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analgesia</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: acupuncture analgesia"> <meta name="keywords" content="acupuncture analgesia"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="acupuncture analgesia"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 118</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: acupuncture analgesia</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">118</span> Investigating the Dose Effect of Electroacupuncture on Mice Inflammatory Pain Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wan-Ting%20Shen">Wan-Ting Shen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ching-Liang%20Hsieh"> Ching-Liang Hsieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Wen%20Lin"> Yi-Wen Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electroacupuncture (EA) has been reported effective for many kinds of pain and is a common treatment for acute or chronic pain. However, to date, there are limited studies examining the effect of acupuncture dosage. In our experiment, after injecting mice with Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) to induce inflammatory pain, two groups of mice were administered two different 15 min EA treatments at 2Hz. The first group received EA at a single acupuncture point (ST36, Zusanli) in both legs (two points), whereas the second group received two acupuncture points in both legs (four points) and the analgesic effect was compared. It was found that double points (ST36, Zusanli and SP6, Sanyinjiao) were significantly superior to single points (ST36, Zusanli) when evaluated using the electronic von Frey Test (mechanic) and Hargreaves’ Test (thermal). Through this study, it is expected more novel physiological mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia will be discovered. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-inflammation" title="anti-inflammation">anti-inflammation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dose%20effect" title=" dose effect"> dose effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroacupuncture" title=" electroacupuncture"> electroacupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pain%20control" title=" pain control"> pain control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85851/investigating-the-dose-effect-of-electroacupuncture-on-mice-inflammatory-pain-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85851.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">117</span> Noninvasive Evaluation of Acupuncture by Measuring Facial Temperature through Thermal Image</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=An%20Guo">An Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hieyong%20Jeong"> Hieyong Jeong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tianyi%20Wang"> Tianyi Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Na%20Li"> Na Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuko%20Ohno"> Yuko Ohno</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Acupuncture, known as sensory simulation, has been used to treat various disorders for thousands of years. However, present studies had not addressed approaches for noninvasive measurement in order to evaluate therapeutic effect of acupuncture. The purpose of this study is to propose a noninvasive method to evaluate acupuncture by measuring facial temperature through thermal image. Three human subjects were recruited in this study. Each subject received acupuncture therapy for 30 mins. Acupuncture needles (Ø0.16 x 30 mm) were inserted into Baihui point (DU20), Neiguan points (PC6) and Taichong points (LR3), acupuncture needles (Ø0.18 x 39 mm) were inserted into Tanzhong point (RN17), Zusanli points (ST36) and Yinlingquan points (SP9). Facial temperature was recorded by an infrared thermometer. Acupuncture therapeutic effect was compared pre- and post-acupuncture. Experiment results demonstrated that facial temperature changed according to acupuncture therapeutic effect. It was concluded that proposed method showed high potential to evaluate acupuncture by noninvasive measurement of facial temperature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acupuncture" title="acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=facial%20temperature" title=" facial temperature"> facial temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noninvasive%20evaluation" title=" noninvasive evaluation"> noninvasive evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20image" title=" thermal image"> thermal image</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95222/noninvasive-evaluation-of-acupuncture-by-measuring-facial-temperature-through-thermal-image" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95222.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">116</span> How Acupuncture Improve Migraine: A Literature Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsiang-Chun%20Lai">Hsiang-Chun Lai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsien-Yin%20Liao"> Hsien-Yin Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Wen%20Lin"> Yi-Wen Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Migraine is a primary headache disorder which presented as recurrent and moderate to severe headaches and affects nearly fifteen percent of people’s daily life. In East Asia, acupuncture is a common treatment for migraine prevention. Acupuncture can modulate migraine through both peripheral and central mechanism and decrease the allodynia process. Molecular pathway suggests that acupuncture relief migraine by regulating neurotransmitters/neuromodulators. This process was also proven by neural imaging. Acupuncture decrease the headache frequency and intensity compared to routine care. We also review the most common chosen acupoints to treat migraine and its treatment protocol. As a result, we suggested that acupuncture can serve as an option to migraine treatment and prevention. However, more studies are needed to establish the mechanism and therapeutic roles of acupuncture in treating migraine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acupuncture" title="acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=allodynia" title=" allodynia"> allodynia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=headache" title=" headache"> headache</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migraine" title=" migraine"> migraine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85872/how-acupuncture-improve-migraine-a-literature-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85872.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">115</span> Acupuncture for Major Depressive Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Randomized Clinical Trials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Derick%20Shi-Chen%20Ou">Derick Shi-Chen Ou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liang-Yu%20Chen"> Liang-Yu Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Acupuncture, a potential alternative, and complementary therapy revealed insufficient evidence in depression treatment. The efficacy of acupuncture treatment was still uncertainty. To evaluate the effect of acupuncture in treating depression, the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were examined. Methods: RCTs of the acupuncture therapy in treating major depression were searched from MEDLINE from 2007 to 2017. Keywords used for searching strategy included acupuncture, acupoint, and major depressive disorder. Results: Among the nine RCTs, four studies demonstrated great improvement in acupuncture treatment and five studies revealed the effectiveness of acupuncture intervention in medication. General trends suggest that acupuncture treatment is as effective as antidepressants with minimal side effects. Conclusion: Despite the promising results from the RCTs, there are still a variety of limitations, including small sample size, imprecise enrollment criteria, difficulties with blinding, randomization, short duration of study and lack of longitudinal follow-up. Therefore, the evidence that acupuncture as an alternative therapy for depression is inconclusive. More rigorously designed RCTs should be conducted in the future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acupuncture" title="acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=major%20depressive%20disorders" title=" major depressive disorders"> major depressive disorders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=randomized%20clinical%20trials" title=" randomized clinical trials"> randomized clinical trials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antidepressants" title=" antidepressants"> antidepressants</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87287/acupuncture-for-major-depressive-disorders-a-systematic-review-of-the-randomized-clinical-trials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87287.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">234</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">114</span> A Comparison of Efficacy of Two Drugs Combinations of 0.0625% Levobupivacaine with Fentanyl and 0.1% Ropivacaine with Fentanyl for Postoperative Analgesia after Cytoreductive Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperotineal Chemotherapy (Crs + Hipec)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vishal%20Bhatnagar">Vishal Bhatnagar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of epidural analgesia of two amide local anesthetics, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine, with fentanyl for postoperative analgesia in major abdominal surgery CRS+HIPEC. Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS+HIPEC) are done for primary peritoneal malignancies or peritoneal spread of malignant neoplasm. CRS and HIPEC are considered one of the most painful surgery among all major abdominal surgeries. Poorly managed postoperative pain elevates stress, increases anxiety, causes prolonged Hospital stay, increases opioid requirement and side effects, increases the cost of treatment and psychological effects on patient and family. It affects the quality of life of patients. The epidural technique provides better postoperative analgesia, earlier recovery of bowel function, fewer side effects, higher patient satisfaction, and an improvement in life quality in the postoperative days after abdominal surgery than other analgesic techniques. