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class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Википедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ru.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="ирекле энциклопедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ba.svg" width="118" height="11" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.6875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%AD%D2%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Википедия эсендә эҙләү [f]" 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</div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Измените внешний вид страницы, размер, ширину и цвет шрифта." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Уҡыу көйләүҙәре</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=ba" class=""><span>Иғәнә</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ" class=""><span>Теркәлеү</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Танылыу</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Күберәк мөмкинлектәр" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Шәхси ҡоралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Ҡатнашыусы менюһы" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=ba"><span>Иғәнә</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Теркәлеү</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Танылыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Танылмаған мөхәррирҙәр өсөн бит <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" aria-label="Мөхәррирләү тураһында ентеклерәк"><span>Күберәк белергә</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%A8%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%88%D3%A9%D0%BC" title="Был IP-адрестан яһалған төҙәтеүҙәр [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Өлөш</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%98%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="IP-адресығыҙ өсөн фекер алышыу бите [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Фекер алышыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eйәшерергә\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Башы</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Тарихы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Тарихы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Тарихы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Тарихы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Методикаһы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Методикаһы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Методикаһы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Методикаһы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Яҙыу_формалары" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Яҙыу_формалары"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Яҙыу формалары</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Яҙыу_формалары-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Яҙыу формалары бүлеген күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Яҙыу_формалары-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Әрмән_палеографияһы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Әрмән_палеографияһы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Әрмән палеографияһы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Әрмән_палеографияһы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Урыҫ_палеографияһы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Урыҫ_палеографияһы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Урыҫ палеографияһы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Урыҫ_палеографияһы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Иҫкәрмәләр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Иҫкәрмәләр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Әҙәбиәт" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Әҙәбиәт"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Әҙәбиәт</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Әҙәбиәт-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Һылтанмалар" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Һылтанмалар"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Һылтанмалар</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Һылтанмалар-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Палеография</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Икенсе телдәге мәҡәләгә күсегеҙ. 67 телдә уҡырға була" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 тел</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="الخطاطة — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخطاطة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleograf%C3%ADa" title="Paleografía — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paleografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoqrafiya" title="Paleoqrafiya — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paleoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Палеаграфія — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палеаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеография — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Палеография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografia" title="Paleografia — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paleografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografie" title="Paleografie — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paleografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Палеографи — чувашский" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Палеографи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeograffeg" title="Palaeograffeg — валлийский" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Palaeograffeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A6ografi" title="Palæografi — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palæografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A4ografie" title="Paläografie — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paläografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παλαιογραφία — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλαιογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Palaeography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografio" title="Paleografio — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paleografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleograf%C3%ADa" title="Paleografía — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paleografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleograafia" title="Paleograafia — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paleograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografia" title="Paleografia — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paleografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کتیبه‌شناسی — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتیبه‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografia" title="Paleografia — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paleografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ographie" title="Paléographie — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paléographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleograf%C3%ADa" title="Paleografía — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paleografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="פלאוגרפיה — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלאוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पुरालेखविद्या — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुरालेखविद्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografija" title="Paleografija — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paleografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogr%C3%A1fia" title="Paleográfia — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paleográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հնագրություն — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografi" title="Paleografi — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paleografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografio" title="Paleografio — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paleografio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handritafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Handritafræði — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Handritafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografia" title="Paleografia — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paleografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%9B%B8%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="古書体学 — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古書体学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografi" title="Paleografi — яванский" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paleografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პალეოგრაფია — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პალეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеография — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Палеография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90%ED%95%99" title="고문자학 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고문자학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеография — киргизский" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Палеография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeographia" title="Palaeographia — латинский" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Palaeographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleographie" title="Paleographie — люксембургский" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Paleographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogr%C4%81fija" title="Paleogrāfija — латышский" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Paleogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Палеографиясь — мокшанский" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Палеографиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="мокшанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Палеографија — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Палеографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="लिपिशास्त्र — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिपिशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografie" title="Paleografie — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paleografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografi" title="Paleografi — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paleografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografia" title="Paleografia — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paleografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografia" title="Paleografia — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paleografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografia" title="Paleografia — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paleografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografie" title="Paleografie — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paleografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Палеография — русский" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палеография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografija" title="Paleografija — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paleografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleography" title="Paleography — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paleography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografia" title="Paleografia — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paleografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografija" title="Paleografija — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paleografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografi" title="Paleografi — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paleografi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Палеографија — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Палеографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografi" title="Paleografi — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paleografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="தொல்லெழுத்துக் கலை — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொல்லெழுத்துக் கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografi%C3%BDa" title="Paleografiýa — туркменский" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Paleografiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="туркменский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografi" title="Paleografi — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paleografi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Палеографія — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Палеографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleografiya" title="Paleografiya — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paleografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_v%C4%83n_t%E1%BB%B1_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Cổ văn tự học — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cổ văn tự học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6napenav" title="Vönapenav — волапюк" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vönapenav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="волапюк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%A6" title="古文字学 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古文字学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פאלעאגראפיע — идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאלעאגראפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%A6" title="古文字学 — китайский" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古文字学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%B8" title="古文字學 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古文字學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179957#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Башҡа телдәргә һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтеү" class="wbc-editpage">Һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтергә</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Исем арауыҡтары"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстәлек битен ҡарау [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Бит</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" rel="discussion" title="Биттең эстәлеге тураһында фекерләшеү [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Фекер алышыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Телде үҙгәртергә" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">башҡортса</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ҡарауҙар"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span>Уҡыу</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit" title="Был битте үҙгәртеү [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit" title="Биттең сығанаҡ кодын үҙгәртеү [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Кодты үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=history" title="Биттең төҙәтеүҙәр журналы [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Тарих</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ҡоралдар"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ҡоралдар" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ҡоралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ҡоралдар</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Күберәк мөмкинлектәр" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ғәмәлдәр </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span>Уҡыу</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit" title="Был битте үҙгәртеү [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit" title="Биттең сығанаҡ кодын үҙгәртеү [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Кодты үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=history"><span>Тарих</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Дөйөм </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Был биткә һылтанған барлыҡ биттәрҙең исемлеге [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Был биткә һылтанмалар</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%91%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" rel="nofollow" title="Был бит һылтанған биттәрҙәге һуңғы үҙгәртеүҙәр [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Бәйле үҙгәртеүҙәр</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Барлыҡ махсус биттәр исемлеге [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Махсус биттәр</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&oldid=1279620" title="Биттең был өлгөһөнә даими һылтанма"><span>Даими һылтанма</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=info" title="Был бит 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.ts-Универсальная_карточка-above{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);font-weight:bold;font-size:120%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-original,.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-image{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-label{width:9em;background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);text-align:left;padding-left:.4em;padding-right:.4em}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-split{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-below{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-error{background:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle,#ffe9e5);border:1px solid var(--border-color-error,#9f3526);text-align:center}</style> <table cellspacing="2" class="infobox ts-Универсальная_карточка"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above ts-Универсальная_карточка-above">Палеография</td></tr> <tr><td 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class="infobox-text"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q179957$086a7099-4db0-7fbe-cbac-912df180f232" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P2578"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C&action=edit&editintro=T:Нет_статьи/editintro&preload=T:Нет_статьи/preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Q87167&preloadparams%5B%5D=%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C&preloadparams%5B%5D=Универсальная+карточка"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">рукопись</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87167" class="extiw" title="d:Q87167">[d]</a></sup></span></span>, <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q179957$2c0994a1-488e-4791-5430-948ffd8c5077" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P2578"><span class="wikidata-snak 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href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82&action=edit&editintro=T:Нет_статьи/editintro&preload=T:Нет_статьи/preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Q3771738&preloadparams%5B%5D=%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82&preloadparams%5B%5D=Универсальная+карточка"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">исторический документ</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771738" class="extiw" title="d:Q3771738">[d]</a></sup></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below ts-Универсальная_карточка-below"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="q179957$C77103BC-7055-49E9-B41F-68C4E0D2FFF8" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P373"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Palaeography" title="commons:Category:Palaeography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Palaeography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Palaeography">Палеография Викимилектә</a></span></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Палеогра́фия</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Боронғо грек теле (был бит юҡ)">бор. грек.