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.Nav__item:not(.Nav__item--contextual-header).Nav__item-search{display:none}.Nav--sticky #nav-markup.nav__main--abonne{padding-left:8rem;padding-right:8rem}}@media (min-width:1024px){.Nav--sticky .Nav__item-home{display:none}}@media not all and (min-resolution:0.001dpcm){@supports (-webkit-appearance:none){@media (min-width:1024px){.Nav--sticky .Nav__item--active.Nav__item-home:before{bottom:.6rem;top:auto}}}}.Nav--sticky .Nav__item-link:not(.Nav__search){padding:.5rem}.Nav .wrapper{display:flex;height:100%;margin:0 auto;max-width:115.2rem;overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;padding:0;width:100%}.Nav .wrapper>ul{display:flex;white-space:nowrap}@media (min-width:1024px){.Nav .wrapper{overflow-x:hidden;padding:0 1.6rem}}@media (min-width:1200px){.Nav.on-scroll .Nav__item--active:not(.Nav__item--contextual-header).Nav__item-en-continu:before,.Nav.on-scroll .Nav__item--active:not(.Nav__item--contextual-header).Nav__item-home:before{width:5.6rem}.Nav--sticky 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https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/2/0/1024/512/556/0/75/0/ill_4343387_1b58_426500.jpg 556w, https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/2/0/1024/512/600/0/75/0/ill_4343387_1b58_426500.jpg 600w, https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/2/0/1024/512/664/0/75/0/ill_4343387_1b58_426500.jpg 664w, https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/2/0/1024/512/700/0/75/0/ill_4343387_1b58_426500.jpg 700w, https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/2/0/1024/512/800/0/75/0/ill_4343387_1b58_426500.jpg 800w" sizes="(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw" alt="Défilé de combattants de l'Etat islamique d'Irak et du Levant (EIIL), groupe lié à Al-Qaida, à Tel Abyad, à proximité de la frontière turque, le 2 janvier 2014." width="664" height="443"> <img src="https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/2/0/1024/512/664/0/75/0/ill_4343387_1b58_426500.jpg" alt="Défilé de combattants de l'Etat islamique d'Irak et du Levant (EIIL), groupe lié à Al-Qaida, à Tel Abyad, à proximité de la frontière turque, le 2 janvier 2014." sizes="(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw" width="664" height="443"> </picture> <noscript> <img src="https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/2/0/1024/512/664/0/75/0/ill_4343387_1b58_426500.jpg" alt="Défilé de combattants de l'Etat islamique d'Irak et du Levant (EIIL), groupe lié à Al-Qaida, à Tel Abyad, à proximité de la frontière turque, le 2 janvier 2014."> </noscript> <figcaption class="article__legend" aria-hidden="true">Défilé de combattants de l'Etat islamique d'Irak et du Levant (EIIL), groupe lié à Al-Qaida, à Tel Abyad, à proximité de la frontière turque, le 2 janvier 2014. <span class="article__credit" aria-hidden="true">REUTERS/STRINGER</span> </figcaption> </figure> <p class="article__paragraph ">Syrie, Irak, Jordanie, Liban... Multipliant les offensives et les victoires, l'Etat islamique en Irak et au Levant (EILL) s'impose progressivement comme la principale force du djihadisme mondial. Fondé en Irak en 2007 pendant le djihad antiaméricain, le groupe islamiste entend concrétiser son projet de créer un Etat islamique à cheval sur le Liban, la Syrie et l'Irak : Da'ich.</p> <div id="inread_top" class="dfp-slot dfp__slot dfp__inread dfp-unloaded" data-format="inread_top" aria-hidden="true"></div> <p class="article__paragraph ">En Irak, la prise de contrôle de Mossoul, mardi 10 juin, dans la province de Ninive, frontalière de la Syrie, marque la montée en puissance de l'EIIL dans le pays où il a été fondé dans la foulée de l'invasion américaine. Il s'agit de la deuxième cité du pays tombée entièrement aux mains des rebelles après celle en janvier de Fallouja, à l'ouest de Bagdad. Les insurgés se dirigeraient maintenant vers la province limitrophe de Salaheddine, et le gouvernement craint que tout le pays ne tombe aux mains des islamistes. Un nouveau signe de la soif de conquête de l'EIIL.