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIPEC" title="HIPEC">HIPEC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=postoperative%20analgesia" title=" postoperative analgesia"> postoperative analgesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cytoreductive%20surgery" title=" cytoreductive surgery"> cytoreductive surgery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VAS%20score" title=" VAS score"> VAS score</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rescue%20analgesia" title=" rescue analgesia"> rescue analgesia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185306/a-comparison-of-efficacy-of-two-drugs-combinations-of-00625-levobupivacaine-with-fentanyl-and-01-ropivacaine-with-fentanyl-for-postoperative-analgesia-after-cytoreductive-surgery-with-hyperthermic-intraperotineal-chemotherapy-crs-hipec" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185306.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">41</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">113</span> The Association between Acupuncture Treatment and a Decreased Risk of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Patients with Depression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Greg%20Zimmerman">Greg Zimmerman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Major depression is a common illness that affects millions of people globally. It is the leading cause of disability and is projected to become the number one cause of the global burden of disease by 2030. Many of those who suffer from depression also suffer from Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Acupuncture has been shown to help depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acupuncture in reducing the risk of IBS in patients with depression. Methods: We enrolled patients diagnosed with depression through the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Propensity score matching was used to match equal numbers (n=32971) of the acupuncture cohort and no-acupuncture cohort based on characteristics including sex, age, baseline comorbidity, and medication. The Cox regression model was used to compare the hazard ratios (HRs) of IBS in the two cohorts. Results: The basic characteristics of the two groups were similar. The cumulative incidence of IBS was significantly lower in the acupuncture cohort than in the no-acupuncture cohort (Log-rank test, p<0.001). Conclusion: The results provided real-world evidence that acupuncture may have a beneficial effect on IBS risk reduction in patients with depression. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acupuncture" title="acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depression" title=" depression"> depression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irritable%20bowel%20syndrome" title=" irritable bowel syndrome"> irritable bowel syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20health%20insurance%20research%20database" title=" national health insurance research database"> national health insurance research database</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-world%20evidence" title=" real-world evidence"> real-world evidence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156799/the-association-between-acupuncture-treatment-and-a-decreased-risk-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-in-patients-with-depression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156799.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">112</span> Remote Electroacupuncture Analgesia at Contralateral LI4 Acupoint in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Inflammatory Hindpaw Pain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tong-Chien%20Wu">Tong-Chien Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ching-Liang%20Hsieh"> Ching-Liang Hsieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Wen%20Lin"> Yi-Wen Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There are accumulating evidences surrounding the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture (EA). Local EA can reliably attenuate inflammatory pain in mouse with unclear mechanisms. However, the effect of EA on distal and contralateral acupoint for pain control has been rarely studied and the result was controversial. Here in our study, we found that inflammatory hindpaw pain in mouth, which was induced by injecting the complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) 2 days ago can be alleviated immediately after 2Hz 15mins EA treatment at contralateral forefoot acupoint LI4 through both mechanic and thermal behavior test, while sham acupoint group is not. The efficacy was observed to be more obvious after the second round of EA treatment on the following day. This analgesic effect is produced by applying EA to a site remote from the painful area. The present study provides a powerful experimental animal model that can be used for investigating the unique physiological mechanisms involved in acupuncture analgesia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20electroacupuncture" title="remote electroacupuncture">remote electroacupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distal%20EA" title=" distal EA"> distal EA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pain%20control" title=" pain control"> pain control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-inflammation" title=" anti-inflammation"> anti-inflammation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85446/remote-electroacupuncture-analgesia-at-contralateral-li4-acupoint-in-complete-freunds-adjuvant-induced-inflammatory-hindpaw-pain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85446.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">111</span> Comparison of Analgesic Efficacy of Ropivacaine and Levobupivacaine in Labour Analgesia by Dural Puncture Epidural Technique – A Prospective Double-blinded Randomized Trial</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Punj">J. Punj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20K.%20Pandey"> R. K. Pandey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Darlong"> V. Darlong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Thangavel"> K. Thangavel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Dural puncture epidural (DPE) technique has been introduced recently for labour analgesia however, no study has compared ropivacaine and levobupivacaine for the same. Methods: The primary aim of the study was to compare time to onset of the Numerical Pain Rating Score (NPRS) ≤ 1 in labour analgesia with both drugs. After obtaining ethics and patient consent, ASA I and ASA II parturient with single foetus in vertex presentation and cervical dilatation <5.0 cm were included. DPE was performed with 16/ 26 G combined spinal epidural (CSE) technique, and parturients randomized into two groups. In Group R ( Ropivacaine) 20 ml 0.125% ropivacaine+ fentanyl 2µg/ml was injected to a maximum of 20 ml in 20 minutes and in Group L (Levobupivacaine), 20 ml 0.125% levobupivacaine + fentanyl 2µg/ml was injected. Outcomes were assessed at 0.5,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20 and 30 minutes, then every 90 minutes until delivery. Appropriate statistical analysis was done, and p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The median time to onset of NPRS ≤1 in both groups was comparable (group R= 16 minutes vs group L= 18 minutes (p = 0.076). Volume of drug for NPR ≤1 in both groups was also comparable (Group R 15.95± 2.03 ml vs Group L 16.35 ± 1.34 ml (p=0.47). Conclusion: DPE with 16 G epidural needle and 26 gauge spinal needle with both 0.125% ropivacaine and 0.125% levobupivacaine results in similar efficacy of labour analgesia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dural%20puncture%20epidural" title="dural puncture epidural">dural puncture epidural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour%20analgesia" title=" labour analgesia"> labour analgesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obstetric%20analgesia" title=" obstetric analgesia"> obstetric analgesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypotension" title=" hypotension"> hypotension</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164314/comparison-of-analgesic-efficacy-of-ropivacaine-and-levobupivacaine-in-labour-analgesia-by-dural-puncture-epidural-technique-a-prospective-double-blinded-randomized-trial" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">110</span> Effects of Different Types of Perioperative Analgesia on Minimal Residual Disease Development After Colon Cancer Surgery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lubomir%20Vecera">Lubomir Vecera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomas%20Gabrhelik"> Tomas Gabrhelik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benjamin%20Tolmaci"> Benjamin Tolmaci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Josef%20Srovnal"> Josef Srovnal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emil%20Berta"> Emil Berta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petr%20Prasil"> Petr Prasil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petr%20Stourac"> Petr Stourac</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide and colon cancer is the second most common type of cancer. Currently, there are only a few studies evaluating the effect of postoperative analgesia on the prognosis of patients undergoing radical colon cancer surgery. Postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing colon cancer surgery is usually managed in two ways, either with strong opioids (morphine, piritramide) or epidural analgesia. In our prospective study, we evaluated the effect of postoperative analgesia on the presence of circulating tumor cells or minimal residual disease after colon cancer surgery. A total of 60 patients who underwent radical colon cancer surgery were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, two-center study. Patients were randomized into three groups, namely piritramide, morphine and postoperative epidural analgesia. We evaluated the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 20 (CK-20) mRNA positive circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood before surgery, immediately after surgery, on postoperative day two and one month after surgery. The presence of circulating tumor cells was assessed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In the priritramide postoperative analgesia group, the presence of CEA mRNA positive cells was significantly lower on a postoperative day two compared to the other groups (p=0.04). The value of CK-20 mRNA positive cells was the same in all groups on all days. In all groups, both types of circulating tumor cells returned to normal levels one month after surgery. Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics were similar in all groups. Compared with morphine and epidural analgesia, piritramide significantly reduces the amount of CEA mRNA positive circulating tumor cells after radical colon cancer surgery. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer%20progression" title="cancer progression">cancer progression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colon%20cancer" title=" colon cancer"> colon cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimal%20residual%20disease" title=" minimal residual disease"> minimal residual disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perioperative%20analgesia." title=" perioperative analgesia."