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class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/best-early-black-friday-deals-2024-1114/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Early Black Friday deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-beauty-deals-2024-1126/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Beauty deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/coffee-deals-black-friday-2024-1126/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Coffee deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-home-improvement-tools-deals-2024-1126/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Home improvement deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-kitchen-appliance-deals-2024-1126/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kitchen and appliance deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-bedding-mattress-deals-2024-1126/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sleep and mattress deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-toy-board-game-deals-2024-1126/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Toy and board game deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-travel-luggage-deals-2024-1126/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Travel and luggage deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-vacuum-deals-2024-1125/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Vacuum and cleaning deals</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Deals by Retailer</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/amazon-black-friday-deals-2024-1121/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Amazon Black Friday deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-apple-deals-2024-1125/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Apple Black Friday deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/early-best-buy-black-friday-deals-2024-1108/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Best Buy Black Friday deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/early-walmart-black-friday-deals-2024-1125/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Walmart Black Friday deals</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Popular Products</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/away-luggage-black-friday-deals-2024-1126/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Away luggage deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-nintendo-switch-deals-2024-1125/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Nintendo Switch deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-playstation5-deals-2024-1126/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> PlayStation 5 deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-yeti-deals-2024-1125/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Yeti deals</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Holiday Deals</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-gift-deals-2024-1125/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-holiday-entertaining-deals-2024-1125/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Holiday entertaining deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/black-friday-stocking-stuffers-deals-2024-1126/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Stocking stuffers deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/cozy-winter-deals-2024-1126/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cozy winter deals</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li class="c429cf0d" data-testid="nav-primary-title"><span class="b0f57482" data-testid="nav-primary-text" tabindex="0" id="Gifts">Gifts</span><ul class="ef0f8fce" data-testid="secondary-menu-container"><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Holiday Gifts</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> For Occasions</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-christmas-gift-ideas/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Christmas gifts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/hanukkah-gift-ideas/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hanukkah gifts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-secret-santa-gifts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Secret Santa gifts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/white-elephant-ideas/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> White elephant gifts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-last-minute-gifts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Last‑minute Christmas gifts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/stocking-stuffers-for-kids/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Stocking stuffer ideas for kids</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/stocking-stuffers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Stocking stuffers for adults</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/cheap-just-in-case-gifts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Just‑in‑case gifts for guests</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-hostess-gifts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Host and hostess gifts</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> For Hobbyists</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-gamers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for gamers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-travelers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for travelers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-cyclists/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for cyclists</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-runners/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for runners</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-golf-gifts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for golfers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-plant-gifts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for plant lovers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-gifts-for-book-lovers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for book lovers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-coffee-lovers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for coffee lovers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-photographers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for photographers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-gardeners/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for gardeners</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Unique Gifts</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/personalized/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Personalized gifts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/gifts-for-remote-work-from-home/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Work from home gifts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/gifts-that-last-forever/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts that last forever</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/great-gifts-for-listening-to-music/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for listening to music</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-tech-gadget-gifts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Tech gifts for gadget lovers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-alcohol-gifts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Alcohol gifts for cocktail lovers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/gifts-for-people-who-are-always-cold/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> For people who are always cold</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/gifts-for-people-who-love-to-clean/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> For people who love to clean</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Gifts</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Gifts for Grown-Ups</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> For Occasions</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-housewarming-gifts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Housewarming gifts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-anniversary-gifts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Anniversary gifts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-retirement-gifts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Retirement gifts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-birthday-gifts-for-her/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Birthday gifts for her</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-coworkers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for coworkers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/gifts-for-new-moms/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for new moms</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-bridal-shower-gifts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bridal shower gifts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-online-flower-delivery/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Flower delivery</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gift-baskets/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gift baskets</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> For Loved Ones</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-boyfriend/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for boyfriends</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-girlfriend/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for girlfriends</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-mom/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for moms</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-dad/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for dads</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-grandparents/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for grandparents</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/gifts-for-people-who-have-everything/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for someone who has everything</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Under Budget</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-under-25/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts under $25</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-under-50/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts under $50</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-under-100/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts under $100</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/adults/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Gifts for Grown‑Ups</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Gifts for Kids</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Ages 1‑6</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-toys-for-1-year-olds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for 1‑year‑olds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-toys-for-2-year-olds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for 2‑year‑olds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-toys-gifts-for-3-year-olds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for 3‑year‑olds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-4-year-olds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for 4‑year‑olds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-5-year-olds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for 5‑year‑olds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-toys-gifts-for-6-year-olds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for 6‑year‑olds</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Ages 7 & Up</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-toys-gifts-for-7-year-olds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for 7‑year‑olds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-toys-gifts-for-8-year-olds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for 8‑year‑olds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-toys-gifts-for-9-year-olds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for 9‑year‑olds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-toys-gifts-for-10-year-olds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for 10‑year‑olds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-tweens/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for tweens</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-teens/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for teens</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/kids/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Gifts for Kids</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Gifts to Give</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Tech</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-custom-photo-card-service/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Holiday photo cards</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-digital-photo-frame/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Digital photo frames</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-instant-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Instant cameras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-instant-photo-printer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Instant photo printers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-turntable/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Turntables & record players</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-drones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Drones</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-massage-guns/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Massage guns</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-standalone-vr-headset/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> VR headsets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-karaoke-machines/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Karaoke machines</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-3d-pen/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> 3D pens</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/hobby-crafts/games-puzzles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Games</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/board-games-we-love/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Board games</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-two-player-board-games/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Two‑player board games</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/board-games-for-kids/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Board games for kids & families</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-card-games/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Card games</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> DNA Test Kits</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dna-test/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> DNA testing kits</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dog-dna-test/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dog DNA tests</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Everything Else</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smokeless-fire-pits/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smokeless fire pits</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mug-warmers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mug warmers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-bird-feeder/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart bird feeders</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-disposable-cameras/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Disposable cameras</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Deals</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Deals by retailer</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/deals/best-apple-deals/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Apple deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/deals/best-buy-deals/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Best Buy deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/deals/best-target-deals/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Target deals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/deals/best-walmart-deals/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Walmart deals</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul></li><li class="c429cf0d" data-testid="nav-primary-title"><span class="b0f57482" data-testid="nav-primary-text" tabindex="0" id="Home & Garden">Home & Garden</span><ul class="ef0f8fce" data-testid="secondary-menu-container"><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Vacuums, Cleaning, & Laundry</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/appliances/vacuums/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Vacuum Cleaners</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-vacuum-cleaner/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Vacuum cleaners</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-upright-canister-vacuums/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Upright vacuums</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cordless-stick-vacuum/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cordless vacuums</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-robot-vacuum/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Robot vacuums</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-handheld-vacuum/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Handheld vacuums</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-vacuum-for-hardwood-floors/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hardwood floor vacuums</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-vacuum-for-pet-hair/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Vacuums for pet hair</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-car-vacuum/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Car vacuums</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Mops & Cleaners</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/testing-robot-vacuum-mop-combos/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Robot mops</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wet-mop/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wet mops</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-portable-carpet-and-upholstery-cleaner/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Portable carpet & upholstery cleaners</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-upright-carpet-cleaners/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Carpet cleaners</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/a-great-shop-vacuum-or-wet-dry-vac/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wet/dry vacs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-broom-dustpan-dustmop/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Brooms, dustpans, & dust mops</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-all-purpose-cleaner/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Surface cleaners & disinfectants</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/closet-laundry/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Laundry</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-washer-and-dryer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Washers & dryers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-compact-washer-and-dryer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Compact washers & dryers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-clothes-iron/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Irons</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ironing-board/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Ironing boards</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-clothing-steamers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Clothing steamers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-laundry-detergent/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Laundry detergents</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-laundry-stain-remover/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Stain removers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/cleaning/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Cleaning</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Bathroom</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Toilet</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-toilet/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Toilets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bidet-toilet-seat-washlet/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bidets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-toilet-paper/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Toilet papers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-toilet-brush/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Toilet brushes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-toilet-plunger/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Toilet plungers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/squatty-potty-review/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Squatty potties</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Shower</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-shower-head/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Shower heads</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-shower-curtain/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Shower curtains</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-shower-caddy/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Shower caddies</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-shower-mat/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Shower mats</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Bathroom</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-bathroom-scales/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bathroom scales</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bath-towel/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bath towels</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bathroom-rugs-and-bath-mats/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bath mats</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-grab-bars/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Grab bars</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/bathroom/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Bathroom</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Garden & Outdoors</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/gardening/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Gardening & Lawn</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-garden-hose/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Garden hoses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-hose-nozzle/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hose nozzles</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-gardening-gloves/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gardening gloves</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-garden-pruners/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Garden pruners</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-gifts-for-gardeners/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gifts for gardeners</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-lawnmower/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Lawn mowers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-robot-lawn-mower/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Robot lawn mowers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-reel-mower/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Reel mowers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-sprinkler/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sprinklers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-sprinkler-controller/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart sprinkler timers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/garage/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Maintenance</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-leafblowers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Leaf blowers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-snow-blowers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Snow blowers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pressure-washer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pressure washers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-chainsaw/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Chainsaws</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-string-trimmers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> String trimmers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-snow-shovels/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Snow shovels</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/a-great-shop-vacuum-or-wet-dry-vac/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wet/dry vacs</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Patio</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-patio-furniture/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Patio furniture</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-patio-umbrella-and-stand/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Patio umbrellas</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-outdoor-patio-heaters/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Patio heaters</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smokeless-fire-pits/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smokeless fire pits</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/mosquito-control-gear/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mosquito repellents for yards</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Heating, Cooling, & Air Quality</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Heating</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-space-heaters/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Space heaters</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/heat-pump-buying-guide/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Heat pumps</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/cooling/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Cooling</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-air-conditioner/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Air conditioners</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-portable-air-conditioner/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Portable air conditioners</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-ductless-mini-split-air-conditioner/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Ductless air conditioners</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-fan/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Fans</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cordless-fans/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cordless fans</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-thermostat/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart thermostats</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Air Quality</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-air-purifier/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Air purifiers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-humidifier/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Humidifiers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dehumidifier/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dehumidifiers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-home-air-quality-monitor/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Home air quality monitors</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Water Quality</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-water-filter-pitcher/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Water filter pitchers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-under-sink-water-filter/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Under‑sink water filters</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-faucet-water-filter/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Faucet‑mounted water filters</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-water-quality-test-kit-for-your-home/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Water quality test kits</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Home & Decor</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Decor</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-area-rugs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Area rugs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-rug-pads/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Rug pads</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-removable-wallpapers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Removable wallpapers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-throw-blankets/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Throw blankets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-essential-oil-diffusers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Essential oil diffusers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-candles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Scented candles</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Window Treatments</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-blackout-shades/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Blackout shades</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-blackout-curtains/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Blackout curtains</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/furniture/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Furniture</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/buying-a-sofa/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sofas</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-massage-chairs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Massage chairs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/dining-and-kitchen-tables-we-like-under-1000/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dining tables</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Lighting</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-floor-lamps-under-300/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Floor lamps</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-led-desk-lamp/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Desk lamps</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-bedside-lamps-under-200/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bedside lamps</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Holiday</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-holiday-decorations/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Holiday & Christmas decorations</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-artificial-christmas-tree/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Christmas trees</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-christmas-lights/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Christmas lights</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-modern-menorahs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Modern menorahs</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Home</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Home Improvement</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/tools/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Tools</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-drill-for-common-household-projects/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Drills</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-multitool/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Multi‑tools</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-stud-finder/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Stud finders</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-screwdriver/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Screwdrivers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-basic-home-toolkit/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Basic toolkits</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-toolbox/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Toolboxes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ladders/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Ladders</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/storage-home-garden/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Storage & Organization</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-storage-containers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Storage containers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-shoe-rack/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Shoe racks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-hangers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hangers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Electric</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-led-lightbulb/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> LED light bulbs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-surge-protector/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Surge protectors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-extension-cords-for-your-home-and-garage/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Extension cords</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Pest Control</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-roach-killers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Roach killers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ant-killer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Ant killers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mousetrap/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mousetraps</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/mosquito-control-gear/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mosquito repellents for yards</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-hornet-wasp-spray/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wasp & hornet sprays</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-bug-killing-gear/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bug‑killing gear</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Home Security & Safety</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Security Systems & Cameras</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-home-security-system/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Home security systems</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wi-fi-home-security-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Indoor security cameras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wireless-outdoor-home-security-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Outdoor security cameras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-doorbell-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Doorbell cameras</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Locks</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-electronic-keypad-door-lock/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Electronic keypad door locks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-smart-lock/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart locks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-door-lock/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Door locks</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Safety</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-basic-smoke-alarm/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Basic smoke alarms</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-smoke-alarm/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart smoke alarms</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-fire-extinguisher/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Fire extinguishers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-flashlight/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Flashlights</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/emergency-preparedness/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Emergency Preparedness</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/emergency-preparedness/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Emergency preparedness supplies</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-emergency-weather-radio/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Emergency weather radios</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-portable-generator/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Portable generators</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/safety-home-garden/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Home Security & Safety</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Office</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/office/printers-scanners/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Printers</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-all-in-one-printer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> All‑in‑one printers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-home-printers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Home printers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-laser-printer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Laser printers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Monitors</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-monitors/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Monitors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-4k-monitors/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> 4K monitors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-27-inch-monitor/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> 27‑inch monitors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-portable-monitor/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Portable monitors</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Office Essentials</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-webcams/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Webcams</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wireless-headset-for-the-office/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Office headsets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-laptop-stands/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Laptop stands</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-monitor-arms/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Monitor arms</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-label-maker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Label makers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Document Security</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-paper-shredders/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Paper shredders</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-fireproof-document-safe/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Fireproof document safes</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Stationery</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-pen/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pens</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-notebooks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Notebooks & notepads</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-paper-planners/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Planners</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/office/furniture-office/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Office Furniture</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-standing-desk/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Standing desks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-office-chair/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Office chairs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ergonomic-seat-cushions/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Ergonomic seat cushions</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/office/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Office</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Sleep</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/sleep/mattresses/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Mattresses</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mattress/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mattresses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mattresses-for-side-sleepers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mattresses for side sleepers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/mattresses-for-back-pain/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mattresses for back pain</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-foam-mattresses-you-can-buy-online/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Memory foam mattresses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cheap-mattress/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cheap mattresses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-hybrid-mattresses/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hybrid mattresses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-innerspring-mattress/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Innerspring mattresses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-air-mattress/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Air mattresses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mattress-toppers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mattress toppers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/sleep/sheets-bedding/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Bedding</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-sheets/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sheets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cotton-sheets/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cotton sheets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-comforter/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Comforters</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-duvet-cover/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Duvet covers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/sleep/pillows/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Pillows</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bed-pillows/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pillows</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pillow-for-side-sleepers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pillows for side sleepers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-memory-foam-pillows/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Memory foam pillows</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/bedroom/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Bedroom</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-modern-bed-frames/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Modern bed frames</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-platform-bed-frames-under-300/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Platform bed frames</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-blankets/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Blankets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-weighted-blankets/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Weighted blankets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-white-noise-machine/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> White noise machines</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-alarm-clock/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Alarm