Beyond the Sea: Decoding Dolphin ‘Smiles’

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535.00,125.71 535.00,34.69 535.00,34.69 535.00,34.69 510.00,34.69 510.00,34.69 Z M 535.00,20.60 C 535.00,20.60 535.00,-0.00 535.00,-0.00 535.00,-0.00 510.00,-0.00 510.00,-0.00 510.00,-0.00 510.00,20.60 510.00,20.60 510.00,20.60 535.00,20.60 535.00,20.60 Z" /> </svg> </div> </div> </a> <nav> <div class="menu-container"> <ul class="menu"> <li class="has-submenu tint section--news"> <a href="#"> <div class="name-and-arrow-container"> <span class="item-383601">News</span> <span class="submenu-arrow">></span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="has-submenu tint section--comment"> <a href="#"> <div class="name-and-arrow-container"> <span class="item-383604">Comment</span> <span class="submenu-arrow">></span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="has-submenu tint section--culture"> <a href="#"> <div class="name-and-arrow-container"> <span class="item-383607">Culture</span> <span class="submenu-arrow">></span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="has-submenu tint section--music"> <a href="#"> <div 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href="https://www.redbrick.me/music/"> <span>All Music</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/music/album-reviews/"> <span>Album Reviews</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/music/single-reviews/"> <span>Single Reviews</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/music/live-reviews/"> <span>Live Reviews</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/music/music-essentials/"> <span>Essentials</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/music/playlists/"> <span>Playlists</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul class="post-list"> <li class="post-item"> <a href="https://www.redbrick.me/5-songs-for-your-star-sign-libra/"> <img width="1707" height="2560" src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/klemen-vrankar-lcT_p8kLCsc-unsplash-scaled.jpg" class="featured-image wp-post-image" alt="" style="object-position: unset;" srcset="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/klemen-vrankar-lcT_p8kLCsc-unsplash-scaled.jpg 1707w, 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src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IMG_5589.jpg" class="featured-image wp-post-image" alt="Inside" style="object-position: center center;" srcset="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IMG_5589.jpg 1170w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IMG_5589-600x600.jpg 600w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IMG_5589-768x768.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1170px) 100vw, 1170px" /> <div class="tint section--tv"></div> <div class="text-overlay"> <h1 class="title">Sidemen’s Reality Show Inside Returns for Season 2 – Exclusively on Netflix</h1> </div> </a> </li> <li class="post-item"> <a href="https://www.redbrick.me/editors-picks-what-to-watch-and-play-november-2024/"> <img width="2560" height="1707" src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/bruno-guerrero-hMmcoUvaMNY-unsplash-min-scaled.jpg" class="featured-image wp-post-image" alt="Film" style="object-position: unset;" srcset="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/bruno-guerrero-hMmcoUvaMNY-unsplash-min-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/bruno-guerrero-hMmcoUvaMNY-unsplash-min-600x400.jpg 600w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/bruno-guerrero-hMmcoUvaMNY-unsplash-min-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/bruno-guerrero-hMmcoUvaMNY-unsplash-min-150x100.jpg 150w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/bruno-guerrero-hMmcoUvaMNY-unsplash-min-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/bruno-guerrero-hMmcoUvaMNY-unsplash-min-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/bruno-guerrero-hMmcoUvaMNY-unsplash-min-2048x1365.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /> <div class="tint section--tv"></div> <div class="text-overlay"> <h1 class="title">Editors’ Picks: What to Watch and Play November 2024</h1> </div> </a> </li> <li class="post-item"> <a href="https://www.redbrick.me/review-heartstopper-season-3/"> <img width="988" height="744" src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/heartstopper.jpeg" class="featured-image wp-post-image" alt="" style="object-position: center 20%;" srcset="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/heartstopper.jpeg 988w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/heartstopper-600x452.jpeg 600w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/heartstopper-768x578.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 988px) 100vw, 988px" /> <div class="tint section--tv"></div> <div class="text-overlay"> <h1 class="title">Review: Heartstopper Season 3</h1> </div> </a> </li> <li class="post-item"> <a href="https://www.redbrick.me/web-series-highlights-that-library-show/"> <img width="1170" height="1107" src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/5AF03BE5-9A93-449D-8A44-E16854C002A6.jpeg" class="featured-image wp-post-image" alt="Derek Gerard, That Library Show host" style="object-position: center 30%;" srcset="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/5AF03BE5-9A93-449D-8A44-E16854C002A6.jpeg 1170w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/5AF03BE5-9A93-449D-8A44-E16854C002A6-600x568.jpeg 600w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/5AF03BE5-9A93-449D-8A44-E16854C002A6-768x727.