</a> <i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://ba.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%C3%B3%CF%82#Древнегреческий" class="extiw" title="wikt:παλαιóς">παλαιóς</a></span></i> «боронғо; мөһим» + <span style="font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/γράφω#Древнегреческий">γράφω</a></span><span lang="grc"><span style="font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;"><a href="https://ba.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CF%89#Древнегреческий" class="extiw" title="wikt:γράφω">γράφω</a></span></span> «писать») — яҙыу тарихын, уның график формалары үҫешенең законлығын, шулай уҡ уларҙы уҡыу, авторын билдәләү, яҙыу ваҡытын һәм урынын асыҡлау маҡсатында боронғо <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%B0)" title="Яҙма (Әлифба)">яҙмаларҙы</a> өйрәнгән ярҙамсы тарихи дисциплина (махсус тарихи- филологик дисциплина). Палеография хәрефтәрҙең график формаларының, яҙма билдәләрҙең эволюцияһын, уларҙың состав өлөштәренең пропорцияһын, шрифтарҙың төрҙәрен һәм эволюцияһын, ҡыҫҡартыуҙар системаһын һәм уларҙың график билдәләнешен, яҙманың материалын һәм ҡоралын тикшерә. Йәшерен яҙыу (криптография) системаһының графикаһынпалеографияның айырым тармағы өйрәнә. Орнаментты һәм ҡағыҙҙың һыу билдәләрен (филиграндәрен), форматын, ҡулъяҙмаларҙың тышын да өйрәнеү палеография өлкәһенә ҡарай. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Тарихы"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.85.D1.8B"></span>Тарихы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Тарихы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=1" title="Тарихы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Палеография</i> термины <a href="/wiki/1708_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1708 йыл">1708 йылда</a> «Грек палеографияһы» (тулы исеме: «Грек палеографияһы йәки хәрефтәрҙең килеп сығышы һәм үҫеше») китабы авторы француз монах-маврисы Монфокон тарафынан ҡулланыуға индерелә. Әммә дипломатика (уҡый-яҙа белеү тураһындағы дисциплина, латынсә diplomae) менән бер рәттән палеографияның ысын «атаһы» Монфокон түгел, ә конгрегация (мавристар — ордена бенедиктинсылар ордены конгрегацияһы) буйынса коллегаһы Жан Мабильон (1632—<a href="/wiki/1707_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1707 йыл">1707</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. була. Атап әйткәндә, боронғо франк королдәренең бенедиктин монастырҙарына бирелгән грамоталарының төп нөсхә булыуына шикләнеп ҡараған иезуиттар менән бәхәс ваҡытында, үҙ орденының намыҫын һаҡлап ҡалыу өсөн Мабильон 1681 йылда <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Париж">Парижда</a> «De re diplomatica libri sex» («Дипломатика алты китапта») хеҙмәтен баҫтырып сығара, унда иртә урта быуат яҙмаларының типтарын беренсе тапҡыр классификацияларға бүлә. Уларҙы ул «милли» атамаһы менән, йәғни франкиса, лангобардса, вестготса булараҡ билдәләй. Ә Монфокон беренсе булып палеографик тикшеренеүҙәр ысулын эшкәртә<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: ҡулъяҙмаларҙы (билдәле бер билдәләре нигеҙендә) в хронологик рәткә урынлаштыра, ул хәрефтәрҙең эволюцияһын сығара һәм урта быуат грек яҙмаһы үҫеше стадияларын һәм уның типтарын билдәләй. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы">Рәсәйҙә</a> палеографик тикшеренеүҙәр башланғысы <a href="/wiki/XVIII" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII">XVIII</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D2%AB%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Иҫке тәртип православиеһы">быуат старообрядсы</a> бәхәсселәренең иҫке йолаларҙы кире ҡағыуҙың бик борондан килеүен иҫбат итеү маҡсатында <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82" title="Хөкүмәт">хөкүмәт</a> тарафынан мәсьәләне бер яҡлы яҡтыртып таратҡан ялған хәбәрен фашлауға арналған хеҙмәттәрендә күҙәтелә. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Методикаһы"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D2.BB.D1.8B"></span>Методикаһы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Методикаһы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=2" title="Методикаһы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Палеография яҙыуҙың үҙенсәлектәренә генә түгел, ә яҙманың тышҡы күренешенә етди иғтибар бүлә: әйтәйек, яҙыу материалына (<a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D2%99" title="Ҡағыҙ">ҡағыҙ</a>, пергамент, папирус), тышына, һыҙатына, ҡыҫҡартыу, биҙәүҙәргә һәм башҡаларға. Палеограф өсөн яҙыу ҡоралын (ҡаҙ ҡауырһыны, ҡәләм һәм башҡалар) билдәләү бик мөһим. Хәрефтәрҙән тыш түбәндәге мәлдәр етди өйрәнелә: яҙыу «мөйөшө», йәғни яҙыу ҡоралының яҙыу юлына ҡарата торошо; «дукт», йәғни хәрефте бер бөтөн иткән эҙмә-эҙлелек һәм айырым һыҙыҡтарҙы һыҙғандағы йүнәлеш; миллиметрҙарҙа хәрефтең үлсәме һәм уның бейеклегенең һәм киңлегенең пропорцияһы; яҙыуҙың «ауырлығы» (ҡалын һыҙатлы «ауыр» яҙыу йомшаҡ, йәғни тиҙ бөгөлөүсән перо, нәҙек һыҙатлы «еңел» яҙыу ҡаты перо менән яҙыла). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Яҙыу_формалары"><span id=".D0.AF.D2.99.D1.8B.D1.83_.D1.84.