<strong> </strong></p> <p class="article__paragraph ">En quelques années, le groupe – connu sous l'appellation arabe « Da'ich » (Dawla islamiyya fi Iraq wa Chaam) – s'est imposé comme le groupe djihadiste le plus violent et le plus sectaire, mené d'une main de fer par son fondateur, Abou Bakr Al-Baghdadi, considéré par les spécialistes comme le nouveau Ben Laden. En multipliant les conquêtes, le groupe a réussi également à attirer des combattants djihadistes du monde entier et à internationaliser de façon inédite le conflit syrien.</p> <section class="catcher catcher--favoris"> <div class="catcher__content"><span class="catcher__title catcher__title--hide">Lire (en édition abonnés) :</span><span class="catcher__desc"> <span class="icon__premium"><span class="sr-only">Article réservé à nos abonnés</span></span> <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2014/05/29/abou-bakr-al-baghdadi-le-nouveau-ben-laden_4428636_3218.html" class="js-article-read-also catcher--favoris__link" data-premium="1">Abou Bakr Al-Baghdadi, le nouveau Ben Laden</a> </span> </div> <div class="catcher__favorite"> <button class="lmd-btn-icon lmd-btn-icon--primary lmd-btn-icon--m js-lmd-dropdown-favorite-toggler" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="lmd-dropdown-favorite" aria-label="Lire plus tard" data-article-id="142812" data-position="lire aussi" data-url="https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2014/05/29/abou-bakr-al-baghdadi-le-nouveau-ben-laden_4428636_3218.html" data-status=""> <span class="icon__favorites"></span> <span class="js-btn-icon-tooltip" aria-hidden="true">Lire plus tard</span> </button> </div> </section> <section class="catcher catcher--favoris"> <div class="catcher__content"><span class="catcher__title catcher__title--hide">Lire  :</span><span class="catcher__desc"> <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2014/06/10/le-gouvernement-irakien-perd-le-controle-de-mossoul_4435203_3218.html" class="js-article-read-also catcher--favoris__link" data-premium="">Après la chute de Mossoul, l'Irak craint de basculer dans le chaos</a> </span> </div> <div class="catcher__favorite"> <button class="lmd-btn-icon lmd-btn-icon--primary lmd-btn-icon--m js-lmd-dropdown-favorite-toggler" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="lmd-dropdown-favorite" aria-label="Lire plus tard" data-article-id="143058" data-position="lire aussi" data-url="https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2014/06/10/le-gouvernement-irakien-perd-le-controle-de-mossoul_4435203_3218.html" data-status=""> <span class="icon__favorites"></span> <span class="js-btn-icon-tooltip" aria-hidden="true">Lire plus tard</span> </button> </div> </section> <ul class="article__unordered-list"><li><strong>Les racines irakiennes de Da'ich<br></strong></li></ul> <p class="article__paragraph ">Arrivé en Irak après la chute du président Saddam Hussein, le 9 avril 2003, le Jordanien Abou Moussab Al-Zarkaoui fonde, un an plus tard, Al-Qaida en Mésopotamie. Dans sa lutte contre l'occupant américain, la filiale bénéficie d'un gros apport en combattants étrangers, venus principalement d'Arabie saoudite, du Yémen, de Libye, de Jordanie ou d'Egypte. Mais rapidement des divergences émergent entre Zarkaoui, dont les excès sanguinaires et la haine antichiite lui valent le surnom de « lion de Mésopotamie », et le commandement central d'Al-Qaida. En 2006, son numéro deux, Ayman Al-Zawahiri <em>« remet en cause la stratégie du chaos de Zarkaoui en Irak »</em>, note Dominique Thomas, spécialiste des mouvements djihadistes à l'EHESS.