> perioperative analgesia.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144502/effects-of-different-types-of-perioperative-analgesia-on-minimal-residual-disease-development-after-colon-cancer-surgery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144502.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">109</span> Introduction of a Standardised Proforma to Optimise Post-Operative Analgesia after Caesarean Section</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prashant%20Neupane">Prashant Neupane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sumitra%20Kafle"> Sumitra Kafle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmi%20Pandey"> Asmi Pandey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laura%20Mitchell"> Laura Mitchell</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pain following caesarean section can influence recovery, patient satisfaction, breast feeding success and mother-child bonding. Since the introduction of enhanced recovery protocols, mothers are often discharged 24 hours later. We identified concerns within our hospital with mothers tolerating poorly controlled pain in order to achieve earlier discharge and subsequently suffering significant pain at home with inadequate analgesia. Methods: We conducted a prospective audit of analgesic prescribing and post-operative pain scores after caesarean section. Mothers were seen on post-operative day one, their pain score recorded on a verbal analogue score from 0-10, and their prescription chart reviewed. A follow-up phone call was then made on post-operative day 3-7 to enquire about pain scores and analgesia use at home. Following this, a standardized proforma for prescribing after the caesarean section was introduced, including the addition of dihydrocodeine that patients can take home following discharge. There were educational update sessions for anesthetists and midwifes, and then a re-audit was conducted months later. Results: Data was collected from 50 women before and after the introduction of the change. Initial audit showed that there was considerable variation in prescribing, with four women prescribed no regular analgesia at all and inconsistency in the dose of oral morphine prescribed. Women were not given any form of analgesia to take home after discharge and were advised to take regular paracetamol and ibuprofen. However, 31/50 (62%) reported that they needed additional analgesia and eight women (16%) even sought prescription for additional analgesia from elsewhere. After the introduction of the change, prescribing was more consistent with all patients prescribed regular analgesia. 46/50 patients were given dihydrocodeine on discharge. Mean pain scores on post-operative day one improved from 5.16 to 3.9, and at home improved from 6.18 to 2.58. Use of dihydrocodeine at home significantly improved patients reporting of severe pain at home from 24% to zero. Discussion: Lack of strong analgesia out of the hospital and the increased demands on activity levels means that women are frequently in more pain at home after discharge. Introduction of a standardized prescription proforma, including the use of to-take-out dihydrocodeine, was successful in improving patient pain scores and the requirement for additional analgesia, both in hospital and at home. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analgesia" title="analgesia">analgesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caesarean%20section" title=" caesarean section"> caesarean section</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-operative%20pain" title=" post-operative pain"> post-operative pain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardised" title=" standardised"> standardised</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150541/introduction-of-a-standardised-proforma-to-optimise-post-operative-analgesia-after-caesarean-section" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150541.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">108</span> Utilization of Acupuncture in Palliative Care for Cancer Patients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jui-Hung%20Hung">Jui-Hung Hung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ching-Liang%20Hsieh"> Ching-Liang Hsieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Wen%20Lin"> Yi-Wen Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Modern medicine highly emphasizes the importance of palliative treatment. The inception of palliative and hospice care recently developed into the concept of caring for the patients’ and families’ physical, psychological and spiritual problems. There are several benefits related to palliative care such as reducing medical expenses, decreasing patients’ suffer, and supporting patient go through the finale of the life. Nowadays, in Taiwan, over 60-70% terminal cancer patients were covered in hospice care, and the coverage rate increased annually. Acupuncture is a well-known therapy used more than thousand years to relieve symptoms of cancer patient. Many reports showed that, even in the Western society, many reputable medical centers can provide Acupuncture therapy for patients. Accordingly, using Acupuncture for cancer patient care is a global trend. There are increased evidences indicate that Acupuncture can relieve the symptoms for cancer patients including pain, reduce the dosage of anesthetic, improve the cancer-related fatigue, relieve the chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting, ease anxiety mood and even improving the quality of life. Furthermore, some trials show that Acupuncture may help relieve xerostomia, hot flash, sleep disorders, and some GI discomfort and so on. Acupuncture therapy has many advantages for clinical use with effective, low-cost, minimal side effect, suitable for cancer patients and even for elderly population. Especially in nowadays, there are more diversified challenges in modern medicine, all of them will make the higher medical budget. We suggest that Acupuncture will be one of methods for palliative care for cancer patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer" title=" cancer"> cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrative%20medicine" title=" integrative medicine"> integrative medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palliative%20care" title=" palliative care"> palliative care</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86815/utilization-of-acupuncture-in-palliative-care-for-cancer-patients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86815.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">107</span> Comparative Study Between Two Different Techniques for Postoperative Analgesia in Cesarean Section Delivery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nermeen%20Elbeltagy">Nermeen Elbeltagy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Hassan"> Sara Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamer%20Hosny"> Tamer Hosny</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mostafa%20Abdelaziz"> Mostafa Abdelaziz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Adequate postoperative analgesia after caesarean section (CS) is crucial as it impacts the distinct surgical recovery needs of the parturient. Over recent years, there has been increased interest in regional nerve block techniques with promising results on efficacy. These techniques reduce the need for additional analgesia, thereby lowering the incidence of drug-related side effects. As postoperative pain after cesarean is mainly due to abdominal incision, the transverses abdomenis plane ( TAP ) block is a relatively new abdominal nerve block with excellent efficacy after different abdominal surgeries, including cesarean section. Objective: The main objective is to compare ultrasound-guided TAP block provided by the anesthesiologist with TAP provided by the surgeon through a caesarean incision regarding the duration of postoperative analgesia, intensity of analgesia, timing of mobilization, and easiness of the procedure. Method: Ninety pregnant females at term who were scheduled for delivery by elective cesarean section were randomly distributed into two groups. The first group (45) received spinal anesthesia and postoperative ultrasound guided TAP block using 20ml on each side of 0.25% bupivacaine which was provided by the anesthesiologist. The second group (45) received spinal anesthesia plus a TAP block using 20ml on each side of 0.25% bupivacaine, which was provided by the surgeon through the cesarean incision. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used for the comparison between the two groups. Results: VAS score after four hours was higher among the TAP block group provided by the surgeon through the surgical incision than the postoperative analgesic profile using ultrasound-guided TAP block provided by the anesthesiologist (P=0.011). On the contrary, there was no statistical difference in the patient’s dose of analgesia after four hours of the TAP block (P=0.228). Conclusion: TAP block provided through the surgical incision is safe and enhances early patient’s mobilization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TAP%20block" title="TAP block">TAP block</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CS" title=" CS"> CS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VAS" title=" VAS"> VAS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analgesia" title=" analgesia"> analgesia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184456/comparative-study-between-two-different-techniques-for-postoperative-analgesia-in-cesarean-section-delivery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184456.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">49</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">106</span> Comparison of Analgesic Efficacy of Paracetamol and Tramadol for Pain Relief in Active Labor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krishna%20Dahiya">Krishna Dahiya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Labour pain has been described as the most severe pain experienced by women in their lives. Pain management in labour is one of the most important challenges faced by the obstetrician. The opioids are the primary treatment for patients with moderate and severe pain but these drugs are not always tolerated and are associated with dose-dependent side effects. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, too, are associated with variable adverse effects. Considering these factors, our study compared the efficacy and side effect of intravenous tramadol and paracetamol. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of an intravenous infusion of 1000 mg of paracetamol as compared with an intravenous injection of 50mg of tramadol for intrapartum analgesia. Methods: In a randomized prospective study at Pt. BDS PGIMS, 200 women in active labor were allocated to received either paracetamol (n=100) or tramadol (n=100). The primary outcome was the efficacy of the drug to supply adequate analgesia as measured by a change in the visual analog scale (VAS) pain intensity score at various times after drug administration. The secondary outcomes included the need for additional rescue analgesia and the presence of adverse maternal or fetal events. Results: The mean age of cases were 25.55 ± 3.849 years and 25.60 ± 3.655 years respectively As recorded by the VAS score, there was significant pain reduction at 30 minutes, and at 1 and 2 hours in both groups (P<0.01). In comparison, between group I and II, a significantly higher rate of nausea and vomiting in tramadol group (14% vs 8%; P < 0.03) patients. Similarly, drowsiness (0% vs 11%; P<0.01), dry mouth (0% vs 8%; P<0.04) and dizziness (0% vs 9%; P<0.02) was also significant in group II. Conclusion: Due to difficulty in administering epidural analgesia to all parturients, administration of paracetamol and tramadol infusion for analgesia is simple and less invasive alternative. In the present study, both paracetamol and tramadol were equally effective for labour analgesia but paracetamol has emerged as safe alternative as compared to tramadol due to a low incidence of side effects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paracetamol" title="paracetamol">paracetamol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tramadol" title=" tramadol"> tramadol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labor" title=" labor"> labor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analgesia" title=" analgesia"> analgesia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68935/comparison-of-analgesic-efficacy-of-paracetamol-and-tramadol-for-pain-relief-in-active-labor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68935.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">105</span> Acupuncture and Topiramat in Treatment of Migraine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lazgeen%20Mohammed">Lazgeen Mohammed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The greatest advantage of acupuncture over western medicine is that it is safe . Unlike synthetic drugs, acupuncture has virtually no side effects, and the procedures for treating headaches are much less invasive. Migraine headaches are usually one-sided, pulsating or throbbing, and moderate or severe in intensity.. Some patients also experience auras, a neurological symptom that develops gradually over 5-20 minutes. The patient may see brief flashes or waves of light, or changes in their vision. Other common features of auras include vertigo, imbalance, confusion and numbness.Acupuncture had been used to treat 50 patients suffering from migraine ,topiramat (topamax) given to prevent the attacks, duration of treatment is 10 weeks , the patients were fallowed up for one year .Topiramat is called an anticonvulsant.Topiramat is also used to prevent migraine headaches in adults and teenagers who are at least 12 years old. This medicine will only prevent migraine headaches or reduce the number of attacks. It will not treat a headache that has already begun. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acpuncture" title="acpuncture">acpuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migraine" title=" migraine"> migraine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topiramat" title=" topiramat"> topiramat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=headache" title=" headache"> headache</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167697/acupuncture-and-topiramat-in-treatment-of-migraine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167697.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">104</span> Effect of Perioperative Multimodal Analgesia on Postoperative Opioid Consumption and Complications in Elderly Traumatic Hip Fracture Patients: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raheel%20Shakoor%20Siddiqui">Raheel Shakoor Siddiqui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahbaz%20Malik"> Shahbaz Malik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manikandar%20Srinivas%20Cheruvu"> Manikandar Srinivas Cheruvu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Narayana%20Murthy"> Sanjay Narayana Murthy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Livio%20DiMascio"> Livio DiMascio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: elderly traumatic hip fracture patients frequently present to trauma services globally. Rising low energy falls amongst an osteoporotic aging population is the commonest cause for injury. Hip fractures in this population are a major cause for severe pain, morbidity and mortality. The term hip fracture is interchangeable with neck of femur fracture, fractured neck of femur or proximal femur fracture. Hip fracture pain management protocols and guidelines suggest conventional analgesia, nerve block and opioid based treatment as rescue analgesia. There is a current global opioid crisis with overuse, abuse and dependence. Adverse opioid related complications in vulnerable elderly patients further adds to morbidity and mortality. Systematic reviews in literature have evidenced superiority of multimodal analgesia in osteoarthritic primary joint replacements compared to opioids however, this has not yet been conducted for elderly traumatic hip fracture patients. Aims: The primary aim of this systematic review is to provide standardised evidence following Cochrane and PRISMA guidance in determining advantages of perioperative multimodal analgesia over conventional opioid based treatments in elderly traumatic hip fractures. Methods: 5 databases were searched from January 2000-2023 which identified 8 randomised controlled trials and 446 total participants. These trials met defined PICOS eligibility criteria of patient mean age ≥ 65 years presenting with a unilateral traumatic fractured neck of femur for operative intervention. Analgesic intervention with perioperative multimodal analgesia has been compared to conventional opioid based analgesia. Outcomes of interest include, primarily, the change in postoperative opioid consumption within a 0-30 postoperative period and secondarily, the change in postoperative adverse events and complications. A qualitative synthesis has been performed due to clinical heterogenicity and variance amongst trials. Results: GRADE evidence of moderate quality supports perioperative multimodal analgesia leads to a reduction in postoperative opioid consumption however, low quality evidence supports a reduction of adverse effects and complications. Conclusion: Perioperative multimodal analgesia whether used preoperative, intraoperative and/or postoperative leads to a reduction in postoperative opioid consumption for elderly traumatic hip fracture patients. This review recommends the use of perioperative multimodal analgesia as part of hip fracture pain protocols however, caution and clinical judgement should be used as the risk of adverse effects may not be lower. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trauma" title="trauma">trauma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthopaedics" title=" orthopaedics"> orthopaedics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hip" title=" hip"> hip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fracture" title=" fracture"> fracture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neck%20of%20femur%20fracture" title=" neck of femur fracture"> neck of femur fracture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analgesia" title=" analgesia"> analgesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multimodal%20analgesia" title=" multimodal analgesia"> multimodal analgesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=opioid" title=" opioid"> opioid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169179/effect-of-perioperative-multimodal-analgesia-on-postoperative-opioid-consumption-and-complications-in-elderly-traumatic-hip-fracture-patients-a-systematic-review-of-randomised-controlled-trials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169179.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">103</span> Interdialytic Acupuncture Is an Add-on Option for Preserving Residual Renal Function: A Case Series Report</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lai%20Tzu-Hsuan">Lai Tzu-Hsuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lai%20Jung-Nien"> Lai Jung-Nien</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lin%20Jaung-Geng"> Lin Jaung-Geng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kao%20Shung-Te"> Kao Shung-Te</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsuan-Kuang%20Jung"> Hsuan-Kuang Jung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Whether acupuncture therapy contributes to preserving residual renal function (RRF) remains largely unknown. This case series evidenced the potential beneficial effects of acupuncture for preserving RRF in five patients with the end-stage renal disease under hemodialysis (HD) treatment. Participants: Five patients on HD receiving eight sessions of weekly 30-min interdialytic acupuncture (Inter-A) with residual urine volume (rUV) and residual glomerular filtration rate (rGFR) recorded once every two weeks were included for analysis. Outcomes: Changes in rUV and rGFR calculated using 24-hour urine collection data were analyzed to assess RRF. Variations in hemoglobin, urea Kt/V and serum albumin levels measured monthly were analyzed to evaluate HD adequacy. Results: After eight Inter-A sessions, mean (standard deviation (SD)) rUV and rGFR increased from 612 (184) ml/day and 1.48 (.94) ml/min/1.73 m2 at baseline to 803(289) ml/day and 2.04(1.17) ml/min/1.73m2 at 2- and 4-week follow-up, respectively. The mean percentage difference increased by 31% in rUV and 38% in rGFR. Routine measurements on HD adequacy also showed improvement. Conclusions: Acupuncture might be an optional add-on treatment for HD population with poor control of water; however, further well-designed controlled trials are warranted. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=end-stage%20renal%20disease" title="end-stage renal disease">end-stage renal disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemodialysis" title=" hemodialysis"> hemodialysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acupuncture" title=" acupuncture"> acupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20renal%20function" title=" residual renal function"> residual renal function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20urine%20volume" title=" residual urine volume"> residual urine volume</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137391/interdialytic-acupuncture-is-an-add-on-option-for-preserving-residual-renal-function-a-case-series-report" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137391.