acoustic method proposed is based on the evaluation of the reflection of a longitudinal acoustic wave generated by a 100 µm diameter ZnO piezoelectric transducer sputtered on the silicon wafer backside using MEMS technologies. The transducers have been fabricated to work at 5 GHz corresponding to a wavelength of 1.7 µm in silicon. The DTI studied structures, manufactured on the wafer frontside, are crossing trenches of 200 nm wide and 4 µm deep (aspect ratio of 20) etched into a Si wafer frontside. In that case, the acoustic signal reflection occurs at the bottom and at the top of the DTI enabling its characterization by monitoring the electrical reflection coefficient of the transducer. A Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) model has been developed to predict the behavior of the emitted wave. The model shows that the separation of the reflected echoes (top and bottom of the DTI) from different acoustic modes is possible at 5 Ghz. A good correspondence between experimental and theoretical signals is observed. The model enables the identification of the different acoustic modes. The evaluation of DTI wetting is then performed by focusing on the first reflected echo obtained through the reflection at Si bottom interface, where wetting efficiency is crucial. The reflection coefficient is measured with different water / ethanol mixtures (tunable surface tension) deposited on the wafer frontside. Two cases are studied: with and without PFTS hydrophobic treatment. In the untreated surface case, acoustic reflection coefficient values with water show that liquid imbibition is partial. In the treated surface case, the acoustic reflection is total with water (no liquid in DTI). The impalement of the liquid occurs for a specific surface tension but it is still partial for pure ethanol. DTI bottom shape and local pattern collapse of the trenches can explain these incomplete wetting phenomena. This high-frequency acoustic method sensitivity coupled with a FDTD propagative model thus enables the local determination of the wetting state of a liquid on real structures. Partial wetting states for non-hydrophobic surfaces or low surface tension liquids are then detectable with this method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wetting" title="wetting">wetting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20reflectometry" title=" acoustic reflectometry"> acoustic reflectometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gigahertz" title=" gigahertz"> gigahertz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiconductor" title=" semiconductor"> semiconductor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39734/wetting-characterization-of-high-aspect-ratio-nanostructures-by-gigahertz-acoustic-reflectometry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">104</span> Wetting Induced Collapse Behavior of Loosely Compacted Kaolin Soil: A Microstructural Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhanesh%20Sing%20Das">Dhanesh Sing Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bharat%20Tadikonda%20Venkata"> Bharat Tadikonda Venkata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Collapsible soils undergo significant volume reduction upon wetting under the pre-existing mechanically applied normal stress (inundation pressure). These soils exhibit a very high strength in air-dried conditions and can carry up to a considerable magnitude of normal stress without undergoing significant volume change. The soil strength is, however, lost upon saturation and results in a sudden collapse of the soil structure under the existing mechanical stress condition. The intrusion of water into the dry deposits of such soil causes ground subsidence leading to damages in the overlying buildings/structures. A study on the wetting-induced volume change behavior of collapsible soils is essential in dealing with the ground subsidence problems in various geotechnical engineering practices. The collapse of loosely compacted Kaolin soil upon wetting under various inundation pressures has been reported in recent studies. The collapse in the Kaolin soil is attributed to the alteration in the soil particle-particle association (fabric) resulting due to the changes in the various inter-particle (microscale) forces induced by the water saturation. The inundation pressure plays a significant role in the fabric evolution during the wetting process, thus controls the collapse potential of the compacted soil. A microstructural study is useful to understand the collapse mechanisms at various pore-fabric levels under different inundation pressure. Kaolin soil compacted to a dry density of 1.25 g/cc was used in this work to study the wetting-induced volume change behavior under different inundation pressures in the range of 10-1600 kPa. The compacted specimen of Kaolin soil exhibited a consistent collapse under all the studied inundation pressure. The collapse potential was observed to be increasing with an increase in the inundation pressure up to a maximum value of 13.85% under 800 kPa and then decreased to 11.7% under 1600 kPa. Microstructural analysis was carried out based on the fabric images and the pore size distributions (PSDs) obtained from FESEM analysis and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), respectively. The PSDs and the soil fabric images of ‘as-compacted’ specimen and post-collapse specimen under 400 kPa were analyzed to understand the changes in the soil fabric and pores due to wetting. The pore size density curve for the post-collapse specimen was found to be on the finer side with respect to the ‘as-compacted’ specimen, indicating the reduction of the larger pores during the collapse. The inter-aggregate pores in the range of 0.1-0.5μm were identified as the major contributing pore size classes to the macroscopic volume change. Wetting under an inundation pressure results in the reduction of these pore sizes and lead to an increase in the finer pore sizes. The magnitude of inundation pressure influences the amount of reduction of these pores during the wetting process. The collapse potential was directly related to the degree of reduction in the pore volume contributed by these pore sizes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collapse%20behavior" title="collapse behavior">collapse behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inundation%20pressure" title=" inundation pressure"> inundation pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kaolin" title=" kaolin"> kaolin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure" title=" microstructure"> microstructure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133193/wetting-induced-collapse-behavior-of-loosely-compacted-kaolin-soil-a-microstructural-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133193.