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Geographical designation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_designation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_connotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_connotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Geological connotation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_connotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_sphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_sphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Cultural sphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_sphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indianization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indianization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Indianization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indianization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansionist_and_political_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansionist_and_political_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Expansionist and political concept </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansionist_and_political_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Indian cultural influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indian_cultural_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indian cultural influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indian_cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Cultural expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_commonalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_commonalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Cultural commonalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_commonalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion,_mythology_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion,_mythology_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Religion, mythology and folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion,_mythology_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caste_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caste_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Caste system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caste_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Architecture and monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Linguistic influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linguistic_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Linguistic influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_commonalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_commonalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Linguistic commonalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_commonalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Toponyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indianization_of_South_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indianization_of_South_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Indianization of South East Asia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indianization_of_South_East_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indianization of South East Asia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indianization_of_South_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theories_of_Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Theories of Indianization of Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaption_and_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaption_and_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Adaption and adoption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaption_and_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion,_authority_and_legitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion,_authority_and_legitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Religion, authority and legitimacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion,_authority_and_legitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waning_of_Indianization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waning_of_Indianization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Waning of Indianization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waning_of_Indianization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khmer_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khmer_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Khmer Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khmer_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Rise of Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indianized_kingdoms_of_South_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indianized_kingdoms_of_South_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Indianized kingdoms of South East Asia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indianized_kingdoms_of_South_East_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indianized kingdoms of South East Asia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indianized_kingdoms_of_South_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainland_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mainland kingdoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainland_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Island_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Island_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Island kingdoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Island_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indianized_kingdoms_of_South_West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indianized_kingdoms_of_South_West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Indianized kingdoms of South West Asia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indianized_kingdoms_of_South_West_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indianized kingdoms of South West Asia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indianized_kingdoms_of_South_West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zabulistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zabulistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Zabulistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zabulistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_Turk_Shahi_dynasty_of_Kabul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_Turk_Shahi_dynasty_of_Kabul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty of Kabul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_Turk_Shahi_dynasty_of_Kabul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_Shahi_dynasty_of_Kabul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_Shahi_dynasty_of_Kabul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Hindu Shahi dynasty of Kabul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_Shahi_dynasty_of_Kabul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Balkh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Ghur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuristan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuristan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Nuristan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuristan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Genetic influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Greater India</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="الهند الكبرى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهند الكبرى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Agung" title="India Agung – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="India Agung" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="বৃহত্তর ভারত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৃহত্তর ভারত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вялікая Індыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікая Індыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्रेटर इंडिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ग्रेटर इंडिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Голяма Индия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Голяма Индия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_indio" title="Mundo indio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mundo indio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Hindio" title="Granda Hindio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Hindio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="هند بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هند بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EA%B6%8C" title="인도 문화권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도 문화권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="वृहद भारत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वृहद भारत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Raya" title="India Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="India Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_India" title="Grande India – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ബൃഹദ് ഭാരതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൃഹദ് ഭാരതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Raya" title="India Raya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="India Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%8F" title="インド文化圏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド文化圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عظیم تر ہندوستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عظیم تر ہندوستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Большая Индия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большая Индия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_Indija" title="Velika Indija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Velika Indija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عظیم تر ہندوستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عظیم تر ہندوستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C4%B1stano_G%C4%B1rd" title="Hindıstano Gırd – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hindıstano Gırd" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cultural sphere of India beyond the Indian subcontinent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Indian cultural sphere. For the irredentist concept, see <a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="background:#bee5fe;">Indian Cultural Sphere</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#fcfebe;">Greater India or</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/250px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/375px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/500px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="423" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Indian cultural extent Dark orange: The <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Light orange: Southeast Asia culturally linked to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a>) Yellow: Regions with significant Indian cultural influence, notably the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, and historically <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Indianized Kingdoms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Angkor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borobodur" class="mw-redirect" title="Borobodur">Borobodur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (historical state)">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Funan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalingga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga">Kalingga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Buddhism in Southeast Asia</a> (Theravada is popular mainly in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Theravada Buddhism</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayana Buddhism">Vajrayana Buddhism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hinduism</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bhutan" title="Hinduism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Buddhism in Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:#fcfebe;"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore of India</a>  · <a 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Greater India, also known as the Indian cultural sphere, or the Indic world, is an area composed of several countries and regions in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> that were historically influenced by <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Indian culture</a>, which itself formed from the various distinct indigenous cultures of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It is an umbrella term encompassing the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and surrounding countries, which are culturally linked through a diverse cultural cline. These countries have been transformed to varying degrees by the acceptance and introduction of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> and institutional elements from each other. The term Greater India as a reference to the Indian cultural sphere was popularised by a network of Bengali scholars in the 1920s, but became obsolete in the 1970s. Since around 500 BCE, Asia's expanding land and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">maritime trade</a> had resulted in prolonged <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socio-economic</a> and cultural stimulation and diffusion of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> beliefs into the region's cosmology, in particular in Southeast Asia and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In Central Asia, the transmission of ideas was predominantly of a religious nature. By the early centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">common era</a>, most of the principalities of Southeast Asia had effectively absorbed defining aspects of Indian culture, religion, and administration. The notion of divine god-kingship was introduced by the concept of <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a>, and Sanskrit and other Indian <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a> systems were declared <a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">official</a>, like those of the south Indian <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lavy-2003-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stark-1999-7">[7]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization of Southeast Asia">Indianized</a> kingdoms, a term coined by <a href="/wiki/George_C%C5%93d%C3%A8s" title="George Cœdès">George Cœdès</a> in his work Histoire ancienne des états hindouisés d'Extrême-Orient,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès196814–-8">[8]</a> were characterized by resilience, political integrity, and administrative stability.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> To the north, Indian religious ideas were assimilated into the cosmology of Himalayan peoples, most profoundly in Tibet and Bhutan, and merged with indigenous traditions. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a> extended into <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and Buddhist texts and ideas were accepted in China and Japan in the east.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> To the west, Indian culture converged with <a href="/wiki/Greater_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Persia">Greater Persia</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_the_concept">Evolution of the concept</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evolution of the concept">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_designation">Geographical designation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographical designation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indies">Indies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography (Ptolemy)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1864_Mitchell_Map_of_India,_Tibet,_China_and_Southeast_Asia_-_Geographicus_-_India-mitchell-1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1864_Mitchell_Map_of_India%2C_Tibet%2C_China_and_Southeast_Asia_-_Geographicus_-_India-mitchell-1864.jpg/300px-1864_Mitchell_Map_of_India%2C_Tibet%2C_China_and_Southeast_Asia_-_Geographicus_-_India-mitchell-1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1864_Mitchell_Map_of_India%2C_Tibet%2C_China_and_Southeast_Asia_-_Geographicus_-_India-mitchell-1864.jpg/450px-1864_Mitchell_Map_of_India%2C_Tibet%2C_China_and_Southeast_Asia_-_Geographicus_-_India-mitchell-1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1864_Mitchell_Map_of_India%2C_Tibet%2C_China_and_Southeast_Asia_-_Geographicus_-_India-mitchell-1864.jpg/600px-1864_Mitchell_Map_of_India%2C_Tibet%2C_China_and_Southeast_Asia_-_Geographicus_-_India-mitchell-1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3254" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hindoostan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindoostan">Hindoostan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farther_India" title="Farther India">Farther India</a> in a 1864 map by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell" title="Samuel Augustus Mitchell">Samuel Augustus Mitchell</a></figcaption></figure> The concept of the Three Indias was in common circulation in pre-industrial Europe. Greater India was the <a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">southern part of South Asia</a>, Lesser India was the <a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">northern part of South Asia</a>, and Middle India was the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">region near the Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips-1998-12">[12]</a> The Portuguese form (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: India Maior<a href="#cite_note-Phillips-1998-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-azurara-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>) was used at least since the mid-15th century.<a href="#cite_note-azurara-13">[13]</a> The term, which seems to have been used with variable precision,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> sometimes meant only the Indian subcontinent;<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Europeans used a variety of terms related to South Asia to designate the South Asian peninsula, including High India, Greater India, Exterior India and India aquosa.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-1997-18">[18]</a> However, in some accounts of European nautical voyages, Greater India (or India Major) extended from the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>) to India extra Gangem<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> (lit. "India, beyond the Ganges," but usually the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>, i.e. present-day <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>) and India Minor, from Malabar to <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Farther_India" title="Farther India">Farther India</a> was sometimes used to cover all of modern Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-1997-18">[18]</a> Until the fourteenth century, India could also mean areas along the Red Sea, including <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (e.g., Diodorus of Sicily of the first century BC says that "the Nile rises in India" and Marco Polo of the fourteenth century says that "Lesser India ... contains ... Abash [Abyssinia]").<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In late 19th-century geography, Greater India referred to a region that included: "(a) <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalaya</a>, (b) <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, (c) <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>, (d) <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>, (e) <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Indo-China</a>, (f) <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a>, (g) <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, (h) <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Celebes</a>, and (i) <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> German atlases distinguished Vorder-Indien (Anterior India) as the South Asian peninsula and Hinter-Indien as Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-1997-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_connotation">Geological connotation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geological connotation">edit</a>]</div> Greater India, or Greater India Basin also signifies "the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a> plus a postulated northern extension", the product of the Indian–Asia collision.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Although its usage in geology pre-dates <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate tectonic">Plate tectonic</a> theory,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> the term has seen increased usage since the 1970s. It is unknown when and where the India–Asia (Indian and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>) convergence occurred, at or before 52 million years ago. The plates have converged up to 3,600 km (2,200 mi) ± 35 km (22 mi). The upper crustal shortening is documented from geological record of Asia and the Himalaya as up to approximately 2,350 km (1,460 mi) less.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_sphere">Cultural sphere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural sphere">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:006_Bujang_Valley_Candi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/006_Bujang_Valley_Candi.jpg/220px-006_Bujang_Valley_Candi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/006_Bujang_Valley_Candi.jpg/330px-006_Bujang_Valley_Candi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/006_Bujang_Valley_Candi.jpg/440px-006_Bujang_Valley_Candi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Candi Bukit Batu Pahat of <a href="/wiki/Bujang_Valley" title="Bujang Valley">Bujang Valley</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> kingdom ruled ancient <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> possibly as early as 110 CE, the earliest evidence of strong Indian influence which was once prevalent among the <a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedahan Malay">Kedahan Malays</a>.</figcaption></figure> The use of Greater India to refer to an Indian cultural sphere was popularised by a network of Bengali scholars in the 1920s who were all members of the Calcutta-based Greater India Society. The movement's early leaders included the historian <a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a> (1888–1980); the philologists <a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a> (1890–1977) and <a href="/wiki/Prabodh_Chandra_Bagchi" title="Prabodh Chandra Bagchi">P. C. Bagchi</a> (1898–1956), and the historians <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phanindranath_Bose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phanindranath Bose (page does not exist)">Phanindranath Bose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalidas_Nag" title="Kalidas Nag">Kalidas Nag</a> (1891–1966).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Some of their formulations were inspired by concurrent excavations in <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> by French archaeologists and by the writings of French <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_L%C3%A9vi" title="Sylvain Lévi">Sylvain Lévi</a>. The scholars of the society postulated a benevolent ancient Indian cultural colonisation of Southeast Asia, in stark contrast – in their view – to the Western colonialism of the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> By some accounts Greater India consists of "lands including Burma, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, Cambodia, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, and the former <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Funan</a> polities of present-day <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>,"<a href="#cite_note-bayley2004-p713-31">[31]</a> in which Indian and Hindu culture left an "imprint in the form of monuments, inscriptions and other traces of the historic "<a href="/wiki/Sanskritization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritization">Indianizing</a>" process."<a href="#cite_note-bayley2004-p713-31">[31]</a> By some other accounts, many Pacific societies and "most of the Buddhist world including <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, Tibet, Central Asia, and even Japan were held to fall within this web of Indianizing culture colonies"<a href="#cite_note-bayley2004-p713-31">[31]</a> This particular usage – implying cultural "sphere of influence" of India – was promoted by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greater India Society (page does not exist)">Greater India Society</a>, formed by a group of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> <a href="/wiki/Man_of_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Man of letters">men of letters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and is not found before the 1920s. The term Greater India was used in historical writing in India into the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indianization">Indianization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indianization">edit</a>]</div> The concept of "Indianized kingdoms" and "Indianization", coined by <a href="/wiki/George_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedès">George Coedès</a>, originally describes Southeast Asian <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principalities</a> that flourished from the early common era as a result of centuries of socio-economic interaction having incorporated central aspects of Indian institutions, religion, statecraft, administration, culture, epigraphy, literature and architecture.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansionist_and_political_concept">Expansionist and political concept</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expansionist and political concept">edit</a>]</div> The term Greater India and the notion of an explicit Hindu expansion of ancient Southeast Asia have been linked to both <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The English term was popularised in the late 19th and the 20th century as a view of an expansionist India within the context of East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Zabarskaitė-2022-38">[38]</a> However, many Indian nationalists, like <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, although receptive to "an idealisation of India as a benign and uncoercive world civiliser and font of global enlightenment,"<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> stayed away from explicit "Greater India" formulations.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In addition, some scholars have seen the Hindu/Buddhist acculturation in ancient Southeast Asia as "a single cultural process in which Southeast Asia was the matrix and South Asia the mediatrix."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In the field of art history, especially in American writings, the term survived due to the influence of art theorist <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Ananda Coomaraswamy</a>. Coomaraswamy's view of pan-Indian art history was influenced by the "Calcutta cultural nationalists."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Its modern meanings often invoke images of soft power.