</p> <figure class="article__media"> <picture class="article__media"> <source srcset=" https://img.lemde.fr/2005/05/26/395/0/1628/814/556/0/75/0/ill_654066_zarqaoui_bis.jpg 556w, https://img.lemde.fr/2005/05/26/395/0/1628/814/600/0/75/0/ill_654066_zarqaoui_bis.jpg 600w, https://img.lemde.fr/2005/05/26/395/0/1628/814/664/0/75/0/ill_654066_zarqaoui_bis.jpg 664w, https://img.lemde.fr/2005/05/26/395/0/1628/814/700/0/75/0/ill_654066_zarqaoui_bis.jpg 700w, https://img.lemde.fr/2005/05/26/395/0/1628/814/800/0/75/0/ill_654066_zarqaoui_bis.jpg 800w" sizes="(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw" alt="Photo non datée du chef d'Al-Qaida en Irak, Abou Moussab Al-Zarkaoui." width="664" height="443"> <img src="https://img.lemde.fr/2005/05/26/395/0/1628/814/664/0/75/0/ill_654066_zarqaoui_bis.jpg" alt="Photo non datée du chef d'Al-Qaida en Irak, Abou Moussab Al-Zarkaoui." sizes="(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw" width="664" height="443"> </picture> <noscript> <img src="https://img.lemde.fr/2005/05/26/395/0/1628/814/664/0/75/0/ill_654066_zarqaoui_bis.jpg" alt="Photo non datée du chef d'Al-Qaida en Irak, Abou Moussab Al-Zarkaoui."> </noscript> <figcaption class="article__legend" aria-hidden="true">Photo non datée du chef d'Al-Qaida en Irak, Abou Moussab Al-Zarkaoui. <span class="article__credit" aria-hidden="true">AP</span> </figcaption> </figure> <p class="article__paragraph ">A la mort de Zarkaoui, tué en juin 2006 dans un bombardement américain, Abou Omar Al-Baghdadi devient le nouvel émir du groupe, qui prend en 2007 le nom d'Etat islamique en Irak (EII). <em>« Le groupe s'est repositionné sur des bases et un commandement irakiens et a connu son apogée en 2008-2009, prenant pied sur l'ensemble du territoire irakien et jusqu'au cœur de la capitale, Bagdad »</em>, souligne M. Thomas. Mais ses combattants ont ensuite été repoussés par l'armée irakienne, les forces américaines et les milices sunnites antidjihadistes, les sahwas. Abou Omar El-Baghdadi, tué dans un bombardement américain en mai 2010, est remplacé par un autre Irakien, Abou Bakr Al-Baghdadi.</p> <div id="inread" class="dfp-slot dfp__slot dfp__inread dfp-unloaded" data-format="inread" aria-hidden="true"></div> <p class="article__paragraph ">En déclin, l'EII s'est retranché dans les zones rurales et désertiques des provinces d'Anbar et de Ninive, à majorité sunnite. <em>« Ils étaient alors trop affaiblis pour mener plusieurs fronts. Beaucoup de combattants ont été fait prisonniers. Mais ils disposaient encore d'une capacité opérationnelle importante, qui leur a permis de mener des vagues d'attaques ponctuelles »</em>, indique Dominique Thomas.</p> <ul class="article__unordered-list"><li><strong>Le retour en force sur la scène syrienne</strong></li></ul> <p class="article__paragraph ">Le conflit syrien a redonné une dynamique à l'EII. La militarisation du conflit a suscité un afflux de combattants djihadistes, locaux et étrangers. En 2012 est créé Jabhat Al-Nosra, un groupe djihadiste majoritairement composé de combattants syriens – dont des militants libérés de prison par Bachar Al-Assad en 2011 – et irakiens dont l'EII s'attribue la paternité. Entre les deux groupes existe alors <em>« des passerelles, une mutualisation des effectifs, de la logistique et de l'expérience »</em>, note Dominique Thomas.</p> <figure class="article__media"> <picture class="article__media"> <source srcset=" https://img.lemde.fr/2013/07/16/171/0/1024/512/556/0/75/0/ill_3448214_95ff_777723.jpg 556w, https://img.lemde.fr/2013/07/16/171/0/1024/512/600/0/75/0/ill_3448214_95ff_777723.jpg 600w, https://img.lemde.fr/2013/07/16/171/0/1024/512/664/0/75/0/ill_3448214_95ff_777723.jpg 664w, https://img.lemde.fr/2013/07/16/171/0/1024/512/700/0/75/0/ill_3448214_95ff_777723.jpg 700w, https://img.lemde.fr/2013/07/16/171/0/1024/512/800/0/75/0/ill_3448214_95ff_777723.jpg 800w" sizes="(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw" alt="Un militant du Front Al-Nosra, en 2012 à Alep." width="664" height="443"> <img src="https://img.lemde.fr/2013/07/16/171/0/1024/512/664/0/75/0/ill_3448214_95ff_777723.jpg" alt="Un militant du Front Al-Nosra, en 2012 à Alep." sizes="(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw" width="664" height="443"> </picture> <noscript> <img src="https://img.lemde.fr/2013/07/16/171/0/1024/512/664/0/75/0/ill_3448214_95ff_777723.jpg" alt="Un militant du Front Al-Nosra, en 2012 à Alep."