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B"></span>Яҙыу формалары</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Яҙыу формалары бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=3" title="Яҙыу формалары бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b44_616-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b44_616-3.jpg/150px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b44_616-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b44_616-3.jpg/226px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b44_616-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b44_616-3.jpg/300px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b44_616-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="3515" /></a><figcaption>Урыҫ палеографияһы</figcaption></figure> <p>Ҡулъяҙманы тикшергәндә формаһы буйынса яҙыуҙы классификациялау мөһим роль уйнай. Түбәндәге төп формалар бүленә: <i>маюскул</i> (баш хәрефтәр менән яҙыу, majuscula — баш хәреф), <i>минускул</i> (бәләкәй хәрефтәр менән яҙыу, minuscula — бәләкәй хәреф) һәм <i>курсив</i> (<i>«скоропись»</i>). Шуны билдәләп үтергә кәрәк, хәрефтәрҙең маюскул (баш хәрефтәр булараҡ) һәм минускул (бәләкәй хәрефтәр булараҡ) булараҡ фкугкционал айырмаһы тик<a href="/wiki/XIII_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XIII быуат">XIII быуатта</a> ғына барлыҡҡа килә, уға тиклем йә тик баш хәрефтәр менән, йәки бәләкәй хәрефтәр менән генә яҙғандар<span class="noprint"><sup><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Википедия:Сығанаҡтарға һылтанмалар">[<i>сығанаҡ 3230  көн күрһәтелмәгән</i>]</a></sup></span>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Антиклыҡ">Антик</a> осорҙа һәм <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Урта быуаттар">Урта быуаттарҙа</a> ғәҙәттә маюскул яҙыуы ғына ҡулланылған, ул үҙе сиратында «капиталь» һәм «унциал» яҙмаға бүленә. Маюскул минускул менән алмаштырыла (ҡайһы берҙә уны «ярымунциал») тип тә атайҙар, Көнбайышта 800 йылға яҡын, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Греция">Грецияла</a> бер ни тиклем һуңыраҡ; Көнбайышта минускул готик яҙмаға әйләнә. <a href="/wiki/XIV_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XIV быуат">XIV быуатта</a> гуманистар, Петраркинан башлап, IX—<a href="/wiki/XI_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XI быуат">XI быуаттарҙа</a> «каролин минускулы»<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; менән күсереп яҙылған антик авторҙарҙың хеҙмәттәре табыла; был яҙманы улар антик яҙма тип ҡабул итә һәм, готик яҙыу менән сағыштырғанда уның матурлығы һәм уҡыуға уңайлы булыуы менән һоҡланып, күсереп яҙа башлайҙар. Тап шуның нигеҙендә хәҙерге заман <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Латин алфавиты">латин шрифты</a> барлыҡҡа килә лә инде. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Әрмән_палеографияһы"><span id=".D3.98.D1.80.D0.BC.D3.99.D0.BD_.D0.BF.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F.D2.BB.D1.8B"></span>Әрмән палеографияһы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Әрмән палеографияһы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=4" title="Әрмән палеографияһы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Иң боронғо әрмән шрифты маюскул еркатагир. Һуңғыһы үҙ сиратында йомро һәм тура һыҙатлы ертагирға бүленә. V—XIII быуаттарҙа шул яҙыу төрө ҡулланыла, артабан хеҙмәт, китап атамаһын, яңы юлдарҙы, баш хәрефтәрҙе яҙыуҙа ҡулланыла. Әрмән минускул яҙыуының төп формаһы — болоргир. XIII—<a href="/wiki/XVI_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XVI быуат">XVI быуаттарҙа</a> өҫтөнлөк менән файҙаланыла. <a href="/wiki/X_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="X быуат">X быуаттан</a> шхагир шрифты осрай. XIII быуатта нотргир формаһы барлыҡҡа килә, ул XVI—XVIII быуаттарҙа киң ҡулланыла. Әрмән хәрефтәренең эволюцияһын өйрәнеү XVIII быуаттан башлана. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Урыҫ_палеографияһы"><span id=".D0.A3.D1.80.D1.8B.D2.AB_.D0.BF.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F.D2.BB.D1.8B"></span>Урыҫ палеографияһы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Урыҫ палеографияһы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=5" title="Урыҫ палеографияһы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Славян кириллик уставы гректарҙың IX быуаттағы маюскулынан барлыҡҡа килә; ул ярымустав булып үҫешә, көнбайыштағы «унициал» (урыҫ <i>«ярымуставы»</i>) маюскулға үҫешә һәм баҫма сиркәүславян шрифты нигеҙен барлыҡҡа килтерә. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_I" title="Пётр I">Пётр I</a> XVIII быуат башында урыҫ азбукаһында реформа үткәрә<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Иҫкәрмәләр"><span id=".D0.98.D2.AB.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80.D0.BC.D3.99.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Иҫкәрмәләр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=6" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%A4.">Мейнеке Ф.</a> Возникновение историзма. М., 2004, с. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.calameo.com/read/0001070443b15b4eb3655"><i>Palaeographia Graeca, sive, De ortu et progressu literarum graecarum</i></a> (Париж, <a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1708">1708</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%A4.">Мейнеке Ф.</a> Возникновение историзма. М., 2004, с. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.calameo.com/read/0001070443b15b4eb3655"><i>Palaeographia Graeca, sive, De ortu et progressu literarum graecarum</i></a> (Париж, <a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1708">1708</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idw-online.de/de/news514180"><i>Karolingische Minuskel muss bereits vor Karl dem Großen entstanden sein.</i></a> Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 9. Januar 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paratype.ru/e-zine/issue04/peter1/peter1a.htm">Великий Петровский перелом</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2006 йыл 11 октябрь <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061011105155/http://www.paratype.ru/e-zine/issue04/peter1/peter1a.htm">архивланған</a>.</span></small></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Әҙәбиәт"><span id=".D3.98.D2.99.D3.99.D0.B1.D0.B8.D3.99.D1.82"></span>Әҙәбиәт</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Әҙәбиәт бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=7" title="Әҙәбиәт бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тупиков, Николай Михайлович (был бит юҡ)">Тупиков Н. М.</a></i> <span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:s:ЭСБЕ/Палеография">Палеография</a></span> // <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D2%BB%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Брокгауз һәм Ефрондың энциклопедик һүҙлеге">Брокгауз һәм Ефрондың энциклопедик һүҙлеге</a>: 86 томда (82 т. һәм 4 өҫтәмә том). — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default;" title="Санкт-Петербург">СПб.</span>, 1890—1907.</span> <span class="ref-info" title="Рус телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(рус.)</span>(рус.)</li> <li><i>Шляпкин И. А.</i> Русская палеография. — СПб., 1913.</li> <li><i>Щепкин В. Н.</i> Учебник русской палеографии. — М., 1918.