clocks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-sunrise-alarm-clock/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sunrise alarm clocks</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/sleep/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Sleep</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul></li><li class="c429cf0d" data-testid="nav-primary-title"><span class="b0f57482" data-testid="nav-primary-text" tabindex="0" id="Kitchen">Kitchen</span><ul class="ef0f8fce" data-testid="secondary-menu-container"><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Large Appliances</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Fridges</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-refrigerator/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Refrigerators</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-french-door-refrigerators/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> French door refrigerators</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-side-by-side-refrigerators/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Side‑by‑side refrigerators</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-garage-refrigerator/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Garage refrigerators</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-counter-depth-refrigerator/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Counter‑depth refrigerators</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wine-fridges/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wine coolers & fridges</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Freezers</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-freezer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Upright freezers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-chest-freezers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Chest freezers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Stoves, Ranges, & Ovens</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-electric-and-gas-ranges/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Electric stoves & ranges</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-gas-ranges/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gas stoves & ranges</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-slide-in-electric-ranges/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Slide‑in electric ranges</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-slide-in-gas-ranges/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Slide‑in gas ranges</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-high-end-ranges/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> High‑end ranges</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-induction-cooktop/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Induction cooktops</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wall-ovens/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wall ovens</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Dishwashers</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-dishwasher/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dishwashers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/kitchen-dining/large-appliances/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Large Appliances</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Small Appliances</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Small Appliances</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-microwave/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Microwaves</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-food-processor/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Food processors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-toaster/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Toasters</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-home-kettle/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Electric kettles</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-portable-induction-cooktop/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Portable induction cooktops</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mini-fridge/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mini fridges</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-portable-ice-maker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Countertop ice makers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-stand-mixer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Stand mixers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-juicer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Juicers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Blenders</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-blender/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Blenders</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-personal-blender/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Personal blenders</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-immersion-blender/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Immersion blenders</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Specialty</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ice-cream-maker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Ice cream makers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-soda-maker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Soda makers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-waffle-maker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Waffle makers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pizza-oven/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pizza ovens</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Air Fryers & Toaster Ovens</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-air-fryer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Air fryers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-air-fryer-toaster-oven/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Air fryer toaster ovens</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-toaster-oven/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Toaster ovens</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Cookers</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-rice-cooker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Rice cookers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-electric-pressure-cooker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pressure cookers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-slow-cooker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Slow cookers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/appliances/small/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Small Appliances</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Cooking & Baking</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Cookware & Bakeware</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-nonstick-pan/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Nonstick pans</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cookware-set/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cookware sets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-skillet/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Stainless steel pans</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cast-iron-skillet/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cast iron skillets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dutch-oven/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dutch ovens</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-woks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Woks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-induction-cookware/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Induction cookware</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pizza-stone-and-baking-steel/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pizza stones & baking steels</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cookie-sheet/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Baking sheets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mixing-bowls/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mixing bowls</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/kitchen-dining/tools-kitchen-dining/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Tools</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-instant-read-thermometer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Meat thermometers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cutting-board/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cutting boards</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-kitchen-scale/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kitchen scales</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-oven-mitts-and-pot-holders/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Oven mitts & pot holders</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-vacuum-sealer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Vacuum sealers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pepper-mill/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pepper mills</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-spatula/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Spatulas</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Knives</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-chefs-knife-for-most-cooks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Chef's knives</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-knife-set/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Knife sets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-steak-knife-set/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Steak knife sets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-serrated-knife/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Serrated bread knives</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-paring-knife/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Paring knives</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-knife-sharpening-tool/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Knife sharpeners</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/kitchen-dining/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Cooking & Baking</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Coffee & Tea</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Coffee Makers</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-coffee-maker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Coffee makers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-drip-coffee-maker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Drip coffee makers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-single-serve-coffee-maker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Single‑serve coffee makers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cheap-coffee-maker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cheap coffee makers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cold-brew-coffee-maker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cold‑brew coffee makers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Espresso Machines</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-espresso-machine-grinder-and-accessories-for-beginners/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Espresso machines</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-nespresso-machine/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Nespresso machines</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Coffee Gear</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-coffee-grinder/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Coffee grinders</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-french-press/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> French presses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/gear-for-making-great-coffee/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pour‑over coffee gear</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-milk-frothers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Milk frothers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Tea</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-home-kettle/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Electric kettles</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-teas/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Teas</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/kitchen-dining/coffee/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Coffee & Tea</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Food & Drinks</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Pantry</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-olive-oil/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Olive oils</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/best-instant-noodles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Instant noodles</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-canned-tomatoes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Canned tomatoes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-creamy-peanut-butter/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Peanut butters</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Refrigerator</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-american-cheese/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> American cheeses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ketchup/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Ketchups</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-butter/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Butters</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-vegan-butter/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Vegan butters</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Freezer</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ice-cream-sandwiches/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Ice cream sandwiches</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-vegan-ice-cream/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Vegan ice creams</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-vanilla-ice-cream/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Vanilla ice creams</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-frozen-pizzas/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Frozen pizzas</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Drinks</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-blanco-tequilas/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Blanco tequilas</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-vodka/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Vodkas</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-gins/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gins</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-hard-seltzers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hard seltzers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-non-alcoholic-drinks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Nonalcoholic drinks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-nonalcoholic-wines/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Nonalcoholic wines</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wine-clubs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wine clubs</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/kitchen-dining/food/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Food & Drinks</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Dining, Entertaining, & Grilling</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Tableware</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-flatware/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Flatware</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dinnerware-set/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dinnerware sets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-steak-knife-set/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Steak knife sets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-drinking-glass/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Drinking glasses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-napkins-and-tablecloth/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Napkins & tablecloths</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-tapered-candles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Tapered candles</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-dishes-for-outdoors/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Outdoor dinnerware</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/kitchen-dining/wine-bar/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Wine & Bar</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wine-glass/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wine glasses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-corkscrew/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Corkscrews</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wine-fridges/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wine coolers & fridges</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-barware-for-making-cocktails-at-home/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cocktail barware</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Dining Tables & Seating</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/dining-and-kitchen-tables-we-like-under-1000/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dining tables</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-folding-tables/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Folding tables</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-folding-chairs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Folding chairs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-patio-furniture/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Patio furniture</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Grilling</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-gas-grill/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gas grills</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-charcoal-grill/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Charcoal grills</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pellet-grill/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pellet smoker grills</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-portable-grills/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Portable grills</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-grill-tools/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Grill tools & accessories</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/kitchen-dining/entertaining/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Dining & Entertaining</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Supplies</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/kitchen-dining/storage/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Storage</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-food-storage-containers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Food storage containers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dry-food-storage-containers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dry food storage containers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-lunch-boxes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Lunch boxes</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/cleaning/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Cleaning</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dish-rack/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dish racks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-kitchen-towels/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kitchen towels</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dish-soap/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dish soaps</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dishwasher-detergent/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dishwasher detergents</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Waste</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-trash-can/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kitchen trash cans</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-compost-bins/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Compost bins</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/countertop-composter-food-recyclers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Food recyclers</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul></li><li class="c429cf0d" data-testid="nav-primary-title"><span class="b0f57482" data-testid="nav-primary-text" tabindex="0" id="Health & Lifestyle">Health & Lifestyle</span><ul class="ef0f8fce" data-testid="secondary-menu-container"><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Fitness</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/health-fitness/exercise/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Exercise</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-treadmill/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Treadmills</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-exercise-bikes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Exercise bikes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-adjustable-dumbbells/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Adjustable dumbbells</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-yoga-mats/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Yoga mats</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pull-up-bars/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pull‑up bars</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-resistance-bands/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Resistance bands</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-massage-guns/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Massage guns</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-gym-bag/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gym bags</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-running-headphones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Running headphones</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-workout-headphones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Workout headphones</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/health-fitness/wearables/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Trackers</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-fitness-trackers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Fitness trackers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-running-watch/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> GPS running watches</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Bikes & Scooters</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-hybrid-commuter-bike/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hybrid bikes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-electric-scooter/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Electric scooters</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/health-fitness/cycling/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Biking Gear</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bike-helmet-for-commuters/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bike helmets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-commuter-bike-lights/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bike lights</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bike-lock/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bike locks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bike-phone-mount/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bike phone mounts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-rear-bike-rack/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Rear bike racks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bike-pump/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bike pumps</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bike-racks-for-small-homes-and-apartments/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bike storage ideas</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bike-rack-for-cars/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Car bike racks</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/health-fitness/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Fitness</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Health</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/health-fitness/medical-supplies/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Medical</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-blood-pressure-monitors-for-home-use/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Blood pressure monitors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-thermometer-for-kids-and-adults/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Thermometers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-heating-pad/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Heating pads</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pill-boxes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pill boxes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cheap-multivitamins/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Multivitamins</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-compression-socks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Compression socks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-over-the-counter-hearing-aids/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Over‑the‑counter hearing aids</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Mental Health</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-meditation-apps/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Meditation apps</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-light-therapy-lamp/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Light therapy lamps</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/accessibility/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Accessibility & Aging</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-walkers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Walkers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-medical-alert-systems/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Medical alert systems</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-adult-diapers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Adult diapers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/health-fitness/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Health</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Personal Care</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Grooming</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-electric-razor/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Electric razors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-beard-trimmer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Beard trimmers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pubic-hair-trimmer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pubic hair trimmers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-hair-clippers-for-home-use/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hair clippers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Beauty & Hair</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-lip-balm/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Lip balms</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mascara/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mascaras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-hair-dryer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hair dryers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-drugstore-makeup-skincare/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Drugstore makeup</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-makeup-brushes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Makeup brushes</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Sunscreen</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-sunscreen/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sunscreens</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-face-sunscreens/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Face sunscreens</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Menstruation</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/thinx-period-panties/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Period underwear</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-menstrual-cup/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Menstrual cups & discs</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Hydration</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-water-bottle/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Water bottles</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-travel-mug/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Travel mugs</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Dental</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-electric-toothbrush/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Electric toothbrushes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-water-flossers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Water flossers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/adult/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Adult & Sex</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-vibrators/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Vibrators</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-condoms/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Condoms</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-personal-lubricants/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Lube</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-portable-vaporizer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Portable vaporizers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cannabis-grinder/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cannabis grinders</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/health-fitness/personal-care/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Personal Care</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Outdoors</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/outdoors/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Outdoors</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bug-repellent/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bug repellents</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-hard-cooler/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Coolers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-umbrella/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Umbrellas</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-binoculars/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Binoculars</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ski-and-snowboard-goggles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Ski goggles</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/outdoors/apparel/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Apparel</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-everyday-rain-jacket/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Rain jackets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-insulated-jacket/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Down jackets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-sun-protection-clothing/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> UPF clothing</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/outdoors/camping/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Camping</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-tent-for-family-and-car-camping/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Camping tents</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-sleeping-bag-for-car-camping/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sleeping bags</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-sleeping-pads-for-backpacking-and-car-camping/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sleeping pads</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-portable-outdoor-chairs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Camping chairs</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/outdoors/hiking/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Hiking</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-hiking-boots/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hiking boots</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-hiking-socks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hiking socks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-trekking-poles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Trekking poles</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-filtered-water-bottles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Filtered water bottles</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/outdoors/swim/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Beach</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-beach-umbrella-is-not-an-umbrella/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Beach umbrellas & shades</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-beach-bag/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Beach bags</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-beach-towel/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Beach towels</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Safety</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-portable-generator/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Portable generators</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pocket-knife/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pocket knives</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-headlamp/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Headlamps</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-hand-warmer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hand warmers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-flashlight/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Flashlights</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Travel</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Luggage</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-checked-luggage/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Checked luggage</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-duffle-bags/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Duffle bags</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-carry-on-luggage/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Carry‑on luggage</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-carry-on-travel-bags/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Carry‑on travel backpacks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-travel-backpack/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Travel backpacks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/best-personal-item-carry-ons/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Underseat luggage & personal‑item bags</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Packing</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-toiletry-bags/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Toiletry bags</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-packing-cubes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Packing cubes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-packable-daypack-for-travel/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Packable daypacks</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/travel/gear-travel/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Gear</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/travel-guide/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Travel gear</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-travel-pillow/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Travel pillows</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-sleep-mask/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sleep masks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-travel-plug-adapter/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Plug adapters</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-luggage-tags/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Luggage tags</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/travel/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Travel</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Hobbies</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/hobby-crafts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Hobbies</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pickleball-paddles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pickleball paddles</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-drones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Drones</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dna-test/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> DNA testing kits</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-telescopes-for-beginners/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Telescopes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-reading-light/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Reading lights</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-electric-scooter/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Electric scooters</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/hobby-crafts/music/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Music & Instruments</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-budget-digital-piano-for-beginners/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Beginner digital pianos</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ukulele-for-beginners/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Beginner ukuleles</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Art & Design</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-home-3d-printer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> 3D printers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-3d-pen/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> 3D pens</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-drawing-tablets/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Drawing tablets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-sewing-machine/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sewing machines</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-colored-pencils/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Colored pencils</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-soldering-irons/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Soldering irons</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Photo</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-photo-inkjet-printer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Photo printers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-instant-photo-printer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Instant photo printers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-online-photo-printing/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Online photo printing services</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-photo-book-service/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Photo book services</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-digital-photo-frame/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Digital photo frames</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Cameras</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-instant-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Instant cameras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mirrorless-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mirrorless cameras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-point-and-shoot-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Point‑and‑shoot cameras</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Games & Puzzles</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Board & Card Games</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/board-games-we-love/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Board games</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-two-player-board-games/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Two‑player board games</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/board-games-for-adults/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Beginner board games for adults</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-strategy-board-games/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Strategy board games</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/board-games-for-kids/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids board games</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-card-games/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Card games</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/gaming/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Video Gaming</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-game-consoles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gaming consoles</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-handheld-gaming-consoles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Handheld gaming consoles</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-standalone-vr-headset/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> VR headsets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-budget-gaming-laptop-so-far/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gaming laptops</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wired-wireless-gaming-mouse/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gaming mice</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-gaming-monitor/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gaming monitors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-gaming-chairs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gaming chairs</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Lego</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/our-favorite-lego-sets-for-adults/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Lego sets for adults</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-lego-sets-for-kids/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Lego sets for kids</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Puzzles</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-speed-cubes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Speed cubes</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/hobby-crafts/games-puzzles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Games & Puzzles</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Pets</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/pets/dogs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Dogs</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-everyday-dog-leash/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dog leashes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dog-harness/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dog harnesses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dog-beds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dog beds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dog-crate/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dog crates</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dog-dna-test/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dog DNA tests</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dog-nail-grinders/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dog nail