> </noscript> <figcaption class="article__legend" aria-hidden="true">Un militant du Front Al-Nosra, en 2012 à Alep. <span class="article__credit" aria-hidden="true">AP/MANU BRABO</span> </figcaption> </figure> <p class="article__paragraph ">Mais les deux mouvements vont entrer en opposition lorsqu'au printemps 2013, l'émir d'EII revendique la mainmise sur le groupe syrien. Cette OPA est rejetée par le chef du front Al-Nosra, Abou Mohamed Al-Jolani, qui annonce dans la foulée son ralliement à Al-Qaida. <em>« Il y avait un conflit de personnes, de pouvoirs mais aussi d'agenda. Jabhat Al-Nosra voulait conserver un agenda clairement syrien et rester dans la stratégie souterraine de dissimulation du projet d'Etat islamique »</em>, note M. Thomas. Ayman Al-Zawahiri, devenu numéro un d'Al-Qaida après la mort d'Oussama Ben Laden, tranche en faveur de la séparation des branches irakienne et syrienne et adoube Jabhat Al-Nosra comme <a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2013/11/08/zawahiri-confirme-que-le-front-al-nosra-est-la-branche-d-al-qaida-en-syrie_3510862_3210.html">« branche officielle</a><a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2013/11/08/zawahiri-confirme-que-le-front-al-nosra-est-la-branche-d-al-qaida-en-syrie_3510862_3210.html"> »</a><a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2013/11/08/zawahiri-confirme-que-le-front-al-nosra-est-la-branche-d-al-qaida-en-syrie_3510862_3210.html"> d'Al-Qaida en Syrie.</a></p> <section class="catcher catcher--favoris"> <div class="catcher__content"><span class="catcher__title catcher__title--hide">Lire (en édition abonnés) :</span><span class="catcher__desc"> <span class="icon__premium"><span class="sr-only">Article réservé à nos abonnés</span></span> <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2013/10/09/syrie-irak-terres-de-djihad-et-de-discorde_3492327_3218.html" class="js-article-read-also catcher--favoris__link" data-premium="1">Syrie-Irak, terres de djihad et de discorde</a> </span> </div> <div class="catcher__favorite"> <button class="lmd-btn-icon lmd-btn-icon--primary lmd-btn-icon--m js-lmd-dropdown-favorite-toggler" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="lmd-dropdown-favorite" aria-label="Lire plus tard" data-article-id="143057" data-position="lire aussi" data-url="https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2013/10/09/syrie-irak-terres-de-djihad-et-de-discorde_3492327_3218.html" data-status=""> <span class="icon__favorites"></span> <span class="js-btn-icon-tooltip" aria-hidden="true">Lire plus tard</span> </button> </div> </section> <p class="article__paragraph ">Al-Baghdadi passe outre cette décision et envoie ses hommes dans les territoires libérés du nord de la Syrie, sous la nouvelle bannière de l'Etat islamique en Irak et au Levant (EIIL) dont il confie la branche syrienne à l'Irakien Abou Mohammed Al-Adnani. «<em> L'ancrage syrien offre à l'EIIL un accès à la frontière turque, important pour les ravitaillements, et lui permet de mettre la main sur les ressources énergétiques de cette région pétrolière »</em>, souligne Dominique Thomas. Grâce au développement de toute une économie de guerre et à des financements étrangers, Al-Baghdadi va attirer des djihadistes étrangers d'horizons différents et se retrouver à la tête d'une armée de 5 000 à 6 000 combattants.