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href="#Operational_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operational history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operational history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet–Afghan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet–Afghan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Soviet–Afghan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet–Afghan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran–Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran–Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Iran–Iraq War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran–Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gulf War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abkhazian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abkhazian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Abkhazian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abkhazian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Chechen_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Chechen_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>First Chechen War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Chechen_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Chechen_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Chechen_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Second Chechen War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Chechen_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopian–Eritrean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian–Eritrean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Ethiopian–Eritrean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian–Eritrean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001_insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001_insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001_insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Darfur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Darfur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>War in Darfur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Darfur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivorian-French_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivorian-French_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Ivorian-French clashes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivorian-French_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_Russia–Georgia_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Russia–Georgia_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>2008 Russia–Georgia war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Russia–Georgia_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Donbas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Donbas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>War in Donbas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Donbas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_Northern_Iraq_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_Northern_Iraq_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>2014 Northern Iraq offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_Northern_Iraq_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Russian military intervention in Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17.1</span> <span>Russian service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17.2</span> <span>Ukrainian service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Su-25" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Su-25"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Su-25</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Su-25-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Su-25K" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Su-25K"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Su-25K</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Su-25K-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Su-25UB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Su-25UB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Su-25UB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Su-25UB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Su-25UBK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Su-25UBK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Su-25UBK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Su-25UBK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Su-25UBM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Su-25UBM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Su-25UBM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Su-25UBM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Su-25UTG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Su-25UTG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Su-25UTG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Su-25UTG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Su-25BM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Su-25BM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Su-25BM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Su-25BM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Su-25T" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Su-25T"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Su-25T</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Su-25T-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Su-25TM_(Su-39)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Su-25TM_(Su-39)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Su-25TM (Su-39)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Su-25TM_(Su-39)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Su-25SM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Su-25SM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Su-25SM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Su-25SM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Su-25KM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Su-25KM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Su-25KM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Su-25KM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Su-28" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Su-28"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Su-28</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Su-28-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable accidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications_(Su-25/Su-25K,_late_production)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications_(Su-25/Su-25K,_late_production)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Specifications (Su-25/Su-25K, late production)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications_(Su-25/Su-25K,_late_production)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sukhoi Su-25</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soechoi_Su-25" title="Soechoi Su-25 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Soechoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%88-25" title="سوخوي سو-25 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سوخوي سو-25" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suxoy_Su-25" title="Suxoy Su-25 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suxoy Su-25" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88-%DB%B2%DB%B5" title="سوخو سو-۲۵ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوخو سو-۲۵" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83-25" title="Су-25 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Су-25" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83-25" title="Су-25 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Су-25" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83-25" title="Су-25 