<a href="#cite_note-Zabarskaitė-2022-38">[38]</a> The region is considered in Indian political circles as part of India's extended neighbourhood, and modern integration was propelled through a multifaceted acceleration of economic and strategic interaction under the "<a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Look East</a>" policy, and more recently has involved deepening military ties as well.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Sri Lanka also continues to have strong political links with South East Asia, asked by <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> to be a founding member, and has recently been increasing integration with South East Asia through its own "Look East" policy; politicians view the relationship between Sri Lanka and South East Asia as second only to South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_cultural_influence">Indian cultural influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indian cultural influence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_expansion">Cultural expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural expansion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atashgah_Fire_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Atashgah_Fire_Temple.jpg/220px-Atashgah_Fire_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Atashgah_Fire_Temple.jpg/330px-Atashgah_Fire_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Atashgah_Fire_Temple.jpg/440px-Atashgah_Fire_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atashgah_of_Baku" class="mw-redirect" title="Atashgah of Baku">Atashgah of Baku</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a> in Azerbaijan used by both Hindus<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and Persian Zoroastrians</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture_and_mural_from_cave_254._Pillar_and_north_wall._Northern_Wei._Mogao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sculpture_and_mural_from_cave_254._Pillar_and_north_wall._Northern_Wei._Mogao.jpg/220px-Sculpture_and_mural_from_cave_254._Pillar_and_north_wall._Northern_Wei._Mogao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sculpture_and_mural_from_cave_254._Pillar_and_north_wall._Northern_Wei._Mogao.jpg/330px-Sculpture_and_mural_from_cave_254._Pillar_and_north_wall._Northern_Wei._Mogao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sculpture_and_mural_from_cave_254._Pillar_and_north_wall._Northern_Wei._Mogao.jpg/440px-Sculpture_and_mural_from_cave_254._Pillar_and_north_wall._Northern_Wei._Mogao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2147" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption>Hindu-Buddhist icongraphy from <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></figcaption></figure> Culture spread via the trade routes that linked India with southern <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, central and southern <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> to <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, lower <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pali</a> and Sanskrit languages and the Indian script, together with <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Brahmanism">Brahmanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, were transmitted from direct contact as well as through sacred texts and Indian literature. Southeast Asia had developed some prosperous and very powerful colonial empires that contributed to Hindu-Buddhist artistic creations and architectural developments. Art and architectural creations that rivaled those built in India, especially in its sheer size, design and aesthetic achievements. The notable examples are Borobudur in Java and Angkor monuments in Cambodia. The Srivijaya Empire to the south and the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> to the north competed for influence in the region. A defining characteristic of the cultural link between Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent was the adoption of ancient Indian <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic</a>/Hindu and Buddhist culture and philosophy into <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and Cambodia. Indian scripts are found in Southeast Asian islands ranging from Sumatra, Java, Bali, South Sulawesi and the <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> have had a large impact on South Asia and Southeast Asia. One of the most tangible evidence of dharmic Hindu traditions is the widespread use of the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1jali_Mudr%C4%81" title="Añjali Mudrā">Añjali Mudrā</a> gesture of greeting and respect. It is seen in the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Namast%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Namasté">namasté</a> and similar gestures known throughout Southeast Asia; its cognates include the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Cambodian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sampeah" title="Sampeah">sampeah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian culture">Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sembah" title="Sembah">sembah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_terms_and_concepts#G" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist terms and concepts">gassho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Thai</a> <a href="/wiki/Thai_greeting" title="Thai greeting">wai</a>. Beyond the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindukush" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindukush">Hindukush</a> mountains in the north, along the Silk Route, Indian influence was linked with Buddhism. <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> were direct heirs of Gangetic Buddhism, despite the difference in languages. Many Tibetan monks even used to know Sanskrit very well.<a href="#cite_note-Fussman-2009-50">[50]</a> In Khotan the Ramayana was well cicrulated in Khotanese language, though the narrative is slightly different from the Gangetic version.<a href="#cite_note-Puri-51">[51]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> many Buddhist monasteries were established. These countries were used as a kind of springboard for the monks who brought Indian Buddhist texts and images to China.<a href="#cite_note-Fussman-2009-50">[50]</a> Further north, in the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a>, statues of <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> were found alongside Buddhist imagery in the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Puri-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_commonalities">Cultural commonalities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cultural commonalities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion,_mythology_and_folklore">Religion, mythology and folklore</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion, mythology and folklore">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama,_Sita,_and_Laksmana_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon,_Portugal_-_DSC06731.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rama%2C_Sita%2C_and_Laksmana_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06731.JPG/220px-Rama%2C_Sita%2C_and_Laksmana_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06731.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rama%2C_Sita%2C_and_Laksmana_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06731.JPG/330px-Rama%2C_Sita%2C_and_Laksmana_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06731.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rama%2C_Sita%2C_and_Laksmana_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06731.JPG/440px-Rama%2C_Sita%2C_and_Laksmana_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06731.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="3076" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nang_Talung" class="mw-redirect" title="Nang Talung">Thai shadow play</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism</a> is practised by the majority of Bali's population.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham people</a> of Vietnam still practice Hinduism as well. Though officially Buddhist, many Thai, Khmer, and Burmese people also worship Hindu gods in a form of syncretism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> have had a large role in spreading Hinduism in Southeast Asia. Even today many monarchies such as the royal court of Thailand still have Hindu rituals performed for the King by Hindu Brahmins.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, a Hindu mythological figure, is present in the <a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emblem of Indonesia">coats of arms of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a>, a fighting art that is the Thai version of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Musti-yuddha" title="Musti-yuddha">Musti-yuddha</a> style of martial art.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a>, an indigenous religion followed by the <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, is categorised as a form of Hinduism in Indonesia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a> includes the supreme god <a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a> and the concept of <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Diwata</a> and the still-current belief in <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a>—all derived from Hindu-Buddhist concepts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_folklore" title="Malay folklore">Malay folklore</a> contains a rich number of Indian-influenced mythological characters, such as <a href="/wiki/Bidadari" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidadari">Bidadari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jatayu" title="Jatayu">Jentayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Naga</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a> shadow puppets and classical dance-dramas of <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia#The_Hindu-Buddhist_Era" title="Dance in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia" title="Dance in Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Malaysia" title="Dance in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Thailand</a> took stories from episodes of <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caste_system">Caste system</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Caste system">edit</a>]</div> Indians spread their religion to Southeast Asia, beginning the Hindu and Buddhist cultures there. They introduced the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system of India">caste system</a> to the region, especially to <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, Bali, <a href="/wiki/Madura_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Island">Madura</a>, and Sumatra. The adopted caste system was not as strict as in India, tempered to the local context.<a href="#cite_note-Coedes-55">[55]</a> There are multiple similarities between the two caste systems such that both state that no one is equal within society and that everyone has his own place. It also promoted the upbringing of highly organized central states. Indians were still able to implement their religion, political ideas, literature, mythology, and art.<a href="#cite_note-Coedes-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architecture_and_monuments">Architecture and monuments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Architecture and monuments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prambanan_Complex_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Prambanan_Complex_1.jpg/220px-Prambanan_Complex_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Prambanan_Complex_1.jpg/330px-Prambanan_Complex_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Prambanan_Complex_1.jpg/440px-Prambanan_Complex_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>The 9th-century Shivaistic temple of <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> near <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, the largest Hindu temple in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The same style of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a> was used in several ancient temples in South East Asia including <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, which was dedicated to Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and is shown on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cambodia" title="Flag of Cambodia">flag of Cambodia</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> in Central Java, the largest Hindu temple in Indonesia, is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> in Central Java, Indonesia, is the world's largest Buddhist monument. It took shape of a giant stone <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a> crowned with <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> and believed to be the combination of Indian-origin Buddhist ideas with the previous <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">megalithic</a> tradition of native <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Step_pyramid" title="Step pyramid">step pyramid</a>.</li> <li>The minarets of 15th- to 16th-century mosques in Indonesia, such as the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Agung_Demak" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid Agung Demak">Great Mosque of Demak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menara_Kudus_Mosque" title="Menara Kudus Mosque">Kudus mosque</a> resemble those of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> Hindu temples.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Batu_Caves" title="Batu Caves">Batu Caves</a> in Malaysia are one of the most popular Hindu shrines outside India. It is the focal point of the annual <a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a> festival in Malaysia and attracts over 1.5 million pilgrims, making it one of the largest religious gatherings in history.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erawan_Shrine" title="Erawan Shrine">Erawan Shrine</a>, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Brahma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma (Buddhism)">Brahma</a>, is one of the most popular religious shrines in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sport">Sport</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1-BISHNUPUR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/1-BISHNUPUR.jpg/140px-1-BISHNUPUR.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/1-BISHNUPUR.jpg/210px-1-BISHNUPUR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/1-BISHNUPUR.jpg/280px-1-BISHNUPUR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3729" data-file-height="2274" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Atya_patya" title="Atya patya">Atya patya</a>, a game of crossing a narrow field without being tagged.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Permainan_Hadang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Permainan_Hadang.jpg/114px-Permainan_Hadang.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Permainan_Hadang.jpg/171px-Permainan_Hadang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Permainan_Hadang.jpg/228px-Permainan_Hadang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Malaysian variant <a href="/wiki/Galah_panjang" title="Galah panjang">galah panjang</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> It is conjectured that certain <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">traditional Indian games</a> spread throughout Southeast Asia, as variations of Indian games such as <a href="/wiki/Atya-patya" class="mw-redirect" title="Atya-patya">atya-patya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilli_danda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilli danda">gilli danda</a> can be found throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Also, the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_Indonesia#Hom_pim_pa" title="Traditional games in Indonesia">hom pim pa</a> (a method of selecting players before a game) may involve the use of a Sanskrit phrase.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_influence">Linguistic influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Linguistic influence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Character-sphere.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Character-sphere.png/220px-Character-sphere.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Character-sphere.png/330px-Character-sphere.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Character-sphere.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>A map of East, South and Southeast Asia. Red signifies current and historical (northern Vietnam) distribution of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>. Green signifies current and historical (Malaysia, Pakistan, the Maldives, Indonesia, the Philippines, and southern Vietnam) distribution of <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic scripts</a>. Blue signifies current and historical (<a href="/wiki/Northeastern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern China">northeastern China</a>) use of non-Sinitic and non-Indic scripts.</figcaption></figure> Scholars like Sheldon Pollock have used the term Sanskrit Cosmopolis to describe the region and argued for millennium-long cultural exchanges without necessarily involving migration of peoples or colonisation. Pollock's 2006 book The Language of the Gods in the World of Men makes a case for studying the region as comparable with Latin Europe and argues that the Sanskrit language was its unifying element. Scripts in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> discovered during the early centuries of the Common Era are the earliest known forms of writing to have extended all the way to Southeast Asia. Its gradual impact ultimately resulted in its widespread domain as a means of dialect which evident in regions, from Bangladesh to Cambodia, Malaysia and Thailand and additionally a few of the larger Indonesian islands. In addition, alphabets from languages spoken in Burmese, Thai, Laos, and Cambodia are variations formed off of Indian ideals that have localized the language. Sanskrit and related languages have also influenced their <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a>-speaking neighbors to the north through the spread of Buddhist texts in translation.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The spread of Buddhism to Tibet allowed many Sanskrit texts to survive only in Tibetan translation (in the <a href="/wiki/Tanjur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjur">Tanjur</a>). Buddhism was similarly introduced to China by <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayanist</a> missionaries mostly through translations of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a> and Classical Sanskrit texts, and many terms were <a href="/wiki/Transliterated" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliterated">transliterated</a><a href="#cite_note-sunnytantikumar736-61">[61]</a> directly and added to the Chinese vocabulary. In Southeast Asia, languages such as <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a> contain many <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan words</a> from Sanskrit, as does <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> to a lesser extent. For example, in Thai, <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Rāvaṇa</a>, the legendary emperor of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, is called 'Thosakanth' which is derived from his Sanskrit name 'Daśakaṇṭha' ("having ten necks"). Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> particularly the <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">old form</a> from which nearly half the vocabulary is derived from the language.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Other Austronesian languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">traditional Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">modern Indonesian</a>, also derive <a href="/wiki/List_of_loan_words_in_Indonesian#From_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="List of loan words in Indonesian">much of their vocabulary</a> from Sanskrit, albeit to a lesser extent, with a large proportion of words being derived from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> have <a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Sanskrit" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">many Sanskrit loanwords</a>. A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">bhāṣā</a>, or spoken language, which is used to mean language in general, for example bahasa in Malay, Indonesian and <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>, basa in Javanese, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>, phasa in Thai and Lao, bhasa in <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, and phiesa in <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Literature_about_Southeast_Asia" title="Literature about Southeast Asia">Literature about Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">South Asian literature</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakawin_ramayana_Or_14022_f2-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kakawin_ramayana_Or_14022_f2-4.jpg/300px-Kakawin_ramayana_Or_14022_f2-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kakawin_ramayana_Or_14022_f2-4.jpg/450px-Kakawin_ramayana_Or_14022_f2-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kakawin_ramayana_Or_14022_f2-4.jpg/600px-Kakawin_ramayana_Or_14022_f2-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Pages of <a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Ramayana" title="Kakawin Ramayana">Kakawin Ramayana</a>, the version of <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> from Java and Bali</figcaption></figure> Scripts in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> discovered during the early centuries of the Common Era are the earliest known forms of writing to have extended all the way to Southeast Asia. Its gradual impact ultimately resulted in its widespread domain as a means of dialect which evident in regions, from Bangladesh to Cambodia, Malaysia and Thailand and additionally a few of the larger Indonesian islands. In addition, alphabets from languages spoken in Burmese, Thai, Laos, and Cambodia are variations formed off of Indian ideals that have localized the language.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1999-64">[64]</a> The utilization of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> has been prevalent in all aspects of life including legal purposes. Sanskrit terminology and vernacular appears in ancient courts to establish procedures that have been structured by Indian models such as a system composed of a code of laws. The concept of legislation demonstrated through codes of law and organizations particularly the idea of "God King" was embraced by numerous rulers of Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes196798-65">[65]</a> The rulers amid this time, for example, the Lin-I Dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> once embraced the Sanskrit dialect and devoted sanctuaries to the Indian divinity Shiva. Many rulers following even viewed themselves as "reincarnations or descendants" of the Hindu gods. However once Buddhism began entering the nations, this practiced view was eventually altered. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_commonalities">Linguistic commonalities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Linguistic commonalities">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> have absorbed a large number of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> loanwords into their respective lexicons (see: <a href="/wiki/List_of_loan_words_in_Indonesian#From_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="List of loan words in Indonesian">Sanskrit loan words in Indonesian</a>). Many languages of native lowland <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> contain numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Sanskrit" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">Sanskrit loanwords</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> language have absorbed a significant amount of Sanskrit as well as <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> words.</li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names#Sanskrit-derived_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian names</a> have Sanskrit origin (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sartika" title="Dewi Sartika">Dewi Sartika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri" title="Megawati Sukarnoputri">Megawati Sukarnoputri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a>, Teuku Wisnu).</li> <li>Southeast Asian languages are traditionally written with Indic alphabets and therefore have extra letters not pronounced in the local language, so that original Sanskrit spelling can be preserved. An example is how the name of the late King of Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a>, is spelled in Sanskrit as "Bhumibol"ภูมิพล, yet is pronounced in Thai as "Phumipon" พูมิพน using Thai-Sanskrit pronunciation rules since the original Sanskrit sounds do not exist in Thai. <a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponyms">Toponyms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Toponyms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayutthaya_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ayutthaya_2.jpg/220px-Ayutthaya_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ayutthaya_2.jpg/330px-Ayutthaya_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ayutthaya_2.jpg/440px-Ayutthaya_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3876" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> in Thailand; Ayutthaya derives its name from the ancient Indian city of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a>, which has had wide cultural significance</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a> is a toponym that has been historically associated with Southeast Asia. In Sanskrit, it means "The Land of Gold". Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport" title="Suvarnabhumi Airport">Suvarnabhumi Airport</a> is named after this toponym.</li> <li>Several of Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponyms</a> have Indian parallel or origin, such as <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Serayu">Serayu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarayu_River_(Ayodhya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarayu River (Ayodhya)">Sarayu river</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semeru" title="Semeru">Semeru</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sumeru" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumeru">Sumeru</a> mountain, <a href="/wiki/Kalingga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga">Kalingga</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Ngayogyakarta</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a>.</li> <li>Siamese ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya (city)">Ayutthaya</a> also derived from Ramayana's Ayodhya.</li> <li>Names of places could simply render their Sanskrit origin, such as <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, from Singapura (Singha-pura the "lion city"), <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> from Jaya and kreta ("complete victory").</li> <li>Some of the Indonesian regencies such as <a href="/wiki/Indragiri_Hulu_Regency" title="Indragiri Hulu Regency">Indragiri Hulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indragiri_Hilir_Regency" title="Indragiri Hilir Regency">Indragiri Hilir</a> derived from Indragiri River, Indragiri itself means "mountain of <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>".