</p> <div id="inread-2" class="dfp-slot dfp__slot dfp__inread dfp-unloaded" data-format="inread" aria-hidden="true"></div> <p class="article__paragraph ">Bien organisé, l'EIIL devient populaire auprès de la population, notamment grâce à ses distributions alimentaires, et se forge de solides allégeances dans les clans de l'est de la Syrie, notamment dans son bastion de Rakka. Mais l'origine étrangère des combattants, leur comportement, et l'autonomie de certaines katibas affaiblissent son autorité et sa structure.</p> <ul class="article__unordered-list"><li><strong>Des méthodes contestées, une opposition croissante<br></strong></li></ul> <figure class="article__media"> <picture class="article__media"> <source srcset=" https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/04/147/0/1024/512/556/0/75/0/ill_4343018_bbec_426475.jpg 556w, https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/04/147/0/1024/512/600/0/75/0/ill_4343018_bbec_426475.jpg 600w, https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/04/147/0/1024/512/664/0/75/0/ill_4343018_bbec_426475.jpg 664w, https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/04/147/0/1024/512/700/0/75/0/ill_4343018_bbec_426475.jpg 700w, https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/04/147/0/1024/512/800/0/75/0/ill_4343018_bbec_426475.jpg 800w" sizes="(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw" alt="Des combattants affiliés à l'Etat islamique en Irak et au Levant paradent en Syrie, près de la frontière turque, le 2 janvier 2014." width="664" height="443"> <img src="https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/04/147/0/1024/512/664/0/75/0/ill_4343018_bbec_426475.jpg" alt="Des combattants affiliés à l'Etat islamique en Irak et au Levant paradent en Syrie, près de la frontière turque, le 2 janvier 2014." sizes="(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw" width="664" height="443"> </picture> <noscript> <img src="https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/04/147/0/1024/512/664/0/75/0/ill_4343018_bbec_426475.jpg" alt="Des combattants affiliés à l'Etat islamique en Irak et au Levant paradent en Syrie, près de la frontière turque, le 2 janvier 2014."> </noscript> <figcaption class="article__legend" aria-hidden="true">Des combattants affiliés à l'Etat islamique en Irak et au Levant paradent en Syrie, près de la frontière turque, le 2 janvier 2014. <span class="article__credit" aria-hidden="true">REUTERS/STRINGER</span> </figcaption> </figure> <p class="article__paragraph ">En dépit des leçons tirées lors de la guerre d'Irak, <strong></strong>Abou Bakr Al-Baghdadi va répéter en Syrie les erreurs commises par son mentor, Al-Zarkaoui. Le groupe s'allie avec d'autres forces rebelles ou les expulse, organise des exécutions publiques de soldats alaouites, commet des exactions contre les sanctuaires chrétiens, tue parfois des chefs rebelles, s'approprie les biens gouvernementaux et exploite les puits de pétrole.</p> <p class="article__paragraph ">Face à la multiplication des enlèvements de militants pacifiques et des meurtres de rebelles non djihadistes, l'opposition et l'ASL, dont plusieurs chefs ont été tués par l'EIIL, l'accusent d'avoir <em>« volé »</em> leur révolution en jouant le jeu du régime. Les accrochages se multiplient avec les brigades de l'ASL, les milices kurdes rebelles ainsi qu'avec la population, excédée par la brutalité et l'intolérance religieuse des djihadistes étrangers. <em>« Da'ich se démarque de ces reproches, disant que beaucoup des exactions leur étant attribuées sont le fait de combattants mal maîtrisés et de sbires du régime, les chabihas. Mais ce discours ne passe pas »</em>, explique Dominique Thomas.