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Су-25" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchoj_Su-25" title="Suchoj Su-25 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Suchoj Su-25" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoj_Su-25" title="Sukhoj Su-25 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sukhoj Su-25" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchoi_Su-25" title="Suchoi Su-25 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Suchoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhhoi_Su-25" title="Suhhoi Su-25 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suhhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Sukhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sukhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sukhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88-%DB%B2%DB%B5" title="سوخو-۲۵ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوخو-۲۵" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soukho%C3%AF_Su-25" title="Soukhoï Su-25 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soukhoï Su-25" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sukhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%98%B8%EC%9D%B4_Su-25" title="수호이 Su-25 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수호이 Su-25" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82-25" title="Սու-25 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սու-25" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82-25" title="सुखोई एसयू-25 – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुखोई एसयू-25" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhoj_Su-25" title="Suhoj Su-25 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Suhoj Su-25" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sukhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sukhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%99_Su-25" title="סוחוי Su-25 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוחוי Su-25" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3-25" title="სუ-25 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუ-25" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-25" title="Su-25 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Su-25" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-25" title="Su-25 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Su-25" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szu%E2%80%9325" title="Szu–25 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szu–25" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%A1%D1%83-25" title="Сухој Су-25 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сухој Су-25" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sukhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soechoj_Soe-25" title="Soechoj Soe-25 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soechoj Soe-25" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-25_(%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A9%9F)" title="Su-25 (航空機) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Su-25 (航空機)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoj_Su-25" title="Sukhoj Su-25 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sukhoj Su-25" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sukhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-25" title="Su-25 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Su-25" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88-%DB%B2%DB%B5" title="سوخوی سو-۲۵ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوخوی سو-۲۵" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-25" title="Su-25 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Su-25" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sukhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhoi_Su-25" title="Suhoi Su-25 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Suhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83-25" title="Су-25 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Су-25" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sukhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchoj_Su-25" title="Suchoj Su-25 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Suchoj Su-25" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhoj_Su-25_Frogfoot" title="Suhoj Su-25 Frogfoot – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Suhoj Su-25 Frogfoot" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%A1%D1%83-25" title="Сухој Су-25 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сухој Су-25" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhoj_Su-25" title="Suhoj Su-25 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Suhoj Su-25" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhoi_Su-25" title="Suhoi Su-25 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchoj_Su-25" title="Suchoj Su-25 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Suchoj Su-25" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83-25" title="Су-25 – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Су-25" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhoy_Su-25" title="Suhoy Su-25 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suhoy Su-25" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83-25" title="Су-25 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Су-25" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%88-25_(%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81)" title="ایس یو-25 (سخوئی طیارہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایس یو-25 (سخوئی طیارہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sukhoi Su-25" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-25%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E6%A9%9F" title="Su-25攻擊機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Su-25攻擊機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192137#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.infobox-above{line-height:1.6em;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-header{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;line-height:23px;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-label{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Su-25</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhoi_Su-25_of_the_Russian_Air_Force_landing_at_Vladivostok_(8683076150).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sukhoi_Su-25_of_the_Russian_Air_Force_landing_at_Vladivostok_%288683076150%29.jpg/300px-Sukhoi_Su-25_of_the_Russian_Air_Force_landing_at_Vladivostok_%288683076150%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sukhoi_Su-25_of_the_Russian_Air_Force_landing_at_Vladivostok_%288683076150%29.jpg/450px-Sukhoi_Su-25_of_the_Russian_Air_Force_landing_at_Vladivostok_%288683076150%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sukhoi_Su-25_of_the_Russian_Air_Force_landing_at_Vladivostok_%288683076150%29.jpg/600px-Sukhoi_Su-25_of_the_Russian_Air_Force_landing_at_Vladivostok_%288683076150%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="944" /></a></span> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption">A <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a> Su-25</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Attack aircraft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Soviet Union / Russia / <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi" title="Sukhoi">Sukhoi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/TAM_Management" title="TAM Management">TAM Management</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Aircraft_Manufacturing" title="Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing">Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude_Aviation_Plant" title="Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant">Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">In service</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary users</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Russian Aerospace Forces</a><div> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukrainian Air Force</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Air_Force" title="Korean People's Army Air Force">Korean People's Army Air Force</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Air_Force" title="Peruvian Air Force">Peruvian Air Force</a> <br /> See <i><a href="#Operators">Operators</a></i> for others </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">Over 1,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufactured</th><td class="infobox-data">1978–2017</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">19 July 1981</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">22 February 1975<span class="noprint">; 49 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1975-02-22</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-28" title="Sukhoi Su-28">Sukhoi Su-28</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sukhoi Su-25 <i>Grach</i></b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Грач</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rook_(bird)" title="Rook (bird)">rook</a></i>); <a href="/wiki/NATO_reporting_name" title="NATO reporting name">NATO reporting name</a>: <b>Frogfoot</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Subsonic_aircraft" title="Subsonic aircraft">subsonic</a>, single-seat, twin-engine <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> developed in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi" title="Sukhoi">Sukhoi</a>. It was designed to provide <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> for <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ground_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ground Forces">Soviet Ground Forces</a>. The first prototype made its <a href="/wiki/Maiden_flight" title="Maiden flight">maiden flight</a> on 22 February 1975. After testing, the aircraft went into <a href="/wiki/Series_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Series production">series production</a> in 1978 in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. </p><p>Early variants included the Su-25UB two-seat <a href="/wiki/Trainer_aircraft" title="Trainer aircraft">trainer</a>, the Su-25BM for <a href="/wiki/Target_tug" title="Target tug">target-towing</a>, and the Su-25K for export customers. Some aircraft were upgraded to the Su-25SM standard in 2012. The Su-25T and the Su-25TM (also known as the Su-39) were further developments, not produced in significant numbers. The Su-25, and the <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-34" title="Sukhoi Su-34">Su-34</a>, were the only armoured, <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing</a> aircraft in production in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-gordondawes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordondawes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Su-25s are in service with Russia, other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> members, and export customers. Production of the Su-25 ended in 2010 in Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts continue to be made to restart production in Georgia using partially completed airframes,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of June 2022 no new deliveries have been reported. </p><p>Since entering service more than 43 years ago, the Su-25 has seen combat in several conflicts. The type was heavily involved in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, flying <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a> missions against the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a> employed it against Iran during the 1980–88 <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>. Most Iraqi examples were later destroyed or flown to Iran in the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Air_Force" title="Georgian Air Force">Georgian Air Force</a> used Su-25s during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">Abkhazian war</a> from 1992 to 1993. The <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Republic of Macedonia">Macedonian Air Force</a> used Su-25s against <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> insurgents in the <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">2001 Macedonian conflict</a> and, in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and Russia both used Su-25s in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a>. African states, including the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> have used the Su-25 in local insurgencies and civil wars. Recently, the Su-25 has seen service in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war</a>, the clashes of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War</a>, and on both sides in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moscow_Times_2022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moscow_Times_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div> <p>In early 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)">Soviet Ministry of Defence</a> decided to develop a specialised <i><a href="/wiki/Shturmovik" class="mw-redirect" title="Shturmovik">shturmovik</a></i> armoured assault aircraft in order to provide close air support for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet Ground Forces</a>. The idea of creating a ground-support aircraft came about after analysing the experience of ground-attack (<i>shturmovaya</i>) aviation during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Development_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Development-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet fighter-bombers in service or under development at the time (<a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-7" title="Sukhoi Su-7">Su-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-17" title="Sukhoi Su-17">Su-17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">MiG-21</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">MiG-23</a>) did not meet the requirements for close air support of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-Development_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Development-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They lacked essential armour plating to protect the pilot and vital equipment from ground fire and missile hits, and their high flight speeds made it difficult for the pilot to maintain visual contact with a target. Having taken into account these problems, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sukhoi" title="Pavel Sukhoi">Pavel Sukhoi</a> and a group of leading specialists in the Sukhoi Design Bureau started preliminary design work in a comparatively short period of time, with the assistance of leading institutes of the Ministry of the Aviation Industry and the Ministry of Defence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Air_Force_Su-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Russian_Air_Force_Su-25.jpg/220px-Russian_Air_Force_Su-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Russian_Air_Force_Su-25.jpg/330px-Russian_Air_Force_Su-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Russian_Air_Force_Su-25.jpg/440px-Russian_Air_Force_Su-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>This Su-25UB of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a> is a two-seater version intended for both combat and training.