grinders</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-winter-jackets-and-raincoats-for-dogs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dog jackets & raincoats</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/pets/cats/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Cats</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cat-litter/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cat litters</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cat-litter-boxes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Litter boxes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-automatic-cat-litter-box-but-we-dont-recommend-it/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Automatic cat litter boxes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cat-litter-mat/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cat litter mats</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cat-scratchers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cat scratchers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cat-beds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cat beds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/new-cat-checklist/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> New cat checklist</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Home</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pet-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pet cameras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-water-fountain-for-cats-and-dogs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Water fountains</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-automatic-feeder-for-cats-and-small-dogs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Automatic feeders</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/pets/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Pets</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul></li><li class="c429cf0d" data-testid="nav-primary-title"><span class="b0f57482" data-testid="nav-primary-text" tabindex="0" id="Tech">Tech</span><ul class="ef0f8fce" data-testid="secondary-menu-container"><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Electronics & Networking</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/networking/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Networking</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wi-fi-mesh-networking-kits/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wi‑Fi mesh‑networking kits</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wi-fi-router/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Routers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cable-modem/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Modems</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wi-fi-extender/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wi‑Fi extenders</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/storage-devices/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Digital Storage</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-external-hard-drives/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> External hard drives</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-network-attached-storage/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> NAS devices</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-portable-ssd/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> External SSDs</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/batteries/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Batteries & Charging</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-usb-battery-packs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Portable chargers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-lightning-cable/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Lightning cables</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-portable-power-stations/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Portable power stations</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-rechargeable-batteries/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Rechargeable batteries</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-uninterruptible-power-supply-ups/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Uninterruptible power supplies</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-surge-protector/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Surge protectors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-extension-cords-for-your-home-and-garage/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Extension cords</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-electric-vehicle-chargers-for-home/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Electric vehicle chargers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Wireless Charging</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-qi-wireless-charger-for-iphone-and-android-phones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wireless chargers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-apple-wireless-charging-pads/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Apple charging stations</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/usb-c/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> USB‑C</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-multiport-usb-wall-charger/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> USB phone chargers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-usb-c-cables/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> USB‑C cables & adapters</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-usb-c-macbook-and-laptop-chargers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> USB‑C laptop chargers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-usb-c-hubs-and-docks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> USB‑C hubs</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Electronics</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Phones, Tablets, & Smartwatches</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/smartphones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Phones</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-android-phone/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Android phones</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-budget-android-phone/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Budget Android phones</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-iphone-is-our-favorite-smartphone/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> iPhones</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-iphone-cases/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> iPhone cases</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-iphone-16-case/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> iPhone 16 cases</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-iphone-x-screen-protectors/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> iPhone screen protectors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cell-phones-for-older-adults/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cell phones for older adults</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smartphone-car-mount/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Car phone mounts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wireless-carrier/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cell phone plans</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Tablets</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-tablets/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Tablets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-android-tablet/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Android tablets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-ipad-is-the-best-tablet/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> iPads</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ipad-keyboard-case/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> iPad keyboard cases</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ipad-pro-keyboard-cases/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> iPad Pro keyboard cases</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ipad-pro-cases/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> iPad Pro cases</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ipad-stylus/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> iPad styluses</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> E‑readers</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/amazon-kindle-is-the-best-ebook-reader/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> E‑readers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Smartwatches</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smartwatch-android/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> For Android phones</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smartwatch-iphone/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> For iPhones</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Computers</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/laptops/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Laptops</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-laptops/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Laptops</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-chromebook/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Chromebooks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-macbooks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> MacBooks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-business-laptops/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Business laptops</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-laptops-for-college-students/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Laptops for college students</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-laptop-under-500/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Laptops under $500</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/computers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Computers</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-all-in-one-computer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> All‑in‑one computers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mini-desktop-pcs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mini desktop PCs</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Monitors</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-monitors/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Monitors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-4k-monitors/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> 4k monitors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-24-inch-monitor/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> 24‑inch monitors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-27-inch-monitor/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> 27‑inch monitors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ultrawide-monitors/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Ultrawide monitors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-portable-monitor/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Portable monitors</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/accessories/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Accessories</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wireless-mouse/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wireless mice</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-security-keys/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Security keys</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Keyboards</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-keyboards/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Keyboards</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-bluetooth-keyboard/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wireless keyboards</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-mechanical-keyboards/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mechanical keyboards</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/comfortable-ergo-keyboard/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Ergonomic keyboards</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-keyboards-for-gaming/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gaming keyboards</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/software/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Software</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-password-managers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Password managers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-vpn-service/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> VPNs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-free-vpn/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Free VPNs</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Audio</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Speakers</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-home-bluetooth-speaker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bluetooth speakers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bluetooth-speaker/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Portable bluetooth speakers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bookshelf-speakers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bookshelf speakers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-computer-speakers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Computer speakers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-outdoor-speakers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Outdoor speakers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/sonos-player/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Multiroom wireless speakers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-surround-sound-system/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Surround sound systems</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-soundbar/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Soundbars</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-speakers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart speakers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/headphones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Headphones</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-headphones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Headphones</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-over-ear-headphones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Over‑ear headphones</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-noise-cancelling-headphones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Noise‑cancelling headphones</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bluetooth-headphones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wireless headphones</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-sleep-headphones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sleep headphones</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Earbuds</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wireless-earbuds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wireless earbuds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-200-in-ear-headphones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wired earbuds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-workout-headphones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Workout earbuds</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Home Audio</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-turntable/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Turntables & record players</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-receiver/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> AV receivers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mini-stereo-amplifier/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Stereo amps & receivers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-usb-audio-interface/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> USB audio interfaces</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-music-streamer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Music streamers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/audio/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Audio</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Video</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/tvs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> TVs</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-tv/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> TVs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-oled-tv/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> OLED TVs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-4k-tv/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> 4K TVs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-lcd-led-tv/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> LCD/LED TVs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-small-tv/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> 32‑inch TVs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-40-to-49-inch-tvs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> 40‑ to 49‑inch TVs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-tv-wall-mount/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> TV wall mounts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-tv-for-video-games/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Gaming TVs</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/home-theater/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Home Theater</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-media-streamers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Streaming devices</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-4k-blu-ray-player/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> 4K Blu‑ray players</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-wireless-hdmi-video-transmitter/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> HDMI video transmitters</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-indoor-hdtv-antenna/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> HDTV antennas</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-soundbar/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Soundbars</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/projectors/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Projectors</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-projectors/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Projectors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-pico-projector/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Portable mini projectors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cheap-projector/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Budget projectors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-projector-screen/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Projector screens</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-outdoor-projector/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Outdoor projectors</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Cameras & Photo</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/cameras/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Cameras</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-instant-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Instant cameras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mirrorless-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mirrorless cameras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-point-and-shoot-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Point‑and‑shoot cameras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dash-cam/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dash cams</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/electronics/camera-accessories/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Camera Accessories</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Smartphone Photography</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-lenses-for-iphone/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> iPhone photo lenses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-tripod-for-iphones-smartphones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smartphone tripods</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-android-and-iphone-gimbal/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smartphone gimbals</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Photo</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-custom-photo-card-service/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Holiday photo cards</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-photo-inkjet-printer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Photo printers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-instant-photo-printer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Instant photo printers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-online-photo-printing/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Online photo printing services</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-photo-book-service/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Photo book services</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-digital-photo-frame/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Digital photo frames</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Smart Home</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Indoor</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-switch/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Plug‑in smart outlets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-thermostat/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart thermostats</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-blinds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart window shades & blinds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-led-light-bulbs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart LED light bulbs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-in-wall-wireless-light-switch-and-dimmer/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> In‑wall smart light switches & dimmers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-smart-leak-detector/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart water‑leak detectors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-smoke-alarm/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart smoke alarms</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-smart-lock/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart locks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-speakers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart speakers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Outdoor</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-outdoor-lighting-for-backyards-pathways-and-more/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart outdoor lighting</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-sprinkler-controller/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart sprinkler timers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-garage-door-controller/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart garage door openers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/safety-home-garden/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Security Systems & Cameras</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-home-security-system/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Home security systems</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wireless-outdoor-home-security-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Outdoor security cameras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wi-fi-home-security-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Indoor security cameras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smart-doorbell-camera/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smart doorbell cameras</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/home-garden/smart-home/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Smart Home</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul></li><li class="c429cf0d" data-testid="nav-primary-title"><span class="b0f57482" data-testid="nav-primary-text" tabindex="0" id="Baby & Kid">Baby & Kid</span><ul class="ef0f8fce" data-testid="secondary-menu-container"><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Pregnancy & Nursing</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Pregnancy</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pregnancy-test/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pregnancy tests</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-body-pillow/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Body pillows</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Nursing & Pumping</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-breast-pumps/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Breast pumps</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-wearable-breast-pumps/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Wearable breast pumps</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pumping-bra/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pumping bras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-nursing-bras/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Nursing bras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-nursing-pillows/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Nursing pillows</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Bottles & Formula</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-baby-bottles-and-bottle-brush/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Baby bottles</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bottle-warmers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bottle warmers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-baby-formula/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Baby formulas</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/baby-kid/pregnancy-nursing/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Pregnancy & Nursing</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Baby</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Sleep</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-co-sleepers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bassinets & co‑sleepers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cribs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cribs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-crib-mattresses/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Crib mattresses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-baby-monitor/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Baby monitors</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-baby-swaddles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Baby swaddles</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Carry</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-baby-carriers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Baby carriers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-baby-wraps-and-slings/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Baby wraps & slings</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Diapering & Bath</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-diapers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Diapers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cloth-diapers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cloth diapers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-diaper-pail/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Diaper pails</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-diaper-bag/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Diaper bags</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-baby-bathtubs-and-bath-seats/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Baby bathtubs & bath seats</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/baby-care-essentials/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Baby care essentials</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/baby-kid/safety/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Home Safety</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-baby-proofing-tools/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Baby‑proofing tools</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-baby-gate/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Baby gates</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Car Seats</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-infant-car-seat/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Infant car seats</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-convertible-car-seats/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Convertible car seats</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-travel-car-seats/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Travel car seats</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Seats</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-baby-bouncers-and-rockers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Baby bouncers & rockers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-baby-swings/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Baby swings</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-high-chairs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> High chairs</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/baby-kid/baby/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Baby</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Clothing & Health</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Clothing</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-kids-pajamas/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids pajamas</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-kids-underwear/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids underwear</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-kids-beachwear/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids beachwear</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Health</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-electric-toothbrush-for-kids/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids electric toothbrushes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-thermometer-for-kids-and-adults/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Thermometers</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">School & Tech</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/travel/backpacks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Backpacks</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-school-backpacks-for-elementary-school-students/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids backpacks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-school-backpack-for-high-school-and-college/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> High school & college backpacks</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Lunch & Hydration</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-kids-lunch-boxes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids lunch boxes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-kids-water-bottles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids water bottles</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-food-thermos/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Food thermoses</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> School Supplies</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-pencils/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pencils for schoolwork</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mechanical-pencils/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Mechanical pencils</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-pen/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pens</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-notebooks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Notebooks & notepads</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-paper-planners/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Planners</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-labels-for-kids-lunch-boxes-and-clothing/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids labels</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Tech</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smartphone-for-kids/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> First phones for kids</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-smartwatch-for-kids/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Smartwatches for kids</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-apps-to-manage-your-kids-phone/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Apps for managing kids' phones</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-tablet-for-kids/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids tablets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-kids-headphones/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids headphones</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/baby-kid/school/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All School</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Toys</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Indoor Toys</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-lego-sets-for-kids/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Lego sets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dolls/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Dolls</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/board-games-for-kids/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids board games</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bath-toys/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bath toys</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-toy-subscription-boxes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Toy subscription boxes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-kids-craft-subscription-boxes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Craft subscription boxes</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Outdoor Toys</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-kids-scooters/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Scooters</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-balance-bike/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Balance bikes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-first-pedal-bike/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> First pedal bikes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-kids-bike-helmets/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids bike helmets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-tricycles/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Tricycles</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-folding-wagons/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Collapsible folding wagons</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-sleds/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sleds</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-trampoline/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Trampolines</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/baby-kid/toys/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Toys</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Travel</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Car Seats</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-infant-car-seat/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Infant car seats</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-convertible-car-seats/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Convertible car seats</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-travel-car-seats/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Travel car seats</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-booster-car-seats/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Booster car seats</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Strollers</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-strollers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Strollers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-double-strollers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Double strollers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-jogging-strollers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Jogging strollers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-travel-strollers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Travel strollers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-umbrella-strollers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Umbrella strollers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Wagons</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-folding-wagons/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Collapsible folding wagons</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-stroller-wagons/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Stroller wagons</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Travel</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-kids-bike-seats/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids bike seats</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/gear-for-traveling-with-babies-and-kids/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids travel gear</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul></li><li class="c429cf0d" data-testid="nav-primary-title"><span class="b0f57482" data-testid="nav-primary-text" tabindex="0" id="Style">Style</span><ul class="ef0f8fce" data-testid="secondary-menu-container"><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Apparel</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Tops</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mens-button-up-shirts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Men's button‑up shirts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-white-t-shirts-for-men/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Men's white t‑shirts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-womens-white-t-shirts/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Women's white t‑shirts</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cashmere-sweaters/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cashmere sweaters</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mens-base-layers-and-thermal-underwear/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Thermal underwear</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Pants</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-jeans-for-men/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Men's jeans</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-womens-jeans/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Women's jeans</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-leggings/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Leggings</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-rain-pants/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Rain pants</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Jackets</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-everyday-rain-jacket/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Rain jackets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-insulated-jacket/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Down jackets</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-insulated-vest/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Insulated vests</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Kids</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-kids-pajamas/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids pajamas</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-kids-underwear/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids underwear</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/style/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> All Style</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Underwear & Sleep</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Underwear</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-bra-brands/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Bras</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-womens-underwear/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Women's underwear</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/thinx-period-panties/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Period underwear</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mens-underwear/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Boxer briefs</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Sleep</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-robes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Robes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-pajamas-for-women-and-men/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Pajamas</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-slippers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Slippers</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-sleep-mask/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sleep masks</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Shoes</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Boots</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-winter-boots-for-men-and-women/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Winter boots</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-rain-boots/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Rain boots</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-hiking-boots/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hiking boots</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Sneakers</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-running-shoes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Running shoes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-white-sneakers/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> White sneakers</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Seasonal</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-sandals/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Sandals</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-water-shoes/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Water shoes</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-ice-cleats/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Ice cleats for shoes</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Socks</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-compression-socks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Compression socks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-hiking-socks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hiking socks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-no-show-socks-2/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> No‑show socks</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-testid="nested-secondary-title" class="cbef3565 c887d62f"><span class="fc87837a"><span tabindex="0" class="">Bags & Accessories</span></span><div class="b80412a6" data-testid="content-cluster" id="content-cluster"><ul class="fbcc7d81"><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/travel/bags/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Bags</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-tote-bags/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Tote bags</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-laptop-tote-bags/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Laptop tote bags</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-messenger-bags/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Messenger bags</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-fanny-packs/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Fanny packs</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-briefcases/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Briefcases</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/travel/backpacks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="a0f9bfed"> Backpacks</span><div class="ffa0cf56"></div></a></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-laptop-backpacks/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Laptop backpacks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-school-backpack-for-high-school-and-college/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> High school & college backpacks</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-school-backpacks-for-elementary-school-students/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Kids backpacks</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Bag Accessories</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-slim-wallet/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Slim wallets</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Accessories</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-umbrella/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Umbrellas</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-black-tights/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Black tights</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-touchscreen-gloves/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Winter gloves</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/our-favorite-hair-ties-scrunchies-clips/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Hair ties & clips</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="fa1dfb26" data-testid="content-cluster-group"><span class="dc6dde94 b055a87b"><span class="b5122199" data-testid="nav-item-text"> Glasses</span></span><ul class="d0d38a4b"><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-cheap-sunglasses/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Cheap sunglasses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-blue-light-blocking-glasses/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Blue‑light blocking glasses</span></a></li><li class="d27c4e68"><a class="d007d01e" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-places-to-buy-glasses-online/" data-testid="nav-item-link"><span class="be17e0fd"> Online prescription glasses</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul></li><li class="c429cf0d" data-testid="nav-primary-title"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/deals/" class="b0f57482" data-gtm-trigger="nav_main_menu_above_fold_clicks" data-testid="nav-primary-link" tabindex="0">Deals</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></div></header></div><aside class="f7e3ff3f"><div class="ff431e82"><div id="site_head__statement" class="b66ae990 d79c8c9b"><p data-testid="wirecutter_standard_disclosure">We independently review everything we recommend. When you buy through our links, we may earn a commission. <a aria-label="Learn more about Wirecutter" class="ad0020a7" data-gtm-trigger="ftc_link" href="/wirecutter/about/">Learn more<span class="f4e87738">›</span></a></p></div></div></aside><main id="main" aria-live="assertive" tabindex="-1"><article class="e714a7ab paywall" aria-live="assertive" tabindex="-1"><div class="f9dd5cfe a1e09724"><div class="a1497183"><div class="f21e64f1 b5823c44 bdfcf243"><header class="fbc8f8c8"><div tabindex="-1" class="a1e09724"><div class="a1497183"><div class="f21e64f1 b5823c44 b1f95b52 d17fe63f"><ol class="d8e24672 e64cd483" data-scp="removed"><li class="aeb5c15b"><a href="/wirecutter/home-garden/" class="bb7254f9">Home</a></li></ol><h1 class="fba8f5c7" data-scp="title hidden">A Heat Pump Might Be Right for Your Home. Here’s Everything to Know.