</p> <section class="catcher catcher--favoris"> <div class="catcher__content"><span class="catcher__title catcher__title--hide">Lire (en édition abonnés) :</span><span class="catcher__desc"> <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2013/10/16/le-nord-de-la-syrie-terre-de-djihad-et-de-kidnapping_3496381_3218.html" class="js-article-read-also catcher--favoris__link" data-premium="">Le nord de la Syrie, terre de djihad et de kidnapping</a> </span> </div> <div class="catcher__favorite"> <button class="lmd-btn-icon lmd-btn-icon--primary lmd-btn-icon--m js-lmd-dropdown-favorite-toggler" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="lmd-dropdown-favorite" aria-label="Lire plus tard" data-article-id="142807" data-position="lire aussi" data-url="https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2013/10/16/le-nord-de-la-syrie-terre-de-djihad-et-de-kidnapping_3496381_3218.html" data-status=""> <span class="icon__favorites"></span> <span class="js-btn-icon-tooltip" aria-hidden="true">Lire plus tard</span> </button> </div> </section> <section class="catcher catcher--favoris"> <div class="catcher__content"><span class="catcher__title catcher__title--hide">Lire :</span><span class="catcher__desc"> <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2013/12/19/amnesty-accuse-des-djihadistes-de-torture-et-de-meurtre-en-syrie_4336754_3218.html" class="js-article-read-also catcher--favoris__link" data-premium="">Amnesty accuse des djihadistes de torture et de meurtre en Syrie</a> </span> </div> <div class="catcher__favorite"> <button class="lmd-btn-icon lmd-btn-icon--primary lmd-btn-icon--m js-lmd-dropdown-favorite-toggler" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="lmd-dropdown-favorite" aria-label="Lire plus tard" data-article-id="142809" data-position="lire aussi" data-url="https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2013/12/19/amnesty-accuse-des-djihadistes-de-torture-et-de-meurtre-en-syrie_4336754_3218.html" data-status=""> <span class="icon__favorites"></span> <span class="js-btn-icon-tooltip" aria-hidden="true">Lire plus tard</span> </button> </div> </section> <figure class="article__media"> <picture class="article__media"> <source srcset=" https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/0/0/1024/512/556/0/75/0/ill_4343544_29a4_289859.jpg 556w, https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/0/0/1024/512/600/0/75/0/ill_4343544_29a4_289859.jpg 600w, https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/0/0/1024/512/664/0/75/0/ill_4343544_29a4_289859.jpg 664w, https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/0/0/1024/512/700/0/75/0/ill_4343544_29a4_289859.jpg 700w, https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/0/0/1024/512/800/0/75/0/ill_4343544_29a4_289859.jpg 800w" sizes="(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw" alt="Les combats entre rebelles syriens et combattants de l'EIIL ont fait des centaines de morts depuis le début de l'année. " width="664" height="443"> <img src="https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/0/0/1024/512/664/0/75/0/ill_4343544_29a4_289859.jpg" alt="Les combats entre rebelles syriens et combattants de l'EIIL ont fait des centaines de morts depuis le début de l'année. " sizes="(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw" width="664" height="443"> </picture> <noscript> <img src="https://img.lemde.fr/2014/01/06/0/0/1024/512/664/0/75/0/ill_4343544_29a4_289859.jpg" alt="Les combats entre rebelles syriens et combattants de l'EIIL ont fait des centaines de morts depuis le début de l'année. "> </noscript> <figcaption class="article__legend" aria-hidden="true">Les combats entre rebelles syriens et combattants de l'EIIL ont fait des centaines de morts depuis le début de l'année. <span class="article__credit" aria-hidden="true">AFP/AHMAD ABOUD</span> </figcaption> </figure> <p class="article__paragraph ">Inquiets de voir des éléments de l'EIIL inflitrer la frontière