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">103</span> Effect of Oxidation on Wetting Behavior between Silicon and Silicon Carbide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zineb%20Benouahmane">Zineb Benouahmane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Lifeng"> Zhang Lifeng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Experimental oxidation tests at high temperature (1300°C-1500°C) on α-SiC samples have been performed with different holding times and atmosphere (air, argon). Oxidized samples were then analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy coupled to SEM and DAKTEK surface profiler verification. The oxidation rate and the mas gain were found to increase with temperature and holding times, corresponding to a passive oxidation regime which lead to the formation of SiO2 layer. The sessile drop method is employed in order to measure the wetting angles between Si/SiC system at high temperature (1430°C-1550°C). Contact angle can be varied between 44 °C to 85°C, by controlling the oxygen content in α-SiC. Increasing the temperature occurred the infiltration of liquid silicon and deoxidation of the coating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidation" title="oxidation">oxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wettability" title=" wettability"> wettability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silicon" title=" silicon"> silicon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SiC" title=" SiC"> SiC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22053/effect-of-oxidation-on-wetting-behavior-between-silicon-and-silicon-carbide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22053.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">464</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">102</span> The Impact of Temperature on the Threshold Capillary Pressure of Fine-Grained Shales </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Talal%20Al-Bazali">Talal Al-Bazali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Mohammad"> S. Mohammad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The threshold capillary pressure of shale caprocks is an important parameter in CO₂ storage modeling. A correct estimation of the threshold capillary pressure is not only essential for CO₂ storage modeling but also important to assess the overall economical and environmental impact of the design process. A standard step by step approach has to be used to measure the threshold capillary pressure of shale and non-wetting fluids at different temperatures. The objective of this work is to assess the impact of high temperature on the threshold capillary pressure of four different shales as they interacted with four different oil based muds, air, CO₂, N₂, and methane. This study shows that the threshold capillary pressure of shale and non-wetting fluid is highly impacted by temperature. An empirical correlation for the dependence of threshold capillary pressure on temperature when different shales interacted with oil based muds and gasses has been developed. This correlation shows that the threshold capillary pressure decreases exponentially as the temperature increases. In this correlation, an experimental constant (α) appears, and this constant may depend on the properties of shale and non-wetting fluid. The value for α factor was found to be higher for gasses than for oil based muds. This is consistent with our intuition since the interfacial tension for gasses is higher than those for oil based muds. The author believes that measured threshold capillary pressure at ambient temperature is misleading and could yield higher values than those encountered at in situ conditions. Therefore one must correct for the impact of temperature when measuring threshold capillary pressure of shale at ambient temperature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capillary%20pressure" title="capillary pressure">capillary pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shale" title=" shale"> shale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thresshold" title=" thresshold"> thresshold</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65146/the-impact-of-temperature-on-the-threshold-capillary-pressure-of-fine-grained-shales" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65146.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">101</span> Electrical Effects during the Wetting-Drying Cycle of Porous Brickwork: Electrical Aspects of Rising Damp</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandor%20Levai">Sandor Levai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentin%20Juhasz"> Valentin Juhasz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miklos%20Gasz"> Miklos Gasz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rising damp is an extremely complex phenomenon that is of great practical interest to the field of building conservation due to the irreversible damages it can make to old and historic structures. The electrical effects occurring in damp masonry have been scarcely researched and are a largely unknown aspect of rising damp. Present paper describes the typical electrical patterns occurring in porous brickwork during a wetting and drying cycle. It has been found that in contrast with dry masonry, where electrical phenomena are virtually non-existent, damp masonry exhibits a wide array of electrical effects. Long-term real-time measurements performed in the lab on small-scale brick structures, using an array of embedded micro-sensors, revealed significant voltage, current, capacitance and resistance variations which can be linked to the movement of moisture inside porous materials. The same measurements performed on actual old buildings revealed a similar behaviour, the electrical effects being more significant in areas of the brickwork affected by rising damp. Understanding these electrical phenomena contributes to a better understanding of the driving mechanisms of rising damp, potentially opening new avenues of dealing with it in a less invasive manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brick%20masonry" title="brick masonry">brick masonry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20phenomena%20in%20damp%20brickwork" title=" electrical phenomena in damp brickwork"> electrical phenomena in damp brickwork</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20building%20materials" title=" porous building materials"> porous building materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rising%20damp" title=" rising damp"> rising damp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spontaneous%20electrical%20potential" title=" spontaneous electrical potential"> spontaneous electrical potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wetting-drying%20cycle" title=" wetting-drying cycle"> wetting-drying cycle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127541/electrical-effects-during-the-wetting-drying-cycle-of-porous-brickwork-electrical-aspects-of-rising-damp" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127541.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">100</span> Dynamic Wetting and Solidification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yulii%20D.