</h1><div class="bfc7d959 fb985a35">Updated <time dateTime="2024-08-14">August 14, 2024</time></div><div class="cf439f01 d8fa7d3f" data-scp="removed" data-testid="social-group"><div><button class="c6e2f1ee f7e2b9a9" name="copyreviewURL" aria-label="Copy the link to the A Heat Pump Might Be Right for Your Home. 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Here’s Everything to Know.%0D%0A%0D%0Ahttps://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/heat-pump-buying-guide/" target="_blank" data-gtm-trigger="share_email" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Email" data-testid="share-email"><svg class="fbbe5777" viewBox="0 0 18 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16.2501 3.53103L16.2604 3.54025L9.52672 8.93256C9.35786 9.06665 9.14958 9.13454 8.94472 9.13454C8.739 9.13454 8.53072 9.06665 8.36186 8.93256L1.62815 3.54025L1.63844 3.53103C1.61872 3.51762 1.61186 3.49835 1.59644 3.48326V2.24707H2.91301L8.94472 7.07534L14.9764 2.24707H16.2921V3.48326C16.2767 3.49835 16.2699 3.51762 16.2501 3.53103ZM0.375 13.3214H17.5179V0.75H0.375V13.3214Z" fill="#333333"></path></svg></a><div class="d3af2842 "><button id="saveBtn" class="cd835c5f " title="Save" aria-label="Save" data-gtm-trigger="save_article" data-save-content-value="true" data-save-content-id="246923" data-save-content-name="save_article"><svg class="bff16493" width="12px" height="16px" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 1a1 1 0 011-1h10a1 1 0 011 1v14a1 1 0 01-1.67.743L6 11.84l-4.33 3.902A1 1 0 010 15V1zm2 1v10.753l3.33-3a1 1 0 011.34 0l3.33 3V2H2z"></path></svg><div class="d568de19" data-gtm-trigger="save_article" data-save-content-value="true" data-save-content-id="246923" data-save-content-name="save_article">Save</div></button></div></div></div></div><div class="a1497183"><div class="f21e64f1 b5823c44 bdfcf243"><div class="d7c57d60"><figure class="ba425b23"><div class="c138d7c9"><span class="a247856e a61a2e61" data-testid="container"><span class="a3ad4c3f" data-testid="placeholder" style="padding-bottom:50.00%"><span class="d9349435" data-testid="lofi" style="background-image:url(https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/12/20230126_HeatPump_TopArt_2x1.png?width=150&quality=20&crop=2:1&auto=webp)"></span><picture><source media="(max-width: 393px)" srcSet="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/12/20230126_HeatPump_TopArt_2x1.png?width=393&quality=75&crop=2:1&auto=webp 1x, https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/12/20230126_HeatPump_TopArt_2x1.png?width=786&quality=75&crop=2:1&auto=webp 1.1x"/><source media="(min-width: 393.1px) and (max-width: 412px)" srcSet="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/12/20230126_HeatPump_TopArt_2x1.png?width=412&quality=75&crop=2:1&auto=webp 1x, https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/12/20230126_HeatPump_TopArt_2x1.png?width=824&quality=75&crop=2:1&auto=webp 1.1x"/><source media="(min-width: 412.1px) and (max-width: 448px)" srcSet="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/12/20230126_HeatPump_TopArt_2x1.png?width=448&quality=75&crop=2:1&auto=webp 1x, https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/12/20230126_HeatPump_TopArt_2x1.png?width=896&quality=75&crop=2:1&auto=webp 1.1x"/><source media="(min-width: 448.1px) and (max-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/12/20230126_HeatPump_TopArt_2x1.png?width=768&quality=75&crop=2:1&auto=webp 1x, https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/12/20230126_HeatPump_TopArt_2x1.png?width=1536&quality=75&crop=2:1&auto=webp 1.1x"/><source media="(min-width: 768.1px) and (max-width: 834px)" srcSet="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/12/20230126_HeatPump_TopArt_2x1.png?width=834&quality=75&crop=2:1&auto=webp 1x, https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/12/20230126_HeatPump_TopArt_2x1.png?width=1668&quality=75&crop=2:1&auto=webp 1.1x"/><img class="d8f60293" alt="An illustration of a house with a heat pump, seen through thermal imaging, revealing it's hot inside and cold outside." srcSet="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/12/20230126_HeatPump_TopArt_2x1.png?width=1024&quality=75&crop=2:1&auto=webp 1x, https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/12/20230126_HeatPump_TopArt_2x1.png?width=2048&quality=75&crop=2:1&auto=webp 1.1x"/></picture></span></span><figcaption class="a8b71d33 e5d974ab"><span class="f5988068" data-scp="image_caption">Illustration: Dana Davis</span></figcaption></div></figure></div><div class="f6782b90" data-testid="byline" data-scp="hidden"><div class="a1e09724"><div class="a1497183"><div class="b31aa83a ed1de826 f21e64f1 b5823c44 cdde21c0"><div class="f7f7e985"><a class="b12721a6" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/authors/thom-dunn/" data-gtm-trigger="author_image_clicks" data-author-name="Thom Dunn" data-scp="author_image"><div class="ec5f8867 global_chapter__arp_image"><img loading="lazy" alt="Thom Dunn" itemProp="image" src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dunn-thom.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=1:1&width=50" data-src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dunn-thom.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=1:1&width=50" data-srcset="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dunn-thom.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=1:1&width=50 320w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dunn-thom.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=1:1&width=50&dpr=1.5 480w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dunn-thom.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=1:1&width=50&dpr=2 640w" width="50" height="50" class="cf3feb4c c882c9ce"/></div></a></div><div class="cdb485da"><p class="a90f7598">By <a class="e31bedc8" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/authors/thom-dunn/" data-gtm-trigger="author_name_clicks" data-author-name="Thom Dunn" data-scp="author_name">Thom Dunn</a></p><p class="c8779cf9" data-scp="author_byline">Thom Dunn is a writer focusing on home heating and cooling. He once blew up a power strip with a space heater and a Marshall half-stack.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></header></div><div class="f21e64f1 b5823c44 a3bb01fc dfed01f2 f8687b84"><aside class="d4496375 c893684a" data-scp="hidden"><div class="cfacc67b" data-aside-note-component="promo_note" data-aside-note-header="Early Black Friday Deals" data-gtm-element="aside_note"><div class="e1d990bd ddc2142d"><span>Early Black Friday Deals</span></div><div class="a397a4ae c64c9e9e"><p>It's almost Black Friday! See the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/money/best-early-black-friday-deals-2024-1114/" data-aside-note-component="promo_note" data-aside-note-header="Early Black Friday Deals" data-gtm-trigger="aside_note_link">best Black Friday deals</a> our experts have found so far. </p><p>And sign up for <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/newsletters/the-recommendation" data-aside-note-component="promo_note" data-aside-note-header="Early Black Friday Deals" data-gtm-trigger="aside_note_link">Wirecutter's daily newsletter</a> to get our favorite deals sent straight to your inbox.</p></div></div></aside></div><div class="b9c067b5 eb5163eb f21e64f1 b5823c44 cdde21c0 ba640706 a7fb3038"><section class="e60ecf56" data-gtm-element="lede"><p><i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/newsletters/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/newsletters/&source=gmail&ust=1675535774589000&usg=AOvVaw18J-9IRZxVwxvxo7fR2XPa">Sign up for Wirecutter’s newsletters</a></i><i> to get independent reviews, expert advice, and the very best deals sent straight to your inbox.</i></p><p>Heat pumps are good for the world—and, in many cases, for your wallet, too.</p><p>They’re the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/14/nyregion/heat-pumps-climate-change.html">most energy-efficient</a> way to handle both heating and cooling in your home; they also tend to be the <a href="https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(24)00049-7?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2542435124000497%3Fshowall%3Dtrue#secsectitle0020" rel="noopener" target="_blank">most affordable</a> choice in the long term, once you factor in <a href="https://www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/energy-efficient-home-improvement-credit" rel="noopener" target="_blank">tax credits</a><a href="https://www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/energy-efficient-home-improvement-credit" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> and incentives</a> as well as decreased utility bills. And they’re usually better for the <a href="https://www.rewiringamerica.org/circuit-breakers-heat-pumps" rel="noopener" target="_blank">environment</a> and generally considered to be one of the best ways for homeowners to reduce their <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/what-would-happen-if-every-american-got-a-heat-pump/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">carbon footprint</a> without sacrificing comfort. In other words, they’re a win-win.</p></section><section class="fbf8e677" data-gtm-element="intro"><p> “We’ve come to see climate solutions like paper straws as being something worse than what we’re used to. But there are some places where everyone benefits, and I think heat pumps are a good example of that,” said <a href="http://gard-murray.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Alexander Gard-Murray, PhD</a>, a political economist at Brown University and co-author of <em>3H Hybrid Heat Homes: An Incentive Program to Electrify Space Heating and Reduce Energy Bills in American Homes.</em> “They’re quieter. They offer more control. And at the same time, they’re going to reduce our energy demand and our greenhouse gas emissions. So it’s not just savings. It’s a quality-of-life improvement.”</p><p>But it can still feel daunting to start your heat pump journey. This is a big investment, with confusing terms and plenty of <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/myth-heat-pumps-cold-weather-freezing-subzero/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">misinformation</a> to navigate. We’re here to help you figure out where to start, so you can find the right heat pump for your home.</p></section></div></div><div class="a1497183"><div class="f21e64f1 b5823c44 cdde21c0"></div></div><div><div class="a7a181ea ff31b4af" data-ad-element="outer_ad_container" data-scp="removed"><div class="e5d43c70"><p class="cca4d3b6">Advertisement</p><a href="#after-dfp-ad-interAd" class="css-777zgl">SKIP ADVERTISEMENT</a><div class="ad dfp-ad-interAd-wrapper css-rfqw0c" id="dfp-ad-interAd"></div><div id="after-dfp-ad-interAd"></div></div></div></div><div class="a1497183"><button type="button" class="eabd010d" aria-labelledby="btt_label"><svg viewBox="0 0 10 10" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d1bc18f7"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.44194 4.55806C9.68602 4.80213 9.68602 5.19786 9.44194 5.44194L5.46447 9.41942C5.22039 9.66349 4.82466 9.66349 4.58058 9.41942C4.33651 9.17534 4.33651 8.77961 4.58058 8.53553L7.49112 5.625L1 5.625C0.654823 5.625 0.375 5.34518 0.375 5C0.375001 4.65482 0.654822 4.375 1 4.375L7.49112 4.375L4.58058 1.46446C4.3365 1.22039 4.3365 0.824659 4.58058 0.580581C4.82466 0.336503 5.22039 0.336504 5.46447 0.580581L9.44194 4.55806Z"></path></svg><span id="btt_label">Back to top</span></button><div class="ab72109b f21e64f1 b5823c44 bdfcf243"><section id="table-of-contents" class="ffed1540" data-scp="removed" data-testid="toc" data-gtm-element="toc"><header class="d4645bc9"><h2 class="b6525d53">The research</h2></header><ul class="c7c94963"><li class="cb4e898e" data-testid="toc-chapter"><a href="#what-is-a-heat-pump-anyway" data-gtm-element="review_toc_link" data-jumplink-index="1" data-gtm-trigger="jump_link" data-toc-name="What is a heat pump, anyway?">What is a heat pump, anyway?</a></li><li class="cb4e898e" data-testid="toc-chapter"><a href="#who-this-is-for" data-gtm-element="review_toc_link" data-jumplink-index="2" data-gtm-trigger="jump_link" data-toc-name="Who this is for">Who this is for</a></li><li class="cb4e898e" data-testid="toc-chapter"><a href="#why-you-should-trust-us" data-gtm-element="review_toc_link" data-jumplink-index="3" data-gtm-trigger="jump_link" data-toc-name="Why you should trust us">Why you should trust us</a></li><li class="cb4e898e" data-testid="toc-chapter"><a href="#how-to-pick-the-right-heat-pump-for-your-home" data-gtm-element="review_toc_link" data-jumplink-index="4" data-gtm-trigger="jump_link" data-toc-name="How to pick the right heat pump for your home">How to pick the right heat pump for your home</a></li><li class="cb4e898e" data-testid="toc-chapter"><a href="#how-to-find-an-installer-and-how-to-pay-for-it" data-gtm-element="review_toc_link" data-jumplink-index="5" data-gtm-trigger="jump_link" data-toc-name="How to find an installer (and how to pay for it)">How to find an installer (and how to pay for it)</a></li><li class="cb4e898e" data-testid="toc-chapter"><a href="#important-factors-for-some-installations" data-gtm-element="review_toc_link" data-jumplink-index="6" data-gtm-trigger="jump_link" data-toc-name="Important factors for some installations">Important factors for some installations</a></li><li class="cb4e898e" data-testid="toc-chapter"><a href="#what-about-portable-or-temporary-heat-pumps" data-gtm-element="review_toc_link" data-jumplink-index="7" data-gtm-trigger="jump_link" data-toc-name="What about portable or temporary heat pumps?">What about portable or temporary heat pumps?</a></li><li class="cb4e898e" data-testid="toc-chapter"><a href="#digging-into-ground-source-heat-pumps" data-gtm-element="review_toc_link" data-jumplink-index="8" data-gtm-trigger="jump_link" data-toc-name="Digging into ground source heat pumps">Digging into ground source heat pumps</a></li><li class="cb4e898e" data-testid="toc-chapter"><a href="#how-to-start-your-heat-pump-search" data-gtm-element="review_toc_link" data-jumplink-index="9" data-gtm-trigger="jump_link" data-toc-name="How to start your heat pump search">How to start your heat pump search</a></li><li class="cb4e898e" data-testid="toc-chapter"><a href="#sources" data-gtm-element="review_toc_link" data-jumplink-index="10" data-gtm-trigger="jump_link" data-toc-name="Sources">Sources</a></li></ul></section><section class="b6d81848 d47f7b03" id="what-is-a-heat-pump-anyway"><h2 class="e823fba7" aria-controls="what-is-a-heat-pump-anyway-panel" aria-selected="true" tabindex="0" data-gtm-element="chapter_heading" data-gtm-trigger="single_chapter" data-chapter-name="What is a heat pump, anyway?" data-expand-close="close" data-chapter-index="1">What is a heat pump, anyway?</h2><div id="what-is-a-heat-pump-anyway-panel" class="fa265be5" aria-labelledby="what-is-a-heat-pump-anyway" aria-hidden="false"><div class="f669362e"><figure id="attachment_246891" class="caption alignnone"><div class="ec5f8867 global_chapter__arp_image b71ff2c5"><img loading="lazy" alt="A rectangular black heat pump manufactured by Trane." src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=320" data-src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=1024" data-srcset="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=1024 1024w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=1024&dpr=1.5 1536w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=1024&dpr=2 2048w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=980 980w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=980&dpr=1.5 1470w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=980&dpr=2 1960w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=768 768w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=768&dpr=1.5 1152w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=768&dpr=2 1536w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=480 480w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=480&dpr=1.5 720w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=480&dpr=2 960w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=320 320w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=320&dpr=1.5 480w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-tranexv20i.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=320&dpr=2 640w" width="2048" height="1365" class="cf3feb4c c882c9ce alignnone size-full wp-image-246891"/></div><figcaption class="caption-text">  <span class="caption-text caption-credit">Photo: Trane</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>“A heat pump is probably the biggest thing that consumers can do to help fight the climate crisis,” said Amy Boyd, director of policy for the <a href="https://acadiacenter.org/about/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Acadia Center</a>, a regional research and advocacy organization focusing on clean-energy policy in the Northeast. Heat pumps also happen to rank among the quietest and most comfortable options available for home heating and cooling.</p><p>Heat pumps are essentially two-way air conditioners. In the summertime, they work like any other AC unit, removing heat from the air inside and pushing cooled air back into the room. In the cooler months, they do the opposite, drawing heat energy from the air outside and moving it into your home to warm things up. The process is especially efficient, typically using <a href="https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pump-systems" rel="noopener" target="_blank">one-third of the energy</a> (and sometimes even less!) than other home-heating sources. Or, as <a href="https://engineering.unl.edu/durhamschool/faculty/david-yuill/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">David Yuill</a> of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln told us, “You could put in a watt of electricity and get [the equivalent of] four watts of heat out of it. It’s like magic.”</p><p>Unlike magic, however, there’s actually a very simple explanation for this result: Heat pumps have only to move heat, instead of generating it by combusting a fuel source. Even the most efficient <a href="https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/furnaces-and-boilers" rel="noopener" target="_blank">gas-powered furnace or boiler</a> never converts 100% of its fuel into heat; it’s always going to lose something in the conversion process. A good electric-resistance heater gives you 100% efficiency, but it still has to burn watts to produce that heat, whereas a heat pump just moves the heat. More than 92 percent of American homes could reduce their utility bills with a heat pump, according to a 2024 study from the <a href="https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2024/benefits-of-heat-pumps-detailed-in-new-nrel-report.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a>, which places the median annual savings in the range of $300 to $650, depending on efficiency and <a href="#important-factors-for-some-installations">weatherization</a>.</p><p>Electric heat pumps can also help to <a href="https://www.rewiringamerica.org/circuit-breakers-heat-pumps" rel="noopener" target="_blank">reduce carbon emissions</a> in every US state by up to <a href="https://rmi.org/now-is-the-time-to-go-all-in-on-heat-pumps/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">93 percent</a>, while still providing two to five times more heating energy than the energy you put into it, on average. As a result, a heat pump is an environmentally friendly HVAC system that will also save you money. Most heat pumps also use inverter technology, which lets the compressor run at more nuanced and variable speeds, so you’re using only the exact amount of energy necessary to maintain comfort.</p></div></section><section class="b6d81848 d47f7b03" id="who-this-is-for"><h2 class="e823fba7" aria-controls="who-this-is-for-panel" aria-selected="true" tabindex="0" data-gtm-element="chapter_heading" data-gtm-trigger="single_chapter" data-chapter-name="Who this is for" data-expand-close="close" data-chapter-index="2">Who this is for</h2><div id="who-this-is-for-panel" class="fa265be5" aria-labelledby="who-this-is-for" aria-hidden="false"><p>Almost any homeowner could potentially benefit from a heat pump.</p><p>Consider the case of Mike Ritter, who moved into a 100-year-old two-family home in Boston’s Dorchester neighborhood with his family in 2016. Ritter knew the boiler was running on fumes even before he bought the house, and he knew they’d have to replace it soon enough. After getting a few quotes from contractors, he was left with two options: He could spend $6,000 to install a new fossil-fuel-based system in the basement, or he could get a heat pump. Although the overall cost of the heat pump looked to be about five times higher on paper, the heat pump also came with a $6,000 rebate and a seven-year, zero-interest loan to cover the rest of the cost, thanks to Massachusetts’s statewide <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/01/science/with-new-mass-save-three-year-plan-massachusetts-sharpens-its-best-climate-fighting-tool/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">incentive program</a> to encourage <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/08/21/science/massachusetts-should-be-converting-100000-homes-year-electric-heat-actual-number-461/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">heat pump conversion</a>.</p><p>Once he did the math—comparing the costs of <a href="https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/rngwhhdM.htm" rel="noopener" target="_blank">natural gas</a> with those of electricity, as well as factoring in the environmental impact, alongside the monthly payments—the choice was clear.</p><p>“Honestly, we were shocked that we could do it,” said Ritter, a <a href="https://www.ritterbin.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">freelance photographer</a>, after four years of heat pump ownership. “We don’t make doctor or lawyer money, and we wouldn’t have expected to be the kind of people with central heating and cooling in their house. But there’s a million ways you can spread out the costs and get rebates and get energy credits. It’s not much more than what you’re already spending on energy right now.”</p><p>Despite all the benefits, as recently as 2021 there were still <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/climate/heat-pumps-climate.html">more Americans</a> buying one-way ACs or other inefficient systems than there were buying heat pumps each year. After all, when your old system fails, it’s logical to simply replace what was there before, as the Ritters might have. We hope this guide can help you plan and budget for a true upgrade. Otherwise, you’ll be stuck with another inefficient, carbon-intensive HVAC for the next decade. And that’s not good for anyone.</p><div><div class="ff31b4af" data-ad-element="outer_ad_container" data-scp="removed"><div class="e5d43c70"><p class="cca4d3b6">Advertisement</p><a href="#after-dfp-ad-chapter-mid-4" class="css-777zgl">SKIP ADVERTISEMENT</a><div class="ad dfp-ad-chapter-mid-4-wrapper css-rfqw0c" id="dfp-ad-chapter-mid-4"></div><div id="after-dfp-ad-chapter-mid-4"></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="b6d81848 d47f7b03" id="why-you-should-trust-us"><h2 class="e823fba7" aria-controls="why-you-should-trust-us-panel" aria-selected="true" tabindex="0" data-gtm-element="chapter_heading" data-gtm-trigger="single_chapter" data-chapter-name="Why you should trust us" data-expand-close="close" data-chapter-index="3">Why you should trust us</h2><div id="why-you-should-trust-us-panel" class="fa265be5" aria-labelledby="why-you-should-trust-us" aria-hidden="false"><p>I’ve been writing for Wirecutter since 2017, covering <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-portable-air-conditioner/">portable air conditioners</a> and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-air-conditioner/">window air conditioners</a>, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-fan/">room fans</a>, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-space-heaters/">space heaters</a>, and other topics (including some unrelated to heating or cooling). I’ve also done some climate-related reporting for outlets such as <a href="https://www.upworthy.com/the-ap-stylebook-just-changed-the-meaning-of-global-warming-with-one-amazing-edit" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Upworthy</a> and <a href="https://weather.com/forecast-change/news/2019-06-11-lake-shaping-next-stage-climate-resiliency" rel="noopener" target="_blank">The Weather Channel</a>, and I covered the <a href="https://www.upworthy.com/the-paris-climate-accord-has-been-approved-now-heres-what-that-actually-means-for-you" rel="noopener" target="_blank">2015 Paris Climate Conference</a> as part of a journalism partnership with the United Nations. In 2019, I was commissioned by Cornell University to create a full-length play about community responses to climate change.</p><p>Like Mike Ritter, I’m also a homeowner in Boston, and I’d been looking for an affordable and sustainable way to keep my family warm in the winter. The high efficiency gas furnace in my home had been working well enough, but I knew I’d have to replace it sooner than later. I had heard of heat pumps—I knew that the next-door neighbors had one—but I had no idea what they cost, how they worked, or even how to go about getting one. This guide began when I started reaching out to contractors, policymakers, homeowners, and engineers to find the most efficient HVAC system that would work in my home, as well as to figure out what it would do to my wallet in the long run.</p><p>After this guide was first published in 2022, I ended up getting my own heat pump system installed at home. It cost around $10,000 after we factored in the various state and federal rebates and tax incentives. There weren’t even any upfront costs; we were able to cover the entire installation with a <a href="https://www.masssave.com/en/saving/residential-rebates/heat-loan-program" rel="noopener" target="_blank">0% interest, 7-year loan</a>. In our first year of ownership, our annual heating costs stayed about the same, but we saved enough in cooling costs that it basically covered the loan payments. Our home is ultimately more comfortable all year round, with little to no impact on our annual budget. (As an added bonus, we also gained around 20 square feet of floor space once we removed the old radiators.)</p></div></section><section class="b6d81848 d47f7b03" id="how-to-pick-the-right-heat-pump-for-your-home"><h2 class="e823fba7" aria-controls="how-to-pick-the-right-heat-pump-for-your-home-panel" aria-selected="true" tabindex="0" data-gtm-element="chapter_heading" data-gtm-trigger="single_chapter" data-chapter-name="How to pick the right heat pump for your home" data-expand-close="close" data-chapter-index="4">How to pick the right heat pump for your home</h2><div id="how-to-pick-the-right-heat-pump-for-your-home-panel" class="fa265be5" aria-labelledby="how-to-pick-the-right-heat-pump-for-your-home" aria-hidden="false"><p>Heat pumps in general are an objectively great idea. But the decision gets a little muddier when you try to narrow it down to which specific heat pump you should get. There are reasons most people aren’t just going out to Home Depot and bringing home whatever random heat pump they find on the shelves. You can even order one with <a class="product-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/63801/204707/4/192274/?merchant=Amazon" rel="noopener sponsored" target="_blank" data-gtm-trigger="product_link" data-store="Amazon" data-vars-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/63801/204707/4/192274/?merchant=Amazon" data-vars-store="Amazon" data-gtm-context="chapter_how-to-pick-the-right-heat-pump-for-your-home" data-gtm-element="product_link_impression" data-link-type="link" data-merchant="Amazon" data-pid="63801" data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/63801/204707/4/192274/?merchant=Amazon">free shipping on Amazon</a>, but we wouldn’t recommend doing that, either.</p><p>Unless you’re already an experienced home renovator, you’ll need to find a contractor to help you through your heat pump journey—and the way that works for your situation will depend on a number of factors, including the kind of home you live in, as well as your local climate and incentive programs. That’s why instead of recommending the best heat pump for most people, we’ve come up with some basic criteria to help you navigate the process of upgrading the HVAC system in your home.</p><p>For the purposes of this guide, we’re focusing primarily on air-source heat pumps (sometimes referred to as “air-to-air” heat pumps). As their name suggests, these models exchange the heat between the air around you and the air outside. Air-to-air heat pumps are the most common option for American households and are the most easily adapted into various living situations. However, you can also find <a href="https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pump-systems" rel="noopener" target="_blank">other kinds</a> of heat pumps, which pull heat from different sources. A <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/a4597/4331401/)" rel="noopener" target="_blank">geothermal heat pump</a>, for example, draws heat from a well in the ground. We have <a href="#digging-into-ground-source-heat-pumps">some advice</a> to get you started on that process as well.</p><h3>What size heat pump do you need?</h3><p>The size you need depends on the size and layout of your home, your energy needs, your insulation, and more.</p><p>Air conditioning capacity is typically measured in British thermal units, or Btu. When you’re buying a window AC or a portable unit, you usually need to choose one based on the size of the room you plan to use it in. But selecting a heat pump system is a little more <a href="https://www.cnet.com/home/energy-and-utilities/use-this-handy-guide-to-pick-the-right-size-heat-pump-for-your-home/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">complicated</a> than that. It’s still based, in part, on square footage—experts we interviewed agreed with the general calculation of about 1 ton of air conditioning (equivalent to 12,000 Btu) for every 500 square feet in your home. In addition, there is a set of standards maintained by the Air Conditioning Contractors of America trade association called <a href="https://www.acca.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=df4aaf8b-c82b-4337-bb95-081f67444222" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Manual J (PDF)</a>, which calculates the impact of other factors such as insulation, air filtration, windows, and local climate to give you a more accurate load size for a specific home. A good contractor should be able to help you with this.</p><p>You also have a few monetary reasons to size your system correctly. Most statewide programs base their incentives on the efficiency of the system—after all, a more efficient system uses less electricity, which helps cut back more on fossil-fuel consumption. In Massachusetts, for example, most residents can get <a href="https://www.masssave.com/en/residential/rebates-and-incentives/heating-and-cooling/heat-pumps" rel="noopener" target="_blank">up to $10,000 back</a> by installing heat pumps in their entire home, but only if the system achieves a certain <a href="https://www.masssave.com/heat-pump-qualified-list" rel="noopener" target="_blank">performance standard</a> set by the state. In other words, an inefficient home with an under- or oversize system could actually disqualify you from a rebate, as well as add to your monthly energy bills.</p><h3>Will a heat pump even work in your home?</h3><div class="f669362e"><figure id="attachment_246890" class="caption alignnone"><div class="ec5f8867 global_chapter__arp_image b71ff2c5"><img loading="lazy" alt="A white wall-mounted mini split heat pump manufactured by Mitsubishi." src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=320" data-src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=1024" data-srcset="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=1024 1024w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=1024&dpr=1.5 1536w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=1024&dpr=2 2048w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=980 980w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=980&dpr=1.5 1470w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=980&dpr=2 1960w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=768 768w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=768&dpr=1.5 1152w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=768&dpr=2 1536w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=480 480w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=480&dpr=1.5 720w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=480&dpr=2 960w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=320 320w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=320&dpr=1.5 480w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg?auto=webp&quality=75&width=320&dpr=2 640w" width="2048" height="1366" class="cf3feb4c c882c9ce alignnone size-full wp-image-246890"/></div><figcaption class="caption-text">  <span class="caption-text caption-credit">Photo: Mitsubishi</span></figcaption></figure></div><p>A heat pump almost certainly will work in your home, because heat pumps are especially modular. “They’re able to be adapted to basically every situation,” said Dan Zamagni, the director of operations at <a href="https://www.bostonstandardplumbing.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Boston Standard Plumbing, Heating, and Cooling</a>, the company that worked on the <a href="#who-this-is-for">Ritters’ house</a>. “Whether it’s a really old home, or we’re limited by the construction we can do in people’s homes without being too disruptive—there’s always a way to make it work.”</p><p>Zamagni went on to explain that a heat pump condenser—the part that goes outside your home—can be mounted on a wall, the roof, or the ground, typically on a bracketed stand or leveling pad. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-ductless-mini-split-air-conditioner/">Ductless systems</a> also provide you with plenty of versatility for interior mounting (assuming you don’t already have a duct system or room to add one). Things might get a bit complicated if you live in, say, a tightly packed row house in a historic district that restricts what you can put on the facade. There are also some limits on the length of the lineset (piping) that runs between the condenser and the indoor units But generally speaking, a savvy contractor should be able to figure something out that works for you.</p><h3>What are the best brands of heat pumps?</h3><p>When you’re buying something as expensive and long-lasting as a heat pump, you should make sure you’re getting something from a manufacturer that has a good reputation and can provide you with quality customer support for years to come. <a href="https://daikincomfort.com/find-dealer/locator" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Daikin</a>, <a href="https://lghvac.com/where-to-buy/lg-professional-locator/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">LG HVAC</a>, <a href="https://www.fujitsugeneral.com/us/support/downloads/halcyon/warranty.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Fujitsu,</a> and <a href="https://www.mitsubishicomfort.com/find-a-contractor" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Mitsubishi</a> / <a href="https://www.trane.com/residential/en/dealer-locator/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Trane</a> all offer warranties up to 12 years, for example, while <a href="https://www.carrier.com/residential/en/us/why-carrier/carrier-authorized-dealers/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Carrier</a> and <a href="https://www.rheem.com/find-a-pro-by-city" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Rheem</a> cover you for up to 10 years.</p><p>That being said, the heat pump you ultimately pick will likely have more to do with <a href="#how-to-find-an-installer-and-how-to-pay-for-it">finding a good contractor</a> than going with your personal preference. More often than not, your contractor or installer will be the one sourcing the parts. There may be some models that have <a href="https://neep.org/heating-electrification/ccashp-specification-product-list" rel="noopener" target="_blank">better efficiency</a> or distribution in certain geographic regions. And you should be confident that the contractor is familiar with this expensive equipment that they’re permanently installing in your home.</p><p>All of the manufacturers we mentioned above also have some sort of <a href="#look-for-preferred-dealers">preferred dealer program</a>—contractors that are specifically trained in their products and can provide manufacturer-approved service. Many preferred dealers also have priority access to parts and equipment. Dan Zamagni of Boston Standard, which is recognized as a Mitsubishi and Trane preferred installer, said, “We try to stick with a few brands for repetition with the installers and them knowing the equipment. Same with the sales desk, so they can all speak to this and are well trained on the products.”</p><p>Generally speaking, it’s better to find a good preferred contractor first and then take advantage of their expertise with the brands they’re familiar with. That service often comes with better warranties, too. It doesn’t do much good to fall in love with a specific heat pump only to find that no one in your area knows how to service or install it.</p><h3>How do you find the most efficient heat pump?</h3><p>Looking at a heat pump’s ratings can help, but don’t focus exclusively on that. Almost any heat pump offers such major advantages over traditional equipment that it’s usually not necessary to seek out the absolute highest metrics within the heat pump category.</p><p>Most heat pumps have two different efficiency ratings. The seasonal energy efficiency ratio, or SEER2, measures the system’s cooling capacity as it compares to energy use. By contrast, the heating seasonal performance factor, or HSPF2, measures heating capacity as it relates to energy consumption. The <a href="https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/air-source-heat-pumps" rel="noopener" target="_blank">US Department of Energy</a> recommends seeking out a higher HSPF2 in colder climates or a higher SEER2 in warmer climates.</p><p>Heat pumps that qualify for Energy Star status need to meet a certain threshold for both SEER2 and HSPF2; different states may also have their own energy-efficiency standards that factor in local climate considerations.</p><p>As with heat pump sizing, the ultimate energy efficiency of your entire home will depend on a number of factors in addition to the heat pump itself, such as weatherization and air filtration, the climate in which you live, and how you plan on using your system.</p><p>If you really want to get into the weeds, the <a href="https://ashp.neep.org/#!/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnership</a> has compiled one of the most comprehensive databases of heat pump performance efficiency in different weather conditions. Again, we would not recommend just picking the top performing model off the list, because it won’t necessarily be the best choice for your particular home, in your specific region, with the installers and service options available to you. But if you want to make sure you’re considering some decent models, the NEEP list is a good (if slightly overwhelming) place to start.</p><h3>Can a heat pump work with existing HVAC ducts?</h3><p>Yep, if you already have a central air system in your home, you can use your existing duct system to move the air from your heat pump. And you don’t actually need ducts: Air-source heat pumps are also available in the form of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-ductless-mini-split-air-conditioner/">ductless mini-splits</a>. Most manufacturers offer both options, and a good contractor can advise you on setting up different zones within your home to maximize comfort and make the best use of what your home already has installed.</p><p>Heat pumps are versatile when it comes to retrofits into existing ducting, and they can also work within a hybrid system that has both ducted and ductless units, feeding off a single condenser unit the house. When the Ritter family was upgrading their Boston home with heat pumps, for example, they used the existing air handlers to create a new ducted air system on the second floor, and then they added two ductless mini-splits to cover the office and the master bedroom upstairs, all of which tied back to the same source. “It’s a bit of a unique system,” Mike Ritter told us, “but in our case, it just ended up working best.”