</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1969, a competition was announced by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a> that called for designs for a new battlefield close-support aircraft. Participants in the competition were the Sukhoi <a href="/wiki/OKB" title="OKB">design bureau</a> and the design bureaus of <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev" title="Yakovlev">Yakovlev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin" title="Ilyushin">Ilyushin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan" title="Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sukhoi finalised its "T-8" design in late 1968, and began work on the first two prototypes (T8-1 and T8-2) in January 1972. The T8-1, the first airframe to be assembled, was completed on 9 May 1974. Another source says November 1974. However, it did not make its first flight until 22 February 1975, after a long series of test flights by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ilyushin" title="Vladimir Ilyushin">Vladimir Ilyushin</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The Su-25 surpassed its main competitor in the Soviet Air Force competition, the <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-102" title="Ilyushin Il-102">Ilyushin Il-102</a>, and series production was announced by the Ministry of Defence.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During flight-testing phases of the T8-1 and T8-2 prototypes' development, the Sukhoi Design Bureau's management proposed that the series production of the Su-25 should start at Factory No. 31 in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian SSR">Soviet Republic of Georgia</a>, which at that time was the major manufacturing base for the <a href="/wiki/MiG-21" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-21">MiG-21</a>UM "Mongol-B" trainer. After negotiations and completion of all stages of the state trials, the Soviet Ministry of Aircraft Production authorised manufacture of the Su-25 at Tbilisi, allowing series production to start in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1980s and early 1990s, several Su-25 variants appeared, including modernised versions, and variants for specialised roles. The most significant designs were the Su-25UB dual-seat trainer, the Su-25BM target-towing variant, and the Su-25T for antitank missions. In addition, an Su-25KM prototype was developed by <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> in co-operation with Israeli company <a href="/wiki/Elbit_Systems" title="Elbit Systems">Elbit Systems</a> in 2001, but so far this variant has not achieved much commercial success. As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukhoi_Su-25&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Su-25 was the only armoured aircraft still in production.<sup id="cite_ref-gordondawes_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordondawes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Russian Aerospace Forces</a>, which operates the largest number of Su-25s, planned to upgrade older aircraft to the Su-25SM variant, but funding shortfalls had slowed the progress; by early 2007 only seven aircraft had been modified.<sup id="cite_ref-AFM_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div> <p>The Su-25 has a conventional <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic">aerodynamic</a> layout with a shoulder-mounted <a href="/wiki/Trapezoidal_wing" title="Trapezoidal wing">trapezoidal wing</a> and a traditional <a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">tailplane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a> are used in the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">airframe</a>: 60% <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, 19% <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, 13.5% <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, 2% <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_alloy" title="Magnesium alloy">magnesium alloy</a> and 5.5% other materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Design2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Su-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Su-25.jpg/220px-Su-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Su-25.jpg/330px-Su-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Su-25.jpg/440px-Su-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Su-25 at <a href="/wiki/Kubinka_(air_base)" title="Kubinka (air base)">Kubinka air base</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>All versions of the Su-25 have a metal <a href="/wiki/Cantilever_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantilever wing">cantilever wing</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">moderate sweep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(wing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspect ratio (wing)">high aspect ratio</a> and equipped with high-lift devices. The wing consists of two cantilever sections attached to a central <a href="/wiki/Torsion_box" title="Torsion box">torsion box</a>, forming a single unit with the fuselage. The air brakes are housed in <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">fairings</a> at the tip of each wing. Each wing has five hardpoints for weapons carriage, with the attachment points mounted on <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">load-bearing</a> ribs and spars.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each wing also features a five-section <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_slat" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge slat">leading edge slat</a>, a two-section <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">flap</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">aileron</a>. </p><p>The flaps are mounted by steel sliders and rollers, attached to brackets on the rear spar. The trapezoidal ailerons are near the <a href="/wiki/Wingtip" class="mw-redirect" title="Wingtip">wingtips</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> of the Su-25 has an <a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellipsoidal">ellipsoidal</a> section and is of semi-<a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stressed-skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stressed-skin">stressed-skin</a> construction, arranged as a longitudinal load-bearing framework of <a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">longerons</a>, beams and stringers, with a transverse load-bearing assembly of frames.<sup id="cite_ref-Design2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The one-piece horizontal tailplane is attached to the load-bearing frame at two mounting points.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early versions of the Su-25 were equipped with two <a href="/wiki/Tumansky_R-13" title="Tumansky R-13">R-95Sh</a> non-afterburning <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojets</a>, in compartments on either side of the rear fuselage. The engines, sub-assemblies and surrounding fuselage are cooled by air provided by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_air_intake" title="Cold air intake">cold air intakes</a> on top of the engine nacelles. A <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> system collects oil, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">hydraulic fluid</a> residues and fuel from the engines after flight or after an unsuccessful start. The engine control systems allows independent operation of each engine.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants5_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest versions (Su-25T and TM) are equipped with improved R-195 engines.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Su-25_Nose_view_-_Le_Bourget.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Su-25_Nose_view_-_Le_Bourget.JPEG/220px-Su-25_Nose_view_-_Le_Bourget.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Su-25_Nose_view_-_Le_Bourget.JPEG/330px-Su-25_Nose_view_-_Le_Bourget.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Su-25_Nose_view_-_Le_Bourget.JPEG/440px-Su-25_Nose_view_-_Le_Bourget.