</li> <li>Some Thai toponyms also often have Indian parallels or Sanskrit origin, although the spellings are adapted to the Siamese tongue, such as <a href="/wiki/Ratchaburi" title="Ratchaburi">Ratchaburi</a> from Raja-puri ("king's city"), and <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a> from Nagara Sri Dharmaraja.</li> <li>The tendency to use Sanskrit for modern <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> also continued to modern day. In 1962 Indonesia changed the colonial name of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinean</a> city of Hollandia to <a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Jayapura</a> ("glorious city"), Orange mountain range to <a href="/wiki/Jayawijaya_Mountains" title="Jayawijaya Mountains">Jayawijaya Mountains</a>.</li> <li>Malaysia named their new government seat as <a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a> ("prince of glory") in 1999.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indianization_of_South_East_Asia">Indianization of South East Asia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indianization of South East Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian maritime trade network">Austronesian maritime trade network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_silk_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime silk road">Maritime silk road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Indian maritime history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Buddhism in Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/300px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/450px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/600px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">proto-historic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">historic</a> maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean<a href="#cite_note-Manguin-2016-69">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg/220px-Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg/330px-Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg/440px-Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Hinduism expansion in Asia, from its heartland in Indian Subcontinent, to the rest of Asia, especially Southeast Asia, started circa 1st century marked with the establishment of early Hindu settlements and polities in Southeast Asia.</figcaption></figure> Indianization is different from direct colonialism in that these Indianized lands were not inhabited by organizations or state elements from the Indian subcontinent, with exceptions such as the <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asia_campaign_of_Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I">Chola invasions</a> of medieval times. Instead, Indian cultural influence from trade routes and language use slowly permeated through Southeast Asia, making the traditions a part of the region. The interactions between <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and Southeast Asia were marked by waves of influence and dominance. At some points, the Indian culture solely found its way into the region, and at other points, the influence was used to take over. Southeast Asia was now situated in the central area of convergence of the Indian and the East Asian maritime trade routes, the basis for economic and cultural growth. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kingdoms</a> emerged in Sumatra and Java, followed by mainland polities such as Funan and Champa. Adoption of Indian civilization elements and individual adaptation stimulated the emergence of centralized states and the development of highly organized societies. Ambitious local leaders realized the benefits of Hinduism and Indian methods of administration, culture, literature, etc. Rule in accord with universal moral principles, represented in the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">devaraja</a>, was more appealing than the Chinese concept of intermediaries.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The earliest Hindu kingdoms emerged in Sumatra and Java, followed by mainland polities such as Funan and Champa. Adoption of Indian civilization elements and individual adaptation stimulated the emergence of centralized states and localized caste systems in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories_of_Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia">Theories of Indianization of Southeast Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Theories of Indianization of Southeast Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization of Southeast Asia">Indianization of Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur_ship.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/170px-Borobudur_ship.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/255px-Borobudur_ship.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/340px-Borobudur_ship.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a> from the 8th century, a large native outrigger trading vessels, possibly of the <a href="/wiki/Sailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailendra">Sailendra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassocracies">thalassocracies</a></figcaption></figure> As conclusive evidence is missing, numerous Indianization theories of Southeast Asia have emerged since the early 20th century. The central question usually revolves around the main propagator of Indian institutional and cultural ideas in Southeast Asia. Iron Age trade expansion caused regional <a href="/wiki/Geostrategy" title="Geostrategy">geostrategic</a> remodeling. <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> sailors from <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> first established contact and trade with <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> as early as 500 BCE. This resulted in the introduction of Southeast Asian material culture (including <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamarans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">outrigger boats</a>, sewn-plank boats, and <a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">paan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigens</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>) to South Asia; as well as connecting the material cultures of India and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. These early Austronesian trade routes linking Island Southeast Asia with India also became the maritime aspect of the wider <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> network, which were later also used by <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> maritime trade. The sustained contact between Southeast Asia and South Asia resulted in cultural exchange, in addition to the exchange of commodities.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manguin-2016-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Another theory of the spread of Indianization that focuses on the caste of <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sadhaba" title="Sadhaba">traders</a> and their role for spreading Indian culture and language into Southeast Asia through trade. There were many trade incentives that brought Vaishya traders to Southeast Asia, the most important of which was gold. During the 4th century C.E., when the first evidence of Indian trader in Southeast Asia, the Indian sub-continent was at a deficiency for gold due to extensive control of overland trade routes by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. This made many Vaishya traders look to the seas to acquire new gold, of which Southeast Asia was abundant. However, the conclusion that Indianization was just spread through trade is insufficient, as Indianization permeated through all classes of Southeast Asian society, not just the merchant classes.<a href="#cite_note-Lukas-2001-79">[79]</a> Another theory states that Indianization spread through the warrior class of <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>. This hypothesis effectively explains state formation in Southeast Asia, as these warriors came with the intention of conquering the local peoples and establishing their own political power in the region. However, this theory hasn't attracted much interest from historians as there is very little literary evidence to support it.<a href="#cite_note-Lukas-2001-79">[79]</a> The most widely accepted theory for the spread of Indianization into Southeast Asia is through the class of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> scholars. These Brahmans brought with them many of the Hindu religious and philosophical traditions and spread them to the elite classes of Southeast Asian polities. Once these traditions were adopted into the elite classes, it disseminated throughout all the lower classes, thus explaining the Indianization present in all classes of Southeast Asian society. Brahmans were also experts in art and architecture, and political affairs, thus explaining the adoption of many Indian style law codes and architecture into Southeast Asian society<a href="#cite_note-Lukas-2001-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaption_and_adoption">Adaption and adoption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Adaption and adoption">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_Aerial_View_Siem_Reap_Cambodia_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Angkor_Wat_Aerial_View_Siem_Reap_Cambodia_2011.jpg/220px-Angkor_Wat_Aerial_View_Siem_Reap_Cambodia_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Angkor_Wat_Aerial_View_Siem_Reap_Cambodia_2011.jpg/330px-Angkor_Wat_Aerial_View_Siem_Reap_Cambodia_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Angkor_Wat_Aerial_View_Siem_Reap_Cambodia_2011.jpg/440px-Angkor_Wat_Aerial_View_Siem_Reap_Cambodia_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> in Cambodia is the largest Hindu temple in the world</figcaption></figure> It is unknown how immigration, interaction, and settlement took place, whether by key figures from India or through Southeast Asians visiting India who took elements of Indian culture back home. It is likely that Hindu and Buddhist traders, priests, and princes traveled to Southeast Asia from India in the first few centuries of the Common Era and eventually settled there. Strong impulse most certainly came from the region's ruling classes who invited Brahmans to serve at their courts as priests, astrologers and advisers.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Divinity and royalty were closely connected in these polities as Hindu rituals validated the powers of the monarch. Brahmans and priests from India proper played a key role in supporting ruling dynasties through exact rituals. Dynastic consolidation was the basis for more centralized kingdoms that emerged in Java, Sumatra, Cambodia, Burma, and along the central and south coasts of Vietnam from the 4th to 8th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg/330px-Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg/440px-Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="3700" /></a><figcaption>The 9th century Shiva temple in <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> compound, adorned with bas-reliefs of Ramayana, located near Yogyakarta, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> Art, architecture, rituals, and cultural elements such as the <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Rāmāyaṇa">Rāmāyaṇa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhārata">Mahābhārata</a> had been adopted and customized increasingly with a regional character. The caste system, although adopted, was never applied universally and reduced to serve for a selected group of nobles only.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Many struggle to date and determine when Indianizaton in Southeast Asia occurred because of the structures and ruins found that were similar to those in India.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> States such as <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer empire">Khmer empire</a> had territorial continuity, resilient population and surplus economies that rivaled those in India itself. <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> in Java and <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> in Cambodia are, apart from their grandeur, examples of a distinctly developed regional culture, style, and expression.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Southeast Asia is called <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a> or Sovannah Phoum – the golden land and Suvarnadvipa – the golden Islands in Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> It was frequented by <a href="/wiki/Sadhaba" title="Sadhaba">traders</a> from eastern India, particularly <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a>. Cultural and trading relations between the powerful <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and the Southeast Asian Hindu kingdoms led the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> to be called "The Chola Lake", and the Chola attacks on Srivijaya in the 10th century CE are the sole example of military attacks by Indian rulers against Southeast Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, which controlled the heartland of Buddhist India, maintained close economic, cultural and religious ties, particularly with Srivijaya.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion,_authority_and_legitimacy">Religion, authority and legitimacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religion, authority and legitimacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramayana_Bali_Ubud_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ramayana_Bali_Ubud_1.jpg/300px-Ramayana_Bali_Ubud_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ramayana_Bali_Ubud_1.jpg/450px-Ramayana_Bali_Ubud_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ramayana_Bali_Ubud_1.jpg/600px-Ramayana_Bali_Ubud_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption>Balinese Ramayana dance drama, performed in Sarasvati Garden in <a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a>.</figcaption></figure> The pre-Indic political and social systems in Southeast Asia were marked by a relative indifference towards lineage descent. Hindu God kingship enabled rulers to supersede loyalties, forge cosmopolitan polities and the worship of Shiva and Vishnu was combined with ancestor worship, so that Khmer, Javanese, and Cham rulers claimed semi-divine status as descendants of a God. Hindu traditions, especially the relationship to the sacrality of the land and social structures, are inherent in Hinduism's transnational features. The epic traditions of the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa further legitimized a ruler identified with a God who battled and defeated the wrong doers that threaten the ethical order of the world.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Hinduism does not have a single historical founder, a centralized imperial authority in India proper nor a bureaucratic structure, thus ensuring relative religious independence for the individual ruler. It also allows for multiple forms of divinity, centered upon the <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> the triad of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, the deities responsible for the creation, preservation, and destruction of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The effects of Hinduism and Buddhism applied a tremendous impact on the many civilizations inhabiting Southeast Asia which significantly provided some structure to the composition of written traditions. An essential factor for the spread and adaptation of these religions originated from trading systems of the third and fourth century.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1999-64">[64]</a> In order to spread the message of these religions Buddhist monks and Hindu priests joined mercantile classes in the quest to share their religious and cultural values and beliefs. Along the Mekong delta, evidence of Indianized religious models can be observed in communities labeled Funan. There can be found the earliest records engraved on a rock in Vocanh.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The engravings consist of Buddhist archives and a south Indian scripts are written in Sanskrit that have been dated to belong to the early half of the third century. Indian religion was profoundly absorbed by local cultures that formed their own distinctive variations of these structures in order to reflect their own ideals. <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Funan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Kedah">Kadaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalingga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga">Kalingga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Po-ni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a> had by the 1st to 4th centuries CE adopted Hinduism's cosmology and rituals, the <a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">devaraja</a> concept of kingship, and Sanskrit as official writing. Despite the fundamental cultural integration, these kingdoms were autonomous in their own right and functioned independently.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waning_of_Indianization">Waning of Indianization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Waning of Indianization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png/220px-Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png/330px-Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png/440px-Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>Map of South-east Asia c. 900 AD, showing the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> in red, <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> in green, and <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> in yellow.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khmer_Kingdom">Khmer Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Khmer Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> Not only did Indianization change many cultural and political aspects, but it also changed the spiritual realm as well, creating a type of Northern Culture which began in the early 14th century, prevalent for its rapid decline in the Indian kingdoms. The decline of Hindu kingdoms and spark of Buddhist kingdoms led to the formation of orthodox Sinhalese Buddhism and is a key factor leading to the decline of Indianization. Sukhothai and Ceylon are the prominent characters who formulated the center of Buddhism and thus became more popularized over Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-Coedes-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_Islam">Rise of Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rise of Islam">edit</a>]</div> Not only was the spark of Buddhism the driving force for Indianization coming to an end, but Islamic influence took over as well in the midst of the thirteenth century to trump the Hindu kingdoms. In the process of Islam coming to the traditional Hindu kingdoms, trade was heavily practiced and the now Islamized Indians started becoming merchants all over Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Coedes-55">[55]</a> Moreover, as trade became more saturated in the Southeast Asian regions wherein Indianization once persisted, the regions had become more Muslim populated. This so-called Islamic control has spanned to many of the trading centers across the regions of Southeast Asia, including one of the most dominant centers, Malacca, and has therefore stressed a widespread rise of Islamization.<a href="#cite_note-Coedes-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indianized_kingdoms_of_South_East_Asia">Indianized kingdoms of South East Asia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Indianized kingdoms of South East Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Hindu empires and dynasties">List of Hindu empires and dynasties</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainland_kingdoms">Mainland kingdoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mainland kingdoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing_Shiva_10th_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dancing_Shiva_10th_c.jpg/220px-Dancing_Shiva_10th_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dancing_Shiva_10th_c.jpg/330px-Dancing_Shiva_10th_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dancing_Shiva_10th_c.jpg/440px-Dancing_Shiva_10th_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>The 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> of the dancing <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a>: Funan was a polity that encompassed the southernmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochinese peninsula</a> during the 1st to 6th centuries. The name Funan is not found in any texts of local origin from the period, and so is considered an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> based on the accounts of two Chinese diplomats, <a href="/wiki/Kang_Tai" title="Kang Tai">Kang Tai</a> and Zhu Ying who sojourned there in the mid-3rd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>: 24  It is not known what name the people of Funan gave to their polity. Some scholars believe ancient Chinese scholars transcribed the word Funan from a word related to the Khmer word bnaṃ or vnaṃ (modern: phnoṃ, meaning "mountain"); while others thought that Funan may not be a transcription at all, rather it meant what it says in Chinese, meaning something like "Pacified South". Centered at the lower <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Funan is noted as the oldest <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> culture in this region, which suggests prolonged socio-economic interaction with India and maritime trading partners of the <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stark-1999-7">[7]</a> Cultural and religious ideas had reached Funan via the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a> route. Trade with India had commenced well before 500 BC as <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> had not yet replaced <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stark-1999-7">[7]</a> Funan's language has been determined as to have been an early form of Khmer and its written form was Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_Tien_large_lingam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cat_Tien_large_lingam.jpg/220px-Cat_Tien_large_lingam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cat_Tien_large_lingam.jpg/330px-Cat_Tien_large_lingam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cat_Tien_large_lingam.jpg/440px-Cat_Tien_large_lingam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Stone lingam found in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1t_Ti%C3%AAn_archaeological_site" title="Cát Tiên archaeological site">Cát Tiên</a>, southern Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenla_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenla Kingdom">Chenla</a> was the successor polity of Funan that existed from around the late 6th century until the early 9th century in Indochina, preceding the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>. Like its predecessor, Chenla occupied a strategic position where the maritime trade routes of the <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian cultural sphere</a> converged, resulting in prolonged socio-economic and cultural influence, along with the adoption of the Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a> system of the south Indian <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Chenla's first ruler Vīravarman adopted the idea of divine kingship and deployed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretistic</a> Hindu "god that embodied multiple conceptions of power". His successors continued this tradition, thus obeying the code of conduct <a href="/wiki/Manusm%E1%B9%9Bti" class="mw-redirect" title="Manusmṛti">Manusmṛti</a>, the Laws of Manu for the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> warrior caste and conveying the idea of political and religious authority.<a href="#cite_note-Lavy-2003-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a>: Langkasuka (-langkha <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> for "resplendent land" -sukkha of "bliss") was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kingdom</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. The kingdom, along with the Old Kedah settlement, are probably the earliest territorial footholds founded on the Malay Peninsula. According to tradition, the founding of the kingdom happened in the 2nd century; <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malay</a> legends claim that Langkasuka was founded at <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, and later moved to <a href="/wiki/Pattani_province" title="Pattani province">Pattani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>: The kingdoms of Champa controlled what is now south and central <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. The earliest kingdom, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_%E1%BA%A4p" title="Lâm Ấp">Lâm Ấp</a> was described by Chinese sources around 192. CE The dominant religion was <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and the culture was heavily influenced by India. By the late fifteenth century, the Vietnamese – proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a> – had eradicated the last remaining traces of the once powerful maritime kingdom of Champa.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The last surviving <a href="/wiki/Cham_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham (Asia)">Chams</a> began their <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> in 1471, many re-settling in <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> territory.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer empire">Kambuja</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> was established by the early 9th century in a mythical initiation and <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a> ceremony by founder <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a> at Mount Kulen (Mount Mahendra) in 802 CE<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> A succession of powerful sovereigns, continuing the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">devaraja</a> tradition, reigned over the classical era of Khmer civilization until the 11th century. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was then introduced temporarily into royal religious practice, with discontinuities and decentralisation resulting in subsequent removal.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Cambodia">royal chronology</a> ended in the 14th century. During this period of the Khmer empire, societal functions of <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administration</a>, agriculture, architecture, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, literature and <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">the arts</a> saw an unprecedented degree of development, refinement and accomplishment from the distinct expression of Hindu cosmology.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_kingdoms" title="Mon kingdoms">Mon kingdoms</a>: From the 9th century until the abrupt end of the <a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a> in 1539, the Mon kingdoms (<a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a>) were notable for facilitating Indianized cultural exchange in lower Burma, in particular by having strong ties with Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a>: The first <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a> to gain independence from the Khmer Empire and start their own kingdom in the 13th century. Sukhothai was a precursor for the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> and the Kingdom of Siam. Though ethnically Thai, the Sukhothai kingdom in many ways was a continuation of the Buddhist Mon-Dvaravati civilizations, as well as the neighboring Khmer Empire.