%20Shikhmurzaev">Yulii D. Shikhmurzaev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The modelling of the non-isothermal free-surface flows coupled with the solidification process has become the topic of intensive research with the advent of additive manufacturing, where complex 3-dimensional structures are produced by successive deposition and solidification of microscopic droplets of different materials. The issue is that both the spreading of liquids over solids and the propagation of the solidification front into the fluid and along the solid substrate pose fundamental difficulties for their mathematical modelling. The first of these processes, known as ‘dynamic wetting’, leads to the well-known ‘moving contact-line problem’ where, as shown recently both experimentally and theoretically, the contact angle formed by the free surfac with the solid substrate is not a function of the contact-line speed but is rather a functional of the flow field. The modelling of the propagating solidification front requires generalization of the classical Stefan problem, which would be able to describe the onset of the process and the non-equilibrium regime of solidification. Furthermore, given that both dynamic wetting and solification occur concurrently and interactively, they should be described within the same conceptual framework. The present work addresses this formidable problem and presents a mathematical model capable of describing the key element of additive manufacturing in a self-consistent and singularity-free way. The model is illustrated simple examples highlighting its main features. The main idea of the work is that both dynamic wetting and solidification, as well as some other fluid flows, are particular cases in a general class of flows where interfaces form and/or disappear. This conceptual framework allows one to derive a mathematical model from first principles using the methods of irreversible thermodynamics. Crucially, the interfaces are not considered as zero-mass entities introduced using Gibbsian ‘dividing surface’ but the 2-dimensional surface phases produced by the continuum limit in which the thickness of what physically is an interfacial layer vanishes, and its properties are characterized by ‘surface’ parameters (surface tension, surface density, etc). This approach allows for the mass exchange between the surface and bulk phases, which is the essence of the interface formation. As shown numerically, the onset of solidification is preceded by the pure interface formation stage, whilst the Stefan regime is the final stage where the temperature at the solidification front asymptotically approaches the solidification temperature. The developed model can also be applied to the flow with the substrate melting as well as a complex flow where both types of phase transition take place. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20wetting" title="dynamic wetting">dynamic wetting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interface%20formation" title=" interface formation"> interface formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20transition" title=" phase transition"> phase transition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solidification" title=" solidification"> solidification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170192/dynamic-wetting-and-solidification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170192.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">99</span> Physical Property Characterization of Adult Dairy Nutritional Products for Powder Reconstitution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei%20Wang">Wei Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Chen"> Martin Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The reconstitution behaviours of nutritional products could impact user experience. Reconstitution issues such as lump formation and white flecks sticking to bottles surfaces could be very unappealing for the consumers in milk preparation. The controlling steps in dissolving instant milk powders include wetting, swelling, sinking, dispersing, and dissolution as in the literature. Each stage happens simultaneously with the others during milk preparation, and it is challenging to isolate and measure each step individually. This study characterized three adult nutritional products for different properties including particle size, density, dispersibility, stickiness, and capillary wetting to understand the relationship between powder physical properties and their reconstitution behaviours. From the results, the formation of clumps can be caused by different factors limiting the critical steps of powder reconstitution. It can be caused by small particle size distribution, light particle density limiting powder wetting, or the rapid swelling and dissolving of particle surface materials to impede water penetration in the capillary channels formed by powder agglomerates. For the grain or white flecks formation in milk preparation, it was believed to be controlled by dissolution speed of the particles after dispersion into water. By understanding those relationship between fundamental powder structure and their user experience in reconstitution, this information provides us new and multiple perspectives on how to improve the powder characteristics in the commercial manufacturing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title="characterization">characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20nutritional%20powder" title=" dairy nutritional powder"> dairy nutritional powder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20property" title=" physical property"> physical property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reconstitution" title=" reconstitution"> reconstitution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127336/physical-property-characterization-of-adult-dairy-nutritional-products-for-powder-reconstitution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127336.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">98</span> Wetting-Drying Cycles Effect on Piles Embedded in a Very High Expansive Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bushra%20Suhail">Bushra Suhail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laith%20Kadim"> Laith Kadim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The behavior of model piles embedded in a very high expansive soil was investigated, a specially manufactured saturation-drying tank was used to apply three cycles of wetting and drying to the expansive soil surrounding the model straight shaft and under reamed piles, the relative movement of the piles with respect to the soil surface was recorded with time, also the exerted uplift pressure of the piles due to soil swelling was recorded. The behavior of unloaded straight shaft and under reamed piles was investigated. Two design charts were presented for straight shaft and under reamed piles one for the required pile depth for zero upward movement due to soil swelling, the other for the required pile depth to exert zero uplift pressure when the soil swells. Under reamed piles showed a decrease in upward movement of 20% to 40%, and an uplift pressure decrease of 10% to 30%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expansive%20soil" title="expansive soil">expansive soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piles" title=" piles"> piles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=under%20reamed" title=" under reamed"> under reamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20and%20geotechnical%20engineering" title=" structural and geotechnical engineering"> structural and geotechnical engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3327/wetting-drying-cycles-effect-on-piles-embedded-in-a-very-high-expansive-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3327.