</p><p>In general, try to get a few different ideas from contractors about how to adapt your existing HVAC system. Doing so might save you some money, or it might not be worth the effort or expense. One encouraging factor we found in our research is that your existing system, whatever type it is, shouldn’t prevent you from getting a heat pump to supplement, offset, or replace what’s already there. You can adapt a heat pump to pretty much any home layout, as long as you (and, really, your contractor) know what you’re doing. (Case-in-point: I live on the lower level of a converted townhouse built into the backside of an old 19th-century industrial rubber mill, and we were still able to make a heat pump system work.)</p><h3>Are there heat pumps that do only cooling?</h3><p>Yes, but we don’t recommend such models. Sure, if you live somewhere that has a warmer climate year-round, it might sound redundant to add a new heating system to your home. But such a system is “essentially the same piece of equipment with a few extra parts, and you can make the swap with almost no extra work,” said Nate Adams, a home-performance consultant, in an <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/climate/heat-pumps-climate.html">interview with The New York Times</a>. Those extra parts cost only a few hundred dollars more, and that markup is likely to be covered by a rebate anyway. There’s also the fact that heat pumps get exponentially more efficient as the home’s temperature approaches that comfort zone in the mid-60s. So on those rare days when it does drop into the 50s, the system barely has to use any energy to warm your home back up. You’re basically getting the heat for free at that point.</p><p>If you already have an oil- or gas-powered heat source that you don’t want to replace, you could install a <a href="https://www.clasp.ngo/research/all/3h-hybrid-heat-homes-an-incentive-program-to-electrify-space-heating-and-reduce-energy-bills-in-american-homes/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">hybrid-heat or dual-heat system</a> that uses those fossil fuels as a backup or supplement to the heat pump. This kind of system can save you some money during a particularly frigid winter—and believe it or not, it can actually be a better choice for reducing carbon emissions (in the winter, at least). We have a <a href="#important-factors-for-some-installations">separate section</a> with more details below.</p><div><div class="ff31b4af" data-ad-element="outer_ad_container" data-scp="removed"><div class="e5d43c70"><p class="cca4d3b6">Advertisement</p><a href="#after-dfp-ad-chapter-mid-5" class="css-777zgl">SKIP ADVERTISEMENT</a><div class="ad dfp-ad-chapter-mid-5-wrapper css-rfqw0c" id="dfp-ad-chapter-mid-5"></div><div id="after-dfp-ad-chapter-mid-5"></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="b6d81848 d47f7b03" id="how-to-find-an-installer-and-how-to-pay-for-it"><h2 class="e823fba7" aria-controls="how-to-find-an-installer-and-how-to-pay-for-it-panel" aria-selected="true" tabindex="0" data-gtm-element="chapter_heading" data-gtm-trigger="single_chapter" data-chapter-name="How to find an installer (and how to pay for it)" data-expand-close="close" data-chapter-index="5">How to find an installer (and how to pay for it)</h2><div id="how-to-find-an-installer-and-how-to-pay-for-it-panel" class="fa265be5" aria-labelledby="how-to-find-an-installer-and-how-to-pay-for-it" aria-hidden="false"><p>The contractor you hire to install your heat pump could be more important to your overall experience (and cost) than the heat pump itself. “As everyone’s trying to price-shop around, you can find yourself with a real low-level contractor,” said Dan Zamagni of Boston Standard. “Probably the third-biggest purchase people make in their homes is heating and cooling systems, and you wouldn’t treat a car or a home purchase in the same way. People try to nickel-and-dime that, but you do get what you pay for.” In other words, if you’re paying tens of thousands of dollars for someone to make your home more comfortable, more affordable, and better for the planet, you should make sure they do it right.</p><p>While pricing varies, a heat pump system is likely going to cost you between $8,000 and $30,000, depending on how many units you need to cover your home. There are also a wide range of <a href="https://www.energy.gov/scep/home-energy-rebate-programs" rel="noopener" target="_blank">rebates</a> and <a href="https://homes.rewiringamerica.org/calculator" rel="noopener" target="_blank">tax credits</a> available to offset that cost, including a federal tax credit covering 30% of the cost up to $2,000 under the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/13/climate/climate-law-tax-credits.html">Inflation Reduction Act</a>. You may be eligible for <a href="https://www.rewiringamerica.org/app/ira-calculator" rel="noopener" target="_blank">other financing incentives</a> as well, depending on where you live. And regardless of location, a heat pump can help reduce the utility bills in nearly every US household by a median amount between $300 to $650 per year, according to the <a href="https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2024/benefits-of-heat-pumps-detailed-in-new-nrel-report.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a>. Those savings add up over time, too.</p><p>Some anecdotal examples we’ve come across in conversation during this research:</p><ul><li>One member of the Wirecutter staff, in a large historic home in Pennsylvania, paid about $38,000 for a heat pump setup that included six interior mini-split units. That system supplemented an existing central heat system; the home had no central air.</li><li>Another Wirecutter staff member, in Oregon, paid around $22,000 for three in-wall units plus a ducted system in the attic, all running off the same condenser.</li><li>A Wirecutter staff member in Boston paid about the same price for three mini-splits and two exterior condenser units, while another Boston-based colleague spent half that for a single interior unit in a converted industrial condo complex.</li></ul><p>These prices aren’t just for the hardware—they include labor costs and insulation, along with any specialized work such as architectural planning, wall construction, masonry installation work, and so on. While it’s a wide range, it should hopefully give you a rough idea of what to expect when you start talking to contractors.</p><p>Of course, <a href="https://www.newsday.com/long-island/politics/lipa-pseg-heat-pump-low-income-rebate-program-1.50530946" rel="noopener" target="_blank">not everyone</a> has an easy time finding the help they need. So we’ve put together some other guidance to keep you on the path.</p><h3>Know what you’re looking for at the start</h3><p>The fact that you’re reading this guide already gives you a good head start. For this guide, we spoke to several contractors, all of whom told us the same thing: Only about half of their heat pump customers come to them knowing ahead of time that they’re specifically looking to install a heat pump.</p><p>“Just knowing that heat pumps are an option is helpful,” <em>3H Hybrid Heat Homes</em> co-author Alexander Gard-Murray told us. “I think the most important thing consumers can do is just to actively try to get a contractor who’s up on heat pumps, who can give them a good picture of what’s available with the current models, and the current climate zones.”</p><p>That being said, we don’t recommend making all of your decisions before you find a contractor. You might have your heart set on a specific heat pump model only to find that parts and service for it are hard to come by in your area (which is especially the case in a world that’s already facing other supply-chain issues). A good contractor will know what’s available, how its performance would compare with that of more traditional HVAC options, and what’s best for the climate you live in.</p><h3>Ask around for recommendations</h3><p>One of the best ways to find a contractor is to find someone else who worked with a contractor they liked. If you see a friend or a neighbor with heat pumps at their home, ask them about their experience. Check your local community social media forums on Facebook or Neighbors, as well. People may even recommend that you try a different contractor, or they may offer some advice on unexpected issues that surprised them, and all of that is helpful, too.</p><p>“Find someone you know who had a heat pump installed and ask them about it,” Gard-Murray said. “Basically anyone who installs a heat pump gets really excited about it, and you start hearing more and more. It’s like an avalanche of excitement about heat pumps. I think consumer experience is the biggest thing selling them.”</p><h3 id="look-for-preferred-dealers">Look for preferred dealers</h3><p>Many heat pump manufacturers, including <a href="https://www.carrier.com/residential/en/us/why-carrier/carrier-authorized-dealers/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Carrier</a>, <a href="https://daikincomfort.com/find-dealer/locator" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Daikin</a>, <a href="https://lghvac.com/where-to-buy/lg-contractor-locator/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">LG HVAC</a>, and<a href="https://www.mitsubishicomfort.com/find-a-contractor" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> Mitsubishi</a> /<a href="https://www.trane.com/residential/en/dealer-locator/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> Trane</a>, all have some kind of preferred partnership program for independent contractors. To qualify, those contractors have to meet a certain level of standards in working with the equipment and thus meet the manufacturer’s ideal expectations. If a contractor has earned this seal of approval from one or more manufacturers, that’s a good sign.</p><p>Contractors’ membership in such programs is not just a testimony to their knowledge and skill, as these contractors also tend to offer better warranties on parts and labor (and have the relationships to make sure they can get the parts they need). Although most standard Trane ductless heat pumps come with a <a href="https://www.trane.com/pdf/ductless-systems-warranty.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">10-year warranty (PDF)</a>, for example, a heat pump installed by a certified Trane Comfort Specialist usually has a 12-year warranty for the equipment, plus additional coverage for parts and labor directly through your contractor.</p><h3>Get multiple quotes in writing</h3><p>A good sign of a reliable contractor is their willingness to prepare for you a written document detailing the potential project and costs, with no commitment or payment from you. A representative might come by your home for a site visit and give you an eyeball estimate of the project costs, but if they won’t commit it to paper—before you start negotiating—that’s a <a href="https://www.newsday.com/long-island/politics/lipa-pseg-heat-pump-low-income-rebate-program-1.50530946" rel="noopener" target="_blank">huge red flag</a>.</p><p>Before Mike Ritter settled with Boston Standard for his heat pump renovation, the two parties went through six rounds of project proposals over the course of three months before finding one that worked. Boston Standard presented a few different ideas—ducted versus ductless systems, different zoning options, and such—as well as the costs associated with each. Those documents even included information on warranties, as well as the potential rebates that Ritter could expect once the project was done. It was that sort of attention to detail that convinced him to take the leap, despite the higher up-front cost. “We didn’t know much about heat pumps beforehand,” Ritter told us. “We were planning on just replacing the boiler, but as we talked with Boston Standard, we started to realize it might actually work to put in a heat pump and get air conditioning out of the equation, as well.”</p><h3>Check the contractor’s attention to detail</h3><p>Heat pump systems are impressively modular, and there should be a way to make them work in almost any home situation. But this is also <em>your</em> home we’re talking about, and you’re the one who will have to live with whatever changes the contractor makes to it. A good contractor should be on the lookout for any potential problems or hiccups from the very first site visit. And that means you should be getting answers to lots of questions. Are they paying attention to the amperage on the circuit breaker, for example? Are they giving you a preliminary idea of how and where they might install the units? Are their project proposal quotes accurate and detailed?</p><p>“A lot of contractors can find themselves sort of slapping these systems in without really taking the right measurements and things that should be taken into account,” Zamagni of Boston Standard told us. He specifically mentioned things such as the software the contractor uses to size your system, and whether they’re factoring in elements like windows and weatherization. There are also acoustic considerations: Although heat pumps are typically quieter than other HVAC systems, the outdoor units still have fans and compressors and other mechanical parts that could cause problems in an alleyway or next to a bedroom window. These are the sort of questions you should ask—but you should also look for a contractor who looks for things you didn’t think to look for.</p><h3>Talk about the long-term investment</h3><p>Choose a contractor who provides more than just labor. “Consumers should be asking contractors—and doing the math themselves—to understand the long-term savings, and not just the up-front costs,” said Alexander Gard-Murray.</p><p>A good contractor will understand the significance of this long-term investment and should be able to walk you through it, as well. Ideally, they also should be able to help you figure out how to pay for it, whether that’s by offering financing options or helping you secure one of the many, many heat pump rebates available. In addition to the federal tax credit of up to $2,000 available under the 2022 <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/13/climate/climate-law-tax-credits.html">Inflation Reduction Act</a>, there are also many statewide incentive programs available, depending on where you live. In Massachusetts, for example, the <a href="https://www.masssave.com/en/saving/residential-rebates/heat-loan-program" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Mass Save</a> program offers <a href="https://www.masssave.com/en/residential/rebates-and-incentives/heating-and-cooling/heat-pumps/air-source-heat-pumps" rel="noopener" target="_blank">rebates for heat pump installation projects</a> up to $16,000, depending on your income level, as well as seven-year, zero-interest loans of up to $50,000 to help cover the remaining costs, including weatherization. A good contractor should at least be aware of the full range of options available to you and help you navigate the requirements.</p><p>One other thing to keep in mind is that these funds don’t always come from the same place or arrive at the same time. Some states provide rebates at or before the point of sale, while others may require you to submit a form and wait for a check to come back to you in the mail. There are also tax-based incentives, like the credits available that come in the form of tax credits, so you might not even notice them until next April (by which point you’ll hopefully find yourself pleasantly surprised by the unexpected surplus).</p><h3>Consider the full package</h3><p>When you’re looking at the total cost of your proposed project, think about what you’re actually getting out of the deal. It’s not just the heat pump itself. It’s also the customer service, it’s also the warranty, and it’s also the expertise and guidance on how to make your home as energy efficient as possible. Some contractors even offer additional services, such as handling all of that complex and confusing financial paperwork. That’s a major reason Mike Ritter went with Boston Standard for his heat pump renovation: The company handled all of the paperwork as part of the proposal, which meant he didn’t have to wait around for the rebate check to process.</p><p>“We collect everything from the customer, we process the rebates for them, we submit everything,” explained Zamagni of Boston Standard. “It takes the burden away from the homeowner, who may be overwhelmed with the process overall. It helps with our whole package, so it’s basically a turnkey system for them.”</p><p>While working on this guide, I did hear a few anecdotes about people who weren’t able to get the rebates they were expecting or planning on because of some miscommunication or confusion with the contractor, or some mishandled paperwork. How often this actually happens isn’t clear, but it’s still a good reminder that some things are worth being more selective on when you hire, especially when you’re already spending tens of thousands of dollars on an HVAC system that’s supposed to last you 15 years or more.</p><h3>Don’t rush into anything</h3><p>“A lot of these [HVAC replacement] decisions are made under duress, like when a system fails in the middle of winter,” said Robert Cooper, president and CEO of <a href="https://www.embue.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Embue</a>, a company that specializes in sustainable options for multi-family buildings. “You’re going to replace it with the quickest thing that you can get somebody in there. You’re not going to shop around.”</p><p>Although we can’t prevent those kinds of emergencies from happening, we can encourage you to start thinking about your future heat pump ahead of time so you’re not ending up in a situation that forces you into a 15-year commitment to an inefficient fossil-fuel heater. It’s completely normal to take a few months to negotiate over project quotes, and then again to schedule your installation based on the availability of equipment and labor. If a potential installer tries to pressure you into acting fast, especially if you’re not in a heating or cooling emergency, that’s another red flag.</p><p>Aside from living with the equipment for 15 years, you may also be entering a long-term relationship with your contractor. If anything goes wrong, you’ll continue seeing them as long as you’re covered under warranty.</p></div></section><section class="b6d81848 d47f7b03" id="important-factors-for-some-installations"><h2 class="e823fba7" aria-controls="important-factors-for-some-installations-panel" aria-selected="true" tabindex="0" data-gtm-element="chapter_heading" data-gtm-trigger="single_chapter" data-chapter-name="Important factors for some installations" data-expand-close="close" data-chapter-index="6">Important factors for some installations</h2><div id="important-factors-for-some-installations-panel" class="fa265be5" aria-labelledby="important-factors-for-some-installations" aria-hidden="false"><p>It bears repeating that heat pumps in general are not only greener and more efficient than other home heating and cooling systems but also more modular and adaptable. Up until this point, we’ve tried to focus on advice that’s broadly applicable to anyone looking to buy a heat pump. But there is some other helpful information we’ve gathered in our research that could be either absolutely crucial or completely irrelevant to you depending on your situation.</p><h3>Why weatherization matters</h3><p>Even if you buy the most cutting-edge heat pump system available, it won’t do much if your home is drafty. Without proper weatherization, nearly 40% of heat pump owners could actually see an increase in their energy bills, according to a <a href="https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(24)00049-7?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2542435124000497%3Fshowall%3Dtrue#secsectitle0020" rel="noopener" target="_blank">2024 study</a> from the <a href="https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2024/benefits-of-heat-pumps-detailed-in-new-nrel-report.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a>. These poorly insulated homes can leak up to 20% of their energy, per <a href="https://www.energystar.gov/campaign/seal_insulate/methodology" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Energy Star</a>. That’s not just bad for your budget; it’s also bad for the environment. In fact, just one-third of US homes are responsible for <a href="https://www.synapse-energy.com/about-us/blog/which-buildings-are-highest-carbon-emitters" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nearly 75%</a> of all residential carbon emissions, according to the <a href="https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2015/index.php?view=consumption" rel="noopener" target="_blank">US Energy Information Administration</a>, which has a disproportionate impact on <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/climate/air-pollution-minorities.html">low-income communities and people of color</a>.</p><p>But you won’t have to worry about any of that if your home is sealed and weatherized.</p><p>Many statewide heat pump incentive programs do not merely encourage but require updated weatherization before you qualify for a rebate or a loan. Some of these states also provide free weatherization consultation services, which may include free or heavily discounted insulation and air sealing. If you live in a drafty home, this is something to look into even before you start reaching out to contractors about installing a heat pump.</p><h3>What a difference an inverter makes</h3><p>Most heat pumps use inverter technology. Whereas traditional air conditioners have only two speeds—completely on or completely off—inverters allow a system to run continuously at variable speeds, using only as much energy as it needs to maintain a comfortable temperature. Ultimately it uses less energy, makes less noise, and feels more comfortable pretty much all the time. The top picks in our guides to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-portable-air-conditioner/">portable air conditioners</a> and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-air-conditioner/">window air conditioners</a> are all inverter units, and we highly recommend that you choose a heat pump with an inverter compressor, too.</p><p>Inverter technology also works well in conjunction with the variable efficiency of heat pump technology. You don’t have to worry about turning the system down or off when you leave the house for a while, as the system will regulate itself so well that it’ll work to maintain the temperature while barely using any energy. Turning the system on and off would actually use more electricity than just letting it run.</p><h3>How heat pumps handle extreme cold weather</h3><p>This is one of the most common concerns that come up when people talk about heat pumps: How well do they work when it’s cold outside? It is true that older heat pump models had a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/climate/heat-pumps-climate.html">bad reputation</a> in climates where it regularly dropped below 40 degrees Fahrenheit. But heat pump technology has improved tremendously over the years, and most modern models will continue working even in sub-zero conditions. They will, however, start to lose some efficiency as the temperature drops below freezing (though most will still be more efficient). “The colder it is outside, the harder it is for that machine to take heat from that air and move it inside,” explained Harvey Michaels, a lecturer in system dynamics and information technology at MIT Sloan. “It’s like pushing uphill.”</p><p>Put another way, it’s harder for the heat pump to move the heat around when it has to <em>find</em> that heat to begin with. But that’s really only a problem in extreme conditions. Even if a heat pump’s efficiency drops from 350% to 150% when it’s 5 degrees outside, it would still be more energy efficient than any other home heating method. If you want to know more, the <a href="https://ashp.neep.org/#!/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnership</a> has a comprehensive list of cold-climate-certified heat pumps; it also tracks efficiency changes at different temperatures.</p><p>If you do live somewhere that frequently experiences sub-zero temperatures, you may be able to combine a heat pump with a fossil-fuel heating system. This kind of hybrid or dual-heat system can actually help to reduce both costs and carbon emissions—but again, only in extreme conditions. If you’re not regularly dealing with sub-zero temperatures, then a good, high-efficiency heat pump should be able to warm your home on its own.</p><h3>Hybrid-heat or dual-heat systems</h3><p>There are a few situations where installing a new heat pump and keeping your gas- or oil-fueled burner as a backup might actually be cheaper and less carbon intensive than strictly relying on the heat pump. This kind of installation is called a dual-heat or <a href="https://www.clasp.ngo/research/all/3h-hybrid-heat-homes-an-incentive-program-to-electrify-space-heating-and-reduce-energy-bills-in-american-homes/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">hybrid-heat system</a>, and it works best in places that regularly deal with temperatures below freezing. Since heat pumps can be less efficient in extremely cold weather, the idea is to offset the difference by using fossil fuels to help the room maintain a baseline temperature, at which point the heat pump kicks in to do the rest. Think of it as being similar to how a hybrid car works.</p><p>Harvey Michaels of MIT Sloan, who has served as an advisor on state and federal climate-policy commissions, expanded on the potential of hybrid heat pumps in a <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/lets-run-towards-hybrid-heat-pumps-benefits-climate-harvey-michaels/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">2021 article</a>. Once the temperature starts to drop below freezing, as he explains in that article, natural gas could be a cheaper option than a heat pump, depending on local energy pricing. And even if you do turn the gas on for those coldest days, you’re still reducing your home’s carbon emissions by at least 50%, so it’s still a win for the environment.</p><p>This might sound counterintuitive on the surface: How can you reduce carbon emissions by using carbon-based energy sources? But the math bears that conclusion out. If your heat pump is operating at only 150% efficiency because of the cold weather (as opposed to the 300% to 450% at which it normally operates), you’re using three times as much of the electricity to heat your home back up to the optimal performance conditions. In a state like Massachusetts, where <a href="https://www.iso-ne.com/about/key-stats/resource-mix" rel="noopener" target="_blank">roughly half of the regional electricity</a> is generated by natural gas, that ends up using more fossil fuels than if you were to just turn on the gas heat in the basement. This can also help you save more money on your utility bills, particularly in sub-zero temperatures.</p><p>“Obviously we want to reduce the emissions of fossil fuels as much as possible,” said Alexander Gard-Murray, whose work on the<a href="https://www.clasp.ngo/research/all/3h-hybrid-heat-homes-an-incentive-program-to-electrify-space-heating-and-reduce-energy-bills-in-american-homes/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> <em>3H Hybrid Heat Homes</em> report</a> examined the way such systems can work to speed up heat pump adoption and overall decarbonization. “If you’re thinking, ‘I’ve got a gas furnace that’s newly installed, I’m not gonna rip that out,’ but you want to get a new cooling system, they can work in tandem. And that’s something else to ask your heat pump contractor about.”</p><p>Hybrid heat systems typically work best in places that regularly deal with winter temperatures below 10 degrees or so. They’re also not meant to be a permanent solution, but rather a transitional tool to help ease the stress on both the electrical grid and peoples’ wallets, while the utility companies make the shift toward a more renewable grid overall.</p><div><div class="ff31b4af" data-ad-element="outer_ad_container" data-scp="removed"><div class="e5d43c70"><p class="cca4d3b6">Advertisement</p><a href="#after-dfp-ad-chapter-mid-6" class="css-777zgl">SKIP ADVERTISEMENT</a><div class="ad dfp-ad-chapter-mid-6-wrapper css-rfqw0c" id="dfp-ad-chapter-mid-6"></div><div id="after-dfp-ad-chapter-mid-6"></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="b6d81848 d47f7b03" id="what-about-portable-or-temporary-heat-pumps"><h2 class="e823fba7" aria-controls="what-about-portable-or-temporary-heat-pumps-panel" aria-selected="true" tabindex="0" data-gtm-element="chapter_heading" data-gtm-trigger="single_chapter" data-chapter-name="What about portable or temporary heat pumps?" data-expand-close="close" data-chapter-index="7">What about portable or temporary heat pumps?</h2><div id="what-about-portable-or-temporary-heat-pumps-panel" class="fa265be5" aria-labelledby="what-about-portable-or-temporary-heat-pumps" aria-hidden="false"><p>Up until now, we’ve been talking about permanent heat pump installations. While this is ultimately the best way to take advantage of this technology, we recognize that not everyone is able to make significant physical changes to their home. Maybe you’re a renter. Maybe you live in a condo or historic district with complicated renovation rules. Maybe your home has an extension that falls outside of your primary thermal envelope. Or maybe the price is just too steep for your budget right now. Whatever the reason, you may be wondering if there’s still a way to get the benefits of a heat pump with more flexibility, and without the help of a contractor.</p><p>The answer is: well, sort of.</p><p>In the course of our research and testing, we have come across a few <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-portable-air-conditioner/">portable</a> air conditioners that offer heat pump capabilities, including our <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-portable-air-conditioner/#our-pick-midea-duo-map14hs1tbl">top pick</a>, the <a class="product-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/46121/173423/4/179844/?merchant=Amazon" rel="noopener sponsored" target="_blank" data-gtm-trigger="product_link" data-store="Amazon" data-vars-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/46121/173423/4/179844/?merchant=Amazon" data-vars-store="Amazon" data-gtm-context="chapter_what-about-portable-or-temporary-heat-pumps" data-gtm-element="product_link_impression" data-link-type="link" data-merchant="Amazon" data-pid="46121" data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/46121/173423/4/179844/?merchant=Amazon">Midea Duo MAP14HS1TBL</a>, as well as the <a class="product-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/55334/191144/4/179845/?merchant=Wayfair" rel="noopener sponsored" target="_blank" data-gtm-trigger="product_link" data-store="Wayfair" data-vars-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/55334/191144/4/179845/?merchant=Wayfair" data-vars-store="Wayfair" data-gtm-context="chapter_what-about-portable-or-temporary-heat-pumps" data-gtm-element="product_link_impression" data-link-type="link" data-merchant="Wayfair" data-pid="55334" data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/55334/191144/4/179845/?merchant=Wayfair">Frigidaire FHPH142AC1</a>, which we <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-portable-air-conditioner/#also-great-frigidaire-fhph142ac1">also recommend</a>. If you’re looking for a removable window option with heat pump capabilities, the <a class="product-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/53577/186339/4/154112/?merchant=Amazon" rel="noopener sponsored" target="_blank" data-gtm-trigger="product_link" data-store="Amazon" data-vars-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/53577/186339/4/154112/?merchant=Amazon" data-vars-store="Amazon" data-gtm-context="chapter_what-about-portable-or-temporary-heat-pumps" data-gtm-element="product_link_impression" data-link-type="link" data-merchant="Amazon" data-pid="53577" data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/53577/186339/4/154112/?merchant=Amazon">Midea MAW12HV1CWT</a> is a larger version of our top pick without the window-saving capabilities; while the <a class="product-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/45143/191122/4/154114/?merchant=Amazon" rel="noopener sponsored" target="_blank" data-gtm-trigger="product_link" data-store="Amazon" data-vars-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/45143/191122/4/154114/?merchant=Amazon" data-vars-store="Amazon" data-gtm-context="chapter_what-about-portable-or-temporary-heat-pumps" data-gtm-element="product_link_impression" data-link-type="link" data-merchant="Amazon" data-pid="45143" data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/45143/191122/4/154114/?merchant=Amazon">Frigidaire FHWH082WA1</a> is a variation on our long-standing <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-air-conditioner/#also-great-frigidaire-fhww083wbe">also-great window AC pick</a>. (Gradient did release a <a class="product-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/60900/199867/4/192275/?merchant=Gradient%20Comfort" rel="noopener sponsored" target="_blank" data-gtm-trigger="product_link" data-store="Gradient Comfort" data-vars-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/60900/199867/4/192275/?merchant=Gradient%20Comfort" data-vars-store="Gradient Comfort" data-gtm-context="chapter_what-about-portable-or-temporary-heat-pumps" data-gtm-element="product_link_impression" data-link-type="link" data-merchant="Gradient Comfort" data-pid="60900" data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/out/link/60900/199867/4/192275/?merchant=Gradient%20Comfort">Moderate Climate Window Heat Pump</a> that hangs over the window without the light, but the production run was too limited for us to test, and it’s no longer available anyway.) These models all work well as temporary or seasonal heating/cooling solutions. But that’s precisely the problem: These portable heat pumps take up valuable window and/or floor space that you might otherwise want to use. That might be a worthwhile sacrifice for part of the summer or winter, but do you really want to give up an entire window through the whole spring and autumn, too?</p><p>There are some situations where that might be appropriate. Maybe you live in a place with pretty mild winters, and have a corner office or addition with plenty of windows that could use a little climate control. In that case, the Midea MAW12HV1CWT with its inverter compressor will likely be a better and more efficient option than a standard <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-space-heaters/">1500-watt space heater</a> (even if the heat doesn’t feel quite as immediately satisfying as those infrared rays). We’d still recommend weatherizing the room as best you can, however. You’ll already be leaking some air through the gaps between the insulation and the window frame, and you don’t want to waste any more energy than that.</p><p>Like traditional heat pumps, these temporary setups work best when they’re maintaining comfortable temperatures between 60 and 70 degrees, rather than actively heating or cooling a space. Once the outside temperature drops below 40 degrees or so, you might need to find an alternative heat source. But if you live in a place with a warmer year-round climate where that’s not a problem, then a portable or temporary heat pump could be a decent option.</p></div></section><section class="b6d81848 d47f7b03" id="digging-into-ground-source-heat-pumps"><h2 class="e823fba7" aria-controls="digging-into-ground-source-heat-pumps-panel" aria-selected="true" tabindex="0" data-gtm-element="chapter_heading" data-gtm-trigger="single_chapter" data-chapter-name="Digging into ground source heat pumps" data-expand-close="close" data-chapter-index="8">Digging into ground source heat pumps</h2><div id="digging-into-ground-source-heat-pumps-panel" class="fa265be5" aria-labelledby="digging-into-ground-source-heat-pumps" aria-hidden="false"><p>Although this guide has focused largely on air-source heat pumps, most of the advice we’ve offered is also applicable to ground source or <a href="https://www.epa.gov/rhc/geothermal-heating-and-cooling-technologies" rel="noopener" target="_blank">geothermal heat pumps</a>. These systems pull their heat from a 6-inch diameter water-filled pipe in the ground beneath your home, and can work in <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-maps" rel="noopener" target="_blank">most parts of the country</a>. Soil temperature is more consistent than air temperature; it’s also typically warmer than the air during the winter, and cooler during the summer. This makes it easier for the heat pump system to extract and move the heat (and should ideally lead to more consistent electric bills, even in the face of unexpected extreme weather events).</p><p>Of course, the added convenience of a geothermal system comes with some complications: namely, that you have to install that well <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/09/realestate/converting-to-geothermal-energy.html">in your yard</a>. Your contractor will typically either need to excavate a horizontal well about 6 feet down, according to the <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/5-things-you-should-know-about-geothermal-heat-pumps" rel="noopener" target="_blank">US Department of Energy</a>; alternatively, you can drill a vertical well between 300 and 600 feet deep. (The actual depth and number of wells will depend on the soil and heating needs of the home.) It’s also possible to combine the pipes for several properties into one collective well. Depending on where you live, this could involve a lengthy permitting process, too (and having enough space to park a drill rig).</p><p>While this certainly adds to the cost of the project, many heat pump subsidy programs offer improved incentives for ground source installations, bringing the price slightly more in-line with their air source counterparts. For example, federal tax credits for <a href="https://www.energystar.gov/about/federal_tax_credits/air_source_heat_pumps" rel="noopener" target="_blank">air source heat pumps</a> are limited to $2000, whereas ground source heat pumps qualify for tax credits up to <a href="https://www.energystar.gov/about/federal_tax_credits/geothermal_heat_pumps" rel="noopener" target="_blank">30 percent of the cost</a>, with no upper limit. Geothermal heat pumps also have a longer lifespan—around 25 years on average for the hardware, and <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/5-things-you-should-know-about-geothermal-heat-pumps" rel="noopener" target="_blank">50 years or more</a> for the pipeline itself. The upkeep costs are typically lower, too. And again, your annual energy usage should be much more predictable.</p><p>While some air source heat pump manufacturers such as <a href="https://www.carrier.com/residential/en/us/products/geothermal-heat-pumps" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Carrier</a>, <a href="https://www.bosch-homecomfort.com/us/en/ocs/residential/water-to-water-geothermal-heat-pump-systems-1098976-c/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Bosch</a>, and <a href="https://www.trane.com/commercial/north-america/us/en/products-systems/packaged-units-and-split-systems/water-source-heat-pumps.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Trane</a> also produce geothermal systems, most of these systems come from dedicated companies such as <a href="https://www.geocoolheatpumps.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">GeoCool</a> and <a href="https://www.nordicghp.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Nordic GHP</a>. To find a local contractor that can handle the scope of the project from drilling to hardware installation, we recommend checking out <a href="https://www.energysage.com/clean-heating-cooling/geothermal-heat-pumps/installing-geothermal-heat-pump/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">EnergySage</a>, <a href="https://www.geoexchange.org/directory/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">GeoExchange</a>, or the <a href="https://igshpa.org/directory-landing/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association</a>.</p><div><div class="ff31b4af" data-ad-element="outer_ad_container" data-scp="removed"><div class="e5d43c70"><p class="cca4d3b6">Advertisement</p><a href="#after-dfp-ad-chapter-mid-7" class="css-777zgl">SKIP ADVERTISEMENT</a><div class="ad dfp-ad-chapter-mid-7-wrapper css-rfqw0c" id="dfp-ad-chapter-mid-7"></div><div id="after-dfp-ad-chapter-mid-7"></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="b6d81848 d47f7b03" id="how-to-start-your-heat-pump-search"><h2 class="e823fba7" aria-controls="how-to-start-your-heat-pump-search-panel" aria-selected="true" tabindex="0" data-gtm-element="chapter_heading" data-gtm-trigger="single_chapter" data-chapter-name="How to start your heat pump search" data-expand-close="close" data-chapter-index="9">How to start your heat pump search</h2><div id="how-to-start-your-heat-pump-search-panel" class="fa265be5" aria-labelledby="how-to-start-your-heat-pump-search" aria-hidden="false"><ul><li>Start looking before your current system fails.</li><li>Ask your friends, neighbors, and/or local social media groups for recommendations.</li><li>Research local rebates and other incentive programs.</li><li>Make sure your home is airtight and weatherized.</li><li>Talk with several contractors, and get their quotes in writing.</li></ul><p><em>This article was edited by Harry Sawyers.</em></p></div></section><section class="b6d81848 d47f7b03" id="sources"><h2 class="e823fba7" aria-controls="sources-panel" aria-selected="true" tabindex="0" data-gtm-element="chapter_heading" data-gtm-trigger="single_chapter" data-chapter-name="Sources" data-expand-close="close" data-chapter-index="10">Sources</h2><div id="sources-panel" class="fa265be5 cca5b811" aria-labelledby="sources" aria-hidden="false"><ol class="e2f33127"><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Mike Ritter, homeowner, phone interview, January 9, 2022</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Leo Pesegoginski, <a href="https://www.bostonstandardplumbing.com/" target="_blank" title="project manager, Boston Standard Plumbing, Heating, and Cooling" rel="noreferrer">project manager, Boston Standard Plumbing, Heating, and Cooling</a>, in-person interview, February 11, 2022</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Dan Zamagni, <a href="http://www.bostonstandardplumbing.com" target="_blank" title="director of operations, Boston Standard Plumbing, Heating, and Cooling" rel="noreferrer">director of operations, Boston Standard Plumbing, Heating, and Cooling</a>, phone interview, September 14, 2021</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Alexander Gard-Murray, <a href="https://watson.brown.edu/climatesolutionslab/" target="_blank" title="post-doctoral fellow in the Climate Solutions Lab and the Rhodes Center for International Economics and Finance at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University" rel="noreferrer">post-doctoral fellow in the Climate Solutions Lab and the Rhodes Center for International Economics and Finance at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University</a>, in-person interview, September 10, 2021</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Stephen Pantano, Matt Malinowski, Alexander Gard-Murray, and Nate Adams, <a href="https://www.clasp.ngo/research/all/3h-hybrid-heat-homes-an-incentive-program-to-electrify-space-heating-and-reduce-energy-bills-in-american-homes/" target="_blank" title="3H Hybrid Heat Homes: An Incentive Program to Electrify Space Heating and Reduce Energy Bills in American Homes" rel="noreferrer">3H Hybrid Heat Homes: An Incentive Program to Electrify Space Heating and Reduce Energy Bills in American Homes</a>, CLASP, May 26, 2021</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Gary Woodruff, <a href="http://www.hdairnow.com" target="_blank" title="sales manager, HD Air" rel="noreferrer">sales manager, HD Air</a>, phone interview, July 27, 2021</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Sabrina Shankman, <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/08/21/science/massachusetts-should-be-converting-100000-homes-year-electric-heat-actual-number-461/" target="_blank" title="Massachusetts should be converting 100,000 homes a year to electric heat. The actual number: 461" rel="noreferrer">Massachusetts should be converting 100,000 homes a year to electric heat. The actual number: 461</a>, The Boston Globe, August 21, 2021</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Brad Plumer, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/climate/heat-pumps-climate.html" target="_blank" title="Are ‘Heat Pumps’ the Answer to Heat Waves? Some Cities Think So." rel="noreferrer">Are ‘Heat Pumps’ the Answer to Heat Waves? Some Cities Think So.