<a href="#cite_note-sunnytantikumar736-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Island_kingdoms">Island kingdoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Island kingdoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avalokite%C3%A7vara,_Malayu_Srivijaya_style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Avalokite%C3%A7vara%2C_Malayu_Srivijaya_style.jpg/170px-Avalokite%C3%A7vara%2C_Malayu_Srivijaya_style.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Avalokite%C3%A7vara%2C_Malayu_Srivijaya_style.jpg/255px-Avalokite%C3%A7vara%2C_Malayu_Srivijaya_style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Avalokite%C3%A7vara%2C_Malayu_Srivijaya_style.jpg/340px-Avalokite%C3%A7vara%2C_Malayu_Srivijaya_style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="2441" /></a><figcaption>Golden <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> from <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Malayu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Mahisasuramardini_Prambanan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Durga_Mahisasuramardini_Prambanan.jpg/170px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini_Prambanan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Durga_Mahisasuramardini_Prambanan.jpg/255px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini_Prambanan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Durga_Mahisasuramardini_Prambanan.jpg/340px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini_Prambanan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="3556" /></a><figcaption>Statue <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> dated to the 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a> from Central Java</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pura_Ulandanu_Temple,_Batur,_Bali,_Indonesia_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pura_Ulandanu_Temple%2C_Batur%2C_Bali%2C_Indonesia_02.JPG/170px-Pura_Ulandanu_Temple%2C_Batur%2C_Bali%2C_Indonesia_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pura_Ulandanu_Temple%2C_Batur%2C_Bali%2C_Indonesia_02.JPG/255px-Pura_Ulandanu_Temple%2C_Batur%2C_Bali%2C_Indonesia_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pura_Ulandanu_Temple%2C_Batur%2C_Bali%2C_Indonesia_02.JPG/340px-Pura_Ulandanu_Temple%2C_Batur%2C_Bali%2C_Indonesia_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> shrine in Bali, a widely present custom from <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salakanagara" title="Salakanagara">Salakanagara</a>: Salakanagara kingdom is the first historically recorded Indianized kingdom in Western Java, established by an Indian trader after marrying a local Sundanese princess. This Kingdom existed between 130 and 362 CE.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a> was an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom, located not far from modern Jakarta, and according to Tugu inscription ruler Purnavarman apparently built a canal that changed the course of the Cakung River, and drained a coastal area for agriculture and settlement. In his inscriptions, Purnavarman associated himself with Vishnu, and Brahmins ritually secured the hydraulic project.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga Kingdom">Kalingga</a>: Kalingga (Javanese: Karajan Kalingga) was the 6th century Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia. It was the earliest Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Central Java, and together with Kutai and Tarumanagara are the oldest kingdoms in Indonesian history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Malayu</a> was a classical Southeast Asian kingdom. The primary sources for much of the information on the kingdom are the New History of the Tang, and the memoirs of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing who visited in 671 CE, and states that it was "absorbed" by Srivijaya by 692 CE, but had "broken away" by the end of the eleventh century according to Chao Jukua. The exact location of the kingdom is the subject of studies among historians.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>: From the 7th to 13th centuries Srivijaya, a maritime empire centered on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> in Indonesia, had adopted Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism under a line of rulers from Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa to the <a href="/wiki/Sailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailendra">Sailendras</a>. A stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhism, Srivijaya attracted pilgrims and scholars from other parts of Asia. I Ching reports that the kingdom was home to more than a thousand Buddhist scholars. A notable Buddhist scholar of local origin, <a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a>, taught Buddhist philosophy in Srivijaya and <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> (in India), and was the teacher of <a href="/wiki/Atisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Atisha">Atisha</a>. Most of the time, this Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malay">Malay</a> empire enjoyed cordial relationship with China and the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, and the 860 CE <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda inscription">Nalanda inscription</a> records that Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Balaputra" title="Balaputra">Balaputra</a> dedicated a monastery at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> university near Pala territory. The Srivijaya kingdom ceased to exist in the 13th century due to various factors, including the expansion of the Javanese, Singhasari, and Majapahit empires.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a> was an ancient kingdom located on the Malay Peninsula that at one time came under the influence of Srivijaya. The name had been forgotten until scholars recognized Tambralinga as Nagara Sri Dharmaraja (Nakhon Si Thammarat). Early records are scarce but its duration is estimated to range from the seventh to the fourteenth century. Tambralinga first sent tribute to the emperor of the Tang dynasty in 616 CE. In Sanskrit, Tambra means "red" and linga means "symbol", typically representing the divine energy of Shiva.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a>: The Mataram Kingdom flourished between the 8th and 11th centuries. It was first centered in central Java before moving later to east Java. This kingdom produced numbers of Hindu-Buddhist temples in Java, including <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> Buddhist mandala and the <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> Hindu temple dedicated mainly to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailendra">Sailendras</a> were the ruling family of this kingdom at an earlier stage in central Java, before being replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Isyana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Isyana Dynasty">Isyana Dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kediri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri Kingdom">Kadiri</a>: In the 10th century, Mataram challenged the supremacy of Srivijaya, resulting in the destruction of the Mataram capital by Srivijaya early in the 11th century. Restored by King <a href="/wiki/Airlangga" title="Airlangga">Airlangga</a> (c. 1020–1050), the kingdom split on his death; the new state of Kediri, in eastern Java, became the centre of Javanese culture for the next two centuries, spreading its influence to the eastern parts of Southeast Asia. The spice trade was now becoming increasingly important, as demand from European countries grew. Before they learned to keep sheep and cattle alive in the winter, they had to eat salted meat, made palatable by the addition of spices. One of the main sources was the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> (or "Spice Islands") in Indonesia, and so Kediri became a strong trading nation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a>: In the 13th century, however, the Kediri dynasty was overthrown by a revolution, and <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> arose in east Java. The domains of this new state expanded under the rule of its warrior-king <a href="/wiki/Kertanegara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kertanegara">Kertanegara</a>. He was killed by a prince of the previous Kediri dynasty, who then established the last great Hindu-Javanese kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>. By the middle of the 14th century Majapahit controlled most of Java, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, part of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, the southern Celebes and the Moluccas. It also exerted considerable influence on the mainland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>: The Majapahit empire, centered in East Java, succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> empire and flourished in the Indonesian archipelago between the 13th and 15th centuries. Noted for their naval expansion, the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> spanned west–east from Lamuri in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> to Wanin in <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">Papua</a>. Majapahit was one of the last and greatest Hindu empires in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>. Most of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Balinese</a> Hindu culture, traditions and civilisations were derived from Majapahit legacy. A large number of Majapahit nobles, priests, and artisans found their home in Bali after the decline of Majapahit to <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galuh_Kingdom" title="Galuh Kingdom">Galuh</a> was an ancient Hindu kingdom in the eastern Tatar Pasundan (now west Java province and Banyumasan region of central Java province), Indonesia. It was established following the collapse of the Tarumanagara kingdom around the 7th century. Traditionally the kingdom of Galuh was associated with the eastern Priangan cultural region, around the <a href="/wiki/Citanduy" class="mw-redirect" title="Citanduy">Citanduy</a> and Cimanuk rivers, with its territory spanning from Citarum river on the west, to the Pamali (present-day Brebes river) and Serayu rivers on the east. Its capital was located in Kawali, near present-day Ciamis city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a>: The Kingdom of Sunda was a Hindu kingdom located in western Java from 669 CE to around 1579 CE, covering the area of present-day Banten, Jakarta, West Java, and the western part of Central Java. According to primary historical records, the Bujangga Manik manuscript, the eastern border of the Sunda Kingdom was the Pamali River (Ci Pamali, the present day Brebes River) and the Serayu River (Ci Sarayu) in Central Java.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indianized_kingdoms_of_South_West_Asia">Indianized kingdoms of South West Asia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Indianized kingdoms of South West Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_and_Buddhist_heritage_of_Afghanistan" title="Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan">Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Muslim conquests of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corinthian_Capital_with_Sun_God_Surya_Riding_a_Chariot_(Quadriga)_Gandhara_100-200_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Corinthian_Capital_with_Sun_God_Surya_Riding_a_Chariot_%28Quadriga%29_Gandhara_100-200_CE.jpg/220px-Corinthian_Capital_with_Sun_God_Surya_Riding_a_Chariot_%28Quadriga%29_Gandhara_100-200_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Corinthian_Capital_with_Sun_God_Surya_Riding_a_Chariot_%28Quadriga%29_Gandhara_100-200_CE.jpg/330px-Corinthian_Capital_with_Sun_God_Surya_Riding_a_Chariot_%28Quadriga%29_Gandhara_100-200_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Corinthian_Capital_with_Sun_God_Surya_Riding_a_Chariot_%28Quadriga%29_Gandhara_100-200_CE.jpg/440px-Corinthian_Capital_with_Sun_God_Surya_Riding_a_Chariot_%28Quadriga%29_Gandhara_100-200_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> sitting on a Corinthian chariot from <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">ancient Afghanistan</a></figcaption></figure> The eastern regions of Afghanistan were considered politically as parts of India. Buddhism and Hinduism held sway over the region until the Muslim conquest.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Kabul and Zabulistan which housed Buddhism and other <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, offered stiff resistance to the Muslim advance for two centuries, with the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Kabul Shahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zunbils" title="Zunbils">Zunbils</a> remaining unconquered until the <a href="/wiki/Saffarid" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffarid">Saffarid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid">Ghaznavid</a> conquests.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The significance of the realm of <a href="/wiki/Zun" title="Zun">Zun</a> and its rulers Zunbils had laid in them blocking the path of Arabs in invading the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Wink" title="André Wink">André Wink</a>, "In southern and eastern Afghanistan, the regions of <a href="/wiki/Zamindawar" title="Zamindawar">Zamindawar</a> (Zamin I Datbar or land of the justice giver, the classical <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zabul" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabul">Zabul</a> (Jabala, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kapisa" title="Kingdom of Kapisa">Kapisha</a>, Kia pi shi) and <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, the Arabs were effectively opposed for more than two centuries, from 643 to 870 AD, by the indigenous rulers the <a href="/wiki/Zunbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Zunbil">Zunbils</a> and the related <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Kabul-Shahs</a> of the dynasty which became known as the Buddhist-Shahi. With <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchistan, Pakistan">Baluchistan</a> and much of Sindh this area can be reckoned to belong to the cultural and political frontier zone between India and <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Wink-1996-111">[111]</a> He also wrote, "It is clear however that in the seventh to ninth centuries the Zunbils and their kinsmen the Kabulshahs ruled over a predominantly Indian rather than a Persianate realm. The Arab geographers, in effect, commonly speak of 'that king of al-Hind ... (who) bore the title of Zunbil."<a href="#cite_note-Wink-1996-111">[111]</a> Archaeological sites such as the 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a> and Gardez show a blend of Buddhism with strong <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivst</a> iconography.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Around 644 CE, the Chinese travelling monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> made an account of Zabul (which he called by its Sanskrit name Jaguda), which he describes as mainly pagan, though also respecting <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism, which although in the minority had the support of its royals. In terms of other cults, the god Śuna,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> is described to be the prime deity of the country.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">Al-Ma'mun</a> (r. 813–833 A.D.) led the last Arab expeditions on Kabul and Zabul, after which the long-drawn conflict ended with the dissolution of the empire. Rutbil were made to pay double the tribute to the Caliph.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The king of Kabul was captured by him and converted to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The last Zunbil was killed by <a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_al-Layth_al-Saffar" title="Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar">Ya'qub bin al-Layth</a> along with his former overlord Salih b. al-Nadr in 865.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Meanwhile, the Hindu Shahi of Kabul were defeated under <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Indian soldiers were a part of the Ghaznavid army, <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_Bayhaqi" title="Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi">Baihaki</a> mentioned Hindu officers employed by <a href="/wiki/Ma%27sud_I_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'sud I of Ghazni">Ma'sud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The 14th-century scholar Muslim scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> described the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> as meaning "slayer of Indians", because large numbers of slaves brought from <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a> died from its treacherous weather.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Zabulistan">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a>, a historical region in southern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> roughly corresponding to the modern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Zabul_Province" title="Zabul Province">Zabul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Province" title="Ghazni Province">Ghazni</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> was a collection of loose suzerains of the Hindu rulers when it fell to the <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahis</a> in the 7th century, though the suzerainty continued up to the 11th century. The Hindu kingdom of Kapisha had split up as its western part formed a separate state called the kingdom of Zabul. It was a family division because there were consanguineous and political relationships between the states of Kabul and Zabul.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zunbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Zunbil">Zunbils</a>, a royal dynasty south of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> in present-day southern Afghanistan region, worshiped the Zhuna, possibly a <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun god</a> connected to the Hindu god Surya and is sometimes referred to as Zoor or Zoon. He is represented with flames radiating from his head on coins. Statues were adorned with gold and used rubies for eyes. <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Huen Tsang</a> calls him "sunagir".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> It has been linked with the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Aditya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">pre-Buddhist religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">kingship practices</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> His shrine lay on a sacred mountain in Zamindawar. Originally it appears to have been brought there by <a href="/wiki/Hepthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepthalite">Hepthalites</a>, displacing an earlier god on the same site. Parallels have been noted with the pre-Buddhist monarchy of Tibet, next to <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> influence on its ritual. Whatever its origins, it was certainly superimposed on a mountain and on a pre-existing mountain god while merging with Shaiva doctrines of worship.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_Turk_Shahi_dynasty_of_Kabul">Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty of Kabul</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty of Kabul">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mes_Aynak_stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mes_Aynak_stupa.jpg/220px-Mes_Aynak_stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mes_Aynak_stupa.jpg/330px-Mes_Aynak_stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mes_Aynak_stupa.jpg/440px-Mes_Aynak_stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>Newly excavated Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a> in Logar Province. Similar stupas have been discovered in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Province" title="Ghazni Province">Ghazni Province</a>, including in the northern <a href="/wiki/Samangan_Province#Cultural_heritage" title="Samangan Province">Samangan Province</a>.</figcaption></figure> The area had been under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahi</a> who took over the rule of Kabul in the seventh century and later were attacked by the Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The Turk Shahi dynasty was <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and were followed by a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> dynasty shortly before the Saffarid conquest in 870 A.D.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The Turk Shahi were a Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> dynasty that ruled from Kabul and <a href="/wiki/Kapisa_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapisa (city)">Kapisa</a> in the 7th to 9th centuries. They replaced the <a href="/wiki/Nezak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezak">Nezak</a> – the last dynasty of Bactrian rulers. <a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabulistan</a> was the heartland of the Turk Shahi domain, which at times included <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The last Shahi ruler of Kabul, Lagaturman, was deposed by a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> minister, possibly named Vakkadeva,<a href="#cite_note-W._Macdowall_1968,_pp._189-224-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raizada_Harichand_Vaid_pp._83-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'_p._82-132">[132]</a> in c. 850, signaling the end of the Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty, and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahi</a> dynasty of Kabul.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_Shahi_dynasty_of_Kabul">Hindu Shahi dynasty of Kabul</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Hindu Shahi dynasty of Kabul">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMB_Temple_in_Soon_Sakasar_Valley_by_Usman_Ghani.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AMB_Temple_in_Soon_Sakasar_Valley_by_Usman_Ghani.JPG/220px-AMB_Temple_in_Soon_Sakasar_Valley_by_Usman_Ghani.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AMB_Temple_in_Soon_Sakasar_Valley_by_Usman_Ghani.JPG/330px-AMB_Temple_in_Soon_Sakasar_Valley_by_Usman_Ghani.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AMB_Temple_in_Soon_Sakasar_Valley_by_Usman_Ghani.JPG/440px-AMB_Temple_in_Soon_Sakasar_Valley_by_Usman_Ghani.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Amb_Temples" title="Amb Temples">Amb Hindu Temple complex</a> was built between the 7th and 9th centuries CE during the reign of the Hindu Shahi Empire<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> The Hindu Shahi (850–1026 CE) was a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> dynasty that held sway over the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabul Valley">Kabul Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> (modern-day Pakistan and northeastern Afghanistan), and present-day northwestern India, during the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">early medieval period in the Indian subcontinent</a>. They succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahis</a>. There were two successive dynasties in <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabul Valley">Kabul Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> dynasty and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmana dynasty (page does not exist)">Brahmana dynasty</a> which replaced it.<a href="#cite_note-Samad2011-135">[135]</a> Both used the title of Shahi. Details about these rulers have been assembled from <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a>, coins and stone inscriptions by researchers as no consolidated account of their history has become available.<a href="#cite_note-Samad2011-135">[135]</a> In 1973, Historian Yogendra Mishra proposed that according to <a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a>, Hindu Shahis were <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriyas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> According to available inscriptions following are the names of Hindu Shahi kings: Vakkadeva, Kamalavarman, Bhimadeva, <a href="/wiki/Jayapala" title="Jayapala">Jayapala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anandapala" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandapala">Anandapala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trilochanapala" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilochanapala">Trilochanapala</a> and Bhimpala.<a href="#cite_note-W._Macdowall_1968,_pp._189-224-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raizada_Harichand_Vaid_pp._83-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'_p._82-132">[132]</a> <ul><li>Vakkadeva: According to The Mazare Sharif Inscription of the Time of the Shahi Ruler Veka, recently discovered from northern Afghanistan and reported by the Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veka" class="mw-redirect" title="Veka">Veka</a> (sic.) conquered northern region of Afghanistan 'with eightfold forces' and ruled there. He established a <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> temple there which was inaugurated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parimaha_Maitya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parimaha Maitya (page does not exist)">Parimaha Maitya</a> (the Great Minister).<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> He also issued copper coins of the Elephant and Lion type with the legend Shri Vakkadeva. Nine principal issues of Bull and Horseman silver coins and only one issue of corresponding copper coins of Spalapatideva have become available. As many as five Elephant and Lion type of copper coins of Shri Vakkadeva are available and curiously the copper issues of Vakka are contemporaneous with the silver issues of Spalapati.<a href="#cite_note-W._Macdowall_1968,_pp._189-224-130">[130]</a></li> <li>Kamalavarman: During the reign of Kamalavarman, the Saffarid rule weakened precipitately and ultimately Sistan became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a>. The disorder generally prevailed and the control of Zabulistan changed hands frequently. Taking advantage of the situation, the Shahis stepped up activities on their western frontier. The result was the emergence of a small Hindu power at Ghazni, supported by the Shahis. "The authorities either themselves of early date or enshrining early information mention <a href="/wiki/Lawik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawik">Lawik</a>", a Hindu, as the ruler at Ghazni, before this place was taken over by the Turkish slave governor of the Samanids.