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1170px) 100vw, 1170px" /> <div class="tint section--tv"></div> <div class="text-overlay"> <h1 class="title">Web Series Highlights: That Library Show</h1> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="submenu item-383611"> <ul class="subcategories"> <li class="back-button"> <span>< Back</span> </li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/gaming/"> <span>All Gaming</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/gaming/feature-gaming/"> <span>Features</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/gaming/review-gaming/"> <span>Review</span> </a></li> <li><a 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2560px" /> <div class="tint section--gaming"></div> <div class="text-overlay"> <h1 class="title">Editors’ Picks: What to Watch and Play November 2024</h1> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="submenu item-383612"> <ul class="subcategories"> <li class="back-button"> <span>< Back</span> </li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/food/"> <span>All Food&Drink</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/food/food-for-thought/"> <span>Food for Thought</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/food/restaurants/"> <span>Restaurants</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/food/food-on-campus/"> <span>On Campus</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/food/recipes/"> <span>Recipes</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/food/review-food/"> <span>Review</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul class="post-list"> <li class="post-item"> <a href="https://www.redbrick.me/review-deli-17/"> <img width="2560" height="1736" src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/anton-porsche-4nHpGXcgq7I-unsplash-scaled.jpg" class="featured-image wp-post-image" alt="" style="object-position: unset;" srcset="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/anton-porsche-4nHpGXcgq7I-unsplash-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/anton-porsche-4nHpGXcgq7I-unsplash-600x407.jpg 600w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/anton-porsche-4nHpGXcgq7I-unsplash-1200x814.jpg 1200w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/anton-porsche-4nHpGXcgq7I-unsplash-768x521.jpg 768w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/anton-porsche-4nHpGXcgq7I-unsplash-1536x1041.jpg 1536w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/anton-porsche-4nHpGXcgq7I-unsplash-2048x1389.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /> <div class="tint section--food"></div> <div class="text-overlay"> <h1 class="title">Review: Deli 17</h1> </div> </a> </li> <li 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src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/file.jpg" class="featured-image wp-post-image" alt="" style="object-position: center 80%;" srcset="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/file.jpg 1200w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/file-600x314.jpg 600w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/file-768x402.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /> <div class="tint section--food"></div> <div class="text-overlay"> <h1 class="title">Is it worth it?: Blank Street Coffee</h1> </div> </a> </li> <li class="post-item"> <a href="https://www.redbrick.me/restaurant-review-ba-ha-the-rainbow-pub-digbeth/"> <img width="473" height="416" src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_1798-1-Medium-2.jpeg" class="featured-image wp-post-image" alt="" style="object-position: center 40%;" /> <div class="tint section--food"></div> <div class="text-overlay"> <h1 class="title">Restaurant Review: BA-HA / The Rainbow Pub Digbeth</h1> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="submenu item-383613"> <ul class="subcategories"> <li class="back-button"> <span>< Back</span> </li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/travel/"> <span>All Travel</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/travel/travel-news/"> <span>Travel News</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/travel/features-travel/"> <span>Features</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/travel/abroad/"> <span>Abroad</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/travel/tips-travel/"> <span>Tips</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/travel/travel-uk/"> <span>UK</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul class="post-list"> <li class="post-item"> <a href="https://www.redbrick.me/wanderlog-a-travel-tool-i-cant-live-without/"> <img width="2560" height="1700" src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash-scaled.jpg" class="featured-image wp-post-image" alt="" style="object-position: unset;" srcset="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash-600x399.jpg 600w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash-150x100.jpg 150w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash-768x510.jpg 768w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/firmbee-com-SpVHcbuKi6E-unsplash-2048x1360.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /> <div class="tint section--travel"></div> <div class="text-overlay"> <h1 class="title">Wanderlog: A Travel Tool I Can’t Live Without</h1> </div> </a> </li> <li class="post-item"> <a href="https://www.redbrick.me/72-hours-in-prague/"> <img width="2560" height="1707" src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/william-zhang-6En4WYsNYXM-unsplash-scaled.jpg" class="featured-image wp-post-image" alt="" style="object-position: unset;" srcset="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/william-zhang-6En4WYsNYXM-unsplash-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/william-zhang-6En4WYsNYXM-unsplash-600x400.jpg 600w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/william-zhang-6En4WYsNYXM-unsplash-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/william-zhang-6En4WYsNYXM-unsplash-150x100.jpg 