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2980" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Nose view of the Su-25</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a> is in a compartment beneath the cockpit, mounted on a load-bearing beam attached to the cockpit floor and the forward fuselage support structure. The nose is fitted with distinctive twin <a href="/wiki/Pitot_tube" title="Pitot tube">pitot probes</a> and hinges up for service access.<sup id="cite_ref-Design2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cockpit">Cockpit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhoi_Su-25,_Russia_-_Air_Force_AN2185249.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sukhoi_Su-25%2C_Russia_-_Air_Force_AN2185249.jpg/220px-Sukhoi_Su-25%2C_Russia_-_Air_Force_AN2185249.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sukhoi_Su-25%2C_Russia_-_Air_Force_AN2185249.jpg/330px-Sukhoi_Su-25%2C_Russia_-_Air_Force_AN2185249.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sukhoi_Su-25%2C_Russia_-_Air_Force_AN2185249.jpg/440px-Sukhoi_Su-25%2C_Russia_-_Air_Force_AN2185249.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Cockpit</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">pilot</a> flies the aircraft by means of a <a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">centre stick</a> and left hand <a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">throttles</a>. The pilot sits on a <a href="/wiki/NPP_Zvezda" title="NPP Zvezda">Zvezda</a> <a href="/wiki/NPP_Zvezda_K-36" title="NPP Zvezda K-36">K-36</a> ejection seat (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-27" title="Sukhoi Su-27">Sukhoi Su-27</a>) and has standard <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight instruments</a>. At the rear of the <a href="/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpit</a> is a six-millimetre-thick (0.24 in) steel headrest, mounted on the rear bulkhead. The cockpit has a bathtub-shaped armoured enclosure of <a href="/wiki/Welded" class="mw-redirect" title="Welded">welded</a> titanium sheets, with transit ports in the walls. Guide rails for the <a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">ejection seat</a> are mounted on the rear wall of the cockpit.<sup id="cite_ref-Design2_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The canopy hinges open to the right and the pilot enters using the flip-down ladder. Once inside, the pilot sits low in the cockpit, protected by the bathtub assembly, which makes for a cramped cockpit. Visibility from the cockpit is limited, being a trade-off for improved pilot protection. Rearwards visibility is poor and a <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscope</a> is fitted on top of the canopy to compensate.<sup id="cite_ref-Goebel_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goebel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A folding ladder built into the left fuselage provides access to the cockpit as well as to the top of the aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avionics">Avionics</h3></div> <p>The base model Su-25 incorporates a number of key <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> systems. It has no TV guidance but includes a distinctive nose-mounted <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser rangefinder</a> that is thought to provide for laser-based target finding.<sup id="cite_ref-Goebel_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goebel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-su25K_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-su25K-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A DISS-7 <a href="/wiki/Doppler_radar" title="Doppler radar">doppler radar</a> is used for navigation; the Su-25 can fly at night, in <a href="/wiki/Visual_meteorological_conditions" title="Visual meteorological conditions">visual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instrument_meteorological_conditions" title="Instrument meteorological conditions">instrument meteorological conditions</a>. </p><p>The Su-25 often has radios installed for air-to-ground and air-to-air communications, including an SO-69 identification-friend-or-foe (<a href="/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe" title="Identification friend or foe">IFF</a>) transponder. The aircraft's self-defence suite includes various measures, such as <a href="/wiki/Flare_(pyrotechnic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare (pyrotechnic)">flare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(radar_countermeasure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaff (radar countermeasure)">chaff</a> dispensers capable of launching up to 250 flares and <a href="/wiki/Dipole" title="Dipole">dipole</a> chaff. Hostile radar uses are guarded against via an SPO-15 <a href="/wiki/Radar_warning_receiver" title="Radar warning receiver">radar warning receiver</a>. </p><p>An airtight avionics compartment is behind the cockpit and in front of the forward fuel tank. </p><p>The newer Su-25TM and Su-25SM models have an upgraded avionics and weapons suite, resulting in improved survivability and combat capability.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants7_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operational_history_of_the_Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Operational history of the Sukhoi Su-25">Operational history of the Sukhoi Su-25</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet–Afghan_War"><span id="Soviet.E2.80.93Afghan_War"></span>Soviet–Afghan War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_aircraft_losses_during_the_Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="List of Soviet aircraft losses during the Soviet–Afghan War">List of Soviet aircraft losses during the Soviet–Afghan War</a></div> <p>The first Soviet Air Force Su-25 unit was the 80th Assault Aviation Regiment, formed in February 1981 based at <a href="/wiki/Sitalcay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitalcay">Sitalcay</a> air base in the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first eleven aircraft arrived at Sitalchay in May 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 200th Independent Assault Aviation Squadron was then formed within the regiment to go to Afghanistan. </p><p>On 19 July 1981, the 200th Independent Attack Squadron was reassigned to <a href="/wiki/Shindand_Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Shindand Airbase">Shindand Airbase</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, becoming the first Su-25 unit deployed to that country. Its main task was to conduct air strikes against mountain military positions and structures controlled by the Afghan rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-Combatservice_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combatservice-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Soviet Su-25 unit was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=368th_Assault_Aviation_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="368th Assault Aviation Regiment (page does not exist)">368th Assault Aviation Regiment</a>, which was formed on 12 July 1984, at Zhovtneve in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was soon also moved east to conduct operations over Afghanistan. </p><p>Over the course of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, Su-25s launched 139 guided missiles of all types against <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen#Afghanistan" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> positions. On average, each aircraft performed 360 sorties a year, a total considerably higher than that of any other combat aircraft in Afghanistan. By the end of the war, nearly 50 Su-25s were deployed at Afghan airbases, carrying out a total of 60,000 sorties. Between the first deployment in 1981 and the end of the war in 1989, 21–23 aircraft were lost in combat operations, with up to nine destroyed on the ground while parked.