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li>Jayapala: With <a href="/wiki/Jayapala" title="Jayapala">Jayapala</a>, a new dynasty started ruling over the former Shahi kingdom of southeastern Afghanistan and the change over was smooth and consensual. On his coronation, Jayapala used the additional name-suffix Deva from his predecessor's dynasty in addition to the pala name-ending of his own family. (With Kabul lost during the lifetime of Jayapaladeva, his successors – Anandapala, Trilochanapala and Bhimapala – reverted to their own family pala-ending names.) Jayapala did not issue any coins in his own name. Bull and Horseman coins with the legend Samantadeva, in billon, seem to have been struck during Jayapala's reign. As the successor of Bhima, Jayapala was a Shahi monarch of the state of Kabul, which now included Punjab. Minhaj-ud-din describes Jayapala as "the greatest of the Rais of Hindustan."<a href="#cite_note-Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'_p._82-132">[132]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkh">Balkh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Balkh">edit</a>]</div> From historical evidence, it appears <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> (Bactria) was the only area heavily colonized by Arabs where <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> flourished and the only area incorporated into the Arab empire where Sanskrit studies were pursued up to the conquest.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyecho" title="Hyecho">Hui'Chao</a>, who visited around 726, mentions that the Arabs ruled it and all the inhabitants were <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>'s final conquest was undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim" title="Qutayba ibn Muslim">Qutayba ibn Muslim</a> in 705.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Among Balkh's Buddhist monasteries, the largest was <a href="/wiki/Nava_Vihara" title="Nava Vihara">Nava Vihara</a>, later Persianized to Naw Bahara after the Islamic conquest of Balkh.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> It is not known how long it continued to serve as a place of worship after the conquest. Accounts of early Arabs offer contradictory narratives.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghur">Ghur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ghur">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Amir_Suri" title="Amir Suri">Amir Suri</a>, a king of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Ghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghor">Ghor</a> region of present-day central Afghanistan, and his son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Suri" title="Muhammad ibn Suri">Muhammad ibn Suri</a>, despite bearing Arabic names were Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> During their rule from the 9th-century to the 10th-century, they were considered <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a> by the surrounding Muslim people, and it was only during the reign of Muhammad's son <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abu Ali ibn Muhammad">Abu Ali ibn Muhammad</a> that the Ghurid dynasty became an Islamic dynasty. Amir Suri was a descendant of the Ghurid king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Banji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amir Banji (page does not exist)">Amir Banji</a>, whose rule was legitimized by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>. He is known to have fought the <a href="/wiki/Saffarid" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffarid">Saffarid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_al-Layth_al-Saffar" title="Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar">Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar</a>, who managed to conquer much of <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a> except <a href="/wiki/Ghur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghur">Ghur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Ghur remained a pagan enclave until the 11th century. <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>, who raided it, left Muslim precepts to teach Islam to the local population. The region became Muslim by 12th century though the historian <a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra" title="Satish Chandra">Satish Chandra</a> states that <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> is believed to have existed until the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuristan">Nuristan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Nuristan">edit</a>]</div> The vast area extending from modern <a href="/wiki/Nuristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristan">Nuristan</a> to Kashmir (styled "Peristan" by A. M. Cacopardo) containing host of "<a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Kafir</a>" cultures and Indo-European languages that became Islamized over a long period. Earlier, it was surrounded by Buddhist areas. The Islamization of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> began in the 8th century and Peristan was completely surrounded by Muslim states in the 16th century with Islamization of <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a>. The Buddhist states temporarily brought literacy and state rule into the region. The decline of Buddhism resulted in it becoming heavily isolated.<a href="#cite_note-academia-147">[147]</a> Successive wave of <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> immigration, before or during 16th and 17th centuries, displaced the original Kafirs and <a href="/wiki/Pashayi_people" title="Pashayi people">Pashayi people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kunar_Valley" title="Kunar Valley">Kunar Valley</a> and Laghman valley, the two eastern provinces near <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a>, to the less fertile mountains.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Before their conversion, the Kafir people of <a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a> practiced a form of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Hinduism">ancient Hinduism</a> infused with locally developed accretions.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The region from <a href="/wiki/Nuristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristan">Nuristan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> (styled Peristan by A. M. Cacopardo) was host to a vast number of "Kafir" cultures.<a href="#cite_note-academia-147">[147]</a> They were called Kafirs due to their enduring paganism, remaining politically independent until being conquered and forcibly converted by Afghan Amir <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman Khan">Abdul Rahman Khan</a> in 1895–1896<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> while others also converted to avoid paying <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In 1020–21, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna led a campaign against Kafiristan and the people of the "pleasant valleys of Nur and Qirat" according to Gardizi.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> These people worshipped the lion.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Habib" title="Mohammad Habib">Mohammad Habib</a> however considers they might have been worshipping Buddha in form of a lion (Sakya Sinha).<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar</a> states they had a Hindu temple which was destroyed by Mahmud's general.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_influence">Genetic influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Genetic influence">edit</a>]</div> A 2022 study stated that Indian cultural influence was responsible for substantial South Asian admixture (~ 2%-16%) in various Southeast Asian populations in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar and Singapore. Exceptions were isolated hill tribes and present hunter-gatherer groups in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indocentrism" title="Indocentrism">Indocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman trade relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit-related_topics" title="List of Sanskrit-related topics">Sanskrit-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">South Asian diaspora</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPatel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Patel, Sneha (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26534911">"India's South Asian Policy"</a>. The Indian Journal of Political Science. 76 (3): 677–680. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26534911">26534911</a>. <q>It is important to note that Nepal was not a British colony like India. Geographically, culturally, socially and historically India and Nepal are linked most intimately and lived together from time immemorial. The most significant factor which has nurtured Indo-Nepalese relations through ages is geographical setting of the two countries which is a good example to understand that how geography connects the two countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=India%27s+South+Asian+Policy&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=677-680&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26534911%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Sneha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26534911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1979" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12598">Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</a>. Vol. I (1st ed.). Sterling Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12598/page/n55">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/557595150">557595150</a>. <q>Modern Afghanistan was part of ancient India; the Afghans belonged to the pale of Indo-Aryan civilisation. In the eighty century, the country was known by two regional names—Kabul land Zabul. The northern part, called Kabul (or Kabulistan) was governed by a Buddhist dynasty. Its capital and the river on the banks of which it was situated, also bore the same name. Lalliya, a Brahmin minister of the last Buddhist ruler Lagaturman, deposed his master and laid the foundation of the Hindushahi dynasty in c. 865.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F557595150&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.12598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2006" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2006). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Har-Anand Publications. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124110669" title="Special:BookSources/9788124110669"><bdi>9788124110669</bdi></a>. <q>Although Afghanistan was considered an integral part of India in antiquity, and was often called "Little India" even in medieval times, politically it had not been a part of India after the downfall of the Kushan empire, followed by the defeat of the Hindu Shahis by Mahmud Ghazni.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788124110669&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLéviPrzyluskiBloch1993" class="citation book cs1">Lévi, Sylvain; Przyluski, Jean; Bloch, Jules (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dx5dzJGGBg0C&q=austroasiatic+influence+on+india&pg=PR15">Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India</a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0772-9"><bdi>978-81-206-0772-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195030/https://books.google.com/books?id=dx5dzJGGBg0C&q=austroasiatic+influence+on+india&pg=PR15">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Aryan+and+Pre-Dravidian+in+India&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0772-9&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vi&rft.aufirst=Sylvain&rft.au=Przyluski%2C+Jean&rft.au=Bloch%2C+Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddx5dzJGGBg0C%26q%3Daustroasiatic%2Binfluence%2Bon%2Bindia%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_R._Hal1985" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth R. Hal (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqGAAAAIAAJ&q=funan+mountain+kings">Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia</a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0843-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0843-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-0843-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195010/https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqGAAAAIAAJ&q=funan+mountain+kings">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Trade+and+State+Development+in+Early+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0843-3&rft.au=Kenneth+R.+Hal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncqGAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dfunan%2Bmountain%2Bkings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lavy-2003-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lavy-2003_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lavy-2003_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavy2003" class="citation cs2">Lavy, Paul (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2635407">"As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation"</a>, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 34 (1): 21–39, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002246340300002X">10.1017/S002246340300002X</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154819912">154819912</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812222402/https://www.academia.edu/2635407">archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021, retrieved 23 December 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=As+in+Heaven%2C+So+on+Earth%3A+The+Politics+of+Visnu+Siva+and+Harihara+Images+in+Preangkorian+Khmer+Civilisation&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-39&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002246340300002X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154819912%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lavy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2635407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stark-1999-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stark-1999_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark-1999_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark-1999_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkGriffinPhoeurnLedgerwood1999" class="citation journal cs1">Stark, Miriam T.; Griffin, Bion; Phoeurn, Chuch; Ledgerwood, Judy; et al. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172419/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/AP1999%20article.pdf">"Results of the 1995–1996 Archaeological Field Investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia"</a> (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 38 (1). University of Hawai'i-Manoa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/stark/pdfs/AP1999%20article.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015. <q>The development of maritime commerce and Hindu influence stimulated early state formation in polities along the coasts of mainland Southeast Asia, where passive indigenous populations embraced notions of statecraft and ideology introduced by outsiders...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Results+of+the+1995%E2%80%931996+Archaeological+Field+Investigations+at+Angkor+Borei%2C+Cambodia&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Miriam+T.&rft.au=Griffin%2C+Bion&rft.au=Phoeurn%2C+Chuch&rft.au=Ledgerwood%2C+Judy&rft.au=Dega%2C+Michael&rft.au=Mortland%2C+Carol&rft.au=Dowling%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Bayman%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Sovath%2C+Bong&rft.au=Van%2C+Tea&rft.au=Chamroeun%2C+Chhan&rft.au=Latinis%2C+Kyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropology.hawaii.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fstark%2Fpdfs%2FAP1999%2520article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès196814–-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès196814–_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoedès1968">Coedès (1968)</a>, pp. 14–. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManguin2002" class="citation cs2">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJBwAAAAMAAJ">"From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia"</a>, 25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO, pp. 59–82, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195002/https://books.google.com/books?id=NJBwAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023, retrieved 26 March 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Funan+to+Sriwijaya%3A+Cultural+continuities+and+discontinuities+in+the+Early+Historical+maritime+states+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=25+tahun+kerjasama+Pusat+Penelitian+Arkeologi+dan+Ecole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=59-82&rft.pub=Pusat+Penelitian+Arkeologi+%2F+EFEO&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Manguin&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNJBwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/ARTH406-Historical-Overview-of-Chinese-Buddhism-FINAL.pdf">"Buddhism in China: A Historical Overview"</a> (PDF). The Saylor Foundation 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221358/http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/ARTH406-Historical-Overview-of-Chinese-Buddhism-FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+China%3A+A+Historical+Overview&rft.pub=The+Saylor+Foundation+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saylor.org%2Fsite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F05%2FARTH406-Historical-Overview-of-Chinese-Buddhism-FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhu1995" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu, Qingzhi (March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp066_india_china.pdf">"Some Linguistic Evidence for Early Cultural Exchange between China and India"</a> (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 66. University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804122822/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp066_india_china.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2023. <q>everyone knows well the so-called "Buddhist conquest of China" or "Indianized China"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Some+Linguistic+Evidence+for+Early+Cultural+Exchange+between+China+and+India&rft.volume=66&rft.date=1995-03&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Qingzhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp066_india_china.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips-1998-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips-1998_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips-1998_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1998" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, J. R. S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1pcTl11iawC&pg=PA192">The Medieval Expansion of Europe</a>. Clarendon Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820740-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820740-5"><bdi>978-0-19-820740-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Expansion+of+Europe&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820740-5&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT1pcTl11iawC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-azurara-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-azurara_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-azurara_13-1">b</a> (<a href="#CITEREFAzurara1446">Azurara 1446</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisWigen1997" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythcontinentscr00lewi">The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythcontinentscr00lewi/page/n143">269</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20742-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20742-4"><bdi>978-0-520-20742-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Continents%3A+A+Critique+of+Metageography&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20742-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Martin+W.&rft.au=Wigen%2C+K%C3%A4ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythcontinentscr00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedro_Machado1992" class="citation journal cs1">Pedro Machado, José (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oeGyyRefPd0C&pg=PA333">"Terras de Além: no Relato da Viagem de Vasco da Gama"</a>. Journal of the University of Coimbra. 37: 333–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+University+of+Coimbra&rft.atitle=Terras+de+Al%C3%A9m%3A+no+Relato+da+Viagem+de+Vasco+da+Gama&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=333-&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Pedro+Machado&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoeGyyRefPd0C%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBeazley1910">Beazley 1910</a>, p. 708) Quote: "Azurara's hyperbole, indeed, which celebrates the Navigator Prince as joining Orient and Occident by continual voyaging, as transporting to the extremities of the East the creations of Western industry, does not scruple to picture the people of the Greater and the Lesser India" </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBeazley1910">Beazley 1910</a>, p. 708) Quote: "Among all the confusion of the various Indies in Mediaeval nomenclature, "Greater India" can usually be recognized as restricted to the "India proper" of the modern [c. 1910] world." </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-1997-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-1997_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-1997_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-1997_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisWigen1997" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythcontinentscr00lewi">The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythcontinentscr00lewi/page/n145">274</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20742-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20742-4"><bdi>978-0-520-20742-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Continents%3A+A+Critique+of+Metageography&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20742-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Martin+W.&rft.au=Wigen%2C+K%C3%A4ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythcontinentscr00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFWheatley1982">Wheatley 1982</a>, p. 13) Quote: "Subsequently the whole area came to be identified with one of the "Three Indies," though whether India Major or Minor, Greater or Lesser, Superior or Inferior, seems often to have been a personal preference of the author concerned. When Europeans began to penetrate into Southeast Asia in earnest, they continued this tradition, attaching to various of the constituent territories such labels as Further India or Hinterindien, the East Indies, the Indian Archipelago, Insulinde, and, in acknowledgment of the presence of a competing culture, Indochina." </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCaverhill1767">Caverhill 1767</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlig2003" class="citation book cs1">Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4WUdKWGcYsC">Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N</a>. Isd. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05607-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05607-6"><bdi>978-3-447-05607-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Aethiopica%3A+He-N&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Isd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05607-6&rft.aulast=Uhlig&rft.aufirst=Siegbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl4WUdKWGcYsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> "Review: New Maps," (1912) Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 44(3): 235–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFAliAitchison2005">Ali & Aitchison 2005</a>, p. 170) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Argand, E., 1924. La tectonique de l' Asie. Proc. 13th Int. Geol. Cong. 7 (1924), 171–372. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthdynamics.org/papers-ED/2012/2012-vanHinsbergen-etal-PNAS.pdf">"The Greater India Basin hypothesis"</a> (PDF). University of Oslo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809062646/http://earthdynamics.org/papers-ED/2012/2012-vanHinsbergen-etal-PNAS.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greater+India+Basin+hypothesis&rft.pub=University+of+Oslo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthdynamics.org%2Fpapers-ED%2F2012%2F2012-vanHinsbergen-etal-PNAS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayley2004">Bayley (2004</a>, p. 710) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopalPaliwal2005" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Ram; Paliwal, KV (2005). Hindu Renaissance: Ways and Means. New Delhi, India: Hindu Writers Forum. p. 83. <q>We may conclude with a broad survey of the Indian colonies in the Far East. For nearly fifteen hundred years, and down to a period when the Hindus had lost their independence in their own home, Hindu kings were ruling over Indo-China and the numerous islands of the Indian Archipelago, from Sumatra to New Guinea. Indian religion, Indian culture, Indian laws, and Indian government moulded the lives of the primitive races all over this wide region, and they imbibed a more elevated moral spirit and a higher intellectual taste through the religion, art, and literature of India. In short, the people were lifted to a higher plane of civilisation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Renaissance%3A+Ways+and+Means&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Hindu+Writers+Forum&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft.au=Paliwal%2C+KV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayley2004">Bayley (2004</a>, p. 712) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Review by 'SKV' of The Hindu Colony of Cambodia by Phanindranath Bose [Adyar, Madras: Theosophical Publishing House 1927] in The Vedic Magazine and Gurukula Samachar 26: 1927, pp. 620–1. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Lyne Bansat-Boudon, Roland Lardinois, and Isabelle Ratié, Sylvain Lévi (1863–1935), page 196, Brepols, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782503524474" title="Special:BookSources/9782503524474">9782503524474</a> Quote: "The ancient Hindus of yore were not simply a spiritual people, always busy with mystical problems and never trouble themselves with the questions of 'this world'... India also has its Napoleons and Charlemagnes, its Bismarcks and Machiavellis. But the real charm of Indian history does not consist in these aspirants after universal power, but in its peaceful and benevolent Imperialism – a unique thing in the history of mankind. The colonisers of India did not go with sword and fire in their hands; they used... the weapons of their superior culture and religion... The Buddhist age has attracted special attention, and the French savants have taken much pains to investigate the splendid monuments of the Indian cultural empire in the Far East." </li> <li id="cite_note-bayley2004-p713-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bayley2004-p713_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bayley2004-p713_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bayley2004-p713_31-2">c</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBayley2004">Bayley 2004</a>, p. 713) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHandy1930">Handy (1930</a>, p. 364) Quote: "An equally significant movement is one that brought about among the Indian intelligentsia of Calcutta a few years ago the formation of what is known as the "Greater India Society," whose membership is open "to all serious students of the Indian cultural expansion and to all sympathizers of such studies and activities." Though still in its infancy, this organisation has already a large membership, due perhaps as much as anything else to the enthusiasm of its Secretary and Convener, Dr. Kalidas Nag, whose scholarly affiliations with the Orientalists in the University of Paris and studies in Indochina, Insulindia and beyond, have equipped him in an unusual way for the work he has chosen, namely stimulating interest in and spreading knowledge of Greater Indian culture of the past, present and future. The Society's President is Professor <a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Jadunath Sarkar</a>, Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University, and its Council is made up largely of professors on the faculty of the University and members of the staff of the Calcutta Museum, as well as of Indian authors and journalists. Its activities have included illustrated lecture series at the various universities throughout India by Dr. Nag, the assembling of a research library, and the publication of monographs of which four very excellent examples have already been printed: 1) Greater India, by Kalidas Nag, M.A., D.Litt. (Paris), 2) India and China, by Prabodh Chandra Bagchi, M.A., D.Litt., 3) Indian Culture in Java and Sumatra, by Bijan Raj Chatterjee, D.Litt. (Punjab), PhD (London), and 4) India and Central Asia, by Niranjan Prasad Chakravarti, M.A., PhD(Cantab.)