150w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/william-zhang-6En4WYsNYXM-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/william-zhang-6En4WYsNYXM-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/william-zhang-6En4WYsNYXM-unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /> <div class="tint section--travel"></div> <div class="text-overlay"> <h1 class="title">72 Hours in…Prague</h1> </div> </a> </li> <li class="post-item"> <a href="https://www.redbrick.me/72-hours-in-copenhagen-at-christmas/"> <img width="1048" height="1191" src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screenshot-2024-12-01-at-09.42.40.png" class="featured-image wp-post-image" alt="" style="object-position: unset;" srcset="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screenshot-2024-12-01-at-09.42.40.png 1048w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screenshot-2024-12-01-at-09.42.40-600x682.png 600w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screenshot-2024-12-01-at-09.42.40-768x873.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1048px) 100vw, 1048px" /> <div class="tint section--travel"></div> <div class="text-overlay"> <h1 class="title">72 Hours in…Copenhagen, at Christmas</h1> </div> </a> </li> <li class="post-item"> <a href="https://www.redbrick.me/72-hours-in-siem-reap/"> <img width="2560" height="1920" src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/IMG_6372-scaled.jpeg" class="featured-image wp-post-image" alt="" style="object-position: unset;" srcset="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/IMG_6372-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/IMG_6372-600x450.jpeg 600w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/IMG_6372-1200x900.jpeg 1200w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/IMG_6372-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/IMG_6372-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/IMG_6372-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /> <div class="tint section--travel"></div> <div class="text-overlay"> <h1 class="title">72 Hours in…Siem Reap</h1> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="submenu item-383614"> <ul class="subcategories"> <li class="back-button"> <span>< Back</span> </li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/lifestyle/"> <span>All Life&Style</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/lifestyle/fierce-and-finished/"> <span>Fierce&Finished</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/lifestyle/sex-and-relationships/"> <span>Relationships</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/lifestyle/fashion/"> <span>Fashion</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/lifestyle/health-lifestyle/"> <span>Health</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/lifestyle/mens/"> <span>Men's</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul class="post-list"> <li class="post-item"> <a href="https://www.redbrick.me/styling-sustainability-how-luxury-brands-are-moving-toward-greener-production/"> <img width="2560" height="1577" src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/laura-chouette-0t8mw38bagY-unsplash-scaled.jpg" class="featured-image wp-post-image" 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class="rest-of-screen"></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/ad-auris-iframe-distribution@latest/script.js"></script> <main class="post"> <div class="featured-image-box"> <img width="1920" height="1280" src="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/fabrizio-frigeni-pCMsbkittX8-unsplash.jpg" class="featured-image wp-post-image" alt="" style="object-position: center center;" srcset="https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/fabrizio-frigeni-pCMsbkittX8-unsplash.jpg 1920w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/fabrizio-frigeni-pCMsbkittX8-unsplash-600x400.jpg 600w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/fabrizio-frigeni-pCMsbkittX8-unsplash-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/fabrizio-frigeni-pCMsbkittX8-unsplash-150x100.jpg 150w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/fabrizio-frigeni-pCMsbkittX8-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.redbrick.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/fabrizio-frigeni-pCMsbkittX8-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /> <div class="text-overlay"> <div class="constrained"> <h1 class="title">Beyond the Sea: Decoding Dolphin ‘Smiles’</h1> </div> </div> </div> <iframe style="width: 100%; height: 100px; border: none; display: none" data-org=ae70e9f4f1b5ba5296b0189a1dceac11.70728f allowfullscreen="false" allowtransparency allow="clipboard-read; clipboard-write" frameborder="0" id="ad-auris-iframe" scrolling="no"></iframe> <div class="grid-container"> <article class="section--tech"> <div class="constrained"> <div class="excerpt"> <p>Sci&Tech writer Lauren Dicken explores how studying a dolphin’s smile can further understanding about the nature of their social networks</p> </div> <div class="info-box"> <div class="author-box"> <a href="https://www.redbrick.me/author/laurendicken/" title="Lauren Dicken"> <img class="avatar" src="/wp-content/authors/LaurenDicken-1432.jpg" title="Lauren Dicken"/> </a> <div class="author-details"> <div class="author-name"> <a href="https://www.redbrick.me/author/laurendicken/" title="Lauren Dicken">Lauren Dicken</a> </div> <div class="author-bio">Third year Biochemistry student</div> </div> </div> <div class="timestamps"> <div class="publish-time"> <span class="label">Published</span> <time datetime="2024-12-01T17:00:22+00:00">at 17:00 on 1 December 2024</time> </div> </div> <div class="photographer-credits"> <span class="label">Images by</span> <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/dolphin-on-water-during-daytime-pCMsbkittX8">Fabrizio Frigeni</a> </div> </div> <div class="post-body"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dolphins are considered to be one of the most intelligent creatures on Earth, and it has long been suggested that dolphins are incredibly social creatures who form deep connections with one another and exhibit intricate social dynamics. New research even indicates that dolphins may potentially ‘smile’.