</a>, The New York Times, June 30, 2021</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Harvey Michaels, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/lets-run-towards-hybrid-heat-pumps-benefits-climate-harvey-michaels/" target="_blank" title="Let’s Run Towards Hybrid Heat Pumps — to benefit Climate, Energy Savings, Health and Equity" rel="noreferrer">Let’s Run Towards Hybrid Heat Pumps — to benefit Climate, Energy Savings, Health and Equity</a>, LinkedIn, June 29, 2021</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">David Yuill, <a href="https://engineering.unl.edu/durhamschool/faculty/david-yuill/" target="_blank" title="associate professor in mechanical and materials engineering at University of Nebraska–Lincoln" rel="noreferrer">associate professor in mechanical and materials engineering at University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a>, phone interview, July 28, 2021</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Harvey Michaels, <a href="https://mitsloan.mit.edu/faculty/directory/harvey-michaels" target="_blank" title="lecturer in system dynamics and information technology and research director of energy management practice and innovation, MIT Sloan School of Management" rel="noreferrer">lecturer in system dynamics and information technology and research director of energy management practice and innovation, MIT Sloan School of Management</a>, Zoom interview, September 2, 2021</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Amy Boyd, <a href="https://acadiacenter.org/" target="_blank" title="director of policy, Acadia Center" rel="noreferrer">director of policy, Acadia Center</a>, Zoom interview, January 21, 2022</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Robert Cooper, <a href="https://www.embue.com/" target="_blank" title="president and CEO, Embue" rel="noreferrer">president and CEO, Embue</a>, in-person interview, September 9, 2021</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Cynthia Stone Creem and Lori A. Ehrlich, <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/11/23/opinion/better-future-heating-your-home/" target="_blank" title="A better future for heating your home" rel="noreferrer">A better future for heating your home</a>, The Boston Globe, November 23, 2021</p></li><li class="c4d81cbc" data-scp="sources_item"><p data-scp="sources_content">Jon Gorey, <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/11/07/real-estate/everything-you-need-know-about-adding-heat-pumps-your-home/" target="_blank" title="Everything you need to know about adding heat pumps to your home" rel="noreferrer">Everything you need to know about adding heat pumps to your home</a>, The Boston Globe, November 7, 2021</p></li></ol></div></section></div><div class="f21e64f1 b5823c44 cdde21c0 e5f9b502 d4b00d15"><div data-scp="removed"><a id="author-bios"></a><h2 class="bcd0fe8e" data-testid="author-bio-title">Meet your guide</h2><div class="b56e1312"><div class="db49d064 e1e26e10 c5d85fe0"><div class="ec5f8867 global_chapter__arp_image b13cc510"><img loading="lazy" alt="" itemProp="image" src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dunn-thom.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=1:1&width=100" data-src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dunn-thom.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=1:1&width=150" data-srcset="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dunn-thom.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=1:1&width=150 768w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dunn-thom.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=1:1&width=150&dpr=1.5 1152w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dunn-thom.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=1:1&width=150&dpr=2 1536w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dunn-thom.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=1:1&width=100 320w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dunn-thom.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=1:1&width=100&dpr=1.5 480w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dunn-thom.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=1:1&width=100&dpr=2 640w" width="150" height="150" class="cf3feb4c c882c9ce af9a8523 e8eb0d8c"/></div><div><p class="df56fada" data-testid="author-name">Thom Dunn</p><div class="cf439f01 a6e78d5f" data-scp="removed" data-testid="social-group"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/thomdunn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-testid="author-linkedin" data-gtm-trigger="contact_icon_linkedin" aria-label="Contact on LinkedIn"><svg class="c3a01a4c" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12.6667 0H3.33333C1.49267 0 0 1.49267 0 3.33333V12.6667C0 14.5073 1.49267 16 3.33333 16H12.6667C14.5081 16 16 14.5073 16 12.6667V3.33333C16 1.49267 14.5081 0 12.6667 0ZM5.33333 12.6667H3.33333V5.33333H5.33333V12.6667ZM4.33333 4.488C3.68933 4.488 3.16667 3.96133 3.16667 3.312C3.16667 2.66267 3.68933 2.136 4.33333 2.136C4.97733 2.136 5.5 2.66267 5.5 3.312C5.5 3.96133 4.97801 4.488 4.33333 4.488ZM13.3333 12.6667H11.3333V8.93067C11.3333 6.68533 8.66667 6.85533 8.66667 8.93067V12.6667H6.66667V5.33333H8.66667V6.51001C9.59733 4.78601 13.3333 4.65867 13.3333 8.16067V12.6667Z"></path></svg></a></div></div></div><div data-testid="author-bio-text"><div class="f955a053">What I Cover</div><p>Thom Dunn is a staff writer at Wirecutter reporting on heating, cooling, and other home-improvement topics. Sometimes his curiosity gets the best of him, such as when he plugged a space heater and a Marshall guitar amp into the same power strip. Pro tip: Don’t do that.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="a1e09724"><div class="a1497183"><div class="f668f15c f21e64f1 b5823c44 cdde21c0 e5f9b502 b6898b3f"><section class="d952b008" data-scp="removed" data-testid="related_content"><div class="f1395182"><h2 class="b26841e8">Further reading</h2><div><ul class="ef342a86"><li class="b7c9f721"><article class="c492c896" data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/home-energy-monitor/" data-title="Do You Really Need a Home Energy Monitor?" data-related-id="260014" data-gtm-element="recirc_section" aria-labelledby="group-title-260014" aria-describedby="group-text-260014"><div class="dc794815"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/home-energy-monitor/" tabindex="-1" data-gtm-trigger="recirc_section" data-event-trigger="click" data-event-data-type="click" data-event-data-trigger="module" data-module-name="recirc_clicks" data-module-label="latest" data-module-index="1" data-module-post_id="260014" data-module-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/home-energy-monitor/" data-related-id="260014" data-article-index="1" data-testid="link"><div class="ec5f8867 global_chapter__arp_image"><img loading="lazy" alt="Different kinds of home energy monitors." itemProp="image" src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/06/homeenergymonitors-2048px-9092.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90" data-src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/06/homeenergymonitors-2048px-9092.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150" data-srcset="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/06/homeenergymonitors-2048px-9092.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150 768w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/06/homeenergymonitors-2048px-9092.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150&dpr=1.5 1152w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/06/homeenergymonitors-2048px-9092.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150&dpr=2 1536w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/06/homeenergymonitors-2048px-9092.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90 320w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/06/homeenergymonitors-2048px-9092.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90&dpr=1.5 480w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/06/homeenergymonitors-2048px-9092.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90&dpr=2 640w" width="150" height="100" class="cf3feb4c c882c9ce"/></div></a></div><div class="a3d8e331"><h3 class="d0406048"><a id="group-title-260014" class="d249274e" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/home-energy-monitor/" aria-label="Do You Really Need a Home Energy Monitor?" data-gtm-trigger="recirc_section" data-event-trigger="click" data-event-data-type="click" data-event-data-trigger="module" data-module-name="recirc_clicks" data-module-label="latest" data-module-index="1" data-module-post_id="260014" data-module-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/home-energy-monitor/">Do You Really Need a Home Energy Monitor?</a></h3><p class="ef4c9485">by Tim Heffernan</p><div id="group-text-260014" class="d88f635c"><p>Whole-home energy monitors can help you save on electrical bills—but you may find that there are simpler alternatives.</p></div></div></article></li><li class="b7c9f721"><article class="c492c896" data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/home-energy-rebates/" data-title="Home Energy Rebates Are on the Way. Here’s What to Know." data-related-id="405353" data-gtm-element="recirc_section" aria-labelledby="group-title-405353" aria-describedby="group-text-405353"><div class="dc794815"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/home-energy-rebates/" tabindex="-1" data-gtm-trigger="recirc_section" data-event-trigger="click" data-event-data-type="click" data-event-data-trigger="module" data-module-name="recirc_clicks" data-module-label="latest" data-module-index="2" data-module-post_id="405353" data-module-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/home-energy-rebates/" data-related-id="405353" data-article-index="2" data-testid="link"><div class="ec5f8867 global_chapter__arp_image"><img loading="lazy" alt="A black electric stove installed into a kitchen counter with yellow cabinets." itemProp="image" src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2024/09/homeenergyrebates-2048px-0006-3x2-1.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90" data-src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2024/09/homeenergyrebates-2048px-0006-3x2-1.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150" data-srcset="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2024/09/homeenergyrebates-2048px-0006-3x2-1.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150 768w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2024/09/homeenergyrebates-2048px-0006-3x2-1.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150&dpr=1.5 1152w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2024/09/homeenergyrebates-2048px-0006-3x2-1.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150&dpr=2 1536w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2024/09/homeenergyrebates-2048px-0006-3x2-1.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90 320w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2024/09/homeenergyrebates-2048px-0006-3x2-1.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90&dpr=1.5 480w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2024/09/homeenergyrebates-2048px-0006-3x2-1.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90&dpr=2 640w" width="150" height="100" class="cf3feb4c c882c9ce"/></div></a></div><div class="a3d8e331"><h3 class="d0406048"><a id="group-title-405353" class="d249274e" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/home-energy-rebates/" aria-label="Home Energy Rebates Are on the Way. Here’s What to Know." data-gtm-trigger="recirc_section" data-event-trigger="click" data-event-data-type="click" data-event-data-trigger="module" data-module-name="recirc_clicks" data-module-label="latest" data-module-index="2" data-module-post_id="405353" data-module-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/home-energy-rebates/">Home Energy Rebates Are on the Way. Here’s What to Know.</a></h3><p class="ef4c9485">by Rachel Wharton</p><div id="group-text-405353" class="d88f635c"><p>The Inflation Reduction Act could save you thousands of dollars on new and efficient electric appliances. Here’s what to do next.</p></div></div></article></li><li class="b7c9f721"><article class="c492c896" data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/gadgets-for-energy-efficiency/" data-title="These 6 Gadgets Make Life Easier and More Energy Efficient" data-related-id="296570" data-gtm-element="recirc_section" aria-labelledby="group-title-296570" aria-describedby="group-text-296570"><div class="dc794815"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/gadgets-for-energy-efficiency/" tabindex="-1" data-gtm-trigger="recirc_section" data-event-trigger="click" data-event-data-type="click" data-event-data-trigger="module" data-module-name="recirc_clicks" data-module-label="latest" data-module-index="3" data-module-post_id="296570" data-module-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/gadgets-for-energy-efficiency/" data-related-id="296570" data-article-index="3" data-testid="link"><div class="ec5f8867 global_chapter__arp_image"><img loading="lazy" alt="The square-shaped Ecobee Smart Thermostat Enhanced, set to 70 degrees." itemProp="image" src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2023/01/energy-saving-smart-home-2048px-2898.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90" data-src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2023/01/energy-saving-smart-home-2048px-2898.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150" data-srcset="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2023/01/energy-saving-smart-home-2048px-2898.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150 768w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2023/01/energy-saving-smart-home-2048px-2898.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150&dpr=1.5 1152w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2023/01/energy-saving-smart-home-2048px-2898.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150&dpr=2 1536w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2023/01/energy-saving-smart-home-2048px-2898.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90 320w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2023/01/energy-saving-smart-home-2048px-2898.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90&dpr=1.5 480w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2023/01/energy-saving-smart-home-2048px-2898.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90&dpr=2 640w" width="150" height="100" class="cf3feb4c c882c9ce"/></div></a></div><div class="a3d8e331"><h3 class="d0406048"><a id="group-title-296570" class="d249274e" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/gadgets-for-energy-efficiency/" aria-label="These 6 Gadgets Make Life Easier and More Energy Efficient" data-gtm-trigger="recirc_section" data-event-trigger="click" data-event-data-type="click" data-event-data-trigger="module" data-module-name="recirc_clicks" data-module-label="latest" data-module-index="3" data-module-post_id="296570" data-module-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/gadgets-for-energy-efficiency/">These 6 Gadgets Make Life Easier and More Energy Efficient</a></h3><p class="ef4c9485">by Jon Chase</p><div id="group-text-296570" class="d88f635c"><p>Smart devices make life more convenient, but many also make it easy to conserve energy and water use, too.</p></div></div></article></li><li class="b7c9f721"><article class="c492c896" data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/smart-home-devices-save-money-energy/" data-title="How to Save Money and Energy With Smart Home Devices" data-related-id="92885" data-gtm-element="recirc_section" aria-labelledby="group-title-92885" aria-describedby="group-text-92885"><div class="dc794815"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/smart-home-devices-save-money-energy/" tabindex="-1" data-gtm-trigger="recirc_section" data-event-trigger="click" data-event-data-type="click" data-event-data-trigger="module" data-module-name="recirc_clicks" data-module-label="latest" data-module-index="4" data-module-post_id="92885" data-module-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/smart-home-devices-save-money-energy/" data-related-id="92885" data-article-index="4" data-testid="link"><div class="ec5f8867 global_chapter__arp_image"><img loading="lazy" alt="Three smart-home devices arrayed on a blue cloth next to a smart phone." itemProp="image" src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/smarthomeefficiency-lowres-2624.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90" data-src="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/smarthomeefficiency-lowres-2624.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150" data-srcset="https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/smarthomeefficiency-lowres-2624.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150 768w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/smarthomeefficiency-lowres-2624.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150&dpr=1.5 1152w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/smarthomeefficiency-lowres-2624.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=150&dpr=2 1536w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/smarthomeefficiency-lowres-2624.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90 320w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/smarthomeefficiency-lowres-2624.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90&dpr=1.5 480w,https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/smarthomeefficiency-lowres-2624.jpg?auto=webp&quality=60&crop=3:2&width=90&dpr=2 640w" width="150" height="100" class="cf3feb4c c882c9ce"/></div></a></div><div class="a3d8e331"><h3 class="d0406048"><a id="group-title-92885" class="d249274e" href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/smart-home-devices-save-money-energy/" aria-label="How to Save Money and Energy With Smart Home Devices" data-gtm-trigger="recirc_section" data-event-trigger="click" data-event-data-type="click" data-event-data-trigger="module" data-module-name="recirc_clicks" data-module-label="latest" data-module-index="4" data-module-post_id="92885" data-module-url="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/smart-home-devices-save-money-energy/">How to Save Money and Energy With Smart Home Devices</a></h3><p class="ef4c9485">by Rachel Cericola</p><div id="group-text-92885" class="d88f635c"><p>It’s easy to say you’ll be more energy-efficient, but smart-home devices can help save water, electricity, and money without you even realizing it.</p></div></div></article></li></ul></div></div></section><div><div class="ff31b4af" data-ad-element="outer_ad_container" data-scp="removed"><div class="e5d43c70"><p class="cca4d3b6">Advertisement</p><a href="#after-dfp-ad-bottom" class="css-777zgl">SKIP ADVERTISEMENT</a><div class="ad dfp-ad-bottom-wrapper css-rfqw0c" id="dfp-ad-bottom"></div><div id="after-dfp-ad-bottom"></div></div></div></div><div></div></div></div></div></article></main><div 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As a result, a heat pump is an environmentally friendly HVAC system that will also save you money. Most heat pumps also use inverter technology, which lets the compressor run at more nuanced and variable speeds, so you’re using only the exact amount of energy necessary to maintain comfort.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"}],"bodyContent":"“A heat pump is probably the biggest thing that consumers can do to help fight the climate crisis,” said Amy Boyd, director of policy for the Acadia Center, a regional research and advocacy organization focusing on clean-energy policy in the Northeast. Heat pumps also happen to rank among the quietest and most comfortable options available for home heating and cooling. Heat pumps are essentially two-way air conditioners. In the summertime, they work like any other AC unit, removing heat from the air inside and pushing cooled air back into the room. In the cooler months, they do the opposite, drawing heat energy from the air outside and moving it into your home to warm things up. The process is especially efficient, typically using one-third of the energy (and sometimes even less!) than other home-heating sources. Or, as David Yuill of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln told us, “You could put in a watt of electricity and get [the equivalent of] four watts of heat out of it. It’s like magic.” Unlike magic, however, there’s actually a very simple explanation for this result: Heat pumps have only to move heat, instead of generating it by combusting a fuel source. Even the most efficient gas-powered furnace or boiler never converts 100% of its fuel into heat; it’s always going to lose something in the conversion process. A good electric-resistance heater gives you 100% efficiency, but it still has to burn watts to produce that heat, whereas a heat pump just moves the heat. More than 92 percent of American homes could reduce their utility bills with a heat pump, according to a 2024 study from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, which places the median annual savings in the range of $300 to $650, depending on efficiency and weatherization. Electric heat pumps can also help to reduce carbon emissions in every US state by up to 93 percent, while still providing two to five times more heating energy than the energy you put into it, on average. As a result, a heat pump is an environmentally friendly HVAC system that will also save you money. Most heat pumps also use inverter technology, which lets the compressor run at more nuanced and variable speeds, so you’re using only the exact amount of energy necessary to maintain comfort.","title":"What is a heat pump, anyway?","slug":"what-is-a-heat-pump-anyway","chapterModifiedDate":null,"chapterPublishedDate":null,"faqs":null,"footnotes":null,"sources":null},{"body":[{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Almost any homeowner could potentially benefit from a heat pump.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Consider the case of Mike Ritter, who moved into a 100-year-old two-family home in Boston’s Dorchester neighborhood with his family in 2016. Ritter knew the boiler was running on fumes even before he bought the house, and he knew they’d have to replace it soon enough. After getting a few quotes from contractors, he was left with two options: He could spend $6,000 to install a new fossil-fuel-based system in the basement, or he could get a heat pump. Although the overall cost of the heat pump looked to be about five times higher on paper, the heat pump also came with a $6,000 rebate and a seven-year, zero-interest loan to cover the rest of the cost, thanks to Massachusetts’s statewide ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/01/science/with-new-mass-save-three-year-plan-massachusetts-sharpens-its-best-climate-fighting-tool/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"incentive program","type":"text"}]},{"data":" to encourage ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/08/21/science/massachusetts-should-be-converting-100000-homes-year-electric-heat-actual-number-461/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"heat pump conversion","type":"text"}]},{"data":".","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Once he did the math—comparing the costs of ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/rngwhhdM.htm","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"natural gas","type":"text"}]},{"data":" with those of electricity, as well as factoring in the environmental impact, alongside the monthly payments—the choice was clear.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"“Honestly, we were shocked that we could do it,” said Ritter, a ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.ritterbin.com","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"freelance photographer","type":"text"}]},{"data":", after four years of heat pump ownership. “We don’t make doctor or lawyer money, and we wouldn’t have expected to be the kind of people with central heating and cooling in their house. But there’s a million ways you can spread out the costs and get rebates and get energy credits. It’s not much more than what you’re already spending on energy right now.”","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Despite all the benefits, as recently as 2021 there were still ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/climate/heat-pumps-climate.html"},"children":[{"data":"more Americans","type":"text"}]},{"data":" buying one-way ACs or other inefficient systems than there were buying heat pumps each year. After all, when your old system fails, it’s logical to simply replace what was there before, as the Ritters might have. We hope this guide can help you plan and budget for a true upgrade. Otherwise, you’ll be stuck with another inefficient, carbon-intensive HVAC for the next decade. And that’s not good for anyone.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"adslot","attribs":{"class":"as as__ch ","adindex":"4"},"children":[]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"}],"bodyContent":"Almost any homeowner could potentially benefit from a heat pump. Consider the case of Mike Ritter, who moved into a 100-year-old two-family home in Boston’s Dorchester neighborhood with his family in 2016. Ritter knew the boiler was running on fumes even before he bought the house, and he knew they’d have to replace it soon enough. After getting a few quotes from contractors, he was left with two options: He could spend $6,000 to install a new fossil-fuel-based system in the basement, or he could get a heat pump. Although the overall cost of the heat pump looked to be about five times higher on paper, the heat pump also came with a $6,000 rebate and a seven-year, zero-interest loan to cover the rest of the cost, thanks to Massachusetts’s statewide incentive program to encourage heat pump conversion. Once he did the math—comparing the costs of natural gas with those of electricity, as well as factoring in the environmental impact, alongside the monthly payments—the choice was clear. “Honestly, we were shocked that we could do it,” said Ritter, a freelance photographer, after four years of heat pump ownership. “We don’t make doctor or lawyer money, and we wouldn’t have expected to be the kind of people with central heating and cooling in their house. But there’s a million ways you can spread out the costs and get rebates and get energy credits. It’s not much more than what you’re already spending on energy right now.” Despite all the benefits, as recently as 2021 there were still more Americans buying one-way ACs or other inefficient systems than there were buying heat pumps each year. After all, when your old system fails, it’s logical to simply replace what was there before, as the Ritters might have. We hope this guide can help you plan and budget for a true upgrade. Otherwise, you’ll be stuck with another inefficient, carbon-intensive HVAC for the next decade. And that’s not good for anyone.","title":"Who this is for","slug":"who-this-is-for","chapterModifiedDate":null,"chapterPublishedDate":null,"faqs":null,"footnotes":null,"sources":null},{"body":[{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"I’ve been writing for Wirecutter since 2017, covering ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-portable-air-conditioner/"},"children":[{"data":"portable air conditioners","type":"text"}]},{"data":" and ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-air-conditioner/"},"children":[{"data":"window air conditioners","type":"text"}]},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-fan/"},"children":[{"data":"room fans","type":"text"}]},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-space-heaters/"},"children":[{"data":"space heaters","type":"text"}]},{"data":", and other topics (including some unrelated to heating or cooling). I’ve also done some climate-related reporting for outlets such as ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.upworthy.com/the-ap-stylebook-just-changed-the-meaning-of-global-warming-with-one-amazing-edit","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Upworthy","type":"text"}]},{"data":" and ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://weather.com/forecast-change/news/2019-06-11-lake-shaping-next-stage-climate-resiliency","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"The Weather Channel","type":"text"}]},{"data":", and I covered the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.upworthy.com/the-paris-climate-accord-has-been-approved-now-heres-what-that-actually-means-for-you","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"2015 Paris Climate Conference","type":"text"}]},{"data":" as part of a journalism partnership with the United Nations. In 2019, I was commissioned by Cornell University to create a full-length play about community responses to climate change.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Like Mike Ritter, I’m also a homeowner in Boston, and I’d been looking for an affordable and sustainable way to keep my family warm in the winter. The high efficiency gas furnace in my home had been working well enough, but I knew I’d have to replace it sooner than later. I had heard of heat pumps—I knew that the next-door neighbors had one—but I had no idea what they cost, how they worked, or even how to go about getting one. This guide began when I started reaching out to contractors, policymakers, homeowners, and engineers to find the most efficient HVAC system that would work in my home, as well as to figure out what it would do to my wallet in the long run.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"After this guide was first published in 2022, I ended up getting my own heat pump system installed at home. It cost around $10,000 after we factored in the various state and federal rebates and tax incentives. There weren’t even any upfront costs; we were able to cover the entire installation with a ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.masssave.com/en/saving/residential-rebates/heat-loan-program","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"0% interest, 7-year loan","type":"text"}]},{"data":". In our first year of ownership, our annual heating costs stayed about the same, but we saved enough in cooling costs that it basically covered the loan payments. Our home is ultimately more comfortable all year round, with little to no impact on our annual budget. (As an added bonus, we also gained around 20 square feet of floor space once we removed the old radiators.)","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"}],"bodyContent":"I’ve been writing for Wirecutter since 2017, covering portable air conditioners and window air conditioners, room fans, space heaters, and other topics (including some unrelated to heating or cooling). I’ve also done some climate-related reporting for outlets such as Upworthy and The Weather Channel, and I covered the 2015 Paris Climate Conference as part of a journalism partnership with the United Nations. In 2019, I was commissioned by Cornell University to create a full-length play about community responses to climate change. Like Mike Ritter, I’m also a homeowner in Boston, and I’d been looking for an affordable and sustainable way to keep my family warm in the winter. The high efficiency gas furnace in my home had been working well enough, but I knew I’d have to replace it sooner than later. I had heard of heat pumps—I knew that the next-door neighbors had one—but I had no idea what they cost, how they worked, or even how to go about getting one. This guide began when I started reaching out to contractors, policymakers, homeowners, and engineers to find the most efficient HVAC system that would work in my home, as well as to figure out what it would do to my wallet in the long run. After this guide was first published in 2022, I ended up getting my own heat pump system installed at home. It cost around $10,000 after we factored in the various state and federal rebates and tax incentives. There weren’t even any upfront costs; we were able to cover the entire installation with a 0% interest, 7-year loan. In our first year of ownership, our annual heating costs stayed about the same, but we saved enough in cooling costs that it basically covered the loan payments. Our home is ultimately more comfortable all year round, with little to no impact on our annual budget. (As an added bonus, we also gained around 20 square feet of floor space once we removed the old radiators.)","title":"Why you should trust us","slug":"why-you-should-trust-us","chapterModifiedDate":null,"chapterPublishedDate":null,"faqs":null,"footnotes":null,"sources":null},{"body":[{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Heat pumps in general are an objectively great idea. But the decision gets a little muddier when you try to narrow it down to which specific heat pump you should get. There are reasons most people aren’t just going out to Home Depot and bringing home whatever random heat pump they find on the shelves. You can even order one with ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"class":"product-link","href":"https://wclink.co/link/63801/204707/4/192274/?merchant=Amazon","rel":"noopener sponsored","target":"_blank","data-gtm-trigger":"product_link","data-store":"Amazon"},"children":[{"data":"free shipping on Amazon","type":"text"}]},{"data":", but we wouldn’t recommend doing that, either.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Unless you’re already an experienced home renovator, you’ll need to find a contractor to help you through your heat pump journey—and the way that works for your situation will depend on a number of factors, including the kind of home you live in, as well as your local climate and incentive programs. That’s why instead of recommending the best heat pump for most people, we’ve come up with some basic criteria to help you navigate the process of upgrading the HVAC system in your home.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"For the purposes of this guide, we’re focusing primarily on air-source heat pumps (sometimes referred to as “air-to-air” heat pumps). As their name suggests, these models exchange the heat between the air around you and the air outside. Air-to-air heat pumps are the most common option for American households and are the most easily adapted into various living situations. However, you can also find ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pump-systems","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"other kinds","type":"text"}]},{"data":" of heat pumps, which pull heat from different sources. A ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/a4597/4331401/)","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"geothermal heat pump","type":"text"}]},{"data":", for example, draws heat from a well in the ground. We have ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"#digging-into-ground-source-heat-pumps"},"children":[{"data":"some advice","type":"text"}]},{"data":" to get you started on that process as well.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"What size heat pump do you need?","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"The size you need depends on the size and layout of your home, your energy needs, your insulation, and more.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Air conditioning capacity is typically measured in British thermal units, or Btu. When you’re buying a window AC or a portable unit, you usually need to choose one based on the size of the room you plan to use it in. But selecting a heat pump system is a little more ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.cnet.com/home/energy-and-utilities/use-this-handy-guide-to-pick-the-right-size-heat-pump-for-your-home/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"complicated","type":"text"}]},{"data":" than that. It’s still based, in part, on square footage—experts we interviewed agreed with the general calculation of about 1 ton of air conditioning (equivalent to 12,000 Btu) for every 500 square feet in your home. In addition, there is a set of standards maintained by the Air Conditioning Contractors of America trade association called ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.acca.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=df4aaf8b-c82b-4337-bb95-081f67444222","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Manual J (PDF)","type":"text"}]},{"data":", which calculates the impact of other factors such as insulation, air filtration, windows, and local climate to give you a more accurate load size for a specific home. A good contractor should be able to help you with this.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"You also have a few monetary reasons to size your system correctly. Most statewide programs base their incentives on the efficiency of the system—after all, a more efficient system uses less electricity, which helps cut back more on fossil-fuel consumption. In Massachusetts, for example, most residents can get ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.masssave.com/en/residential/rebates-and-incentives/heating-and-cooling/heat-pumps","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"up to $10,000 back","type":"text"}]},{"data":" by installing heat pumps in their entire home, but only if the system achieves a certain ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.masssave.com/heat-pump-qualified-list","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"performance standard","type":"text"}]},{"data":" set by the state. In other words, an inefficient home with an under- or oversize system could actually disqualify you from a rebate, as well as add to your monthly energy bills.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Will a heat pump even work in your home?","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"shortcode-caption","attribs":{"id":"attachment_246890","align":"alignnone","width":"2048"},"children":[{"type":"tag","name":"img","attribs":{"class":"alignnone size-full wp-image-246890","src":"https://cdn.thewirecutter.com/wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg","alt":"A white wall-mounted mini split heat pump manufactured by Mitsubishi.","width":"2048","height":"1366","noInlineStyles":true,"postType":"review"},"children":[],"dbData":{"productionCDN":true,"source":"wp-content/media/2022/03/heatpumps-2048px-mszhm18.jpg"}},{"data":" ","type":"text"},{"data":" ","type":"comment"}],"dbData":{"credit":"Photo: Mitsubishi"}},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"A heat pump almost certainly will work in your home, because heat pumps are especially modular. “They’re able to be adapted to basically every situation,” said Dan Zamagni, the director of operations at ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.bostonstandardplumbing.com/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Boston Standard Plumbing, Heating, and Cooling","type":"text"}]},{"data":", the company that worked on the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"#who-this-is-for"},"children":[{"data":"Ritters’ house","type":"text"}]},{"data":". “Whether it’s a really old home, or we’re limited by the construction we can do in people’s homes without being too disruptive—there’s always a way to make it work.”","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Zamagni went on to explain that a heat pump condenser—the part that goes outside your home—can be mounted on a wall, the roof, or the ground, typically on a bracketed stand or leveling pad. ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-ductless-mini-split-air-conditioner/"},"children":[{"data":"Ductless systems","type":"text"}]},{"data":" also provide you with plenty of versatility for interior mounting (assuming you don’t already have a duct system or room to add one). Things might get a bit complicated if you live in, say, a tightly packed row house in a historic district that restricts what you can put on the facade. There are also some limits on the length of the lineset (piping) that runs between the condenser and the indoor units But generally speaking, a savvy contractor should be able to figure something out that works for you.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"What are the best brands of heat pumps?","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"When you’re buying something as expensive and long-lasting as a heat pump, you should make sure you’re getting something from a manufacturer that has a good reputation and can provide you with quality customer support for years to come. ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://daikincomfort.com/find-dealer/locator","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Daikin","type":"text"}]},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://lghvac.com/where-to-buy/lg-professional-locator/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"LG HVAC","type":"text"}]},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.fujitsugeneral.com/us/support/downloads/halcyon/warranty.html","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Fujitsu,","type":"text"}]},{"data":" and ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.mitsubishicomfort.com/find-a-contractor","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Mitsubishi","type":"text"}]},{"data":" / ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.trane.com/residential/en/dealer-locator/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Trane","type":"text"}]},{"data":" all offer warranties up to 12 years, for example, while ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.carrier.com/residential/en/us/why-carrier/carrier-authorized-dealers/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Carrier","type":"text"}]},{"data":" and ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.rheem.com/find-a-pro-by-city","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Rheem","type":"text"}]},{"data":" cover you for up to 10 years.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"That being said, the heat pump you ultimately pick will likely have more to do with ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"#how-to-find-an-installer-and-how-to-pay-for-it"},"children":[{"data":"finding a good contractor","type":"text"}]},{"data":" than going with your personal preference. More often than not, your contractor or installer will be the one sourcing the parts. There may be some models that have ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://neep.org/heating-electrification/ccashp-specification-product-list","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"better efficiency","type":"text"}]},{"data":" or distribution in certain geographic regions. And you should be confident that the contractor is familiar with this expensive equipment that they’re permanently installing in your home.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"All of the manufacturers we mentioned above also have some sort of ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"#look-for-preferred-dealers"},"children":[{"data":"preferred dealer program","type":"text"}]},{"data":"—contractors that are specifically trained in their products and can provide manufacturer-approved service. Many preferred dealers also have priority access to parts and equipment. Dan Zamagni of Boston Standard, which is recognized as a Mitsubishi and Trane preferred installer, said, “We try to stick with a few brands for repetition with the installers and them knowing the equipment. Same with the sales desk, so they can all speak to this and are well trained on the products.”","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Generally speaking, it’s better to find a good preferred contractor first and then take advantage of their expertise with the brands they’re familiar with. That service often comes with better warranties, too. It doesn’t do much good to fall in love with a specific heat pump only to find that no one in your area knows how to service or install it.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"How do you find the most efficient heat pump?","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Looking at a heat pump’s ratings can help, but don’t focus exclusively on that. Almost any heat pump offers such major advantages over traditional equipment that it’s usually not necessary to seek out the absolute highest metrics within the heat pump category.