turque mais aussi Homs et la plaine de la Ghouta, près de Damas, et désireuses de se débarrasser de ce partenaire encombrant pour l'image de la rébellion en Syrie comme à l'étranger, plusieurs alliances d'insurgés anti-EIIL vont se former dès septembre. Le 3 janvier, des brigades affiliées au Front islamique, une coalition d'obédience salafiste, ont ouvert les hostilités après l'assassinat d'un médecin rebelle à Alep, attribuée à l'EIIL. Rejoints par d'autres groupes armés, ils ont étendu leur offensive, qualifiée de <a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2014/01/04/syrie-une-deuxieme-revolution-contre-les-djihadistes_4343124_3218.html">« deuxième révolution »</a>, à Idlib, Rakka et Hama. <em>« La situation peut se renverser. Les forces modératrices vont peut-être trouver un terrain d'entente pour continuer à lutter ensemble contre le régime »</em>, note Dominique Thomas.</p> <ul class="article__unordered-list"><li><strong>La reconquête irakienne<br></strong></li></ul> <p class="article__paragraph ">Voyant monter en puissance la vague de protestation de la minorité sunnite contre le gouvernement central du premier ministre, Nouri Al-Maliki, l'EIIL a ouvert un second front en Irak. Fort de l'allégeance de tribus locales sunnites, des centaines de combattants se sont lancés, le 3 janvier, à la reconquête des anciens fiefs de Fallouja et Ramadi, qu'ils ont réussi à reprendre à l'armée irakienne. </p> <div id="inread-3" class="dfp-slot dfp__slot dfp__inread dfp-unloaded" data-format="inread" aria-hidden="true"></div> <p class="article__paragraph "><strong> Lire : <a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2014/01/06/l-iran-pret-a-s-impliquer-contre-al-qaida-en-irak_4343264_3218.html">Le gouvernement irakien appelle la population à chasser Al-Qaida de Fallouja</a></strong></p> <p class="article__paragraph ">Fort de ce succès, le groupe a poursuivi son offensive, face à un Etat fédéral fragilisé par les violences. Le 10 juin, au terme de quatre jours de combats, Mossoul, la deuxième ville d'Irak, est tombée aux mains des insurgés, dans une offensive d'une envergure sans précédent menée par EIIL. Le chef du Parlement irakien, Oussama Al-Noujaifi, a même annoncé que l'ensemble de la province irakienne de Ninive, frontalière de la Syrie, et dont Mossoul est le chef-lieu, est contrôlé par les rebelles. </p> <p class="article__paragraph ">Dans un discours retransmis en direct à la télévision, le premier ministre a annoncé avoir demandé au Parlement de déclarer l'état d'urgence. <em>« Si on n'arrête pas cette offensive sur les frontières de Ninive, elle va s'étendre à tout l'Irak »</em> a averti pour sa part le chef du Parlement, avant d'exhorter la population à coopérer avec les forces armées pour<em> « combattre ces groupes terroristes »</em>. Le gouvernement irakien a d'ailleurs indiqué qu'il fournirait des armes à tous les citoyens qui se porteraient volontaires pour combattre les insurgés, promettant des jours sanglants pour l'Irak. </p> <section class="author"> <p class="article__author-container"> <span class="author__detail"><a class="article__author-link" href="/signataires/helene-sallon/"> <span class="author__name">Hélène Sallon</span></a></span> </p> </section> <section class="article__reactions"> <section id="js-paywall-comments" class="paywall__comments"> <header class="paywall__comments-header"> <div class="paywall__comments-title">L’espace des contributions est réservé aux abonnés.</div> <div class="paywall__comments-subtitle">Abonnez-vous pour accéder à cet espace d’échange et contribuer à la discussion.</div> </header> <section class="paywall__comments-btn"> <section class="paywall__comments-subscribe"> <a href="https://abo.lemonde.fr/?lmd_medium=BOUTONS_LMFR&lmd_campaign=CONTRIBUTION_ARTICLE" class="btn 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