</li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Черепнин, Лев Владимирович (был бит юҡ)">Черепнин Л. В.</a></i> Русская палеография. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Госполитиздат (был бит юҡ)">Госполитиздат</a>, 1956. — 616 с. — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">8000 экз.</span></span> (в пер.)</li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F,_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Жуковская, Лидия Петровна (был бит юҡ)">Жуковская Л. П.</a></i> Развитие славяно-русской палеографии: (В дореволюционной России и в СССР). — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1963. — 144 с.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Тихомиров М. Н., Муравьёв А. В.</i> Русская палеография. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Высшая школа, 1966. — 290 с. — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">5000 экз.</span></span> (в пер.)</li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Щепкин, Вячеслав Николаевич (был бит юҡ)">Щепкин В. Н.</a></i> Русская палеография. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Наука, 1967. — 224 с.</span> (в пер.)</li> <li><i>Николаева А. Т.</i> Русская палеография. — М., 1981.</li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рейсер, Соломон Абрамович (был бит юҡ)">Рейсер С. А.</a></i> Русская палеография нового времени: (Неография): Учеб. пособие. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Высшая школа, 1982. — 136 с. — (Высшее образование). — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">10 000 экз.</span></span> (обл.)</li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Щепкин, Вячеслав Николаевич (был бит юҡ)">Щепкин В. Н.</a></i> Русская палеография. — Изд. 3-е, испр. и доп. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Аспект Пресс, 1999. — 272 с. — (Классический учебник). — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">5000 экз.</span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/5756702334" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-7567-0233-4</a>.</span> (в пер.)</li> <li><i>Соболевский А. И.</i> Славяно-русская палеография. 4-е изд., стереотипное. М., 2005.</li> <li><i>Скобелкин О. В.</i> Русская палеография. — Воронеж: Изд-во ВГУ, 2005. — 40 с.</li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лёвочкин, Иван Васильевич (был бит юҡ)">Лёвочкин И. В.</a></i> Основы русской палеографии. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Кругъ, 2003. — 176, [2] с. — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">1000 экз.</span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/5739603757" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-7396-0375-7</a>.</span> (в пер.)</li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86,_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Антонец, Екатерина Владимировна (был бит юҡ)">Антонец Е. В.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spbiiran.nw.ru/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Введение_в_римскую_палеографию.pdf">Введение в римскую палеографию</a> / Рец.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Казанский, Николай Николаевич (лингвист) (был бит юҡ)">Н. Н. Казанский</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кузнецов, Александр Евгеньевич (был бит юҡ)">А. Е. Кузнецов</a>; Университет Дмитрия Пожарского. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Русский Фонд Содействия Образованию и Науке, 2009. — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">1000 экз.</span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9785912440182" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-5-91244-018-2</a>.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Һылтанмалар"><span id=".D2.BA.D1.8B.D0.BB.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.80"></span>Һылтанмалар</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Һылтанмалар бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=8" title="Һылтанмалар бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.callig.ru/history/">История шрифта</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2007 йыл 7 ғинуар <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107182559/http://www.callig.ru/history/">архивланған</a>.</span></small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Palaeo/index.html">Сборник материалов по русской палеографии XI—XVIII вв. на сайте исторического ф-та МГУ</a></li> <li><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tapemark.narod.ru/les/358a.html">Палеография</a> // <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь (был бит юҡ)">Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь</a></i>. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: СЭ, 1990.</span></li> <li>Густерин П. В. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabinform.com/publ/arabskaja_paleografija/113-1-0-1137">Арабская палеография</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">«<a dir="ltr" href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Палеография&oldid=1279620">https://ba.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Палеография&oldid=1279620</a>» битенән алынған</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Махсус:Категориялар">Категория</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80" title="Категория:Махсус тарихи фәндәр">Махсус тарихи фәндәр</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Йәшерелгән категориялар: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:Formatnum_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%BB%D1%8B%D2%99_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Категория:Formatnum һанһыҙ аргументлы биттәр">Formatnum һанһыҙ аргументлы биттәр</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Категория:Википедия:Статьи со ссылками на элементы Викиданных без русской подписи">Википедия:Статьи со ссылками на элементы Викиданных без русской подписи</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:ISBN_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D2%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Категория:ISBN серле һылтанмаһын ҡулланған биттәр">ISBN серле һылтанмаһын ҡулланған биттәр</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Был бит һуңғы тапҡыр 06:54 23 ноябрь 2024 үҙгәртелгән.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текст <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> буйынса рөхсәт ителгән; өҫтәмә шарттар ҡулланылыуы мөмкин. 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