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Most heat pumps have two different efficiency ratings. The seasonal energy efficiency ratio, or SEER2, measures the system’s cooling capacity as it compares to energy use. By contrast, the heating seasonal performance factor, or HSPF2, measures heating capacity as it relates to energy consumption. The ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/air-source-heat-pumps","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"US Department of Energy","type":"text"}]},{"data":" recommends seeking out a higher HSPF2 in colder climates or a higher SEER2 in warmer climates.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Heat pumps that qualify for Energy Star status need to meet a certain threshold for both SEER2 and HSPF2; different states may also have their own energy-efficiency standards that factor in local climate considerations.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"As with heat pump sizing, the ultimate energy efficiency of your entire home will depend on a number of factors in addition to the heat pump itself, such as weatherization and air filtration, the climate in which you live, and how you plan on using your system.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"If you really want to get into the weeds, the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://ashp.neep.org/#!/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnership","type":"text"}]},{"data":" has compiled one of the most comprehensive databases of heat pump performance efficiency in different weather conditions. Again, we would not recommend just picking the top performing model off the list, because it won’t necessarily be the best choice for your particular home, in your specific region, with the installers and service options available to you. But if you want to make sure you’re considering some decent models, the NEEP list is a good (if slightly overwhelming) place to start.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Can a heat pump work with existing HVAC ducts?","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Yep, if you already have a central air system in your home, you can use your existing duct system to move the air from your heat pump. And you don’t actually need ducts: Air-source heat pumps are also available in the form of ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-ductless-mini-split-air-conditioner/"},"children":[{"data":"ductless mini-splits","type":"text"}]},{"data":". Most manufacturers offer both options, and a good contractor can advise you on setting up different zones within your home to maximize comfort and make the best use of what your home already has installed.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Heat pumps are versatile when it comes to retrofits into existing ducting, and they can also work within a hybrid system that has both ducted and ductless units, feeding off a single condenser unit the house. When the Ritter family was upgrading their Boston home with heat pumps, for example, they used the existing air handlers to create a new ducted air system on the second floor, and then they added two ductless mini-splits to cover the office and the master bedroom upstairs, all of which tied back to the same source. “It’s a bit of a unique system,” Mike Ritter told us, “but in our case, it just ended up working best.”","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"In general, try to get a few different ideas from contractors about how to adapt your existing HVAC system. Doing so might save you some money, or it might not be worth the effort or expense. One encouraging factor we found in our research is that your existing system, whatever type it is, shouldn’t prevent you from getting a heat pump to supplement, offset, or replace what’s already there. You can adapt a heat pump to pretty much any home layout, as long as you (and, really, your contractor) know what you’re doing. (Case-in-point: I live on the lower level of a converted townhouse built into the backside of an old 19th-century industrial rubber mill, and we were still able to make a heat pump system work.)","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Are there heat pumps that do only cooling?","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Yes, but we don’t recommend such models. Sure, if you live somewhere that has a warmer climate year-round, it might sound redundant to add a new heating system to your home. But such a system is “essentially the same piece of equipment with a few extra parts, and you can make the swap with almost no extra work,” said Nate Adams, a home-performance consultant, in an ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/climate/heat-pumps-climate.html"},"children":[{"data":"interview with The New York Times","type":"text"}]},{"data":". Those extra parts cost only a few hundred dollars more, and that markup is likely to be covered by a rebate anyway. There’s also the fact that heat pumps get exponentially more efficient as the home’s temperature approaches that comfort zone in the mid-60s. So on those rare days when it does drop into the 50s, the system barely has to use any energy to warm your home back up. You’re basically getting the heat for free at that point.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"If you already have an oil- or gas-powered heat source that you don’t want to replace, you could install a ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.clasp.ngo/research/all/3h-hybrid-heat-homes-an-incentive-program-to-electrify-space-heating-and-reduce-energy-bills-in-american-homes/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"hybrid-heat or dual-heat system","type":"text"}]},{"data":" that uses those fossil fuels as a backup or supplement to the heat pump. This kind of system can save you some money during a particularly frigid winter—and believe it or not, it can actually be a better choice for reducing carbon emissions (in the winter, at least). We have a ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"#important-factors-for-some-installations"},"children":[{"data":"separate section","type":"text"}]},{"data":" with more details below.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"adslot","attribs":{"class":"as as__ch ","adindex":"5"},"children":[]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"}],"bodyContent":"Heat pumps in general are an objectively great idea. But the decision gets a little muddier when you try to narrow it down to which specific heat pump you should get. There are reasons most people aren’t just going out to Home Depot and bringing home whatever random heat pump they find on the shelves. You can even order one with free shipping on Amazon, but we wouldn’t recommend doing that, either. Unless you’re already an experienced home renovator, you’ll need to find a contractor to help you through your heat pump journey—and the way that works for your situation will depend on a number of factors, including the kind of home you live in, as well as your local climate and incentive programs. That’s why instead of recommending the best heat pump for most people, we’ve come up with some basic criteria to help you navigate the process of upgrading the HVAC system in your home. For the purposes of this guide, we’re focusing primarily on air-source heat pumps (sometimes referred to as “air-to-air” heat pumps). As their name suggests, these models exchange the heat between the air around you and the air outside. Air-to-air heat pumps are the most common option for American households and are the most easily adapted into various living situations. However, you can also find other kinds of heat pumps, which pull heat from different sources. A geothermal heat pump, for example, draws heat from a well in the ground. We have some advice to get you started on that process as well. What size heat pump do you need? The size you need depends on the size and layout of your home, your energy needs, your insulation, and more. Air conditioning capacity is typically measured in British thermal units, or Btu. When you’re buying a window AC or a portable unit, you usually need to choose one based on the size of the room you plan to use it in. But selecting a heat pump system is a little more complicated than that. It’s still based, in part, on square footage—experts we interviewed agreed with the general calculation of about 1 ton of air conditioning (equivalent to 12,000 Btu) for every 500 square feet in your home. In addition, there is a set of standards maintained by the Air Conditioning Contractors of America trade association called Manual J (PDF), which calculates the impact of other factors such as insulation, air filtration, windows, and local climate to give you a more accurate load size for a specific home. A good contractor should be able to help you with this. You also have a few monetary reasons to size your system correctly. Most statewide programs base their incentives on the efficiency of the system—after all, a more efficient system uses less electricity, which helps cut back more on fossil-fuel consumption. In Massachusetts, for example, most residents can get up to $10,000 back by installing heat pumps in their entire home, but only if the system achieves a certain performance standard set by the state. In other words, an inefficient home with an under- or oversize system could actually disqualify you from a rebate, as well as add to your monthly energy bills. Will a heat pump even work in your home? A heat pump almost certainly will work in your home, because heat pumps are especially modular. “They’re able to be adapted to basically every situation,” said Dan Zamagni, the director of operations at Boston Standard Plumbing, Heating, and Cooling, the company that worked on the Ritters’ house. “Whether it’s a really old home, or we’re limited by the construction we can do in people’s homes without being too disruptive—there’s always a way to make it work.” Zamagni went on to explain that a heat pump condenser—the part that goes outside your home—can be mounted on a wall, the roof, or the ground, typically on a bracketed stand or leveling pad. Ductless systems also provide you with plenty of versatility for interior mounting (assuming you don’t already have a duct system or room to add one). Things might get a bit complicated if you live in, say, a tightly packed row house in a historic district that restricts what you can put on the facade. There are also some limits on the length of the lineset (piping) that runs between the condenser and the indoor units But generally speaking, a savvy contractor should be able to figure something out that works for you. What are the best brands of heat pumps? When you’re buying something as expensive and long-lasting as a heat pump, you should make sure you’re getting something from a manufacturer that has a good reputation and can provide you with quality customer support for years to come. Daikin, LG HVAC, Fujitsu, and Mitsubishi / Trane all offer warranties up to 12 years, for example, while Carrier and Rheem cover you for up to 10 years. That being said, the heat pump you ultimately pick will likely have more to do with finding a good contractor than going with your personal preference. More often than not, your contractor or installer will be the one sourcing the parts. There may be some models that have better efficiency or distribution in certain geographic regions. And you should be confident that the contractor is familiar with this expensive equipment that they’re permanently installing in your home. All of the manufacturers we mentioned above also have some sort of preferred dealer program—contractors that are specifically trained in their products and can provide manufacturer-approved service. Many preferred dealers also have priority access to parts and equipment. Dan Zamagni of Boston Standard, which is recognized as a Mitsubishi and Trane preferred installer, said, “We try to stick with a few brands for repetition with the installers and them knowing the equipment. Same with the sales desk, so they can all speak to this and are well trained on the products.” Generally speaking, it’s better to find a good preferred contractor first and then take advantage of their expertise with the brands they’re familiar with. That service often comes with better warranties, too. It doesn’t do much good to fall in love with a specific heat pump only to find that no one in your area knows how to service or install it. How do you find the most efficient heat pump? Looking at a heat pump’s ratings can help, but don’t focus exclusively on that. Almost any heat pump offers such major advantages over traditional equipment that it’s usually not necessary to seek out the absolute highest metrics within the heat pump category. Most heat pumps have two different efficiency ratings. The seasonal energy efficiency ratio, or SEER2, measures the system’s cooling capacity as it compares to energy use. By contrast, the heating seasonal performance factor, or HSPF2, measures heating capacity as it relates to energy consumption. The US Department of Energy recommends seeking out a higher HSPF2 in colder climates or a higher SEER2 in warmer climates. Heat pumps that qualify for Energy Star status need to meet a certain threshold for both SEER2 and HSPF2; different states may also have their own energy-efficiency standards that factor in local climate considerations. As with heat pump sizing, the ultimate energy efficiency of your entire home will depend on a number of factors in addition to the heat pump itself, such as weatherization and air filtration, the climate in which you live, and how you plan on using your system. If you really want to get into the weeds, the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnership has compiled one of the most comprehensive databases of heat pump performance efficiency in different weather conditions. Again, we would not recommend just picking the top performing model off the list, because it won’t necessarily be the best choice for your particular home, in your specific region, with the installers and service options available to you. But if you want to make sure you’re considering some decent models, the NEEP list is a good (if slightly overwhelming) place to start. Can a heat pump work with existing HVAC ducts? Yep, if you already have a central air system in your home, you can use your existing duct system to move the air from your heat pump. And you don’t actually need ducts: Air-source heat pumps are also available in the form of ductless mini-splits. Most manufacturers offer both options, and a good contractor can advise you on setting up different zones within your home to maximize comfort and make the best use of what your home already has installed. Heat pumps are versatile when it comes to retrofits into existing ducting, and they can also work within a hybrid system that has both ducted and ductless units, feeding off a single condenser unit the house. When the Ritter family was upgrading their Boston home with heat pumps, for example, they used the existing air handlers to create a new ducted air system on the second floor, and then they added two ductless mini-splits to cover the office and the master bedroom upstairs, all of which tied back to the same source. “It’s a bit of a unique system,” Mike Ritter told us, “but in our case, it just ended up working best.” In general, try to get a few different ideas from contractors about how to adapt your existing HVAC system. Doing so might save you some money, or it might not be worth the effort or expense. One encouraging factor we found in our research is that your existing system, whatever type it is, shouldn’t prevent you from getting a heat pump to supplement, offset, or replace what’s already there. You can adapt a heat pump to pretty much any home layout, as long as you (and, really, your contractor) know what you’re doing. (Case-in-point: I live on the lower level of a converted townhouse built into the backside of an old 19th-century industrial rubber mill, and we were still able to make a heat pump system work.) Are there heat pumps that do only cooling? Yes, but we don’t recommend such models. Sure, if you live somewhere that has a warmer climate year-round, it might sound redundant to add a new heating system to your home. But such a system is “essentially the same piece of equipment with a few extra parts, and you can make the swap with almost no extra work,” said Nate Adams, a home-performance consultant, in an interview with The New York Times. Those extra parts cost only a few hundred dollars more, and that markup is likely to be covered by a rebate anyway. There’s also the fact that heat pumps get exponentially more efficient as the home’s temperature approaches that comfort zone in the mid-60s. So on those rare days when it does drop into the 50s, the system barely has to use any energy to warm your home back up. You’re basically getting the heat for free at that point. If you already have an oil- or gas-powered heat source that you don’t want to replace, you could install a hybrid-heat or dual-heat system that uses those fossil fuels as a backup or supplement to the heat pump. This kind of system can save you some money during a particularly frigid winter—and believe it or not, it can actually be a better choice for reducing carbon emissions (in the winter, at least). We have a separate section with more details below.","title":"How to pick the right heat pump for your home","slug":"how-to-pick-the-right-heat-pump-for-your-home","chapterModifiedDate":null,"chapterPublishedDate":null,"faqs":null,"footnotes":null,"sources":null},{"body":[{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"The contractor you hire to install your heat pump could be more important to your overall experience (and cost) than the heat pump itself. “As everyone’s trying to price-shop around, you can find yourself with a real low-level contractor,” said Dan Zamagni of Boston Standard. “Probably the third-biggest purchase people make in their homes is heating and cooling systems, and you wouldn’t treat a car or a home purchase in the same way. People try to nickel-and-dime that, but you do get what you pay for.” In other words, if you’re paying tens of thousands of dollars for someone to make your home more comfortable, more affordable, and better for the planet, you should make sure they do it right.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"While pricing varies, a heat pump system is likely going to cost you between $8,000 and $30,000, depending on how many units you need to cover your home. There are also a wide range of ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.energy.gov/scep/home-energy-rebate-programs","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"rebates","type":"text"}]},{"data":" and ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://homes.rewiringamerica.org/calculator","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"tax credits","type":"text"}]},{"data":" available to offset that cost, including a federal tax credit covering 30% of the cost up to $2,000 under the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/13/climate/climate-law-tax-credits.html"},"children":[{"data":"Inflation Reduction Act","type":"text"}]},{"data":". You may be eligible for ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.rewiringamerica.org/app/ira-calculator","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"other financing incentives","type":"text"}]},{"data":" as well, depending on where you live. And regardless of location, a heat pump can help reduce the utility bills in nearly every US household by a median amount between $300 to $650 per year, according to the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2024/benefits-of-heat-pumps-detailed-in-new-nrel-report.html","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","type":"text"}]},{"data":". Those savings add up over time, too.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Some anecdotal examples we’ve come across in conversation during this research:","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"ul","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"li","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"One member of the Wirecutter staff, in a large historic home in Pennsylvania, paid about $38,000 for a heat pump setup that included six interior mini-split units. That system supplemented an existing central heat system; the home had no central air.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"li","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Another Wirecutter staff member, in Oregon, paid around $22,000 for three in-wall units plus a ducted system in the attic, all running off the same condenser.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"li","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"A Wirecutter staff member in Boston paid about the same price for three mini-splits and two exterior condenser units, while another Boston-based colleague spent half that for a single interior unit in a converted industrial condo complex.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"These prices aren’t just for the hardware—they include labor costs and insulation, along with any specialized work such as architectural planning, wall construction, masonry installation work, and so on. While it’s a wide range, it should hopefully give you a rough idea of what to expect when you start talking to contractors.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Of course, ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.newsday.com/long-island/politics/lipa-pseg-heat-pump-low-income-rebate-program-1.50530946","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"not everyone","type":"text"}]},{"data":" has an easy time finding the help they need. So we’ve put together some other guidance to keep you on the path.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Know what you’re looking for at the start","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"The fact that you’re reading this guide already gives you a good head start. For this guide, we spoke to several contractors, all of whom told us the same thing: Only about half of their heat pump customers come to them knowing ahead of time that they’re specifically looking to install a heat pump.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"“Just knowing that heat pumps are an option is helpful,” ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"em","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"3H Hybrid Heat Homes","type":"text"}]},{"data":" co-author Alexander Gard-Murray told us. “I think the most important thing consumers can do is just to actively try to get a contractor who’s up on heat pumps, who can give them a good picture of what’s available with the current models, and the current climate zones.”","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"That being said, we don’t recommend making all of your decisions before you find a contractor. You might have your heart set on a specific heat pump model only to find that parts and service for it are hard to come by in your area (which is especially the case in a world that’s already facing other supply-chain issues). A good contractor will know what’s available, how its performance would compare with that of more traditional HVAC options, and what’s best for the climate you live in.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Ask around for recommendations","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"One of the best ways to find a contractor is to find someone else who worked with a contractor they liked. If you see a friend or a neighbor with heat pumps at their home, ask them about their experience. Check your local community social media forums on Facebook or Neighbors, as well. People may even recommend that you try a different contractor, or they may offer some advice on unexpected issues that surprised them, and all of that is helpful, too.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"“Find someone you know who had a heat pump installed and ask them about it,” Gard-Murray said. “Basically anyone who installs a heat pump gets really excited about it, and you start hearing more and more. It’s like an avalanche of excitement about heat pumps. I think consumer experience is the biggest thing selling them.”","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{"id":"look-for-preferred-dealers"},"children":[{"data":"Look for preferred dealers","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Many heat pump manufacturers, including ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.carrier.com/residential/en/us/why-carrier/carrier-authorized-dealers/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Carrier","type":"text"}]},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://daikincomfort.com/find-dealer/locator","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Daikin","type":"text"}]},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://lghvac.com/where-to-buy/lg-contractor-locator/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"LG HVAC","type":"text"}]},{"data":", and","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.mitsubishicomfort.com/find-a-contractor","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":" Mitsubishi","type":"text"}]},{"data":" /","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.trane.com/residential/en/dealer-locator/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":" Trane","type":"text"}]},{"data":", all have some kind of preferred partnership program for independent contractors. To qualify, those contractors have to meet a certain level of standards in working with the equipment and thus meet the manufacturer’s ideal expectations. If a contractor has earned this seal of approval from one or more manufacturers, that’s a good sign.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Contractors’ membership in such programs is not just a testimony to their knowledge and skill, as these contractors also tend to offer better warranties on parts and labor (and have the relationships to make sure they can get the parts they need). Although most standard Trane ductless heat pumps come with a ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.trane.com/pdf/ductless-systems-warranty.pdf","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"10-year warranty (PDF)","type":"text"}]},{"data":", for example, a heat pump installed by a certified Trane Comfort Specialist usually has a 12-year warranty for the equipment, plus additional coverage for parts and labor directly through your contractor.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Get multiple quotes in writing","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"A good sign of a reliable contractor is their willingness to prepare for you a written document detailing the potential project and costs, with no commitment or payment from you. A representative might come by your home for a site visit and give you an eyeball estimate of the project costs, but if they won’t commit it to paper—before you start negotiating—that’s a ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.newsday.com/long-island/politics/lipa-pseg-heat-pump-low-income-rebate-program-1.50530946","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"huge red flag","type":"text"}]},{"data":".","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Before Mike Ritter settled with Boston Standard for his heat pump renovation, the two parties went through six rounds of project proposals over the course of three months before finding one that worked. Boston Standard presented a few different ideas—ducted versus ductless systems, different zoning options, and such—as well as the costs associated with each. Those documents even included information on warranties, as well as the potential rebates that Ritter could expect once the project was done. It was that sort of attention to detail that convinced him to take the leap, despite the higher up-front cost. “We didn’t know much about heat pumps beforehand,” Ritter told us. “We were planning on just replacing the boiler, but as we talked with Boston Standard, we started to realize it might actually work to put in a heat pump and get air conditioning out of the equation, as well.”","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Check the contractor’s attention to detail","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Heat pump systems are impressively modular, and there should be a way to make them work in almost any home situation. But this is also ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"em","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"your","type":"text"}]},{"data":" home we’re talking about, and you’re the one who will have to live with whatever changes the contractor makes to it. A good contractor should be on the lookout for any potential problems or hiccups from the very first site visit. And that means you should be getting answers to lots of questions. Are they paying attention to the amperage on the circuit breaker, for example? Are they giving you a preliminary idea of how and where they might install the units? Are their project proposal quotes accurate and detailed?","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"“A lot of contractors can find themselves sort of slapping these systems in without really taking the right measurements and things that should be taken into account,” Zamagni of Boston Standard told us. He specifically mentioned things such as the software the contractor uses to size your system, and whether they’re factoring in elements like windows and weatherization. There are also acoustic considerations: Although heat pumps are typically quieter than other HVAC systems, the outdoor units still have fans and compressors and other mechanical parts that could cause problems in an alleyway or next to a bedroom window. These are the sort of questions you should ask—but you should also look for a contractor who looks for things you didn’t think to look for.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Talk about the long-term investment","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Choose a contractor who provides more than just labor. “Consumers should be asking contractors—and doing the math themselves—to understand the long-term savings, and not just the up-front costs,” said Alexander Gard-Murray.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"A good contractor will understand the significance of this long-term investment and should be able to walk you through it, as well. Ideally, they also should be able to help you figure out how to pay for it, whether that’s by offering financing options or helping you secure one of the many, many heat pump rebates available. In addition to the federal tax credit of up to $2,000 available under the 2022 ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/13/climate/climate-law-tax-credits.html"},"children":[{"data":"Inflation Reduction Act","type":"text"}]},{"data":", there are also many statewide incentive programs available, depending on where you live. In Massachusetts, for example, the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.masssave.com/en/saving/residential-rebates/heat-loan-program","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Mass Save","type":"text"}]},{"data":" program offers ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.masssave.com/en/residential/rebates-and-incentives/heating-and-cooling/heat-pumps/air-source-heat-pumps","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"rebates for heat pump installation projects","type":"text"}]},{"data":" up to $16,000, depending on your income level, as well as seven-year, zero-interest loans of up to $50,000 to help cover the remaining costs, including weatherization. A good contractor should at least be aware of the full range of options available to you and help you navigate the requirements.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"One other thing to keep in mind is that these funds don’t always come from the same place or arrive at the same time. Some states provide rebates at or before the point of sale, while others may require you to submit a form and wait for a check to come back to you in the mail. There are also tax-based incentives, like the credits available that come in the form of tax credits, so you might not even notice them until next April (by which point you’ll hopefully find yourself pleasantly surprised by the unexpected surplus).","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Consider the full package","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"When you’re looking at the total cost of your proposed project, think about what you’re actually getting out of the deal. It’s not just the heat pump itself. It’s also the customer service, it’s also the warranty, and it’s also the expertise and guidance on how to make your home as energy efficient as possible. Some contractors even offer additional services, such as handling all of that complex and confusing financial paperwork. That’s a major reason Mike Ritter went with Boston Standard for his heat pump renovation: The company handled all of the paperwork as part of the proposal, which meant he didn’t have to wait around for the rebate check to process.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"“We collect everything from the customer, we process the rebates for them, we submit everything,” explained Zamagni of Boston Standard. “It takes the burden away from the homeowner, who may be overwhelmed with the process overall. It helps with our whole package, so it’s basically a turnkey system for them.”","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"While working on this guide, I did hear a few anecdotes about people who weren’t able to get the rebates they were expecting or planning on because of some miscommunication or confusion with the contractor, or some mishandled paperwork. How often this actually happens isn’t clear, but it’s still a good reminder that some things are worth being more selective on when you hire, especially when you’re already spending tens of thousands of dollars on an HVAC system that’s supposed to last you 15 years or more.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Don’t rush into anything","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"“A lot of these [HVAC replacement] decisions are made under duress, like when a system fails in the middle of winter,” said Robert Cooper, president and CEO of ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.embue.com/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Embue","type":"text"}]},{"data":", a company that specializes in sustainable options for multi-family buildings. “You’re going to replace it with the quickest thing that you can get somebody in there. You’re not going to shop around.”","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Although we can’t prevent those kinds of emergencies from happening, we can encourage you to start thinking about your future heat pump ahead of time so you’re not ending up in a situation that forces you into a 15-year commitment to an inefficient fossil-fuel heater. It’s completely normal to take a few months to negotiate over project quotes, and then again to schedule your installation based on the availability of equipment and labor. If a potential installer tries to pressure you into acting fast, especially if you’re not in a heating or cooling emergency, that’s another red flag.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Aside from living with the equipment for 15 years, you may also be entering a long-term relationship with your contractor. If anything goes wrong, you’ll continue seeing them as long as you’re covered under warranty.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"}],"bodyContent":"The contractor you hire to install your heat pump could be more important to your overall experience (and cost) than the heat pump itself. “As everyone’s trying to price-shop around, you can find yourself with a real low-level contractor,” said Dan Zamagni of Boston Standard. “Probably the third-biggest purchase people make in their homes is heating and cooling systems, and you wouldn’t treat a car or a home purchase in the same way. People try to nickel-and-dime that, but you do get what you pay for.” In other words, if you’re paying tens of thousands of dollars for someone to make your home more comfortable, more affordable, and better for the planet, you should make sure they do it right. While pricing varies, a heat pump system is likely going to cost you between $8,000 and $30,000, depending on how many units you need to cover your home. There are also a wide range of rebates and tax credits available to offset that cost, including a federal tax credit covering 30% of the cost up to $2,000 under the Inflation Reduction Act. You may be eligible for other financing incentives as well, depending on where you live. And regardless of location, a heat pump can help reduce the utility bills in nearly every US household by a median amount between $300 to $650 per year, according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Those savings add up over time, too. Some anecdotal examples we’ve come across in conversation during this research: \tOne member of the Wirecutter staff, in a large historic home in Pennsylvania, paid about $38,000 for a heat pump setup that included six interior mini-split units. That system supplemented an existing central heat system; the home had no central air. \tAnother Wirecutter staff member, in Oregon, paid around $22,000 for three in-wall units plus a ducted system in the attic, all running off the same condenser. \tA Wirecutter staff member in Boston paid about the same price for three mini-splits and two exterior condenser units, while another Boston-based colleague spent half that for a single interior unit in a converted industrial condo complex. These prices aren’t just for the hardware—they include labor costs and insulation, along with any specialized work such as architectural planning, wall construction, masonry installation work, and so on. While it’s a wide range, it should hopefully give you a rough idea of what to expect when you start talking to contractors. Of course, not everyone has an easy time finding the help they need. So we’ve put together some other guidance to keep you on the path. Know what you’re looking for at the start The fact that you’re reading this guide already gives you a good head start. For this guide, we spoke to several contractors, all of whom told us the same thing: Only about half of their heat pump customers come to them knowing ahead of time that they’re specifically looking to install a heat pump. “Just knowing that heat pumps are an option is helpful,” 3H Hybrid Heat Homes co-author Alexander Gard-Murray told us. “I think the most important thing consumers can do is just to actively try to get a contractor who’s up on heat pumps, who can give them a good picture of what’s available with the current models, and the current climate zones.” That being said, we don’t recommend making all of your decisions before you find a contractor. You might have your heart set on a specific heat pump model only to find that parts and service for it are hard to come by in your area (which is especially the case in a world that’s already facing other supply-chain issues). A good contractor will know what’s available, how its performance would compare with that of more traditional HVAC options, and what’s best for the climate you live in. Ask around for recommendations One of the best ways to find a contractor is to find someone else who worked with a contractor they liked. If you see a friend or a neighbor with heat pumps at their home, ask them about their experience. Check your local community social media forums on Facebook or Neighbors, as well. People may even recommend that you try a different contractor, or they may offer some advice on unexpected issues that surprised them, and all of that is helpful, too. “Find someone you know who had a heat pump installed and ask them about it,” Gard-Murray said. “Basically anyone who installs a heat pump gets really excited about it, and you start hearing more and more. It’s like an avalanche of excitement about heat pumps. I think consumer experience is the biggest thing selling them.” Look for preferred dealers Many heat pump manufacturers, including Carrier, Daikin, LG HVAC, and Mitsubishi / Trane, all have some kind of preferred partnership program for independent contractors. To qualify, those contractors have to meet a certain level of standards in working with the equipment and thus meet the manufacturer’s ideal expectations. If a contractor has earned this seal of approval from one or more manufacturers, that’s a good sign. Contractors’ membership in such programs is not just a testimony to their knowledge and skill, as these contractors also tend to offer better warranties on parts and labor (and have the relationships to make sure they can get the parts they need). Although most standard Trane ductless heat pumps come with a 10-year warranty (PDF), for example, a heat pump installed by a certified Trane Comfort Specialist usually has a 12-year warranty for the equipment, plus additional coverage for parts and labor directly through your contractor. Get multiple quotes in writing A good sign of a reliable contractor is their willingness to prepare for you a written document detailing the potential project and costs, with no commitment or payment from you. A representative might come by your home for a site visit and give you an eyeball estimate of the project costs, but if they won’t commit it to paper—before you start negotiating—that’s a huge red flag. Before Mike Ritter settled with Boston Standard for his heat pump renovation, the two parties went through six rounds of project proposals over the course of three months before finding one that worked. Boston Standard presented a few different ideas—ducted versus ductless systems, different zoning options, and such—as well as the costs associated with each. Those documents even included information on warranties, as well as the potential rebates that Ritter could expect once the project was done. It was that sort of attention to detail that convinced him to take the leap, despite the higher up-front cost. “We didn’t know much about heat pumps beforehand,” Ritter told us. “We were planning on just replacing the boiler, but as we talked with Boston Standard, we started to realize it might actually work to put in a heat pump and get air conditioning out of the equation, as well.” Check the contractor’s attention to detail Heat pump systems are impressively modular, and there should be a way to make them work in almost any home situation. But this is also your home we’re talking about, and you’re the one who will have to live with whatever changes the contractor makes to it. A good contractor should be on the lookout for any potential problems or hiccups from the very first site visit. And that means you should be getting answers to lots of questions. Are they paying attention to the amperage on the circuit breaker, for example? Are they giving you a preliminary idea of how and where they might install the units? Are their project proposal quotes accurate and detailed? “A lot of contractors can find themselves sort of slapping these systems in without really taking the right measurements and things that should be taken into account,” Zamagni of Boston Standard told us. He specifically mentioned things such as the software the contractor uses to size your system, and whether they’re factoring in elements like windows and weatherization. There are also acoustic considerations: Although heat pumps are typically quieter than other HVAC systems, the outdoor units still have fans and compressors and other mechanical parts that could cause problems in an alleyway or next to a bedroom window. These are the sort of questions you should ask—but you should also look for a contractor who looks for things you didn’t think to look for. Talk about the long-term investment Choose a contractor who provides more than just labor. “Consumers should be asking contractors—and doing the math themselves—to understand the long-term savings, and not just the up-front costs,” said Alexander Gard-Murray. A good contractor will understand the significance of this long-term investment and should be able to walk you through it, as well. Ideally, they also should be able to help you figure out how to pay for it, whether that’s by offering financing options or helping you secure one of the many, many heat pump rebates available. In addition to the federal tax credit of up to $2,000 available under the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, there are also many statewide incentive programs available, depending on where you live. In Massachusetts, for example, the Mass Save program offers rebates for heat pump installation projects up to $16,000, depending on your income level, as well as seven-year, zero-interest loans of up to $50,000 to help cover the remaining costs, including weatherization. A good contractor should at least be aware of the full range of options available to you and help you navigate the requirements. One other thing to keep in mind is that these funds don’t always come from the same place or arrive at the same time. Some states provide rebates at or before the point of sale, while others may require you to submit a form and wait for a check to come back to you in the mail. There are also tax-based incentives, like the credits available that come in the form of tax credits, so you might not even notice them until next April (by which point you’ll hopefully find yourself pleasantly surprised by the unexpected surplus). Consider the full package When you’re looking at the total cost of your proposed project, think about what you’re actually getting out of the deal. It’s not just the heat pump itself. It’s also the customer service, it’s also the warranty, and it’s also the expertise and guidance on how to make your home as energy efficient as possible. Some contractors even offer additional services, such as handling all of that complex and confusing financial paperwork. That’s a major reason Mike Ritter went with Boston Standard for his heat pump renovation: The company handled all of the paperwork as part of the proposal, which meant he didn’t have to wait around for the rebate check to process. “We collect everything from the customer, we process the rebates for them, we submit everything,” explained Zamagni of Boston Standard. “It takes the burden away from the homeowner, who may be overwhelmed with the process overall. It helps with our whole package, so it’s basically a turnkey system for them.” While working on this guide, I did hear a few anecdotes about people who weren’t able to get the rebates they were expecting or planning on because of some miscommunication or confusion with the contractor, or some mishandled paperwork. How often this actually happens isn’t clear, but it’s still a good reminder that some things are worth being more selective on when you hire, especially when you’re already spending tens of thousands of dollars on an HVAC system that’s supposed to last you 15 years or more. Don’t rush into anything “A lot of these [HVAC replacement] decisions are made under duress, like when a system fails in the middle of winter,” said Robert Cooper, president and CEO of Embue, a company that specializes in sustainable options for multi-family buildings. “You’re going to replace it with the quickest thing that you can get somebody in there. You’re not going to shop around.” Although we can’t prevent those kinds of emergencies from happening, we can encourage you to start thinking about your future heat pump ahead of time so you’re not ending up in a situation that forces you into a 15-year commitment to an inefficient fossil-fuel heater. It’s completely normal to take a few months to negotiate over project quotes, and then again to schedule your installation based on the availability of equipment and labor. If a potential installer tries to pressure you into acting fast, especially if you’re not in a heating or cooling emergency, that’s another red flag. Aside from living with the equipment for 15 years, you may also be entering a long-term relationship with your contractor. If anything goes wrong, you’ll continue seeing them as long as you’re covered under warranty.","title":"How to find an installer (and how to pay for it)","slug":"how-to-find-an-installer-and-how-to-pay-for-it","chapterModifiedDate":null,"chapterPublishedDate":null,"faqs":null,"footnotes":null,"sources":null},{"body":[{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"It bears repeating that heat pumps in general are not only greener and more efficient than other home heating and cooling systems but also more modular and adaptable. Up until this point, we’ve tried to focus on advice that’s broadly applicable to anyone looking to buy a heat pump. But there is some other helpful information we’ve gathered in our research that could be either absolutely crucial or completely irrelevant to you depending on your situation.