." </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajumdar1960">Majumdar (1960</a>, pp. 222–223) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> National Library of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nla.gov.au/asian/form/coedes2.html">Asia's French Connection : George Coedes and the Coedes Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021052224/http://www.nla.gov.au/asian/form/coedes2.html">Archived</a> 21 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanBeisi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Han, Wang; Beisi, Jia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.02.031">"Urban Morphology of Commercial Port Cities and Shophouses in Southeast Asia"</a>. Procedia Engineering. 142: 190–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.02.031">10.1016/j.proeng.2016.02.031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+Engineering&rft.atitle=Urban+Morphology+of+Commercial+Port+Cities+and+Shophouses+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=142&rft.pages=190-197&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.02.031&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft.au=Beisi%2C+Jia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.proeng.2016.02.031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeenleyside1982">Keenleyside (1982</a>, pp. 213–214) Quote: "Starting in the 1920s under the leadership of Kalidas Nag – and continuing even after independence – a number of Indian scholars wrote extensively and rapturously about the ancient Hindu cultural expansion into and colonisation of South and Southeast Asia. They called this vast region "Greater India" – a dubious appellation for a region which to a limited degree, but with little permanence, had been influenced by Indian religion, art, architecture, literature and administrative customs. As a consequence of this renewed and extensive interest in Greater India, many Indians came to believe that the entire South and Southeast Asian region formed the cultural progeny of India; now that the sub-continent was reawakening, they felt, India would once again assert its non-political ascendancy over the area... While the idea of reviving the ancient Greater India was never officially endorsed by the Indian National Congress, it enjoyed considerable popularity in nationalist Indian circles. Indeed, Congress leaders made occasional references to Greater India while the organisation's abiding interest in the problems of overseas Indians lent indirect support to the Indian hope of restoring the alleged cultural and spiritual unity of South and Southeast Asia." </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThapar1968">Thapar (1968</a>, pp. 326–330) Quote: "At another level, it was believed that the dynamics of many Asian cultures, particularly those of Southeast Asia, arose from Hindu culture, and the theory of Greater India derived sustenance from Pan-Hinduism. A curious pride was taken in the supposed imperialist past of India, as expressed in sentiments such as these: "The art of Java and Kambuja was no doubt derived from India and fostered by the Indian rulers of these colonies." (Majumdar, R. C. et al. (1950), An Advanced History of India, London: Macmillan, p. 221) This form of historical interpretation, which can perhaps best be described as being inspired by Hindu nationalism, remains an influential school of thinking in present historical writings." </li> <li id="cite_note-Zabarskaitė-2022-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zabarskaitė-2022_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zabarskaitė-2022_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabarskaitė2022" class="citation cs2">Zabarskaitė, Jolita (7 November 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110986068/html?lang=en">"'Greater India' and the Indian Expansionist Imagination, c. 1885–1965: The Rise and Decline of the Idea of a Lost Hindu Empire"</a>, ‘Greater India’ and the Indian Expansionist Imagination, c. 1885–1965, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110986068">10.1515/9783110986068</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-098606-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-098606-8"><bdi>978-3-11-098606-8</bdi></a>, retrieved 14 May 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E2%80%98Greater+India%E2%80%99+and+the+Indian+Expansionist+Imagination%2C+c.+1885%E2%80%931965&rft.atitle=%27Greater+India%27+and+the+Indian+Expansionist+Imagination%2C+c.+1885%E2%80%931965%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Idea+of+a+Lost+Hindu+Empire&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110986068&rft.isbn=978-3-11-098606-8&rft.aulast=Zabarskait%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Jolita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110986068%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayley2004">Bayley (2004</a>, pp. 735–736) Quote:"The Greater India visions which Calcutta thinkers derived from French and other sources are still known to educated anglophone Indians, especially but not exclusively Bengalis from the generation brought up in the traditions of post-Independence Nehruvian secular nationalism. One key source of this knowledge is a warm tribute paid to <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_L%C3%A9vi" title="Sylvain Lévi">Sylvain Lévi</a> and his ideas of an expansive, civilising India by Jawaharlal Nehru himself, in his celebrated book, The Discovery of India, which was written during one of Nehru's periods of imprisonment by the British authorities, first published in 1946, and reprinted many times since.... The ideas of both Lévi and the Greater India scholars were known to Nehru through his close intellectual links with Tagore. Thus Lévi's notion of ancient Indian voyagers leaving their invisible 'imprints' throughout east and southeast Asia was for Nehru a recapitulation of Tagore's vision of nationhood, that is an idealisation of India as a benign and uncoercive world civiliser and font of global enlightenment. This was clearly a perspective which defined the Greater India phenomenon as a process of religious and spiritual tutelage, but it was not a Hindu supremacist idea of India's mission to the lands of the Trans-Gangetic Sarvabhumi or Bharat Varsha." </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNarasimhaiah1986">Narasimhaiah (1986)</a> Quote: "To him (Nehru), the so-called practical approach meant, in practice, shameless expediency, and so he would say, "the sooner we are not practical, the better". He rebuked a Member of Indian Parliament who sought to revive the concept of Greater India by saying that 'the honorable Member lived in the days of Bismarck; Bismarck is dead, and his politics more dead!' He would consistently plead for an idealistic approach and such power as the language wields is the creation of idealism—politics' arch enemy—which, however, liberates the leader of a national movement from narrow nationalism, thus igniting in the process a dead fact of history, in the sneer, "For him the Bastille has not fallen!" Though Nehru was not to the language born, his utterances show a remarkable capacity for introspection and sense of moral responsibility in commenting on political processes." </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheatley1982">Wheatley (1982</a>, pp. 27–28) Quote: "The tide of revisionism that is currently sweeping through Southeast Asian historiography has in effect taken us back almost to the point where we have to consider reevaluating almost every text bearing on the protohistoric period and many from later times. Although this may seem a daunting proposition, it is nonetheless supremely worth attempting, for the process by which the peoples of western Southeast Asia came to think of themselves as part of Bharatavarsa (even though they had no conception of "India" as we know it) represents one of the most impressive instances of large-scale acculturation in the history of the world. <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvain Levi">Sylvain Levi</a> was perhaps overenthusiastic when he claimed that India produced her definitive masterpieces – he was thinking of Angkor and the Borobudur – through the efforts of foreigners or on foreign soil. Those masterpieces were not strictly Indian achievements: rather were they the outcome of a Eutychian fusion of natures so melded together as to constitute a single cultural process in which Southeast Asia was the matrix and South Asia the mediatrix." </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha-Thakurta1992">Guha-Thakurta (1992</a>, pp. 159–167) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhand2022" class="citation web cs1">Dhand, Aamiya (6 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/12/06/indias-extended-neighborhood-and-implications-for-indias-act-east-policy/">"India's Extended Neighborhood and Implications for India's Act East Policy"</a>. Modern Diplomacy. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Diplomacy&rft.atitle=India%27s+Extended+Neighborhood+and+Implications+for+India%27s+Act+East+Policy&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft.aulast=Dhand&rft.aufirst=Aamiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoderndiplomacy.eu%2F2022%2F12%2F06%2Findias-extended-neighborhood-and-implications-for-indias-act-east-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttanayake2023" class="citation cs2">Attanayake, Chulanee (2023), Ghosh, Lipi; Basu Ray Chaudhury, Anasua (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4610-5_6">"BIMSTEC and India's "Act East" Policy: Implications for Sri Lanka"</a>, India’s Relations with Neighboring South and South East Asian Countries: Perspectives on Look East to Act East Policy, Dynamics of Asian Development, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 65–73, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-99-4610-5_6">10.1007/978-981-99-4610-5_6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-99-4610-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-99-4610-5"><bdi>978-981-99-4610-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 14 May 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India%E2%80%99s+Relations+with+Neighboring+South+and+South+East+Asian+Countries%3A+Perspectives+on+Look+East+to+Act+East+Policy&rft.atitle=BIMSTEC+and+India%27s+%22Act+East%22+Policy%3A+Implications+for+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=65-73&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-99-4610-5_6&rft.isbn=978-981-99-4610-5&rft.aulast=Attanayake&rft.aufirst=Chulanee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-981-99-4610-5_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidentsoffice.gov.lk/index.php/2023/08/10/sri-lanka-aims-for-rcep-membership-and-free-trade-agreements-with-asean/">"Sri Lanka Aims for RCEP Membership and Free Trade Agreements with ASEAN"</a>. Presidential Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Office&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+Aims+for+RCEP+Membership+and+Free+Trade+Agreements+with+ASEAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidentsoffice.gov.lk%2Findex.php%2F2023%2F08%2F10%2Fsri-lanka-aims-for-rcep-membership-and-free-trade-agreements-with-asean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> 27-01-27, Selle Glastra, Student number: 1014420, Master Thesis Asian Studies, Leiden University, Humanities faculty, Thesis supervisor: David Henley </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Valentine_Williams_Jackson1911" class="citation cs2">Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson (1911), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4aBAAAAIAAJ">From Constantinople to the home of Omar Khayyam: travels in Transcaucasia and northern Persia for historic and literary research</a>, The Macmillan company, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326205033/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4aBAAAAIAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023, retrieved 15 December 2015, <q>... they are now wholly substantiated by the other inscriptions.... They are all Indian, with the exception of one written in Persian... dated in the same year as the Hindu tablet over it... if actual Gabrs (i.e. Zoroastrians, or Parsis) were among the number of worshipers at the shrine, they must have kept in the background, crowded out by Hindus, because the typical features Hanway mentions are distinctly Indian, not Zoroastrian... met two Hindu Fakirs who announced themselves as 'on a pilgrimage to this Baku Jawala Ji'....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Constantinople+to+the+home+of+Omar+Khayyam%3A+travels+in+Transcaucasia+and+northern+Persia+for+historic+and+literary+research&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+company&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Abraham+Valentine+Williams+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4aBAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Delacy,_Parvez_Dewan1998" class="citation cs2">Richard Delacy, Parvez Dewan (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkJH90HBlekC">Hindi & Urdu phrasebook</a>, Lonely Planet, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86442-425-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86442-425-9"><bdi>978-0-86442-425-9</bdi></a>, <q>... The Hindu calendar (Vikramaditya) is 57 years ahead of the Christian calendar. Dates in the Hindu calendar are prefixed by the word: samvat संवत ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi+%26+Urdu+phrasebook&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-86442-425-9&rft.au=Richard+Delacy%2C+Parvez+Dewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQkJH90HBlekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Martin Haspelmath, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sCRcARRN9nsC&pg=PA569">The World Atlas of Language Structures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529081333/https://books.google.com/books?id=sCRcARRN9nsC&pg=PA569">Archived</a> 29 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, page 569, Oxford University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925591-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925591-1">0-19-925591-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fussman-2009-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fussman-2009_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fussman-2009_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussman2008–2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fussman, Gérard (2008–2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/lettre-cdf/756">"History of India and Greater India"</a>. La Lettre du Collège de France (4): 24–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Flettre-cdf.756">10.4000/lettre-cdf.756</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116222243/http://lettre-cdf.revues.org/756">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Lettre+du+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France&rft.atitle=History+of+India+and+Greater+India&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=24-25&rft.date=2008%2F2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Flettre-cdf.756&rft.aulast=Fussman&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Flettre-cdf%2F756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puri-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Puri_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puri_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaij_Nath_Puri1987" class="citation book cs1">Baij Nath Puri (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC&pg=PA135">Buddhism in Central Asia</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 134–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0372-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0372-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0372-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195014/https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC&pg=PA135">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=134-137&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0372-5&rft.au=Baij+Nath+Puri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsluKZfTrr3oC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/balin.html">Balinese Religion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310103951/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/balin.html">Archived</a> 10 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGovern2010" class="citation book cs1">McGovern, Nathan (2010). "Sacred Texts, Ritual Traditions, Arts, Concepts: "Thailand"". In Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed.). Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism (Volume 2 ed.). 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Oxford Bibliographies Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195393521-0128">10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0128</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731154858/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0128.xml#obo-9780195393521-0128-bibItem-0004">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+Online&rft.atitle=Intersections+Between+Buddhism+and+Hinduism+in+Thailand&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195393521-0128&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195393521%2Fobo-9780195393521-0128.xml%23obo-9780195393521-0128-bibItem-0004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_55-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoedes1967">Coedes (1967)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207115645/http://www.lonelyplanet.tv/Clip.aspx?key=993E148C861864E9">"Batu Caves Inside and Out, Malaysia"</a>. lonelyplanet.tv. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.tv/Clip.aspx?key=993E148C861864E9">the original</a> on 7 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lonelyplanet.tv&rft.atitle=Batu+Caves+Inside+and+Out%2C+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.tv%2FClip.aspx%3Fkey%3D993E148C861864E9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=52,2733,0,0,1,0">Buddhist Channel | Buddhism News, Headlines | Thailand | Phra Prom returns to Erawan Shrine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030709/http://buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=52%2C2733%2C0%2C0%2C1%2C0">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArasu2020" class="citation web cs1">Arasu, S. T. (4 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gosports.com.my/news/galah-panjang-and-its-indian-roots/">"Galah Panjang and its Indian roots"</a>. On the sport. Be part of it. 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International Academy of Indian Cultur. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/654509499">654509499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siddham%3A+An+Essay+on+the+History+of+Sanskrit+Studies+in+China+and+Japan&rft.pub=International+Academy+of+Indian+Cultur&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F654509499&rft.aulast=van+Gulik&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sunnytantikumar736-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sunnytantikumar736_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sunnytantikumar736_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsunnytantikumar736" class="citation web cs1">sunnytantikumar736. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourhindistory.in/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80/">"भारत की कहानी"</a>. Hindi Stories. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203183016/https://ourhindistory.in/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindi+Stories&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80&rft.au=sunnytantikumar736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourhindistory.in%2F%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A4-%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2580-%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> See <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_kata_serapan_dari_bahasa_Sansekerta_dalam_bahasa_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="id:Daftar kata serapan dari bahasa Sansekerta dalam bahasa Indonesia">this page</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Wikipedia" title="Indonesian Wikipedia">Indonesian Wikipedia</a> for a list </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZoetmulder1982">Zoetmulder (1982</a>:ix) </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-1999-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-1999_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-1999_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monica_L._Smith" title="Monica L. Smith">Smith, Monica L.</a> (1999). ""Indianization" from the Indian Point of View: Trade and Cultural Contacts with Southeast Asia in the Early First Millennium C.E.". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 42 (11–17): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568520991445588">10.1163/1568520991445588</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632296">3632296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=%22Indianization%22+from+the+Indian+Point+of+View%3A+Trade+and+Cultural+Contacts+with+Southeast+Asia+in+the+Early+First+Millennium+C.E.&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9317&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568520991445588&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3632296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Monica+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes196798-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes196798_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoedes1967">Coedes (1967)</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatnani2009" class="citation news cs1">Khatnani, Sunita (11 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424164434/http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/lifestyle/lifestyle/view/20091011-229561/The-Indian-in-the-Filipino">"The Indian in the Filipino"</a>. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/lifestyle/lifestyle/view/20091011-229561/The-Indian-in-the-Filipino">the original</a> on 24 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Indian+in+the+Filipino&rft.date=2009-10-11&rft.aulast=Khatnani&rft.aufirst=Sunita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowbizandstyle.inquirer.net%2Flifestyle%2Flifestyle%2Fview%2F20091011-229561%2FThe-Indian-in-the-Filipino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuizon1962" class="citation thesis cs1">Kuizon, Jose G. (1962). The Sanskrit loan-words in Cebuano-Bisayan language and the Indian elements to Cebuano-Bisayan culture (Thesis). University of San Carlos, Cebu. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3061923">3061923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Sanskrit+loan-words+in+Cebuano-Bisayan+language+and+the+Indian+elements+to+Cebuano-Bisayan+culture&rft.inst=University+of+San+Carlos%2C+Cebu&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3061923&rft.aulast=Kuizon&rft.aufirst=Jose+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma" class="citation web cs1">Sharma, Sudhindra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepalitimes.com/issue/2003/08/15/Culture/3595">"King Bhumibol and King Janak"</a>. nepalitimes.com. Himalmedia Private Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801193924/http://www.nepalitimes.com/issue/2003/08/15/Culture/3595">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nepalitimes.com&rft.atitle=King+Bhumibol+and+King+Janak&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Sudhindra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepalitimes.com%2Fissue%2F2003%2F08%2F15%2FCulture%2F3595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manguin-2016-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manguin-2016_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manguin-2016_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManguin2016" class="citation book cs1">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"</a>. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319338224" title="Special:BookSources/9783319338224"><bdi>9783319338224</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195021/https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austronesian+Shipping+in+the+Indian+Ocean%3A+From+Outrigger+Boats+to+Trading+Ships&rft.btitle=Early+Exchange+between+Africa+and+the+Wider+Indian+Ocean+World&rft.pages=51-76&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783319338224&rft.aulast=Manguin&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsvDDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockard2014" class="citation book cs1">Lockard, Craig A. 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Retrieved 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies%2C+Networks%2C+and+Transitions%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1500%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.isbn=9781285783086&rft.aulast=Lockard&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTEeCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DIndianized%2Bkingdoms%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mond/hd_mond.htm">"The Mon-Dvaravati Tradition of Early North-Central Thailand"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 15 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mon-Dvaravati+Tradition+of+Early+North-Central+Thailand&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fmond%2Fhd_mond.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.amitavacharya.com/sites/default/files/Southeast%20Asia%20Imagining%20the%20Region.pdf">"Southeast Asia: Imagining the region"</a> (PDF). Amitav Acharya. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amitavacharya.com/sites/default/files/Southeast%20Asia%20Imagining%20the%20Region.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+Imagining+the+region&rft.pub=Amitav+Acharya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amitavacharya.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FSoutheast%2520Asia%2520Imagining%2520the%2520Region.