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">321</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">97</span> Test of Moisture Sensor Activation Speed</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Parkova">I. Parkova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Vali%C5%A1evskis"> A. Vališevskis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Vi%C4%BCumsone"> A. Viļumsone</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nocturnal enuresis or bed-wetting is intermittent incontinence during sleep of children after age 5 that may precipitate wide range of behavioural and developmental problems. One of the non-pharmacological treatment methods is the use of a bed-wetting alarm system. In order to improve comfort conditions of nocturnal enuresis alarm system, modular moisture sensor should be replaced by a textile sensor. In this study behaviour and moisture detection speed of woven and sewn sensors were compared by analysing change in electrical resistance after solution (salt water) was dripped on sensor samples. Material of samples has different structure and yarn location, which affects solution detection rate. Sensor system circuit was designed and two sensor tests were performed: system activation test and false alarm test to determine the sensitivity of the system and activation threshold. Sewn sensor had better result in system’s activation test – faster reaction, but woven sensor had better result in system’s false alarm test – it was less sensitive to perspiration simulation. After experiments it was found that the optimum switching threshold is 3V in case of 5V input voltage, which provides protection against false alarms, for example – during intensive sweating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conductive%20yarns" title="conductive yarns">conductive yarns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moisture%20textile%20sensor" title=" moisture textile sensor"> moisture textile sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industry" title=" industry"> industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material" title=" material"> material</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7649/test-of-moisture-sensor-activation-speed" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7649.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">96</span> Formulation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Ketorolac Tromethamine by Using Natural Superdisintegrants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20P.%20Lavande">J. P. Lavande</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20V.Chandewar"> A. V.Chandewar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mouth dissolving tablet is the speedily growing and highly accepted drug delivery system. This study was aimed at development of Ketorolac Tromethamine mouth dissolving tablet (MDTs), which can disintegrate or dissolve rapidly once placed in the mouth. Conventional Ketorolac tromethamine tablet requires water to swallow it and has limitation like low disintegration rate, low solubility etc. Ketorolac Tromethamine mouth dissolving tablets (formulation) consist of super-disintegrate like Heat Modified Karaya Gum, Co-treated Heat Modified Agar & Filler microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, friability, hardness, in vitro disintegration time, wetting time, in vitro drug release profile, content uniformity. The obtained results showed that low weight variation, good hardness, acceptable friability, fast wetting time. Tablets in all batches disintegrated within 15-50 sec. The formulation containing superdisintegrants namely heat modified karaya gum and heat modified agar showed better performance in disintegration and drug release profile. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mouth%20dissolving%20tablet" title="mouth dissolving tablet">mouth dissolving tablet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ketorolac%20tromethamine" title=" Ketorolac tromethamine"> Ketorolac tromethamine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disintegration%20time" title=" disintegration time"> disintegration time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20modified%20karaya%20gum" title=" heat modified karaya gum"> heat modified karaya gum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-treated%20heat%20modified%20agar" title=" co-treated heat modified agar"> co-treated heat modified agar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4235/formulation-and-evaluation-of-mouth-dissolving-tablet-of-ketorolac-tromethamine-by-using-natural-superdisintegrants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4235.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">95</span> Enhancements to the Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Hypoplastic Model for Unsaturated Soils</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shanujah%20Mathuranayagam">Shanujah Mathuranayagam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=William%20Fuentes"> William Fuentes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samanthika%20Liyanapathirana"> Samanthika Liyanapathirana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper introduces an enhanced version of the coupled hydro-mechanical hypoplastic model. The model is able to simulate volumetric collapse upon wetting and incorporates suction effects on stiffness and strength. Its mechanical constitutive equation links Bishop’s effective stress with strain and suction, featuring a normal consolidation line (NCL) with a compression index (λ) presenting a non-linear dependency with the degree of saturation. The Bulk modulus has been modified to ensure that under rapid volumetric collapse, the stress state remains at the NCL. The coupled model comprises eighteen parameters, with nine for the hydraulic component and nine for the mechanical component. Hydraulic parameters are calibrated with the use of water retention curves (IWRC) across varied soil densities, while mechanical parameters undergo calibration using isotropic and triaxial tests on both unsaturated and saturated samples. The model's performance is analyzed through the back-calculation of two experimental studies: (i) wetting under different vertical stresses for Lower Cromer Till and (ii) isotropic loading and triaxial loading for undisturbed loess. The results confirm that the proposed model is able to predict the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypoplastic%20model" title="hypoplastic model">hypoplastic model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volumetric%20collapse" title=" volumetric collapse"> volumetric collapse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=normal%20consolidation%20line" title=" normal consolidation line"> normal consolidation line</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compression%20index%20%28%CE%BB%29" title=" compression index (λ)"> compression index (λ)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degree%20of%20saturation" title=" degree of saturation"> degree of saturation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20suction" title=" soil suction"> soil suction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183465/enhancements-to-the-coupled-hydro-mechanical-hypoplastic-model-for-unsaturated-soils" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183465.