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">102</span> Management of Postoperative Pain, Intercultural Differences Among Registered Nurses: Czech Republic and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Denisa%20Mackova">Denisa Mackova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Pokorna"> Andrea Pokorna </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The management of postoperative pain is a meaningful part of quality care. The experience and knowledge of registered nurses in postoperative pain management can be influenced by local know-how. Therefore, the research helps to understand the cultural differences between two countries with the aim of evaluating the management of postoperative pain management among the nurses from the Czech Republic and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Both countries have different procedures on managing postoperative pain and the research will provide an understanding of both the advantages and disadvantages of the procedures and also highlight the knowledge and experience of registered nurses in both countries. Between the Czech Republic and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the expectation is for differing results in the usage of opioid analgesia for the patients postoperatively and in the experience of registered nurses with Patient Controlled Analgesia. The aim is to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of registered nurses and to merge the data with the postoperative pain management in the early postoperative period in the Czech Republic and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Also, the aim is to assess the knowledge and experience of registered nurses by using Patient Controlled Analgesia and epidural analgesia treatment in the early postoperative period. The criteria for those providing input into the study, are registered nurses, working in surgical settings (standard departments, post-anesthesia care unit, day care surgery or ICU’s) caring for patients in the postoperative period. Method: Research is being conducted by questionnaires. It is a quantitative research, a comparative study of registered nurses in the Czech Republic and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Questionnaire surveys were distributed through an electronic Bristol online survey. Results: The collection of the data in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been completed successfully, with 550 respondents, 77 were excluded and 473 respondents were included for statistical data analysis. The outcome of the research is expected to highlight the differences in treatment through Patient Controlled Analgesia, with more frequent use in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A similar assumption is expected for treatment conducted by analgesia. We predict that opioids will be used more regularly in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, whilst therapy through NSAID’s being the most common approach in the Czech Republic. Discussion/Conclusion: The majority of respondents from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were female registered nurses from a multitude of nations. We are expecting a similar split in gender between the Czech Republic respondents; however, there will be a smaller number of nationalities. Relevance for research and practice: Output from the research will assess the knowledge, experience and practice of patient controlled analgesia and epidural analgesia treatment. Acknowledgement: This research was accepted and affiliated to the project: Postoperative pain management, knowledge and experience registered nurses (Czech Republic and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) – SGS05/2019-2020. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acute%20postoperative%20pain" title="acute postoperative pain">acute postoperative pain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epidural%20analgesia" title=" epidural analgesia"> epidural analgesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nursing%20care" title=" nursing care"> nursing care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient%20controlled%20analgesia" title=" patient controlled analgesia "> patient controlled analgesia </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109855/management-of-postoperative-pain-intercultural-differences-among-registered-nurses-czech-republic-and-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109855.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">101</span> Acupuncture in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease-Related Fatigue: A Pilot Randomized, Controlled Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keng%20H.%20Kong">Keng H. Kong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Louis%20C.%20Tan"> Louis C. Tan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wing%20L.%20Aw"> Wing L. Aw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kay%20Y.%20Tay"> Kay Y. Tay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Fatigue is a common problem in patients with Parkinson's disease, with reported prevalence of up to 70%. Fatigue can be disabling and has adverse effects on patients' quality of life. There is currently no satisfactory treatment of fatigue. Acupuncture is effective in the treatment of fatigue, especially that related to cancer. Its role in Parkinson's disease-related fatigue is uncertain. Aims: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture treatment in Parkinson's disease-related fatigue. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that acupuncture is effective in alleviating Parkinson's disease-related fatigue. Design: A single center, randomized, controlled study with two parallel arms. Participants: Forty participants with idiopathic Parkinson's disease will be enrolled. Interventions: Participants will be randomized to receive verum (real) acupuncture or placebo acupuncture. The retractable non-invasive sham needle will be used in the placebo group. The intervention will be administered twice a week for five weeks. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome will be the change in general fatigue score of the multidimensional fatigue inventory at week 5. Secondary outcome measures include other subscales of the multidimensional fatigue inventory, movement disorders society-unified Parkinson's disease rating scale, Parkinson's disease questionnaire-39 and geriatric depression scale. All outcome measures will be assessed at baseline (week 0), completion of intervention (week 5) and 4 weeks after completion of intervention (week 9). Results: To date, 23 participants have been recruited and nine have completed the study. The mean age is 63.5±14.2 years, mean duration of Parkinson’s disease is 6.4±1.8 years and mean MDS-UPDRS score is 8.3±2.8. The mean general fatigue score of the multidimensional fatigue inventory is 13.5±4.6. No significant adverse event related to acupuncture is noted. Potential significance: If the results are as expected, this study will provide preliminary scientific evidence for the efficacy of acupuncture in Parkinson's Disease-related fatigue, and opens the door for a larger multicentre trial to be performed. In the longer term, it may lead to the integration of acupuncture in the care of patients with Parkinson's disease. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acupuncture" title="acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue" title=" fatigue"> fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parkinson%27s%20disease" title=" Parkinson's disease"> Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trial" title=" trial"> trial</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60561/acupuncture-in-the-treatment-of-parkinsons-disease-related-fatigue-a-pilot-randomized-controlled-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60561.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">100</span> A Randomized Controlled Trial Study on the Effect of Adding Dexmedetomidine to Bupivacaine in Supraclavicular Block Using Ultrasound Guidance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nazia%20Nazir">Nazia Nazir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The benefits of regional anesthetic techniques are well established. Use of additives to local anesthetics can prolong these benefits. The aim of this study was to observe the effect of adding dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine for the supraclavicular block. Methods (Design): In this randomized, double-blind study, seventy ASA I & II patients of either sex undergoing elective surgeries on the upper limb were given supraclavicular block under ultrasound guidance. Group C (n=35), received 38 mL 0.25% bupivacaine + 2mL normal saline and group D received 38 mL 0.25% bupivacaine + 1 µg/kg dexmedetomidine (2mL). Patients were observed for onset, duration of motor and sensory block, duration of analgesia, sedation score, hemodynamic changes and any adverse events. Results: In group D the onset was faster (P < 0.001), duration of sensory and motor block, as well as duration of analgesia, was prolonged as compared to group C (P < 0.0001). There was significant drop in heart rate (HR) from the baseline in group D (P < 0.05) at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min, however, none of the patients dropped HR below 50/min. Mean arterial Pressure (MAP) remained unaffected. The patients in group D were effectively sedated than those in group C (P < 0.05). No adverse event was reported in either group. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine as adjuvant to bupivacaine in supraclavicular block resulted in faster action, prolonged motor and sensory block, prolonged analgesia with hemodynamic stability and adequate sedation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Analgesia" title="Analgesia">Analgesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bupivacaine" title=" bupivacaine"> bupivacaine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dexmedetomidine" title=" dexmedetomidine"> dexmedetomidine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supraclavicular%20block" title=" supraclavicular block"> supraclavicular block</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90335/a-randomized-controlled-trial-study-on-the-effect-of-adding-dexmedetomidine-to-bupivacaine-in-supraclavicular-block-using-ultrasound-guidance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90335.