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockard2014" class="citation book cs1">Lockard, Craig A. (19 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTEeCgAAQBAJ&q=Indianized+kingdoms&pg=PA299">Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume I: To 1500: A Global History</a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781285783086" title="Special:BookSources/9781285783086"><bdi>9781285783086</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326205006/https://books.google.com/books?id=lTEeCgAAQBAJ&q=Indianized+kingdoms&pg=PA299">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies%2C+Networks%2C+and+Transitions%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1500%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.isbn=9781285783086&rft.aulast=Lockard&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTEeCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DIndianized%2Bkingdoms%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mond/hd_mond.htm">"The Mon-Dvaravati Tradition of Early North-Central Thailand"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101012349/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mond/hd_mond.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mon-Dvaravati+Tradition+of+Early+North-Central+Thailand&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fmond%2Fhd_mond.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222145059/http://www.amitavacharya.com/sites/default/files/Southeast%20Asia%20Imagining%20the%20Region.pdf">"Southeast Asia: Imagining the region"</a> (PDF). Amitav Acharya. 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Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588395245" title="Special:BookSources/9781588395245"><bdi>9781588395245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southeast+Asia+and+the+Early+Maritime+Silk+Road&rft.btitle=Lost+Kingdoms+of+Early+Southeast+Asia%3A+Hindu-Buddhist+Sculpture+5th+to+8th+century&rft.pages=22-25&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781588395245&rft.aulast=Bellina&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263007720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahdi1999" class="citation book cs1">Mahdi, Waruno (1999). 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Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 24 (The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308161216/https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11869/10496">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. 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Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116205245/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism/The-spread-of-Hinduism-in-Southeast-Asia-and-the-Pacific">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2020. 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Retrieved 13 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chenla+%E2%80%93+550%E2%80%93800&rft.pub=Global+Security&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Fcambodia%2Fhistory-chenla.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hinduism-southeast-asia">"Hinduism in Southeast Asia"</a>. Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222083437/http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hinduism-southeast-asia">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2016. 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Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215113853/http://www.oeaw.ac.at/isa/files/working_papers/suedostasien/soa001.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2017. 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Sterling Publishers Pvt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120749108" title="Special:BookSources/9788120749108"><bdi>9788120749108</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195009/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. 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Oxford Press. 28 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221234559/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0112.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016. 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Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 106–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0775-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0775-5"><bdi>978-81-269-0775-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195009/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&q=funan+mountain+kings&pg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. 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Their contents are not uniform but they do not contradict each other"</a> (PDF). Khmer Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khmerstudies.org/download-files/publications/siksacakr/no2/consideration.pdf?lbisphpreq=1">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Considerations+on+the+Chronology+and+History+of+9th+Century+Cambodia+by+Dr.+Karl-Heinz+Golzio%2C+Epigraphist+%E2%80%93+...the+realm+called+Zhenla+by+the+Chinese.+Their+contents+are+not+uniform+but+they+do+not+contradict+each+other.&rft.pub=Khmer+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khmerstudies.org%2Fdownload-files%2Fpublications%2Fsiksacakr%2Fno2%2Fconsideration.pdf%3Flbisphpreq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_Jacq-Hergoualc'h2002" class="citation book cs1">Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5rG6reWhloC&pg=PA162">The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC-1300 AD)</a>. Victoria Hobson (translator). Brill. pp. 162–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004119734" title="Special:BookSources/9789004119734"><bdi>9789004119734</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219073308/https://books.google.com/books?id=a5rG6reWhloC&pg=PA162">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malay+Peninsula%3A+Crossroads+of+the+Maritime+Silk-Road+%28100+BC-1300+AD%29&rft.pages=162-163&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=9789004119734&rft.au=Michel+Jacq-Hergoualc%27h&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5rG6reWhloC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2008" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5p7cRyK748C">Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500–2000 By Ben Kiernan p. 102 The Vietnamese destruction of Champa 1390–1509</a>. Melbourne Univ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780522854770" title="Special:BookSources/9780522854770"><bdi>9780522854770</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195118/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5p7cRyK748C">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Soil%3A+Modern+Genocide+1500%E2%80%932000+By+Ben+Kiernan+p.+102+The+Vietnamese+destruction+of+Champa+1390%E2%80%931509&rft.pub=Melbourne+Univ.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780522854770&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5p7cRyK748C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626101606/http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/169-the-cham-descendants-of-ancient-rulers-of-south-china-sea-watch-maritime-dispute-from-sidelines">"The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines Written by Adam Bray"</a>. IOC-Champa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/169-the-cham-descendants-of-ancient-rulers-of-south-china-sea-watch-maritime-dispute-from-sidelines">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cham%3A+Descendants+of+Ancient+Rulers+of+South+China+Sea+Watch+Maritime+Dispute+From+Sidelines+Written+by+Adam+Bray&rft.pub=IOC-Champa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chamtoday.com%2Findex.php%2Fhistory-l-ch-s%2F169-the-cham-descendants-of-ancient-rulers-of-south-china-sea-watch-maritime-dispute-from-sidelines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchettMote1998" class="citation book cs1">Twitchett, Denis C.; Mote, Frederick W. (28 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&pg=PA318">The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Part 2 Parts 1368–1644 By Denis C. Twitchett, Frederick W. Mote</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521243339" title="Special:BookSources/9780521243339"><bdi>9780521243339</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195126/https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&pg=PA318">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+8%2C+The+Ming+Part+2+Parts+1368%E2%80%931644+By+Denis+C.+Twitchett%2C+Frederick+W.+Mote&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-01-28&rft.isbn=9780521243339&rft.aulast=Twitchett&rft.aufirst=Denis+C.&rft.au=Mote%2C+Frederick+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtVhvh6ibLJcC%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolters1973" class="citation journal cs1">Wolters, O. W. (1973). "Jayavarman II's Military Power: The Territorial Foundation of the Angkor Empire". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 105 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00130400">10.1017/S0035869X00130400</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203407">25203407</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161969465">161969465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Jayavarman+II%27s+Military+Power%3A+The+Territorial+Foundation+of+the+Angkor+Empire&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-30&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161969465%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25203407%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00130400&rft.aulast=Wolters&rft.aufirst=O.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studiesofasia.wikispaces.com/file/view/EDAS8003A+Assignment+1+Khmer+civilisation+at+Angkor.pdf">"The emergence and ultimate decline of the Khmer Empire – Many scholars attribute the halt of the development of Angkor to the rise of Theravada..."</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%27s+Islam%3A+From+Conversion+to+the+Taliban&rft.pages=43%2C+44&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780520294134&rft.au=Nile+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6swDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Wink2002" class="citation book cs1">André Wink (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC">Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0391041738" title="Special:BookSources/0391041738"><bdi>0391041738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-+Hind%3A+The+slave+kings+and+the+Islamic+conquest.+2&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0391041738&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2m7_R5P2oAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wink-1996-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wink-1996_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wink-1996_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink1996" class="citation cs2">Wink, André (1996) [first published 1990], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC">Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries</a> (Third ed.), Brill, pp. 112–114, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0391041738" title="Special:BookSources/0391041738"><bdi>0391041738</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%3A+The+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%2C+Vol+1%3A+Early+Medieval+India+and+the+Expansion+of+Islam%2C+7th%E2%80%9311th+Centuries&rft.pages=112-114&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0391041738&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCVyhH5VDjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204758/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase15?language=en">"15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome" | Digitaler Ausstellungskatalog"</a>. pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase15?language=en">the original</a> on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pro.geo.univie.ac.at&rft.atitle=15.+The+Rutbils+of+Zabulistan+and+the+%22Emperor+of+Rome%22+%7C+Digitaler+Ausstellungskatalog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpro.geo.univie.ac.at%2Fprojects%2Fkhm%2Fshowcases%2Fshowcase15%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenstierne2003" class="citation book cs1">Morgenstierne, Georg (2003). A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto. Wiesbaden, Germany: Reichert Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783895003646" title="Special:BookSources/9783895003646"><bdi>9783895003646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Etymological+Vocabulary+of+Pashto&rft.place=Wiesbaden%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Reichert+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9783895003646&rft.aulast=Morgenstierne&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi1995" class="citation cs2">Li, Rongxi (1995), The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions, Berkeley, California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886439-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-886439-02-8"><bdi>1-886439-02-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Tang+Dynasty+Record+of+the+Western+Regions&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=Numata+Center+for+Buddhist+Translation+and+Research&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-886439-02-8&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Rongxi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_Majumdar" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar</a>. Readings in Political History of India, Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Political+History+of+India%2C+Ancient%2C+Mediaeval%2C+and+Modern&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=B.R.+Publishing+Corporation&rft.au=Ramesh+Chandra+Majumdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvinskyGung-da1996" class="citation book cs1">Litvinsky, B. A.; Gung-da, Zhang (1996). "Central Asia, the Crossroads of Civilizations". In Guand-da, Zhang; Litvinsky, B.; Shabani Samghabadi, R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000104612?posInSet=1&queryId=a6dad7c3-cad4-47e1-a5ef-49a1cd6d31f9">History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750</a>. Vol. III. UNESCO. p. 470. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0"><bdi>978-92-3-103211-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+Asia%2C+the+Crossroads+of+Civilizations&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%2C+A.D.+250+to+750&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103211-0&rft.aulast=Litvinsky&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft.au=Gung-da%2C+Zhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000104612%3FposInSet%3D1%26queryId%3Da6dad7c3-cad4-47e1-a5ef-49a1cd6d31f9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Bayne_Fisher1975" class="citation book cs1">William Bayne Fisher (26 June 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&pg=PA99">The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521200936" title="Special:BookSources/9780521200936"><bdi>9780521200936</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195020/https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&pg=PA99">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975-06-26&rft.isbn=9780521200936&rft.au=William+Bayne+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvx9jq_2L3EC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwans2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ewans" title="Martin Ewans">Ewans, Martin</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQC4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">Afghanistan - A New History</a>. Routledge. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29826-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29826-1"><bdi>978-0-415-29826-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195007/https://books.google.com/books?id=TQC4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+-+A+New+History&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29826-1&rft.aulast=Ewans&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQC4AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomila_Thapar2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA40">Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History</a>. Verso. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844670208" title="Special:BookSources/9781844670208"><bdi>9781844670208</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195030/https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA40">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somanatha%3A+The+Many+Voices+of+a+History&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781844670208&rft.au=Romila+Thapar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPnBMFaGMabYC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoph_Witzenrath2016" class="citation book cs1">Christoph Witzenrath (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7LG1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200–1860</a>. Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14002-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14002-3"><bdi>978-1-317-14002-3</bdi></a>. <q>Ibn Battuta, the renowned Moroccan fourteenth century world traveller remarked in a spine-chilling passage that Hindu Kush means slayer of the Indians, because the slave boys and girls who are brought from India die there in large numbers as a result of the extreme cold and the quantity of snow.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Slavery%2C+Ransom+and+Abolition+in+World+History%2C+1200%E2%80%931860&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-14002-3&rft.au=Christoph+Witzenrath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7LG1CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky2015" class="citation cs2">Minorsky, V. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ct1CQAAQBAJ">Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam (The Regions of the World)</a>, Great Britain: The E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Trust, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906094-03-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906094-03-7"><bdi>978-0-906094-03-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%B8%A4ud%C5%ABd+al-%CA%BF%C4%80lam+%28The+Regions+of+the+World%29&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=The+E.+J.+W.+Gibb+Memorial+Trust&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-906094-03-7&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Ct1CQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Leyden,_Esq.William_Erskine,_Esq.1921" class="citation web cs1">John Leyden, Esq.; William Erskine, Esq., eds. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113215245/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=03501051&ct=95">"Events Of The Year 910 (1525)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">Memoirs of Babur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Packard_Humanities_Institute" title="Packard Humanities Institute">Packard Humanities Institute</a>. p. 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=03501051&ct=95">the original</a> on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+Babur&rft.atitle=Events+Of+The+Year+910+%281525%29&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1921&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersian.packhum.org%2Fpersian%2F%2Fpf%3Ffile%3D03501051%26ct%3D95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Abdur Rahman, Last Two Dynasties of the Shahis: "In about AD 680, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutbil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutbil (page does not exist)">Rutbil</a> was a brother of the Kabul Shahi. In AD 726, the ruler of Zabulistan (Rutbil) was the nephew of Kabul Shah. Obviously the Kabul Shahs and the Rutbils belonged to the same family" – pp. 46 and 79, quoting Tabri, I, 2705-6 and Fuch, von W. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Zoor_or_zoon_temple.htm">"The Temple of Zoor or Zoon in Zamindawar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hai_Habibi" title="Abdul Hai Habibi">Abdul Hai Habibi</a>. alamahabibi.com. 1969. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629104229/http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Zoor_or_zoon_temple.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abdul+Hai+Habibi&rft.atitle=The+Temple+of+Zoor+or+Zoon+in+Zamindawar&rft.date=1969&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamahabibi.com%2FEnglish%2520Articles%2FZoor_or_zoon_temple.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford_Edmund_Bosworth1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Clifford Edmund Bosworth</a> (1977). The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Variorum Reprints. p. 344.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+History+of+Iran%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Variorum+Reprints&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Clifford+Edmund+Bosworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA118">Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest – Volume I</a>. Brill. 1991. pp. 118, 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004095098" title="Special:BookSources/9004095098"><bdi>9004095098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-+Hind%3A+The+slave+kings+and+the+Islamic+conquest+%E2%80%93+Volume+I&rft.pages=118%2C+119&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9004095098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCVyhH5VDjAC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyun_Jin_Kim2015" class="citation book cs1">Hyun Jin Kim (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">The Huns</a>. Routledge. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317340911" title="Special:BookSources/9781317340911"><bdi>9781317340911</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195008/https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Huns&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.isbn=9781317340911&rft.au=Hyun+Jin+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbnv4CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Wink2002" class="citation book cs1">André Wink (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA125">Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World – Volume I: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries</a>. Brill. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0391041738" title="Special:BookSources/0391041738"><bdi>0391041738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%2C+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World+%E2%80%93+Volume+I%3A+Early+Medieval+India+and+the+Expansion+of+Islam+7th%E2%80%9311th+Centuries&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0391041738&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2m7_R5P2oAC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204758/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase15?language=en">"15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome""</a>. Pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase15?language=en">the original</a> on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at&rft.atitle=15.+The+Rutbils+of+Zabulistan+and+the+%22Emperor+of+Rome%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpro.geo.univie.ac.at%2Fprojects%2Fkhm%2Fshowcases%2Fshowcase15%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-W._Macdowall_1968,_pp._189-224-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W._Macdowall_1968,_pp._189-224_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-W._Macdowall_1968,_pp._189-224_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-W._Macdowall_1968,_pp._189-224_130-2">c</a> D. W. Macdowall, "The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhara" Numismatic Chronicle, Seventh Series, Vol. III, 1968, pp. 189–224, see extracts in R. T. Mohan, AFGHANISTAN REVISITED … Appendix –B, pp. 164–68 </li> <li id="cite_note-Raizada_Harichand_Vaid_pp._83-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raizada_Harichand_Vaid_pp._83_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raizada_Harichand_Vaid_pp._83_131-1">b</a> Raizada Harichand Vaid, Gulshane Mohyali, II, pp. 83 and 183-84. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'_p._82-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'_p._82_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'_p._82_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'_p._82_132-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/H._G._Raverty" class="mw-redirect" title="H. G. Raverty">H. G. Raverty</a>, Tr. Tabaqat-i-Nasiri of Maulana Minhaj-ud-din, Vol. I, p. 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310235911/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase16?language=en">"16. The Hindu Shahis in Kabulistan and Gandhara and the Arab conquest"</a>. Pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase16?language=en">the original</a> on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at&rft.atitle=16.+The+Hindu+Shahis+in+Kabulistan+and+Gandhara+and+the+Arab+conquest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpro.geo.univie.ac.at%2Fprojects%2Fkhm%2Fshowcases%2Fshowcase16%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfdtAAAAMAAJ&q=amb+temple">Gazetteer of the Attock District, 1930, Part 1</a>. Sang-e-Meel Publications. 1932. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789693514131" title="Special:BookSources/9789693514131"><bdi>9789693514131</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195023/https://books.google.com/books?id=gfdtAAAAMAAJ&q=amb+temple">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Attock+District%2C+1930%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Sang-e-Meel+Publications&rft.date=1932&rft.isbn=9789693514131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgfdtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Damb%2Btemple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samad2011-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samad2011_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samad2011_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafi_U._Samad2011" class="citation book cs1">Rafi U. Samad (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEd8Cqh-YQC&pg=PA275">The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys</a>. Algora Publishing. pp. 275–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-860-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-860-8"><bdi>978-0-87586-860-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195107/https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEd8Cqh-YQC&pg=PA275">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grandeur+of+Gandhara%3A+The+Ancient+Buddhist+Civilization+of+the+Swat%2C+Peshawar%2C+Kabul+and+Indus+Valleys&rft.pages=275-&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-860-8&rft.au=Rafi+U.+Samad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPMEd8Cqh-YQC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Yogendra Mishara, The Hindu Shahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab AD 865-1026, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> See R. T. Mohan, AFGHANISTAN REVISITED … Appendix – A, pp. 162–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> C. E. Bosworth, 'Notes on Pre-Ghaznavid History of Eastern Afghanistan, Islamic Quarterly, Vol. XI, 1965. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA47">Islam and Tibet – Interactions along the Musk Route</a>. Routlegde. 2011. pp. 46–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754669562" title="Special:BookSources/9780754669562"><bdi>9780754669562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Tibet+%E2%80%93+Interactions+along+the+Musk+Route&rft.pages=46-48&rft.pub=Routlegde&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780754669562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfWXIfbynwYC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA53">Islam and Tibet – Interactions along the Musk Route</a>. Routlegde. 