<sup id="cite_ref-Combatservice_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combatservice-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran–Iraq_War"><span id="Iran.E2.80.93Iraq_War"></span>Iran–Iraq War</h3></div> <p>The Su-25 also saw combat during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> of 1980–88. The first Su-25s were commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a> in 1987 and performed approximately 900 combat sorties towards the end of the war, carrying out the bulk of Iraqi air attack missions. During the most intense combat of the war, Iraqi Su-25s performed up to 15 sorties per day, each. In one recorded incident, an Iraqi Su-25 was shot down by an Iranian, <a href="/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk" title="MIM-23 Hawk">Hawk</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a>, but the pilot managed to eject. This was the only confirmed, successful Iranian shootdown of an Iraqi Su-25. After the war, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> decorated all of the Iraqi Air Force's Su-25 pilots with the country's highest <a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">military decoration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Combatservice_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combatservice-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulf_War">Gulf War</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Su-25_-_Gulf_War_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iraqi_Su-25_-_Gulf_War_1991.jpg/220px-Iraqi_Su-25_-_Gulf_War_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iraqi_Su-25_-_Gulf_War_1991.jpg/330px-Iraqi_Su-25_-_Gulf_War_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iraqi_Su-25_-_Gulf_War_1991.jpg/440px-Iraqi_Su-25_-_Gulf_War_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>An Iraqi Su-25 destroyed during Operation Desert Storm</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> of 1991, the air superiority of the coalition forces was so great that the majority of Iraqi Su-25s did not even manage to get airborne. On 25 January 1991, seven Iraqi Air Force Su-25s fled from Iraq and landed in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the evening of 6 February 1991, two <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">US Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">F-15C Eagle</a> fighters of the 53rd Tactical Fighter Squadron, operating from <a href="/wiki/Al_Kharj_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Kharj Air Base">Al Kharj Air Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, intercepted a pair of Iraqi MiG-21s and a pair of Su-25s. All four Iraqi aircraft were shot down, with both Su-25s coming down in the desert not far from the Iraqi border with Iran. This was the Iraqi Su-25s' only air combat of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Combatservice_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combatservice-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abkhazian_War">Abkhazian War</h3></div> <p>The Georgian government used Su-25s in 1992–93 against Abkhaz <a href="/wiki/Separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist">separatists</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">First Abkhazian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Air_Force" title="Georgian Air Force">Georgian Air Force</a> Su-25 was shot down over Nizhnaya <a href="/wiki/Eshera" title="Eshera">Eshera</a> on 4 July 1993 by an <a href="/wiki/9K34_Strela-3" title="9K34 Strela-3">9K34 Strela-3</a> MANPADS.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Georgian Su-25 was shot down on 13 July 1993 with a <a href="/wiki/9K32_Strela-2" title="9K32 Strela-2">9K32 Strela-2</a> <a href="/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_system" title="Man-portable air-defense system">MANPADS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-skywar.ru_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skywar.ru-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while another Su-25 was downed by friendly fire by a <a href="/wiki/ZU-23-2" title="ZU-23-2">ZU-23-2</a> on 4 July.<sup id="cite_ref-skywar.ru_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skywar.ru-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian Air Force also lost an Su-25 during war, the aircraft crashed due to a pilot's mistake while providing CAS for Abkhaz forces.<sup id="cite_ref-skywar.ru_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skywar.ru-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Chechen_War">First Chechen War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></div> <p>Russian Su-25s were employed during the First Chechen War. Together with other Russian Air Force air assets, they achieved air supremacy for Russian Forces. On 29 November 1994, attacking all four Chechen military bases, Russian Su-25 from the 368th Assault Aviation Regiment (OShAP) destroyed up to 266 Chechen aircraft on the ground, mostly not airworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-skywar.ru_2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skywar.ru_2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Air Force's deployed assets performed around 9,000 air sorties, with around 5,300 being strike sorties during the Chechen campaign between 1994 and 1996. The Russian <a href="/wiki/4th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Air Army">4th Air Army</a> had 140 Sukhoi Su-17Ms, <a href="/wiki/Su-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-24">Su-24s</a> and Su-25s in the war zone supported by an <a href="/wiki/Beriev_A-50" title="Beriev A-50">A-50</a> AWACS aircraft. The employed munitions were generally unguided S-5, S-8, and S-24 rockets, as well as FAB-250 and FAB-500 bombs, while only 2.3% of the strikes used precision-guided <a href="/wiki/Kh-25" title="Kh-25">Kh-25</a>ML missiles, KAB-500L and KAB-500KR smart bombs when weather conditions were suitable.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian forces were not able to properly take advantage of the air supremacy due to obsolete air tactics that focused the Air Force on useless tasks in this type of war such as Combat Air Patrols.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian air losses were low since no integrated air defense was fielded by the Chechens.<sup id="cite_ref-civilresearch.org_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civilresearch.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 February 1995, a Russian Su-25 was shot down by <a href="/wiki/ZSU-23-4" class="mw-redirect" title="ZSU-23-4">ZSU-23-4</a> Shilka antiaircraft fire over Belgatoi Gekhi, five kilometers southeast of Grozny. The pilot, Maj. Nikolay Bairov, ejected but died impacting the ground as his parachute did not deploy on time. Another Su-25 piloted by Lt. Col. Evgeny Derkulsky was damaged by ground fire on the same day, but managed to land at <a href="/wiki/Mozdok,_Republic_of_North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozdok, Republic of North Ossetia–Alania">Mozdok</a> air base, where the aircraft was repaired.<sup id="cite_ref-skywar.ru_2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skywar.ru_2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 May 1995, another Russian Su-25 was downed near Serzhen-Yurt by <a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">12.7 mm</a> fire while on a low-altitude patrol. The pilot, Col. Vladimir Sarabeyev, was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 April 1996, another Su-25 fell either to ZU-23-2 fire while either making a reconnaissance flight or attacking the village of Goiskoye. The pilot, Maj. Alexander Matvienko, ejected and was recovered by a friendly helicopter returning to the airbase in <a href="/wiki/Khankala" title="Khankala">Khankala</a>, Grozny.