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">99</span> Preventive Impact of Regional Analgesia on Chronic Neuropathic Pain After General Surgery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beloulou%20Mohamed%20Lamine">Beloulou Mohamed Lamine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fedili%20Benamar"> Fedili Benamar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meliani%20Walid"> Meliani Walid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaid%20Dalila"> Chaid Dalila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lamara%20Abdelhak"> Lamara Abdelhak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Post-surgical chronic pain (PSCP) is a pathological condition with a rather complex etiopathogenesis that extensively involves sensitization processes and neuronal damage. The neuropathic component of these pains is almost always present, with variable expression depending on the type of surgery. Objective: To assess the presumed beneficial effect of Regional Anesthesia-Analgesia Techniques (RAAT) on the development of post-surgical chronic neuropathic pain (PSCNP) in various surgical procedures. Patients and Methods: A comparative study involving 510 patients distributed across five surgical models (mastectomy, thoracotomy, hernioplasty, cholecystectomy, and major abdominal-pelvic surgery) and randomized into two groups: Group A (240) receiving conventional postoperative analgesia and Group B (270) receiving balanced analgesia, including the implementation of a Regional Anesthesia-Analgesia Technique (RAAT). These patients were longitudinally followed over a 6-month period, with postsurgical chronic neuropathic pain (PSCNP) defined by a Neuropathic Pain Score DN2≥ 3. Comparative measurements through univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify associations between the development of PSCNP and certain predictive factors, including the presumed preventive impact (protective effect) of RAAT. Results: At the 6th month post-surgery, 419 patients were analyzed (Group A= 196 and Group B= 223). The incidence of PSCNP was 32.2% (n=135). Among these patients with chronic pain, the prevalence of neuropathic pain was 37.8% (95% CI: [29.6; 46.5]), with n=51/135. It was significantly lower in Group B compared to Group A, with respective percentages of 31.4% vs. 48.8% (p-value = 0.035). The most significant differences were observed in breast and thoracopulmonary surgeries. In a multiple regression analysis, two predictors of PSCNP were identified: the presence of preoperative pain at the surgical site as a risk factor (OR: 3.198; 95% CI [1.326; 7.714]) and RAAT as a protective factor (OR: 0.408; 95% CI [0.173; 0.961]). Conclusion: The neuropathic component of PSCNP can be observed in different types of surgeries. Regional analgesia included in a multimodal approach to postoperative pain management has proven to be effective for acute pain and seems to have a preventive impact on the development of PSCNP and its neuropathic nature, particularly in surgeries that are more prone to chronicization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-surgical%20chronic%20pain" title="post-surgical chronic pain">post-surgical chronic pain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-surgical%20chronic%20neuropathic%20pain" title=" post-surgical chronic neuropathic pain"> post-surgical chronic neuropathic pain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regional%20anesthesia-analgesia%20techniques" title=" regional anesthesia-analgesia techniques"> regional anesthesia-analgesia techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neuropathic%20pain%20score%20DN2" title=" neuropathic pain score DN2"> neuropathic pain score DN2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preventive%20impact" title=" preventive impact"> preventive impact</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174667/preventive-impact-of-regional-analgesia-on-chronic-neuropathic-pain-after-general-surgery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">98</span> The Therapeutic Effects of Acupuncture on Oral Dryness and Antibody Modification in Sjogren Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tzu-Hao%20Li">Tzu-Hao Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yen-Ying%20Kung"> Yen-Ying Kung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang-Youh%20Tsai"> Chang-Youh Tsai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oral dryness is a common chief complaint among patients with Sjőgren syndrome (SS), which is a disorder currently known as autoantibodies production; however, to author’s best knowledge, there has been no satisfying pharmacy to relieve the associated symptoms. Hence the effectiveness of other non-pharmacological interventions such as acupuncture should be accessed. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) which evaluated the effectiveness of xerostomia in SS. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Chongqing Weipu Database (CQVIP), China Academic Journals Full-text Database, AiritiLibrary, Chinese Electronic Periodicals Service (CEPS), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) Database were searches through May 12, 2018 to select studies. Data for evaluation of subjective and objective xerostomia was extracted and was assessed with random-effects meta-analysis. After searching, a total of 541 references were yielded and five RCTs were included, covering 340 patients dry mouth resulted from SS, among whom 169 patients received acupuncture and 171 patients were control group. Acupuncture group was associated with higher subjective response rate (odds ratio 3.036, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.828 – 5.042, P < 0.001) and increased salivary flow rate (weighted mean difference [WMD] 3.066, 95% CI 2.969 – 3.164, P < 0.001), as an objective marker. In addition, two studies examined IgG levels, which were lower in the acupuncture group (WMD -166.857, 95% CI -233.138 - -100.576, P < 0.001). Therefore, in the present meta-analysis, acupuncture improves both subjective and objective markers of dry mouth with autoantibodies reduction in patients with SS and is considered as an option of non-pharmacological treatment for SS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acupuncture" title="acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meta-analysis" title=" meta-analysis"> meta-analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sjogren%20syndrome" title=" Sjogren syndrome"> Sjogren syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=xerostomia" title=" xerostomia"> xerostomia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95806/the-therapeutic-effects-of-acupuncture-on-oral-dryness-and-antibody-modification-in-sjogren-syndrome-a-meta-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95806.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">97</span> Development of a Small-Group Teaching Method for Enhancing the Learning of Basic Acupuncture Manipulation Optimized with the Theory of Motor Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wen-Chao%20Tang">Wen-Chao Tang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tang-Yi%20Liu"> Tang-Yi Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming%20Gao"> Ming Gao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gang%20Xu"> Gang Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hua-Yuan%20Yang"> Hua-Yuan Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study developed a method for teaching acupuncture manipulation in small groups optimized with the theory of motor learning. Sixty acupuncture students and their teacher participated in our research. Motion videos were recorded of their manipulations using the lifting-thrusting method. These videos were analyzed using Simi Motion software to acquire the movement parameters of the thumb tip. The parameter velocity curves along Y axis was used to generate small teaching groups clustered by a self-organized map (SOM) and K-means. Ten groups were generated. All the targeted instruction based on the comparative results groups as well as the videos of teacher and student was provided to the members of each group respectively. According to the theory and research of motor learning, the factors or technologies such as video instruction, observational learning, external focus and summary feedback were integrated into this teaching method. Such efforts were desired to improve and enhance the effectiveness of current acupuncture teaching methods in limited classroom teaching time and extracurricular training. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acupuncture" title="acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=group%20teaching" title=" group teaching"> group teaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20instruction" title=" video instruction"> video instruction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=observational%20learning" title=" observational learning"> observational learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=external%20focus" title=" external focus"> external focus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=summary%20feedback" title=" summary feedback"> summary feedback</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100464/development-of-a-small-group-teaching-method-for-enhancing-the-learning-of-basic-acupuncture-manipulation-optimized-with-the-theory-of-motor-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100464.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">96</span> Efficacy and Mechanisms of Acupuncture for Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Preclinical Evidence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yimeng%20Zhang">Yimeng Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental health condition with a substantial economic impact and limited treatment options. Acupuncture has gained attention as a promising non-pharmacological intervention for alleviating depressive symptoms. However, its mechanisms and clinical effectiveness remain incompletely understood. This meta-analysis aims to (1) synthesize existing evidence on the mechanisms and clinical effectiveness of acupuncture for depression and (2) compare these findings with pharmacological interventions, providing insights for future research. Evidence from animal models and clinical studies indicates that acupuncture may enhance hippocampal and network neuroplasticity and reduce brain inflammation, potentially alleviating depressive disorders. Clinical studies suggest that acupuncture can effectively relieve primary depression, particularly in milder cases, and is beneficial in managing post-stroke depression, pain-related depression, and postpartum depression, both as a standalone and adjunctive treatment. Notably, combining acupuncture with antidepressant pharmacotherapy appears to enhance treatment outcomes and reduce medication side effects, addressing a critical issue in conventional drug therapy's high dropout rates. This meta-analysis, encompassing 12 studies and 710 participants, draws data from eight digital databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, CNKI, CBM, Wangfang, and CQVIP) covering the period from 2012 to 2022. Utilizing Stata software 15.0, the meta-analysis employed random-effects and fixed-effects models to assess the distribution of depression in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The results underscore the substantial evidence supporting acupuncture's beneficial effects on depression. However, the small sample sizes of many clinical trials raise concerns about the generalizability of the findings, indicating a need for further research to validate these outcomes and optimize acupuncture's role in treating depression. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese%20medicine" title="Chinese medicine">Chinese medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acupuncture" title=" acupuncture"> acupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depression" title=" depression"> depression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meta-analysis" title=" meta-analysis"> meta-analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188915/efficacy-and-mechanisms-of-acupuncture-for-depression-a-meta-analysis-of-clinical-and-preclinical-evidence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188915.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">35</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">95</span> The Effect of Manual Acupuncture-induced Injury as a Mechanism Contributing to Muscle Regeneration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamal%20Ameis">Kamal Ameis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to further improve our understanding of the underlying mechanism of local injury that occurs after manual acupuncture needle manipulation, and that initiates the muscle regeneration process, which is essential for muscle maintenance and adaptation. Skeletal muscle is maintained by resident stem cells called muscle satellite cells. These cells are normally in quiescent state, but following muscle injury, they re-enter the cell cycle and execute a myogenic program resulting in muscle fiber regeneration. Our previous work in young rats demonstrated that acupuncture treatment induced injury that activated resident satellite (stem) cells, which leads to muscle regeneration. Skeletal muscle regeneration is an adaptive response to injury that requires a tightly orchestrated event between signaling pathways activated by growth factor and intrinsic regulatory program controlled by myogenic transcription factor. We identified several gene expressions uniquely important for muscle regeneration in response to acupuncture treatment at different time course using different biological techniques, including Immunocytochemistry, western blotting, and Real Time PCR. This study uses a novel but non-invasive model of injury induced by manual acupuncture to further our current understanding of regenerative mechanism of muscle stem cells. From a clinical perspective, this model of injury induced by manual acupuncture may be easily translatable into a clinical tool that can be used as an alternative to physical exercise for patients challenged by bed rest or forced inactivity. Finally, the knowledge gained from this research could be useful for studies of the local effects of various modalities of induced injury, such as the traditional method of healing by cupping (hijamah), which may enhanced muscle stem cells and muscle fiber regeneration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acupuncture" title="acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injury" title=" injury"> injury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regeneration" title=" regeneration"> regeneration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muscle%20stem%20cells" title=" muscle stem cells"> muscle stem cells</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145713/the-effect-of-manual-acupuncture-induced-injury-as-a-mechanism-contributing-to-muscle-regeneration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145713.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">94</span> Preventive Effect of Locoregional Analgesia Techniques on Chronic Post-Surgical Neuropathic Pain: A Prospective Randomized Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beloulou%20Mohamed%20Lamine">Beloulou Mohamed Lamine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bouhouf%20Attef"> Bouhouf Attef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meliani%20Walid"> Meliani Walid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sellami%20Dalila"> Sellami Dalila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lamara%20Abdelhak"> Lamara Abdelhak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Post-surgical chronic pain (PSCP) is a pathological condition with a rather complex etiopathogenesis that extensively involves sensitization processes and neuronal damage. The neuropathic component of these pains is almost always present, with variable expression depending on the type of surgery. Objective: To assess the presumed beneficial effect of Regional Anesthesia-Analgesia Techniques (RAAT) on the development of post-surgical chronic neuropathic pain (PSCNP) in various surgical procedures. Patients and Methods: A comparative study involving 510 patients distributed across five surgical models (mastectomy, thoracotomy, hernioplasty, cholecystectomy, and major abdominal-pelvic surgery) and randomized into two groups: Group A (240) receiving conventional postoperative analgesia and Group B (270) receiving balanced analgesia, including the implementation of a Regional Anesthesia-Analgesia Technique (RAAT). These patients were longitudinally followed over a 6-month period, with post-surgical chronic neuropathic pain (PSCNP) defined by a Neuropathic Pain Score DN2≥ 3. Comparative measurements through univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify associations between the development of PSCNP and certain predictive factors, including the presumed preventive impact (protective effect) of RAAT. Results: At the 6th month post-surgery, 419 patients were analyzed (Group A= 196 and Group B= 223). The incidence of PSCNP was 32.2% (n=135). Among these patients with chronic pain, the prevalence of neuropathic pain was 37.8% (95% CI: [29.6; 46.5]), with n=51/135. It was significantly lower in Group B compared to Group A, with respective percentages of 31.4% vs. 48.8% (p-value = 0.035). The most significant differences were observed in breast and thoracopulmonary surgeries. In a multiple regression analysis, two predictors of PSCNP were identified: the presence of preoperative pain at the surgical site as a risk factor (OR: 3.198; 95% CI [1.326; 7.714]) and RAAT as a protective factor (OR: 0.408; 95% CI [0.173; 0.961]). Conclusion: The neuropathic component of PSCNP can be observed in different types of surgeries. Regional analgesia included in a multimodal approach to postoperative pain management has proven to be effective for acute pain and seems to have a preventive impact on the development of PSCNP and its neuropathic nature or component, particularly in surgeries that are more prone to chronicization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronic%20postsurgical%20pain" title="chronic postsurgical pain">chronic postsurgical pain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=postsurgical%20chronic%20neuropathic%20pain" title=" postsurgical chronic neuropathic pain"> postsurgical chronic neuropathic pain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regional%20anesthesia%20and%20analgesia%20techniques%20%28RAAT%29" title=" regional anesthesia and analgesia techniques (RAAT)"> regional anesthesia and analgesia techniques (RAAT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neuropathic%20pain%20score%20dn2" title=" neuropathic pain score dn2"> neuropathic pain score dn2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preventive%20impact" title=" preventive impact"> preventive impact</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192103/preventive-effect-of-locoregional-analgesia-techniques-on-chronic-post-surgical-neuropathic-pain-a-prospective-randomized-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192103.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">27</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">93</span> Auricular-Magnet Therapy for Treating Diabetes Mellitus, Food Craving, Insomnia, Nausea and Bell’s Palsy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Chen">Yu Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Auricular-magnet therapy is the development of auricular acupuncture. It is a powerful, convenient, and quick result-achieving therapeutic method. This therapy works by using magnetic discs to be placed on acupuncture points on the ears to treat diseases and improve health. In this study, the fundamental principles, indications, and contraindications of this therapy are discussed. Five examples, including reducing blood glucose levels, healing gangrene for diabetes patients, and treating Bell's palsy, are presented. Auricular-magnet therapy is a powerful development in acupuncture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auricular-magnet%20therapy" title="auricular-magnet therapy">auricular-magnet therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bell%E2%80%99s%20palsy" title=" Bell’s palsy"> Bell’s palsy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diabetes%20mellitus" title=" diabetes mellitus"> diabetes mellitus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20craving" title=" food craving"> food craving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insomnia" title=" insomnia"> insomnia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nausea" title=" nausea"> nausea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obesity" title=" obesity"> obesity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157155/auricular-magnet-therapy-for-treating-diabetes-mellitus-food-craving-insomnia-nausea-and-bells-palsy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157155.