2011. pp. 51, 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754669562" title="Special:BookSources/9780754669562"><bdi>9780754669562</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195027/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Tibet+%E2%80%93+Interactions+along+the+Musk+Route&rft.pages=51%2C+53&rft.pub=Routlegde&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780754669562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfWXIfbynwYC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.A.R._Gibb2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H.A.R._Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="H.A.R. Gibb">H.A.R. Gibb</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6TN8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT32">The Arab Conquests in Central Asia</a>. Read Books Ltd. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446545638" title="Special:BookSources/9781446545638"><bdi>9781446545638</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195023/https://books.google.com/books?id=6TN8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT32">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquests+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Read+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781446545638&rft.au=H.A.R.+Gibb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TN8CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNile_Green2017" class="citation book cs1">Nile Green (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6swDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban</a>. University of California Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520294134" title="Special:BookSources/9780520294134"><bdi>9780520294134</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326205028/https://books.google.com/books?id=g6swDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%27s+Islam%3A+From+Conversion+to+the+Taliban&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780520294134&rft.au=Nile+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6swDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArezou_Azad2013" class="citation book cs1">Arezou Azad (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5rZGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">Sacred Landscape in Medieval Afghanistan: Revisiting the Faḍā'il-i Balkh</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199687053" title="Special:BookSources/9780199687053"><bdi>9780199687053</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195010/https://books.google.com/books?id=5rZGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Landscape+in+Medieval+Afghanistan%3A+Revisiting+the+Fa%E1%B8%8D%C4%81%27il-i+Balkh&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-11&rft.isbn=9780199687053&rft.au=Arezou+Azad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5rZGAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Medieval India Part 1 Satish Chandra Page 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> History of Civilizations of Central Asia, C.E. Bosworth, M.S. Asimov, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra" title="Satish Chandra">Satish Chandra</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA22">Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One</a>. Har-Anand Publishers. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124110645" title="Special:BookSources/9788124110645"><bdi>9788124110645</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195019/https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. 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Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia. Società Italiana di Antropologia e Etnologia: 69, 77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610175404/https://www.academia.edu/35077429">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107456594" title="Special:BookSources/9781107456594"><bdi>9781107456594</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195029/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rw1EBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. 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class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1767.0018">10.1098/rstl.1767.0018</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186214598">186214598</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.atitle=Some+Attempts+to+Ascertain+the+Utmost+Extent+of+the+Knowledge+of+the+Ancients+in+the+East+Indies&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=155-178&rft.date=1767&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1767.0018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186214598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Caverhill&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedes1967" class="citation cs2">Coedes, George (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043031/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/115019/2/b11055005.pdf">The Indianized States of Southeast Asia</a> (PDF), Australian National University Press, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/115019/2/b11055005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 March 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Coedes&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F115019%2F2%2Fb11055005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedès1968" class="citation cs2">Coedès, George (1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC&pg=PA14">The Indianized States of South-East Asia</a>, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0368-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+South-East+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.aulast=Coed%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDyJBFTdiwoC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha-Thakurta1992" class="citation cs2">Guha-Thakurta, Tapati (1992), The making of a new 'Indian' art. Artists, aesthetics and nationalism in Bengal, c. 1850–1920, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+a+new+%27Indian%27+art.+Artists%2C+aesthetics+and+nationalism+in+Bengal%2C+c.+1850%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Guha-Thakurta&rft.aufirst=Tapati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandy1930" class="citation cs2">Handy, E. S. Craighill (1930), "The Renaissance of East Indian Culture: Its Significance for the Pacific and the World", Pacific Affairs, 3 (4), University of British Columbia: 362–369, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2750560">10.2307/2750560</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2750560">2750560</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Renaissance+of+East+Indian+Culture%3A+Its+Significance+for+the+Pacific+and+the+World&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=362-369&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2750560&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2750560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Handy&rft.aufirst=E.+S.+Craighill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenleyside1982" class="citation cs2">Keenleyside, T. A. (Summer 1982), "Nationalist Indian Attitudes Towards Asia: A Troublesome Legacy for Post-Independence Indian Foreign Policy", Pacific Affairs, 55 (2), University of British Columbia: 210–230, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2757594">10.2307/2757594</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2757594">2757594</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=Nationalist+Indian+Attitudes+Towards+Asia%3A+A+Troublesome+Legacy+for+Post-Independence+Indian+Foreign+Policy&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210-230&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2757594&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2757594%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Keenleyside&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1960" class="citation cs2">Majumdar, R. C., <a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">H. C. Raychaudhuri</a>, and Kalikinkar Datta (1960), <a href="/wiki/An_Advanced_History_of_India" title="An Advanced History of India">An Advanced History of India</a>, London: Macmillan and Co., 1122 pages</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Advanced+History+of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.%2C+1122+pages&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.%2C+H.+C.+Raychaudhuri%2C+and+Kalikinkar+Datta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhaiah1986" class="citation cs2">Narasimhaiah, C. D. (1986), "The cross-cultural dimensions of English in religion, politics and literature", World Englishes, 5 (2–3): 221–230, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.1986.tb00728.x">10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00728.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Englishes&rft.atitle=The+cross-cultural+dimensions+of+English+in+religion%2C+politics+and+literature&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=221-230&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.1986.tb00728.x&rft.aulast=Narasimhaiah&rft.aufirst=C.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar1968" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (1968), "Interpretations of Ancient Indian History", History and Theory, 7 (3), Wesleyan University: 318–335, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2504471">10.2307/2504471</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2504471">2504471</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Interpretations+of+Ancient+Indian+History&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=318-335&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2504471&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2504471%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatley1982" class="citation cs2">Wheatley, Paul (November 1982), "Presidential Address: India Beyond the Ganges—Desultory Reflections on the Origins of Civilisation in Southeast Asia", The Journal of Asian Studies, 42 (1), Association for Asian Studies: 13–28, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2055365">10.2307/2055365</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2055365">2055365</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161697583">161697583</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Presidential+Address%3A+India+Beyond+the+Ganges%E2%80%94Desultory+Reflections+on+the+Origins+of+Civilisation+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-28&rft.date=1982-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161697583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2055365%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2055365&rft.aulast=Wheatley&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoetmulder1982" class="citation cs2">Zoetmulder, P. J. (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/ojed/">Old Javanese-English Dictionary</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Javanese-English+Dictionary&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Zoetmulder&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fojed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff, David Bradley, Randy J. LaPolla and Boyd Michailovsky eds., pp. 113–144. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBijan_Raj_Chatterjee1964" class="citation cs2">Bijan Raj Chatterjee (1964), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jLZAAAAAMAAJ">Indian Cultural Influence in Cambodia</a>, University of Calcutta</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Cultural+Influence+in+Cambodia&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Bijan+Raj+Chatterjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjLZAAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCœdès1968" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_C%C5%93d%C3%A8s" title="George Cœdès">Cœdès, George</a> (1968), Walter F. Vella (ed.), The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, trans. Susan Brown Cowing, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0368-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.aulast=C%C5%93d%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lokesh, Chandra, & International Academy of Indian Culture. (2000). Society and culture of Southeast Asia: Continuities and changes. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.</li> <li>R. C. Majumdar, Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a>, India and South-East Asia, I.S.P.Q.S. History and Archaeology Series Vol. 6, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7018-046-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7018-046-5">81-7018-046-5</a>.</li> <li>R. C. Majumdar, Champa, Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East, Vol.I, Lahore, 1927. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8364-2802-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8364-2802-1">0-8364-2802-1</a></li> <li>R. C. Majumdar, Suvarnadvipa, Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East, Vol.II, Calcutta,</li> <li>R. C. Majumdar, Kambuja Desa or an Ancient Hindu Colony in Cambodia, Madras, 1944</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaigorō_Chihara1996" class="citation cs2">Daigorō Chihara (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wiUTOanLClcC">Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia</a>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10512-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10512-6"><bdi>978-90-04-10512-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu-Buddhist+Architecture+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10512-6&rft.au=Daigor%C5%8D+Chihara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwiUTOanLClcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hoadley, M. C. (1991). Sanskritic continuity in Southeast Asia: The ṣaḍātatāyī and aṣṭacora in Javanese law. Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Road:_How_Ancient_India_Transformed_the_World" title="The Golden Road: How Ancient India Transformed the World">The Golden Road: How Ancient India Transformed the World</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_India&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greater_India" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greater India">Greater India</a> at Wikimedia Commons <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120043520/http://www.questhimalaya.com/journal/turin-tibeto-burman-02.htm">Rethinking Tibeto-Burman – Lessons from Indosphere</a> (archived 20 November 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oeaw.ac.at/sozant/files/working_papers/suedostasien/soa001.pdf">THEORIES OF INDIANISATION</a> Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia), by Dr. Helmut Lukas.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="South_Asian_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_topics" title="Template:South Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:South_Asian_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:South Asian topics (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Asian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Asian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Asian_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_countries" title="Category:South Asian countries">Countries and regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands in India">Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Regions" title="South Asia">South Asian regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template:GeoSouthAsia">General geography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/80px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/120px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/160px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_peoples" title="Andamanese peoples">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_peoples_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic peoples of South Asia">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Iranic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Iranic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Tibeto-Burman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></li> <li>Other groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#European_and_Eurasian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">European and Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Semitic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Semitic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Asia" title="Culture of South Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_architecture" title="Category:South Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Clothing in South Asia">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_mythology" title="Category:South Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_philosophy" title="Category:South Asian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surnames_of_South_Asian_origin" title="Category:Surnames of South Asian origin">Surnames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Environment of South Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Asia" title="Economy of South Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Politics of South Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South Asia">Human rights in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Southern_Asia" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste#In_South_Asia" title="Caste">Caste system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of South Asia">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India#Early_modern_India" title="India">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Contemporary_era" title="South Asia">Contemporary era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in South Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia" title="Religion in South Asia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in South Asia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia" title="Hinduism in South Asia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh#Persecution" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India#Modern_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_South_Asia" title="Cricket in South Asia">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Football_Federation" title="South Asian Football Federation">South Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_physical_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_South_Asia" title="Traditional games of South Asia">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Education in South Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian studies">South Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_swords" title="Category:South Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:South Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_world" title="Template:Eastern world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_world" title="Template talk:Eastern world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinic world</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history (Middle Ages)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle Eastern Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Asia">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_esotericism" title="Eastern esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folklore" title="Chinese folklore">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_folklore" title="Korean folklore">Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_literature" title="Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_folk_music_traditions" title="List of Asian folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnamese philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Philippine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Dharmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern/Eastern/Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Shenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Muism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Churches</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali_B%C3%A1bism" class="mw-redirect" title="Azali Bábism">Azali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Customs_Union" title="Arab Customs Union">Arab Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Asia_and_the_Pacific_Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Group of Asia and the Pacific Small Island Developing States">Asia and the Pacific Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Council" title="Asia Council">Asia Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia_Regional_Economic_Cooperation_Program" title="Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program">CAREC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Union" title="Central Asian Union">CAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">CSTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">CPTPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easternization" class="mw-redirect" title="Easternization">Easternization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">EAEU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">EAEU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">ECO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">OTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">RCEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a 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129.453 27 Template:Citation"," 5.99% 112.052 1 Template:Langx"," 4.89% 91.491 1 Template:Infobox"," 4.53% 84.793 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.223","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19477897,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbraham_Valentine_Williams_Jackson1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlberto_M._Cacopardo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAliAitchison2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndré_Wink2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFArasu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArezou_Azad2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttanayake2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzurara1446\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaij_Nath_Puri1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeazley1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellina2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBijan_Raj_Chatterjee1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlench2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlos_Ramirez-Faria2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaverhill1767\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandra2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangmaiJaisamutKampuansaiKutanan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristine_Noelle1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristoph_Witzenrath2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClifford_Edmund_Bosworth1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoedes1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoedes1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoedès1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCœdès1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaigorō_Chihara1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhand2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwans2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFussman2008–2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopalPaliwal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha-Thakurta1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH.A.R._Gibb2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._A._R._GibbJ._H._KramersE._Lévi-ProvençalJ._Schact1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanBeisi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandy1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelmut_Lukas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyun_Jin_Kim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Leyden,_Esq.William_Erskine,_Esq.1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapurKamlesh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeenleyside1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_R._Hal1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatnani2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinmeyer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuizon1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisWigen1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitvinskyGung-da1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockard2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLukas2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLéviPrzyluskiBloch1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahdi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManguin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManguin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGovern2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGovern2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehta1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichel_Jacq-Hergoualc\u0026#039;h2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinorsky2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammad_Habib\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgenstierne2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhmmad_Nazim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarasimhaiah1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNile_Green2017\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFParker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedro_Machado1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRafi_U._Samad2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRam_Sharan_Sharma\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_Majumdar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_Majumdar1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_Majumdar1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Delacy,_Parvez_Dewan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_F._Strand2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomila_Thapar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRooney1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatish_Chandra2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStark2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarkGriffinPhoeurnLedgerwood1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakashi_Suzuki2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwitchettMote1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUhlig2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheatley1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Bayne_Fisher1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWink1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolters1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZabarskaitė2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhu1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoetmulder1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFsunnytantikumar736\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Gulik1956\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 54,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 34,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern world\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Harv\"] = 7,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 12,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"South Asian topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"·\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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