</span></p> <p><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2450346-dolphin-smiles-may-truly-be-a-sign-of-playfulness/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dolphins frequently exhibit open-mouthed facial expressions</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, often considered to be ‘smiles’. Although they are often interpreted positively, there has been limited research into the role of facial communication in dolphins. Much is still unknown about how dolphins use these expressions in social interactions and what they might convey about their inner thoughts and emotions.</span></p> <figure class="wp-block-pullquote float-right size-normal"> <blockquote> <p>[…] there were around 1300 instances of ‘smiles’.</p> </blockquote> </figure> <p><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2450346-dolphin-smiles-may-truly-be-a-sign-of-playfulness/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Researchers from the University of Pisa</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> – Elizabetta Palagi and her colleagues – recently examined the behaviour of 22 captive bottlenose dolphins (</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tursiops truncatus</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">) at two wildlife parks: Planète Sauvage in Port-Saint-Père, France and Zoomarine in Rome, Italy. Their aim was to explore this knowledge gap and try to answer the question: do dolphins really smile?</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The researchers observed 80 hours of footage – nearly 900 play sessions among the dolphins. Within this they found that there were around 1300 instances of ‘smiles’. About 90% of the time, these occurred when the dolphins were in view of one another. Furthermore, most of these ‘smiles’ occurred during play with other dolphins, and rarely alone. These aspects of the research indicate dolphins are highly social: these ‘smiles’ could give us a huge insight into their social lives.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One significant finding of the study was that a dolphin expressed this open mouth ‘smile’, often within a second, another dolphin reciprocated. In this study, 33% of the time the dolphins appeared to ‘smile’ back. In humans, a similar rapid mirroring tends to occur, and this parallel may extend further than the physical gesture. When humans mimic one another, it is generally unconscious, and vital to non-verbal communication. A smile, for instance, can be an instinctive response to another person smiling. This is very important for interpersonal connection, empathy and emotional bonding. It takes just milliseconds to recognise a facial expression and reciprocate.</span></p> <figure class="wp-block-pullquote float-left size-normal"> <blockquote> <p>It’s a step forward in understanding the social dynamics of dolphin, but not everyone is convinced.</p> </blockquote> </figure> <p><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1467-9566.13815"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Smiling amongst humans has been well researched and understood to have these social links</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, but the research into similar instances within a completely different species is fascinating. It is an area which will require a great deal of further research to completely determine what is behind the smile of a dolphin. To distinguish between playfulness and a myriad of other emotions in these creatures is very complicated.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">About her research, Palagi said the open-mouthed expressions were a ‘very sophisticated form of communication’. It’s a step forward in understanding the social dynamics of dolphins, but not everyone is convinced. Heather Hill, professor of psychology at St Mary’s University in Texas, is sceptical. She said, ‘I do think that the dolphins engage in an open-mouth response during play situations, and it […] does seem reasonable that it is a form of communication […] I’m not comfortable calling it a smile, because they also use the open-mouth displays in a lot of other contexts’. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Despite this, Palagi remains convinced that the open mouth is specific to playful contexts. In her study, when the dolphins were aggressive or anti-social, her and her team did not observe these ‘smiles’. She recalls that ‘During the few aggressions we witnessed, we saw the opening of the mouth, but after this extremely rapid opening, either a bite or an attempted bite followed’.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There remains no certain answer on this topic, however, I think Elizabetta Palagi proposing a smiling community of social dolphins is a lovely image, and an optimistic look into the animal kingdom.</span></p> <hr /> <p><strong>Enjoyed this article? Read more from Sci&Tech here:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/re-imagining-the-future-of-psychedelic-medicine/">Re-imagining the Future of Psychedelic Medicine</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.redbrick.me/the-secret-of-ageing-how-your-cheek-cells-could-predict-your-future/">The Secret of Ageing? 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Beyond the Sea: Decoding Dolphin ‘Smiles’ | Redbrick Slider (Sci&Tech)