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">92</span> Intrathecal Fentanyl with 0.5% Bupivacaine Heavy in Chronic Opium Abusers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suneet%20Kathuria">Suneet Kathuria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shikha%20Gupta"> Shikha Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kapil%20Dev"> Kapil Dev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunil%20Katyal"> Sunil Katyal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chronic use of opioids in opium abusers can cause poor pain control and increased analgaesic requirement. We compared the duration of spinal anaesthesia in chronic opium abusers and non-abusers. This prospective randomised study included 60 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Grade I or II adults undergoing surgery under spinal anaesthesia with 10 mg bupivacaine, and 25 μg fentanyl in non-opium abusers (Group A); and chronic opium abusers (Group B), and 40 μg fentanyl in chronic opium abusers (Group C). Patients were assessed for onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade and duration of effective analgesia. Mean time to onset of adequate analgesia in opium abusers was significantly longer in chronic opium abusers than in opium-naive patients. The duration of sensory block and motor block was significantly less in chronic opium abusers than in non-opium abusers. Duration of effective analgesia in groups A, B and C was 255.55 ± 26.84, 217.85 ± 15.15, and 268.20 ± 18.25 minutes, respectively; this difference was statistically significant. In chronic opium abusers, the duration of spinal anaesthesia is significantly shorter than that in opium nonabusers. The duration of spinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl in chronic opium abusers can be improved by increasing the intrathecal fentanyl dose from 25 μg to 40 μg. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bupivacaine" title="bupivacaine">bupivacaine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronic%20opium%20abusers" title=" chronic opium abusers"> chronic opium abusers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fentanyl" title=" fentanyl"> fentanyl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intrathecal" title=" intrathecal"> intrathecal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25490/intrathecal-fentanyl-with-05-bupivacaine-heavy-in-chronic-opium-abusers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25490.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">297</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">91</span> Audit of Post-Caesarean Section Analgesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachel%20Ashwell">Rachel Ashwell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sally%20Millett"> Sally Millett</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Adequate post-operative pain relief is a key priority in the delivery of caesarean sections. This improves patient experience, reduces morbidity and enables optimal mother-infant interaction. Recommendations outlined in the NICE guidelines for caesarean section (CS) include offering peri-operative intrathecal/epidural diamorphine and post-operative opioid analgesics; offering non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) unless contraindicated and taking hourly observations for 12 hours following intrathecal diamorphine. Method: This audit assessed the provision of post-CS analgesia in 29 women over a two-week period. Indicators used were the use of intrathecal/epidural opioids, use of post-operative opioids and NSAIDs, frequency of observations and patient satisfaction with pain management on post-operative days 1 and 2. Results: All women received intrathecal/epidural diamorphine, 97% were prescribed post-operative opioids and all were prescribed NSAIDs unless contraindicated. Hourly observations were not maintained for 12 hours following intrathecal diamorphine. 97% of women were satisfied with their pain management on post-operative day 1 whereas only 75% were satisfied on day 2. Discussion: This service meets the proposed standards for the provision of post-operative analgesia, achieving high levels of patient satisfaction 1 day after CS. However, patient satisfaction levels are significantly lower on post-operative day 2, which may be due to reduced frequency of observations. The lack of an official audit standard for patient satisfaction on postoperative day 2 may result in reduced incentive to prioritise pain management at this stage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Caesarean%20section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean section</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analgesia" title=" analgesia"> analgesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=postoperative%20care" title=" postoperative care"> postoperative care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient%20satisfaction" title=" patient satisfaction"> patient satisfaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18795/audit-of-post-caesarean-section-analgesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18795.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">90</span> Analgesic Efficacy of IPACK Block in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty (90 CASES)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fedili%20Benamar">Fedili Benamar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beloulou%20Mohamed%20Lamine"> Beloulou Mohamed Lamine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ouahes%20Hassane"> Ouahes Hassane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghattas%20Samir"> Ghattas Samir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p>  Background and aims: Peripheral regional anesthesia has been integrated into most analgesia protocols for total knee arthroplasty which considered among the most painful surgeries with a huge potential for chronicization. The adductor canal block (ACB) has gained popularity. Similarly, the IPACK block has been described to provide analgesia of the posterior knee capsule. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of this block in patients undergoing primary PTG. Methods: 90 patients were randomized to receive either an IPACK, an anterior sciatic block, or a sham block (30 patients in each group + multimodal analgesia and a catheter in the KCA adductor canal). GROUP 1 KCA GROUP 2 KCA+BSA GROUP 3 KCA+IPACK The analgesic blocks were done under echo-guidance preoperatively respecting the safety rules, the dose administered was 20 cc of ropivacaine 0.25% was used. We were to assess posterior knee pain 6 hours after surgery. Other endpoints included quality of recovery after surgery, pain scores, opioid requirements (PCA morphine)(EPI info 7.2 analysis). Results: -groups were matched -A predominance of women (4F/1H). -average age: 68 +/-7 years -the average BMI =31.75 kg/m2 +/- 4. -70% of patients ASA2 ,20% ASA3. -The average duration of the intervention: 89 +/- 19 minutes. -Morphine consumption (PCA) significantly higher in group 1 (16mg) & group 2 (8mg) group 3 (4mg) - The groups were matched . -There was a correlation between the use of the ipack block and postoperative pain Conclusions :In a multimodal analgesic protocol, the addition of IPACK block decreased pain scores and morphine consumption , <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regional%20anesthesia" title="regional anesthesia">regional anesthesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analgesia" title=" analgesia"> analgesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20knee%20arthroplasty" title=" total knee arthroplasty"> total knee arthroplasty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20adductor%20canal%20block%20%28acb%29" title=" the adductor canal block (acb)"> the adductor canal block (acb)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20ipack%20block" title=" the ipack block"> the ipack block</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pain" title=" pain"> pain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174505/analgesic-efficacy-of-ipack-block-in-primary-total-knee-arthroplasty-90-cases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174505.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">89</span> Effects of Acupuncture Treatment in Gait Parameters in Parkinson's Disease</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Catarina%20Isabel%20Ramos%20Pereira">Catarina Isabel Ramos Pereira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jorge%20Machado"> Jorge Machado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Begona%20Alonso%20Criado"> Begona Alonso Criado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Jo%C3%A3o%20Santos"> Maria João Santos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Gait disorders are one of the symptoms that have severe implications on the quality of life in Parkinson's disease (PD). Currently, there is no therapy to reverse or treat this condition. None of the drugs used in conventional medical treatment is entirely efficient, and all have a high incidence of side effects. Acupuncture treatment is believed to improve motor ability, but there is still little scientific evidence in individuals with PD. Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the acute effect of acupuncture on gait parameters in Parkinson's disease. Methods: This is a randomized and controlled crossover study. The same individual patient was part of both the experimental (real acupuncture) and control group (false acupuncture/sham), and the sequence was randomized. Gait parameters were measured at two different moments, before and after treatment, using four force platforms as well as the collection of 3D markers positions taken by 11 cameras. Images were quantitatively analyzed using Qualisys Track Manager software that let us extract data related to the quality of gait and balance. Seven patients with the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease were included in the study. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in gait speed (p = 0.016), gait cadence (p = 0.006), support base width (p = 0.0001), medio-lateral oscillation (p = 0.017), left-right step length (p = 0.0002), and stride length: right-right (p = 0.0000) and left-left (p = 0.0018), time of left support phase (p = 0.029), right support phase (p = 0.025) and double support phase (p = 0.015), between the initial and final moments for the experimental group. Differences in right-left stride length were found for both groups. Conclusion: Our results show that acupuncture could enhance gait in Parkinson's disease patients. Deep research involving a larger number of volunteers should be accomplished to validate these encouraging findings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acupuncture" title="acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20Chinese%20medicine" title=" traditional Chinese medicine"> traditional Chinese medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parkinson%27s%20disease" title=" Parkinson's disease"> Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gait" title=" gait"> gait</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143505/effects-of-acupuncture-treatment-in-gait-parameters-in-parkinsons-disease" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143505.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light 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