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">64</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">94</span> Effect of Weave Structure and Picking Sequence on the Comfort Properties of Woven Fabrics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Umair">Muhammad Umair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanveer%20Hussain"> Tanveer Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khubab%20Shaker"> Khubab Shaker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasir%20Nawab"> Yasir Nawab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Maqsood"> Muhammad Maqsood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madeha%20Jabbar"> Madeha Jabbar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The term comfort is defined as 'the absence of unpleasantness or discomfort' or 'a neutral state compared to the more active state'. Comfort mainly is of three types: sensorial (tactile) comfort, psychological comfort and thermo-physiological comfort. Thermophysiological comfort is determined by the air permeability and moisture management properties of the garment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of weave structure and picking sequence on the comfort properties of woven fabrics. Six woven fabrics with two different weave structures i.e. 1/1 plain and 3/1 twill and three different picking sequences: (SPI, DPI, 3PI) were taken as input variables whereas air permeability, wetting time, wicking behavior and overall moisture management capability (OMMC) of fabrics were taken as response variables and a comparison is made of the effect of weave structure and picking sequence on the response variables. It was found that fabrics woven in twill weave design and with simultaneous triple pick insertion (3PI) give significantly better air permeability, shorter wetting time and better water spreading rate, as compared to plain woven fabrics and those with double pick insertion (DPI) or single pick insertion (SPI). It could be concluded that the thermophysiological comfort of woven fabrics may be significantly improved simply by selecting a suitable weave design and picking sequence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20permeability" title="air permeability">air permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=picking%20sequence" title=" picking sequence"> picking sequence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermophysiological%20comfort" title=" thermophysiological comfort"> thermophysiological comfort</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weave%20design" title=" weave design"> weave design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33959/effect-of-weave-structure-and-picking-sequence-on-the-comfort-properties-of-woven-fabrics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33959.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">93</span> Influence of Surface Wettability on Imbibition Dynamics of Protein Solution in Microwells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himani%20Sharma">Himani Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Agrawal"> Amit Agrawal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Stability of the Cassie and Wenzel wetting states depends on intrinsic contact angle and geometric features on a surface that was exploited in capturing biofluids in microwells. However, the mechanism of imbibition of biofluids in the microwells is not well implied in terms of wettability of a substrate. In this work, we experimentally demonstrated filling dynamics in hydrophilic and hydrophobic microwells by protein solutions. Towards this, we utilized lotus leaf as a mold to fabricate microwells on a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface. Lotus leaf containing micrometer-sized blunt-conical shaped pillars with a height of 8-15 µm and diameter of 3-8 µm were transferred on to PDMS. Furthermore, PDMS surface was treated with oxygen plasma to render the hydrophilic nature. A 10µL droplets containing fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) - labelled bovine serum albumin (BSA) were rested on both hydrophobic (θa = 108o, where θa is the apparent contact angle) and hydrophilic (θa = 60o) PDMS surfaces. A time-dependent fluorescence microscopy was conducted on these modified PDMS surfaces by recording the fluorescent intensity over a 5 minute period. It was observed that, initially (at t=1 min) FITC-BSA was accumulated on the periphery of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic microwells due to incomplete penetration of liquid-gas meniscus. This deposition of FITC-BSA on periphery of microwell was not changed with time for hydrophobic surfaces, whereas, a complete filling was occurred in hydrophilic microwells (at t=5 mins). This attributes to a gradual movement of three-phase contact line along the vertical surface of the hydrophilic microwells as compared to stable pinning in the hydrophobic microwells as confirmed by Surface Evolver simulations. In addition, if the cavities are presented on hydrophobic surfaces, air bubbles will be trapped inside the cavities once the aqueous solution is placed over these surfaces, resulting in the Cassie-Baxter wetting state. This condition hinders trapping of proteins inside the microwells. Thus, it is necessary to impart hydrophilicity to the microwell surfaces so as to induce the Wenzel state, such that, an entire solution will be fully in contact with the walls of microwells. Imbibition of microwells by protein solutions was analyzed in terms fluorescent intensity versus time. The present work underlines the importance of geometry of microwells and surface wettability of substrate in wetting and effective capturing of solid sub-phases in biofluids. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BSA" title="BSA">BSA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwells" title=" microwells"> microwells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20evolver" title=" surface evolver"> surface evolver</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wettability" title=" wettability"> wettability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72888/influence-of-surface-wettability-on-imbibition-dynamics-of-protein-solution-in-microwells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72888.