<sup id="cite_ref-ejection-history.org.uk_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ejection-history.org.uk-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 May 1996, a two-seat Su-25UB was downed with an 9K34 Strela-3 MANPADS near the village of Mairtup while on reconnaissance. Both pilots, Col. Igor Sviryidov and Maj. Oleg Isayev, were killed in the crash. It was the fourth Su-25 shot down and fifth Russian fixed wing aircraft lost, since the start of the war in December 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-civilresearch.org_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civilresearch.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Chechen_War">Second Chechen War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_aircraft_losses_in_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="List of Russian aircraft losses in the Second Chechen War">List of Russian aircraft losses in the Second Chechen War</a></div> <p>Russian Air Force Su-25s were extensively used during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> in particular during the first phase when Russian forces were invading the self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to seven Russian Su-25s were lost,<sup id="cite_ref-civilresearch.org_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civilresearch.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one to hostile fire: on 4 October 1999, a Su-25 was shot down by a MANPADS during a reconnaissance mission over the village of Tolstoy-Yurt killing its pilot. The wings of the aircraft were put on a pedestal in the central square in Grozny.<sup id="cite_ref-ejection-history.org.uk_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ejection-history.org.uk-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopian–Eritrean_War"><span id="Ethiopian.E2.80.93Eritrean_War"></span>Ethiopian–Eritrean War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Eritrean_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Eritrean War">Ethiopian–Eritrean War</a></div> <p>Su-25 attack aircraft were used by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Ethiopian Air Force</a> to strike <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</a> targets. On 15 May 2000, An Ethiopian Su-25 was shot down by an Eritrean Air Force <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29" title="Mikoyan MiG-29">MiG-29</a>, killing the pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001_insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia">2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia">2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia</a></div> <p>Su-25s were used by the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Air Force">Macedonian Air Force</a> but flown by Ukrainian pilots during the conflict against Albanian separatists. Beginning on 24 June 2001, the aircraft made multiple attack runs against separatist positions. The Su-25s were only used during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Radu%C5%A1a" title="Battle of Raduša">Battle of Raduša</a> on the last day.<sup id="cite_ref-Operators4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Operators4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Darfur">War in Darfur</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> has used Su-25s in attacks on rebel targets and possibly civilians in <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters.com2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters.com2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ivorian-French_clashes">Ivorian-French clashes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2004_French%E2%80%93Ivorian_clashes" title="2004 French–Ivorian clashes">2004 French–Ivorian clashes</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="First Ivorian Civil War">First Ivorian Civil War</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="First Ivorian Civil War">Ivorian Civil War</a>, Su-25s were used by government forces to attack rebel targets. On 6 November 2004, at least one Ivorian Sukhoi Su-25 attacked a unit of France's Unicorn peacekeeping forces stationed in <a href="/wiki/Bouak%C3%A9" title="Bouaké">Bouaké</a>, killing nine soldiers, a U.S. development worker and wounding 37 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-english.people.com.cn_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.people.com.cn-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the French military retaliated by attacking the air base in <a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a> and destroyed the Ivorian air force, heavily damaging the two Su-25s responsible for the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-IAFlosses_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAFlosses-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_Russia–Georgia_war"><span id="2008_Russia.E2.80.93Georgia_war"></span>2008 Russia–Georgia war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Su-25_93_red_(4524872585).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Su-25_93_red_%284524872585%29.jpg/220px-Su-25_93_red_%284524872585%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Su-25_93_red_%284524872585%29.jpg/330px-Su-25_93_red_%284524872585%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Su-25_93_red_%284524872585%29.jpg/440px-Su-25_93_red_%284524872585%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>A Russian Su-25</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 2008, Su-25s were used by both Georgia and Russia during the 2008 Russia–Georgia war. Su-25s of the Georgian Air Force participated in providing air support for troops during <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tskhinvali" title="Battle of Tskhinvali">Battle of Tskhinvali</a> and launched bombing raids on targets in <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gewarplanes_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gewarplanes-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian military Su-25s struck Georgian forces in South Ossetia, and undertook air raids on targets in Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian military officially confirmed the loss of three Su-25 aircraft to the Georgian air defense, though the <i>Moscow Defense Brief</i> suggests four.<sup id="cite_ref-two_more_lost_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two_more_lost-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three Russian aircraft were reportedly downed by Georgian <a href="/wiki/Buk-M1" class="mw-redirect" title="Buk-M1">Buk-M1</a> air defence units.<sup id="cite_ref-rapidreaction_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapidreaction-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgian Su-25s were able to operate at night.<sup id="cite_ref-rapidreaction_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapidreaction-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early August 2008, Russian Su-25s attacked the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Aircraft_Manufacturing" title="Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing">Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing</a> plant, where the Su-25 is produced, dropping bombs on the factory's airfield.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3></div> <p>On 1 November 2012, two Iranian Su-25s fired cannon bursts at a USAF <a href="/wiki/MQ-1_Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="MQ-1 Predator">MQ-1 Predator</a> drone 30 km (19 mi; 16 nmi) off the Iranian coast. The Iranian government has claimed that the drone violated its airspace.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Donbas">War in Donbas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhoi_Su-25_of_Ukrainian_Air_Force.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sukhoi_Su-25_of_Ukrainian_Air_Force.jpeg/220px-Sukhoi_Su-25_of_Ukrainian_Air_Force.