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Why weatherization matters","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Even if you buy the most cutting-edge heat pump system available, it won’t do much if your home is drafty. Without proper weatherization, nearly 40% of heat pump owners could actually see an increase in their energy bills, according to a ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(24)00049-7?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2542435124000497%3Fshowall%3Dtrue#secsectitle0020","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"2024 study","type":"text"}]},{"data":" from the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2024/benefits-of-heat-pumps-detailed-in-new-nrel-report.html","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","type":"text"}]},{"data":". These poorly insulated homes can leak up to 20% of their energy, per ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.energystar.gov/campaign/seal_insulate/methodology","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Energy Star","type":"text"}]},{"data":". That’s not just bad for your budget; it’s also bad for the environment. In fact, just one-third of US homes are responsible for ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.synapse-energy.com/about-us/blog/which-buildings-are-highest-carbon-emitters","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"nearly 75%","type":"text"}]},{"data":" of all residential carbon emissions, according to the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2015/index.php?view=consumption","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"US Energy Information Administration","type":"text"}]},{"data":", which has a disproportionate impact on ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/climate/air-pollution-minorities.html"},"children":[{"data":"low-income communities and people of color","type":"text"}]},{"data":".","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"But you won’t have to worry about any of that if your home is sealed and weatherized.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Many statewide heat pump incentive programs do not merely encourage but require updated weatherization before you qualify for a rebate or a loan. Some of these states also provide free weatherization consultation services, which may include free or heavily discounted insulation and air sealing. If you live in a drafty home, this is something to look into even before you start reaching out to contractors about installing a heat pump.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"What a difference an inverter makes","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Most heat pumps use inverter technology. Whereas traditional air conditioners have only two speeds—completely on or completely off—inverters allow a system to run continuously at variable speeds, using only as much energy as it needs to maintain a comfortable temperature. Ultimately it uses less energy, makes less noise, and feels more comfortable pretty much all the time. The top picks in our guides to ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-portable-air-conditioner/"},"children":[{"data":"portable air conditioners","type":"text"}]},{"data":" and ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-air-conditioner/"},"children":[{"data":"window air conditioners","type":"text"}]},{"data":" are all inverter units, and we highly recommend that you choose a heat pump with an inverter compressor, too.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Inverter technology also works well in conjunction with the variable efficiency of heat pump technology. You don’t have to worry about turning the system down or off when you leave the house for a while, as the system will regulate itself so well that it’ll work to maintain the temperature while barely using any energy. Turning the system on and off would actually use more electricity than just letting it run.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"How heat pumps handle extreme cold weather","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"This is one of the most common concerns that come up when people talk about heat pumps: How well do they work when it’s cold outside? It is true that older heat pump models had a ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/climate/heat-pumps-climate.html"},"children":[{"data":"bad reputation","type":"text"}]},{"data":" in climates where it regularly dropped below 40 degrees Fahrenheit. But heat pump technology has improved tremendously over the years, and most modern models will continue working even in sub-zero conditions. They will, however, start to lose some efficiency as the temperature drops below freezing (though most will still be more efficient). “The colder it is outside, the harder it is for that machine to take heat from that air and move it inside,” explained Harvey Michaels, a lecturer in system dynamics and information technology at MIT Sloan. “It’s like pushing uphill.”","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Put another way, it’s harder for the heat pump to move the heat around when it has to ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"em","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"find","type":"text"}]},{"data":" that heat to begin with. But that’s really only a problem in extreme conditions. Even if a heat pump’s efficiency drops from 350% to 150% when it’s 5 degrees outside, it would still be more energy efficient than any other home heating method. If you want to know more, the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://ashp.neep.org/#!/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnership","type":"text"}]},{"data":" has a comprehensive list of cold-climate-certified heat pumps; it also tracks efficiency changes at different temperatures.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"If you do live somewhere that frequently experiences sub-zero temperatures, you may be able to combine a heat pump with a fossil-fuel heating system. This kind of hybrid or dual-heat system can actually help to reduce both costs and carbon emissions—but again, only in extreme conditions. If you’re not regularly dealing with sub-zero temperatures, then a good, high-efficiency heat pump should be able to warm your home on its own.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"h3","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Hybrid-heat or dual-heat systems","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"There are a few situations where installing a new heat pump and keeping your gas- or oil-fueled burner as a backup might actually be cheaper and less carbon intensive than strictly relying on the heat pump. This kind of installation is called a dual-heat or ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.clasp.ngo/research/all/3h-hybrid-heat-homes-an-incentive-program-to-electrify-space-heating-and-reduce-energy-bills-in-american-homes/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"hybrid-heat system","type":"text"}]},{"data":", and it works best in places that regularly deal with temperatures below freezing. Since heat pumps can be less efficient in extremely cold weather, the idea is to offset the difference by using fossil fuels to help the room maintain a baseline temperature, at which point the heat pump kicks in to do the rest. Think of it as being similar to how a hybrid car works.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Harvey Michaels of MIT Sloan, who has served as an advisor on state and federal climate-policy commissions, expanded on the potential of hybrid heat pumps in a ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/lets-run-towards-hybrid-heat-pumps-benefits-climate-harvey-michaels/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"2021 article","type":"text"}]},{"data":". Once the temperature starts to drop below freezing, as he explains in that article, natural gas could be a cheaper option than a heat pump, depending on local energy pricing. And even if you do turn the gas on for those coldest days, you’re still reducing your home’s carbon emissions by at least 50%, so it’s still a win for the environment.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"This might sound counterintuitive on the surface: How can you reduce carbon emissions by using carbon-based energy sources? But the math bears that conclusion out. If your heat pump is operating at only 150% efficiency because of the cold weather (as opposed to the 300% to 450% at which it normally operates), you’re using three times as much of the electricity to heat your home back up to the optimal performance conditions. In a state like Massachusetts, where ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.iso-ne.com/about/key-stats/resource-mix","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"roughly half of the regional electricity","type":"text"}]},{"data":" is generated by natural gas, that ends up using more fossil fuels than if you were to just turn on the gas heat in the basement. This can also help you save more money on your utility bills, particularly in sub-zero temperatures.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"“Obviously we want to reduce the emissions of fossil fuels as much as possible,” said Alexander Gard-Murray, whose work on the","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.clasp.ngo/research/all/3h-hybrid-heat-homes-an-incentive-program-to-electrify-space-heating-and-reduce-energy-bills-in-american-homes/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":" ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"em","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"3H Hybrid Heat Homes","type":"text"}]},{"data":" report","type":"text"}]},{"data":" examined the way such systems can work to speed up heat pump adoption and overall decarbonization. “If you’re thinking, ‘I’ve got a gas furnace that’s newly installed, I’m not gonna rip that out,’ but you want to get a new cooling system, they can work in tandem. And that’s something else to ask your heat pump contractor about.”","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Hybrid heat systems typically work best in places that regularly deal with winter temperatures below 10 degrees or so. They’re also not meant to be a permanent solution, but rather a transitional tool to help ease the stress on both the electrical grid and peoples’ wallets, while the utility companies make the shift toward a more renewable grid overall.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"adslot","attribs":{"class":"as as__ch ","adindex":"6"},"children":[]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"}],"bodyContent":"It bears repeating that heat pumps in general are not only greener and more efficient than other home heating and cooling systems but also more modular and adaptable. Up until this point, we’ve tried to focus on advice that’s broadly applicable to anyone looking to buy a heat pump. But there is some other helpful information we’ve gathered in our research that could be either absolutely crucial or completely irrelevant to you depending on your situation. Why weatherization matters Even if you buy the most cutting-edge heat pump system available, it won’t do much if your home is drafty. Without proper weatherization, nearly 40% of heat pump owners could actually see an increase in their energy bills, according to a 2024 study from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. These poorly insulated homes can leak up to 20% of their energy, per Energy Star. That’s not just bad for your budget; it’s also bad for the environment. In fact, just one-third of US homes are responsible for nearly 75% of all residential carbon emissions, according to the US Energy Information Administration, which has a disproportionate impact on low-income communities and people of color. But you won’t have to worry about any of that if your home is sealed and weatherized. Many statewide heat pump incentive programs do not merely encourage but require updated weatherization before you qualify for a rebate or a loan. Some of these states also provide free weatherization consultation services, which may include free or heavily discounted insulation and air sealing. If you live in a drafty home, this is something to look into even before you start reaching out to contractors about installing a heat pump. What a difference an inverter makes Most heat pumps use inverter technology. Whereas traditional air conditioners have only two speeds—completely on or completely off—inverters allow a system to run continuously at variable speeds, using only as much energy as it needs to maintain a comfortable temperature. Ultimately it uses less energy, makes less noise, and feels more comfortable pretty much all the time. The top picks in our guides to portable air conditioners and window air conditioners are all inverter units, and we highly recommend that you choose a heat pump with an inverter compressor, too. Inverter technology also works well in conjunction with the variable efficiency of heat pump technology. You don’t have to worry about turning the system down or off when you leave the house for a while, as the system will regulate itself so well that it’ll work to maintain the temperature while barely using any energy. Turning the system on and off would actually use more electricity than just letting it run. How heat pumps handle extreme cold weather This is one of the most common concerns that come up when people talk about heat pumps: How well do they work when it’s cold outside? It is true that older heat pump models had a bad reputation in climates where it regularly dropped below 40 degrees Fahrenheit. But heat pump technology has improved tremendously over the years, and most modern models will continue working even in sub-zero conditions. They will, however, start to lose some efficiency as the temperature drops below freezing (though most will still be more efficient). “The colder it is outside, the harder it is for that machine to take heat from that air and move it inside,” explained Harvey Michaels, a lecturer in system dynamics and information technology at MIT Sloan. “It’s like pushing uphill.” Put another way, it’s harder for the heat pump to move the heat around when it has to find that heat to begin with. But that’s really only a problem in extreme conditions. Even if a heat pump’s efficiency drops from 350% to 150% when it’s 5 degrees outside, it would still be more energy efficient than any other home heating method. If you want to know more, the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnership has a comprehensive list of cold-climate-certified heat pumps; it also tracks efficiency changes at different temperatures. If you do live somewhere that frequently experiences sub-zero temperatures, you may be able to combine a heat pump with a fossil-fuel heating system. This kind of hybrid or dual-heat system can actually help to reduce both costs and carbon emissions—but again, only in extreme conditions. If you’re not regularly dealing with sub-zero temperatures, then a good, high-efficiency heat pump should be able to warm your home on its own. Hybrid-heat or dual-heat systems There are a few situations where installing a new heat pump and keeping your gas- or oil-fueled burner as a backup might actually be cheaper and less carbon intensive than strictly relying on the heat pump. This kind of installation is called a dual-heat or hybrid-heat system, and it works best in places that regularly deal with temperatures below freezing. Since heat pumps can be less efficient in extremely cold weather, the idea is to offset the difference by using fossil fuels to help the room maintain a baseline temperature, at which point the heat pump kicks in to do the rest. Think of it as being similar to how a hybrid car works. Harvey Michaels of MIT Sloan, who has served as an advisor on state and federal climate-policy commissions, expanded on the potential of hybrid heat pumps in a 2021 article. Once the temperature starts to drop below freezing, as he explains in that article, natural gas could be a cheaper option than a heat pump, depending on local energy pricing. And even if you do turn the gas on for those coldest days, you’re still reducing your home’s carbon emissions by at least 50%, so it’s still a win for the environment. This might sound counterintuitive on the surface: How can you reduce carbon emissions by using carbon-based energy sources? But the math bears that conclusion out. If your heat pump is operating at only 150% efficiency because of the cold weather (as opposed to the 300% to 450% at which it normally operates), you’re using three times as much of the electricity to heat your home back up to the optimal performance conditions. In a state like Massachusetts, where roughly half of the regional electricity is generated by natural gas, that ends up using more fossil fuels than if you were to just turn on the gas heat in the basement. This can also help you save more money on your utility bills, particularly in sub-zero temperatures. “Obviously we want to reduce the emissions of fossil fuels as much as possible,” said Alexander Gard-Murray, whose work on the 3H Hybrid Heat Homes report examined the way such systems can work to speed up heat pump adoption and overall decarbonization. “If you’re thinking, ‘I’ve got a gas furnace that’s newly installed, I’m not gonna rip that out,’ but you want to get a new cooling system, they can work in tandem. And that’s something else to ask your heat pump contractor about.” Hybrid heat systems typically work best in places that regularly deal with winter temperatures below 10 degrees or so. They’re also not meant to be a permanent solution, but rather a transitional tool to help ease the stress on both the electrical grid and peoples’ wallets, while the utility companies make the shift toward a more renewable grid overall.","title":"Important factors for some installations","slug":"important-factors-for-some-installations","chapterModifiedDate":null,"chapterPublishedDate":null,"faqs":null,"footnotes":null,"sources":null},{"body":[{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Up until now, we’ve been talking about permanent heat pump installations. While this is ultimately the best way to take advantage of this technology, we recognize that not everyone is able to make significant physical changes to their home. Maybe you’re a renter. Maybe you live in a condo or historic district with complicated renovation rules. Maybe your home has an extension that falls outside of your primary thermal envelope. Or maybe the price is just too steep for your budget right now. Whatever the reason, you may be wondering if there’s still a way to get the benefits of a heat pump with more flexibility, and without the help of a contractor.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"The answer is: well, sort of.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"In the course of our research and testing, we have come across a few ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-portable-air-conditioner/"},"children":[{"data":"portable","type":"text"}]},{"data":" air conditioners that offer heat pump capabilities, including our ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-portable-air-conditioner/#our-pick-midea-duo-map14hs1tbl"},"children":[{"data":"top pick","type":"text"}]},{"data":", the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"class":"product-link","href":"https://wclink.co/link/46121/173423/4/179844/?merchant=Amazon","rel":"noopener sponsored","target":"_blank","data-gtm-trigger":"product_link","data-store":"Amazon"},"children":[{"data":"Midea Duo MAP14HS1TBL","type":"text"}]},{"data":", as well as the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"class":"product-link","href":"https://wclink.co/link/55334/191144/4/179845/?merchant=Wayfair","rel":"noopener sponsored","target":"_blank","data-gtm-trigger":"product_link","data-store":"Wayfair"},"children":[{"data":"Frigidaire FHPH142AC1","type":"text"}]},{"data":", which we ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-portable-air-conditioner/#also-great-frigidaire-fhph142ac1"},"children":[{"data":"also recommend","type":"text"}]},{"data":". If you’re looking for a removable window option with heat pump capabilities, the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"class":"product-link","href":"https://wclink.co/link/53577/186339/4/154112/?merchant=Amazon","rel":"noopener sponsored","target":"_blank","data-gtm-trigger":"product_link","data-store":"Amazon"},"children":[{"data":"Midea MAW12HV1CWT","type":"text"}]},{"data":" is a larger version of our top pick without the window-saving capabilities; while the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"class":"product-link","href":"https://wclink.co/link/45143/191122/4/154114/?merchant=Amazon","rel":"noopener sponsored","target":"_blank","data-gtm-trigger":"product_link","data-store":"Amazon"},"children":[{"data":"Frigidaire FHWH082WA1","type":"text"}]},{"data":" is a variation on our long-standing ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-air-conditioner/#also-great-frigidaire-fhww083wbe"},"children":[{"data":"also-great window AC pick","type":"text"}]},{"data":". (Gradient did release a ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"class":"product-link","href":"https://wclink.co/link/60900/199867/4/192275/?merchant=Gradient%20Comfort","rel":"noopener sponsored","target":"_blank","data-gtm-trigger":"product_link","data-store":"Gradient Comfort"},"children":[{"data":"Moderate Climate Window Heat Pump","type":"text"}]},{"data":" that hangs over the window without the light, but the production run was too limited for us to test, and it’s no longer available anyway.) These models all work well as temporary or seasonal heating/cooling solutions. But that’s precisely the problem: These portable heat pumps take up valuable window and/or floor space that you might otherwise want to use. That might be a worthwhile sacrifice for part of the summer or winter, but do you really want to give up an entire window through the whole spring and autumn, too?","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"There are some situations where that might be appropriate. Maybe you live in a place with pretty mild winters, and have a corner office or addition with plenty of windows that could use a little climate control. In that case, the Midea MAW12HV1CWT with its inverter compressor will likely be a better and more efficient option than a standard ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-space-heaters/"},"children":[{"data":"1500-watt space heater","type":"text"}]},{"data":" (even if the heat doesn’t feel quite as immediately satisfying as those infrared rays). We’d still recommend weatherizing the room as best you can, however. You’ll already be leaking some air through the gaps between the insulation and the window frame, and you don’t want to waste any more energy than that.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Like traditional heat pumps, these temporary setups work best when they’re maintaining comfortable temperatures between 60 and 70 degrees, rather than actively heating or cooling a space. Once the outside temperature drops below 40 degrees or so, you might need to find an alternative heat source. But if you live in a place with a warmer year-round climate where that’s not a problem, then a portable or temporary heat pump could be a decent option.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"}],"bodyContent":"Up until now, we’ve been talking about permanent heat pump installations. While this is ultimately the best way to take advantage of this technology, we recognize that not everyone is able to make significant physical changes to their home. Maybe you’re a renter. Maybe you live in a condo or historic district with complicated renovation rules. Maybe your home has an extension that falls outside of your primary thermal envelope. Or maybe the price is just too steep for your budget right now. Whatever the reason, you may be wondering if there’s still a way to get the benefits of a heat pump with more flexibility, and without the help of a contractor. The answer is: well, sort of. In the course of our research and testing, we have come across a few portable air conditioners that offer heat pump capabilities, including our top pick, the Midea Duo MAP14HS1TBL, as well as the Frigidaire FHPH142AC1, which we also recommend. If you’re looking for a removable window option with heat pump capabilities, the Midea MAW12HV1CWT is a larger version of our top pick without the window-saving capabilities; while the Frigidaire FHWH082WA1 is a variation on our long-standing also-great window AC pick. (Gradient did release a Moderate Climate Window Heat Pump that hangs over the window without the light, but the production run was too limited for us to test, and it’s no longer available anyway.) These models all work well as temporary or seasonal heating/cooling solutions. But that’s precisely the problem: These portable heat pumps take up valuable window and/or floor space that you might otherwise want to use. That might be a worthwhile sacrifice for part of the summer or winter, but do you really want to give up an entire window through the whole spring and autumn, too? There are some situations where that might be appropriate. Maybe you live in a place with pretty mild winters, and have a corner office or addition with plenty of windows that could use a little climate control. In that case, the Midea MAW12HV1CWT with its inverter compressor will likely be a better and more efficient option than a standard 1500-watt space heater (even if the heat doesn’t feel quite as immediately satisfying as those infrared rays). We’d still recommend weatherizing the room as best you can, however. You’ll already be leaking some air through the gaps between the insulation and the window frame, and you don’t want to waste any more energy than that. Like traditional heat pumps, these temporary setups work best when they’re maintaining comfortable temperatures between 60 and 70 degrees, rather than actively heating or cooling a space. Once the outside temperature drops below 40 degrees or so, you might need to find an alternative heat source. But if you live in a place with a warmer year-round climate where that’s not a problem, then a portable or temporary heat pump could be a decent option.","title":"What about portable or temporary heat pumps?","slug":"what-about-portable-or-temporary-heat-pumps","chapterModifiedDate":null,"chapterPublishedDate":null,"faqs":null,"footnotes":null,"sources":null},{"body":[{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Although this guide has focused largely on air-source heat pumps, most of the advice we’ve offered is also applicable to ground source or ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.epa.gov/rhc/geothermal-heating-and-cooling-technologies","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"geothermal heat pumps","type":"text"}]},{"data":". These systems pull their heat from a 6-inch diameter water-filled pipe in the ground beneath your home, and can work in ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-maps","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"most parts of the country","type":"text"}]},{"data":". Soil temperature is more consistent than air temperature; it’s also typically warmer than the air during the winter, and cooler during the summer. This makes it easier for the heat pump system to extract and move the heat (and should ideally lead to more consistent electric bills, even in the face of unexpected extreme weather events).","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Of course, the added convenience of a geothermal system comes with some complications: namely, that you have to install that well ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/09/realestate/converting-to-geothermal-energy.html"},"children":[{"data":"in your yard","type":"text"}]},{"data":". Your contractor will typically either need to excavate a horizontal well about 6 feet down, according to the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/5-things-you-should-know-about-geothermal-heat-pumps","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"US Department of Energy","type":"text"}]},{"data":"; alternatively, you can drill a vertical well between 300 and 600 feet deep. (The actual depth and number of wells will depend on the soil and heating needs of the home.) It’s also possible to combine the pipes for several properties into one collective well. Depending on where you live, this could involve a lengthy permitting process, too (and having enough space to park a drill rig).","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"While this certainly adds to the cost of the project, many heat pump subsidy programs offer improved incentives for ground source installations, bringing the price slightly more in-line with their air source counterparts. For example, federal tax credits for ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.energystar.gov/about/federal_tax_credits/air_source_heat_pumps","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"air source heat pumps","type":"text"}]},{"data":" are limited to $2000, whereas ground source heat pumps qualify for tax credits up to ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.energystar.gov/about/federal_tax_credits/geothermal_heat_pumps","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"30 percent of the cost","type":"text"}]},{"data":", with no upper limit. Geothermal heat pumps also have a longer lifespan—around 25 years on average for the hardware, and ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/5-things-you-should-know-about-geothermal-heat-pumps","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"50 years or more","type":"text"}]},{"data":" for the pipeline itself. The upkeep costs are typically lower, too. And again, your annual energy usage should be much more predictable.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"While some air source heat pump manufacturers such as ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.carrier.com/residential/en/us/products/geothermal-heat-pumps","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Carrier","type":"text"}]},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.bosch-homecomfort.com/us/en/ocs/residential/water-to-water-geothermal-heat-pump-systems-1098976-c/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Bosch","type":"text"}]},{"data":", and ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.trane.com/commercial/north-america/us/en/products-systems/packaged-units-and-split-systems/water-source-heat-pumps.html","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Trane","type":"text"}]},{"data":" also produce geothermal systems, most of these systems come from dedicated companies such as ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.geocoolheatpumps.com/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"GeoCool","type":"text"}]},{"data":" and ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nordicghp.com/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"Nordic GHP","type":"text"}]},{"data":". To find a local contractor that can handle the scope of the project from drilling to hardware installation, we recommend checking out ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.energysage.com/clean-heating-cooling/geothermal-heat-pumps/installing-geothermal-heat-pump/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"EnergySage","type":"text"}]},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.geoexchange.org/directory/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"GeoExchange","type":"text"}]},{"data":", or the ","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://igshpa.org/directory-landing/","rel":"noopener","target":"_blank"},"children":[{"data":"International Ground Source Heat Pump Association","type":"text"}]},{"data":".","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"adslot","attribs":{"class":"as as__ch ","adindex":"7"},"children":[]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"}],"bodyContent":"Although this guide has focused largely on air-source heat pumps, most of the advice we’ve offered is also applicable to ground source or geothermal heat pumps. These systems pull their heat from a 6-inch diameter water-filled pipe in the ground beneath your home, and can work in most parts of the country. Soil temperature is more consistent than air temperature; it’s also typically warmer than the air during the winter, and cooler during the summer. This makes it easier for the heat pump system to extract and move the heat (and should ideally lead to more consistent electric bills, even in the face of unexpected extreme weather events). Of course, the added convenience of a geothermal system comes with some complications: namely, that you have to install that well in your yard. Your contractor will typically either need to excavate a horizontal well about 6 feet down, according to the US Department of Energy; alternatively, you can drill a vertical well between 300 and 600 feet deep. (The actual depth and number of wells will depend on the soil and heating needs of the home.) It’s also possible to combine the pipes for several properties into one collective well. Depending on where you live, this could involve a lengthy permitting process, too (and having enough space to park a drill rig). While this certainly adds to the cost of the project, many heat pump subsidy programs offer improved incentives for ground source installations, bringing the price slightly more in-line with their air source counterparts. For example, federal tax credits for air source heat pumps are limited to $2000, whereas ground source heat pumps qualify for tax credits up to 30 percent of the cost, with no upper limit. Geothermal heat pumps also have a longer lifespan—around 25 years on average for the hardware, and 50 years or more for the pipeline itself. The upkeep costs are typically lower, too. And again, your annual energy usage should be much more predictable. While some air source heat pump manufacturers such as Carrier, Bosch, and Trane also produce geothermal systems, most of these systems come from dedicated companies such as GeoCool and Nordic GHP. To find a local contractor that can handle the scope of the project from drilling to hardware installation, we recommend checking out EnergySage, GeoExchange, or the International Ground Source Heat Pump Association.","title":"Digging into ground source heat pumps","slug":"digging-into-ground-source-heat-pumps","chapterModifiedDate":null,"chapterPublishedDate":null,"faqs":null,"footnotes":null,"sources":null},{"body":[{"type":"tag","name":"ul","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"li","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Start looking before your current system fails.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"li","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Ask your friends, neighbors, and/or local social media groups for recommendations.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"li","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Research local rebates and other incentive programs.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"li","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Make sure your home is airtight and weatherized.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"li","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"Talk with several contractors, and get their quotes in writing.","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"type":"tag","name":"p","attribs":{},"children":[{"type":"tag","name":"em","attribs":{},"children":[{"data":"This article was edited by Harry Sawyers.","type":"text"}]}]},{"data":"\n","type":"text"}],"bodyContent":"Start looking before your current system fails. \tAsk your friends, neighbors, and/or local social media groups for recommendations. \tResearch local rebates and other incentive programs. \tMake sure your home is airtight and weatherized. \tTalk with several contractors, and get their quotes in writing. This article was edited by Harry Sawyers.","title":"How to start your heat pump search","slug":"how-to-start-your-heat-pump-search","chapterModifiedDate":null,"chapterPublishedDate":null,"faqs":null,"footnotes":null,"sources":null},{"body":null,"bodyContent":null,"title":"Sources","slug":"sources","chapterModifiedDate":null,"chapterPublishedDate":null,"faqs":null,"footnotes":null,"sources":[{"dateLocalDisplay":"January 9, 2022","author":"Mike Ritter","title":"homeowner","publication":"phone interview","url":"","text":""},{"dateLocalDisplay":"February 11, 2022","author":"Leo Pesegoginski","title":"project manager, Boston Standard Plumbing, Heating, and Cooling","publication":"in-person interview","url":"https://www.bostonstandardplumbing.com/","text":""},{"dateLocalDisplay":"September 14, 2021","author":"Dan Zamagni","title":"director of operations, Boston Standard Plumbing, Heating, and Cooling","publication":"phone interview","url":"http://www.bostonstandardplumbing.com","text":""},{"dateLocalDisplay":"September 10, 2021","author":"Alexander Gard-Murray","title":"post-doctoral fellow in the Climate Solutions Lab and the Rhodes Center for International Economics and Finance at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University","publication":"in-person interview","url":"https://watson.brown.edu/climatesolutionslab/","text":""},{"dateLocalDisplay":"May 26, 2021","author":"Stephen Pantano, Matt Malinowski, Alexander Gard-Murray, and Nate Adams","title":"3H Hybrid Heat Homes: An Incentive Program to Electrify Space Heating and Reduce Energy Bills in American Homes","publication":"CLASP","url":"https://www.clasp.ngo/research/all/3h-hybrid-heat-homes-an-incentive-program-to-electrify-space-heating-and-reduce-energy-bills-in-american-homes/","text":""},{"dateLocalDisplay":"July 27, 2021","author":"Gary Woodruff","title":"sales manager, HD Air","publication":"phone interview","url":"http://www.hdairnow.com","text":""},{"dateLocalDisplay":"August 21, 2021","author":"Sabrina Shankman","title":"Massachusetts should be converting 100,000 homes a year to electric heat. The actual number: 461","publication":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/08/21/science/massachusetts-should-be-converting-100000-homes-year-electric-heat-actual-number-461/","text":""},{"dateLocalDisplay":"June 30, 2021","author":"Brad Plumer","title":"Are ‘Heat Pumps’ the Answer to Heat Waves? Some Cities Think So.","publication":"The New York Times","url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/climate/heat-pumps-climate.html","text":""},{"dateLocalDisplay":"June 29, 2021","author":"Harvey Michaels","title":"Let’s Run Towards Hybrid Heat Pumps — to benefit Climate, Energy Savings, Health and Equity","publication":"LinkedIn","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/lets-run-towards-hybrid-heat-pumps-benefits-climate-harvey-michaels/","text":""},{"dateLocalDisplay":"July 28, 2021","author":"David Yuill","title":"associate professor in mechanical and materials engineering at University of Nebraska–Lincoln","publication":"phone interview","url":"https://engineering.unl.edu/durhamschool/faculty/david-yuill/","text":""},{"dateLocalDisplay":"September 2, 2021","author":"Harvey Michaels","title":"lecturer in system dynamics and information technology and research director of energy management practice and innovation, MIT Sloan School of Management","publication":"Zoom interview","url":"https://mitsloan.mit.edu/faculty/directory/harvey-michaels","text":""},{"dateLocalDisplay":"January 21, 2022","author":"Amy Boyd","title":"director of policy, Acadia Center","publication":"Zoom interview","url":"https://acadiacenter.org/","text":""},{"dateLocalDisplay":"September 9, 2021","author":"Robert Cooper","title":"president and CEO, Embue","publication":"in-person interview","url":"https://www.embue.com/","text":""},{"dateLocalDisplay":"November 23, 2021","author":"Cynthia Stone Creem and Lori A. 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