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">92</span> Monitoring and Improving Performance of Soil Aquifer Treatment System and Infiltration Basins Performance: North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant as Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadi%20Ali">Sadi Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yaser%20Kishawi"> Yaser Kishawi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As part of Palestine, Gaza Strip (365 km2 and 1.8 million habitants) is considered a semi-arid zone relies solely on the Coastal Aquifer. The coastal aquifer is only source of water with only 5-10% suitable for human use. This barely cover the domestic and agricultural needs of Gaza Strip. Palestinian Water Authority Strategy is to find non-conventional water resource from treated wastewater to irrigate 1500 hectares and serves over 100,000 inhabitants. A new WWTP project is to replace the old-overloaded Biet Lahia WWTP. The project consists of three parts; phase A (pressure line & 9 infiltration basins - IBs), phase B (a new WWTP) and phase C (Recovery and Reuse Scheme – RRS – to capture the spreading plume). Currently, phase A is functioning since Apr 2009. Since Apr 2009, a monitoring plan is conducted to monitor the infiltration rate (I.R.) of the 9 basins. Nearly 23 million m3 of partially treated wastewater were infiltrated up to Jun 2014. It is important to maintain an acceptable rate to allow the basins to handle the coming quantities (currently 10,000 m3 are pumped an infiltrated daily). The methodology applied was to review and analysis the collected data including the I.R.s, the WW quality and the drying-wetting schedule of the basins. One of the main findings is the relation between the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) at BLWWTP and the I.R. at the basins. Since April 2009, the basins scored an average I.R. of about 2.5 m/day. Since then the records showed a decreasing pattern of the average rate until it reached the lower value of 0.42 m/day in Jun 2013. This was accompanied with an increase of TSS (mg/L) concentration at the source reaching above 200 mg/L. The reducing of TSS concentration directly improved the I.R. (by cleaning the WW source ponds at Biet Lahia WWTP site). This was reflected in an improvement in I.R. in last 6 months from 0.42 m/day to 0.66 m/day then to nearly 1.0 m/day as the average of the last 3 months of 2013. The wetting-drying scheme of the basins was observed (3 days wetting and 7 days drying) besides the rainfall rates. Despite the difficulty to apply this scheme accurately a control of flow to each basin was applied to improve the I.R. The drying-wetting system affected the I.R. of individual basins, thus affected the overall system rate which was recorded and assessed. Also the ploughing activities at the infiltration basins as well were recommended at certain times to retain a certain infiltration level. This breaks the confined clogging layer which prevents the infiltration. It is recommended to maintain proper quality of WW infiltrated to ensure an acceptable performance of IBs. The continual maintenance of settling ponds at BLWWTP, continual ploughing of basins and applying soil treatment techniques at the IBs will improve the I.R.s. When the new WWTP functions a high standard effluent quality (TSS 20mg, BOD 20 mg/l and TN 15 mg/l) will be infiltrated, thus will enhance I.R.s of IBs due to lower organic load. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater%20quality" title=" wastewater quality"> wastewater quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20remediation" title=" soil remediation"> soil remediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=North%20Gaza" title=" North Gaza"> North Gaza</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21268/monitoring-and-improving-performance-of-soil-aquifer-treatment-system-and-infiltration-basins-performance-north-gaza-emergency-sewage-treatment-plant-as-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21268.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">234</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">91</span> Monitoring and Improving Performance of Soil Aquifer Treatment System and Infiltration Basins of North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment Plant as Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadi%20Ali">Sadi Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yaser%20Kishawi"> Yaser Kishawi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As part of Palestine, Gaza Strip (365 km2 and 1.8 million habitants) is considered a semi-arid zone relies solely on the Coastal Aquifer. The coastal aquifer is only source of water with only 5-10% suitable for human use. This barely covers the domestic and agricultural needs of Gaza Strip. Palestinian Water Authority Strategy is to find non-conventional water resource from treated wastewater to irrigate 1500 hectares and serves over 100,000 inhabitants. A new WWTP project is to replace the old-overloaded Biet Lahia WWTP. The project consists of three parts; phase A (pressure line & 9 infiltration basins - IBs), phase B (a new WWTP) and phase C (Recovery and Reuse Scheme – RRS – to capture the spreading plume). Currently, phase A is functioning since Apr 2009. Since Apr 2009, a monitoring plan is conducted to monitor the infiltration rate (I.R.) of the 9 basins. Nearly 23 million m3 of partially treated wastewater were infiltrated up to Jun 2014. It is important to maintain an acceptable rate to allow the basins to handle the coming quantities (currently 10,000 m3 are pumped an infiltrated daily). The methodology applied was to review and analysis the collected data including the I.R.s, the WW quality and the drying-wetting schedule of the basins. One of the main findings is the relation between the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) at BLWWTP and the I.R. at the basins. Since April 2009, the basins scored an average I.R. of about 2.5 m/day. Since then the records showed a decreasing pattern of the average rate until it reached the lower value of 0.42 m/day in Jun 2013. This was accompanied with an increase of TSS (mg/L) concentration at the source reaching above 200 mg/L. The reducing of TSS concentration directly improved the I.R. (by cleaning the WW source ponds at Biet Lahia WWTP site). This was reflected in an improvement in I.R. in last 6 months from 0.42 m/day to 0.66 m/day then to nearly 1.0 m/day as the average of the last 3 months of 2013. The wetting-drying scheme of the basins was observed (3 days wetting and 7 days drying) besides the rainfall rates. Despite the difficulty to apply this scheme accurately a control of flow to each basin was applied to improve the I.R. The drying-wetting system affected the I.R. of individual basins, thus affected the overall system rate which was recorded and assessed. Also the ploughing activities at the infiltration basins as well were recommended at certain times to retain a certain infiltration level. This breaks the confined clogging layer which prevents the infiltration. It is recommended to maintain proper quality of WW infiltrated to ensure an acceptable performance of IBs. The continual maintenance of settling ponds at BLWWTP, continual ploughing of basins and applying soil treatment techniques at the IBs will improve the I.R.s. When the new WWTP functions a high standard effluent quality (TSS 20mg, BOD 20 mg/l, and TN 15 mg/l) will be infiltrated, thus will enhance I.R.s of IBs due to lower organic load. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20aquifer%20treatment" title="soil aquifer treatment">soil aquifer treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recovery%20and%20reuse%20scheme" title=" recovery and reuse scheme"> recovery and reuse scheme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infiltration%20basins" title=" infiltration basins"> infiltration basins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=North%20Gaza" title=" North Gaza"> North Gaza</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21919/monitoring-and-improving-performance-of-soil-aquifer-treatment-system-and-infiltration-basins-of-north-gaza-emergency-sewage-treatment-plant-as-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21919.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">247</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">90</span> Durability of Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete to Corrosion in Chloride Environment: An Experimental Study, Part I</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20F.%20Alrubaie">M. F. Alrubaie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Salih"> S. A. Salih</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20A.%20Abbas"> W. A. Abbas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Slurry infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON) is considered as a special type of high strength high-performance fiber reinforced concrete, extremely strong, and ductile. The objective of this study is to investigate the durability of SIFCON to corrosion in chloride environments. Six different SIFCON mixes were made in addition to two refinance mixes with 0% and 1.5% steel fiber content. All mixes were exposed to 10% chloride solution for 180 days. Half of the specimens were partially immersed in chloride solution, and the others were exposed to weekly cycles of wetting and drying in 10% chloride solution. The effectiveness of using corrosion inhibitors, mineral admixture, and epoxy protective coating were also evaluated as protective measures to reduce the effect of chloride attack and to improve the corrosion resistance of SIFCON mixes. Corrosion rates, half-cell potential, electrical resistivity, total permeability tests had been monitored monthly. The results indicated a significant improvement in performance for SIFCON mixes exposed to chloride environment, when using corrosion inhibitor or epoxy protective coating, whereas SIFCON mix contained mineral admixture (metakaolin) did not improve the corrosion resistance at the same level. The cyclic wetting and drying exposure were more aggressive to the specimens than the partial immersion in chloride solution although the observed surface corrosion for the later was clearer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chloride%20attack" title="chloride attack">chloride attack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chloride%20environments" title=" chloride environments"> chloride environments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion%20inhibitor" title=" corrosion inhibitor"> corrosion inhibitor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion%20resistance" title=" corrosion resistance"> corrosion resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SIFCON" title=" SIFCON"> SIFCON</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slurry%20infiltrated%20fiber%20concrete" title=" slurry infiltrated fiber concrete"> slurry infiltrated fiber concrete</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102210/durability-of-slurry-infiltrated-fiber-concrete-to-corrosion-in-chloride-environment-an-experimental-study-part-i" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102210.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">89</span> Superlyophobic Surfaces for Increased Heat Transfer during Condensation of CO₂</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ingrid%20Snustad">Ingrid Snustad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmund%20Ervik"> Asmund Ervik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anders%20Austegard"> Anders Austegard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amy%20Brunsvold"> Amy Brunsvold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianying%20He"> Jianying He</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiliang%20Zhang"> Zhiliang Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> CO₂ capture, transport and storage (CCS) is essential to mitigate global anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. To make CCS a widely implemented technology in, e.g. the power sector, the reduction of costs is crucial. For a large cost reduction, every part of the CCS chain must contribute. By increasing the heat transfer efficiency during liquefaction of CO₂, which is a necessary step, e.g. ship transportation, the costs associated with the process are reduced. Heat transfer rates during dropwise condensation are up to one order of magnitude higher than during filmwise condensation. Dropwise condensation usually occurs on a non-wetting surface (Superlyophobic surface). The vapour condenses in discrete droplets, and the non-wetting nature of the surface reduces the adhesion forces and results in shedding of condensed droplets. This, again, results in fresh nucleation sites for further droplet condensation, effectively increasing the liquefaction efficiency. In addition, the droplets in themselves have a smaller heat transfer resistance than a liquid film, resulting in increased heat transfer rates from vapour to solid. Surface tension is a crucial parameter for dropwise condensation, due to its impact on the solid-liquid contact angle. A low surface tension usually results in a low contact angle, and again to spreading of the condensed liquid on the surface. CO₂ has very low surface tension compared to water. However, at relevant temperatures and pressures for CO₂ condensation, the surface tension is comparable to organic compounds such as pentane, a dropwise condensation of CO₂ is a completely new field of research. Therefore, knowledge of several important parameters such as contact angle and drop size distribution must be gained in order to understand the nature of the condensation. A new setup has been built to measure these relevant parameters. The main parts of the experimental setup is a pressure chamber in which the condensation occurs, and a high- speed camera. The process of CO₂ condensation is visually monitored, and one can determine the contact angle, contact angle hysteresis and hence, the surface adhesion of the liquid. CO₂ condensation on different surfaces can be analysed, e.g. copper, aluminium and stainless steel. The experimental setup is built for accurate measurements of the temperature difference between the surface and the condensing vapour and accurate pressure measurements in the vapour. The temperature will be measured directly underneath the condensing surface. The next step of the project will be to fabricate nanostructured surfaces for inducing superlyophobicity. Roughness is a key feature to achieve contact angles above 150° (limit for superlyophobicity) and controlled, and periodical roughness on the nanoscale is beneficial. Surfaces that are non- wetting towards organic non-polar liquids are candidates surface structures for dropwise condensation of CO₂. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CCS" title="CCS">CCS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dropwise%20condensation" title=" dropwise condensation"> dropwise condensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20surface%20tension%20liquid" title=" low surface tension liquid"> low surface tension liquid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superlyophobic%20surfaces" title=" superlyophobic surfaces"> superlyophobic surfaces</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83040/superlyophobic-surfaces-for-increased-heat-transfer-during-condensation-of-co2" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83040.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">88</span> Screening of Rice Genotypes in Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Under Different Water Regimes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mthiyane%20Pretty">Mthiyane Pretty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mitsui%20Toshiake"> Mitsui Toshiake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nagano%20Hirohiko"> Nagano Hirohiko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aycan%20Murat"> Aycan Murat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Among the most significant greenhouse gases released from rice fields are methane and carbon dioxide. The primary focus of this research was to quantify CH₄ and CO₂ gas using different 4 rice cultivars, two water regimes, and a recording of soil moisture and temperature. In this study, we hypothesized that paddy field soils may directly affect soil enzymatic activities and physicochemical properties in the rhizosphere soil of paddy fields and subsequently indirectly affect the activity, abundance, diversity, and community composition of methanogens, ultimately affecting CH₄ flux. The experiment was laid out in the randomized block design with two treatments and three replications for each genotype. In two treatments, paddy fields and artificial soil were used. 35 days after planting (DAP), continuous flooding irrigation, Alternate wetting, and drying (AWD) were applied during the vegetative stage. The highest recorded measurements of soil and environmental parameters were soil moisture at 76%, soil temperature at 28.3℃, Bulk EC at 0.99 ds/m, and pore water EC at 1,25, using HydraGO portable soil sensor system. Gas samples were carried out once on a weekly basis at 09:00 am and 12: 00 pm to obtain the mean GHG flux. Gas Chromatography (GC, Shimadzu, GC-2010, Japan) was used for the analysis of CH4 and CO₂. The treatments with paddy field soil had a 1.3℃ higher temperature than artificial soil. The overall changes in Bulk EC were not significant across the treatment. The CH₄ emission patterns were observed in all rice genotypes, although they were less in treatments with AWD with artificial soil. This shows that AWD creates oxic conditions in the rice soil. CO₂ was also quantified, but it was in minute quantities, as rice plants were using CO₂ for photosynthesis. The highest tillering number was 7, and the lowest was 3 in cultivars grown. The rice varieties to be used for breeding are Norin 24, with showed a high number of tillers with less CH₄. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=greenhouse%20gases" title="greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methane" title=" methane"> methane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphological%20characterization" title=" morphological characterization"> morphological characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternating%20wetting%20and%20drying" title=" alternating wetting and drying"> alternating wetting and drying</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167782/screening-of-rice-genotypes-in-methane-and-carbon-dioxide-emissions-under-different-water-regimes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167782.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">87</span> Fexofenadine Hydrochloride Orodispersisble Tablets: Formulation and in vitro/in vivo Evaluation in Healthy Human Volunteers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soad%20Ali%20Yehia">Soad Ali Yehia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Shafik%20El-Ridi"> Mohamed Shafik El-Ridi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mina%20Ibrahim%20Tadros"> Mina Ibrahim Tadros</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nolwa%20Gamal%20El-Sherif"> Nolwa Gamal El-Sherif</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fexofenadine hydrochloride (FXD) is a slightly soluble, bitter-tasting, drug having an oral bioavailability of 35%. The maximum plasma concentration is reached 2.6 hours (Tmax) post-dose. The current work aimed to develop taste-masked FXD orodispersible tablets (ODTs) to increase extent of drug absorption and reduce Tmax. Taste masking was achieved via solid dispersion (SD) with chitosan (CS) or sodium alginate (ALG). FT-IR, DSC and XRD were performed to identify physicochemical interactions and FXD crystallinity. Taste-masked FXD-ODTs were developed via addition of superdisintegrants (crosscarmelose sodium or sodium starch glycolate, 5% and 10%, w/w) or sublimable agents (camphor, menthol or thymol; 10% and 20%, w/w) to FXD-SDs. ODTs were evaluated for weight variation, drug-content, friability, wetting time, disintegration time and drug release. Camphor-based (20%, w/w) FXD-ODT (F12) was optimized (F23) by incorporation of a more hydrophilic lubricant, sodium stearyl fumarate (Pruv®). The topography of the latter formula was examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vivo estimation of FXD pharmacokinetics, relative to Allegra® tablets, was evaluated in healthy human volunteers. Based on the gustatory sensation test in healthy volunteers, FXD:CS (1:1) and FXD:ALG (1:0.5) SDs were selected. Taste-masked FXD-ODTs had appropriate physicochemical properties and showed short wetting and disintegration times. Drug release profiles of F23 and phenylalanine-containing Allegra® ODT were similar (f2 = 96) showing a complete release in two minutes. SEM micrographs revealed pores following camphor sublimation. Compared to Allegra® tablets, pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers proved F23 ability to increase extent of FXD absorption (14%) and reduce Tmax to 1.83 h. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fexofenadine%20hydrochloride" title="fexofenadine hydrochloride">fexofenadine hydrochloride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=taste%20masking" title=" taste masking"> taste masking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitosan" title=" chitosan"> chitosan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orodispersible" title=" orodispersible"> orodispersible</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4762/fexofenadine-hydrochloride-orodispersisble-tablets-formulation-and-in-vitroin-vivo-evaluation-in-healthy-human-volunteers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4762.pdf" 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