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sukhoi_Su-25_of_Ukrainian_Air_Force.jpeg/330px-Sukhoi_Su-25_of_Ukrainian_Air_Force.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sukhoi_Su-25_of_Ukrainian_Air_Force.jpeg/440px-Sukhoi_Su-25_of_Ukrainian_Air_Force.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Sukhoi Su-25s of the Ukrainian Air Force in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Ukrainian armed forces deployed aircraft over insurgent Eastern regions starting in spring 2014. On 26 May 2014, Ukrainian Su-25s supported Mi-24 helicopters during a military operation to regain control over the airport in <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>, during which the Su-25s fired air to ground rockets.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 July 2014, one Ukrainian Su-25 crashed due to a technical fault.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 July 2014, an Su-25 was shot down, with Ukrainian officials stating that a Russian MiG-29 shot it down using a <a href="/wiki/R-27_(air-to-air_missile)" title="R-27 (air-to-air missile)">R-27T</a> missile.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia denied these allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 July 2014, two Su-25s were shot down in the Donetsk region of Ukraine. A spokesperson for the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_and_Defense_Council_of_Ukraine" title="National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine">National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine</a> said the aircraft were shot down by missiles fired from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 August 2014, a Ukrainian Su-25 was shot down by pro-Russian rebels. The Ukrainian authorities said the downing was due to a Russian missile without clarifying if they mean Russian made or fired by Russian forces. The pilot managed to eject safely. On the same day, pro-Russian rebels claimed the downing of up to four Su-25s.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 February 2015, the pro-Russian forces indirectly acknowledged, for the first time, with a reference to a Ukrainian media source, their use of Su-25 against Ukrainian forces during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debaltseve" title="Battle of Debaltseve">fighting near Debaltsevo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_Northern_Iraq_offensive">2014 Northern Iraq offensive</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_Air_Force_Conduct_Maintenance_on_SU-25_Jets_DVIDS7029641.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Iraq_Air_Force_Conduct_Maintenance_on_SU-25_Jets_DVIDS7029641.jpg/220px-Iraq_Air_Force_Conduct_Maintenance_on_SU-25_Jets_DVIDS7029641.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Iraq_Air_Force_Conduct_Maintenance_on_SU-25_Jets_DVIDS7029641.jpg/330px-Iraq_Air_Force_Conduct_Maintenance_on_SU-25_Jets_DVIDS7029641.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Iraq_Air_Force_Conduct_Maintenance_on_SU-25_Jets_DVIDS7029641.jpg/440px-Iraq_Air_Force_Conduct_Maintenance_on_SU-25_Jets_DVIDS7029641.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="1430" /></a><figcaption>An Iraqi Air Force Su-25</figcaption></figure> <p>On 29 June 2014, it was reported that Iraq claimed to have received the first batch of <a href="/wiki/Second_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Second hand">second hand</a> Su-25s ordered from Russia in order to fight the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> forces. An Iraqi defense ministry source claimed the aircraft would be in service "within three to four days", despite the fact that the Iraqis require technical help and parts to make them operational, and the fact that the Russian made aircraft are incompatible with the Iraqi Air force's inventory of American made <a href="/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire" title="AGM-114 Hellfire">Hellfire</a> missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guards_Corps_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Air Force">Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Air Force</a> delivered seven Su-25s on 1 July 2014, the majority of which were ex-Iraqi aircraft from the Gulf War.<sup id="cite_ref-'Iranian_attack_jets_deployed'_to_help_Iraq_fight_Isis2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'Iranian_attack_jets_deployed'_to_help_Iraq_fight_Isis2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were quickly pushed into combat, performing air raids as early as the beginning of August 2014 and later expanding their area of operation.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraqi Su-25s flew the bulk of the sorties against the Islamic State, with 3562 missions between June 2014 and December 2017, by which time ISIS had lost control of all the territory it formerly controlled in Iraq. That compares to 514 sorties flown by the Iraqi fleet of F-16IQ fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria">Russian military intervention in Syria</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></div> <p>In September 2015, it was reported that at least a dozen Su-25 were deployed by Russia to an airfield near <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>, Syria, to support the Russian forces there who were taking part in the Syrian offensive against <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 October 2015, Russian Su-24M and Su-25 attack aircraft destroyed an ISIL command post in the Idlib province, while Su-34 and Su-25 aircraft eliminated an ISIL fortified bunker in the Hama province.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By 15 March 2016, with the scaling down of Russian presence in Syria, Russian Su-25s had performed over 1,600 sorties in Syria while dropping 6,000 bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 February 2018 a Russian Su-25 was shot down over Idlib by rebel fighters who used a <a href="/wiki/MANPADS" class="mw-redirect" title="MANPADS">MANPADS</a>. A Syrian militant said that the pilot, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Filipov" title="Roman Filipov">Roman Filipov</a>, ejected safely but killed himself with a grenade to avoid capture.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_War">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:09_blue_SU-25_Frogfoot_Azerbaijan_Air_Force_Konya_AFB_30.6.22_(52200833201).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/09_blue_SU-25_Frogfoot_Azerbaijan_Air_Force_Konya_AFB_30.6.22_%2852200833201%29.jpg/220px-09_blue_SU-25_Frogfoot_Azerbaijan_Air_Force_Konya_AFB_30.6.22_%2852200833201%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/09_blue_SU-25_Frogfoot_Azerbaijan_Air_Force_Konya_AFB_30.6.22_%2852200833201%29.jpg/330px-09_blue_SU-25_Frogfoot_Azerbaijan_Air_Force_Konya_AFB_30.6.22_%2852200833201%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/09_blue_SU-25_Frogfoot_Azerbaijan_Air_Force_Konya_AFB_30.6.22_%2852200833201%29.jpg/440px-09_blue_SU-25_Frogfoot_Azerbaijan_Air_Force_Konya_AFB_30.6.22_%2852200833201%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4209" data-file-height="2806" /></a><figcaption>An Azerbaijani Su-25 in 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>On 29 September 2020, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> Defense Ministry claimed that an <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Air_Force" title="Armenian Air Force">Armenian Air Force</a> Su-25 was shot down by a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a>, killing the pilot. However <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> denied the allegation.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 October 2020, an Azerbaijani Air force Su-25 aircraft was shot down, by Armenian forces, probably with a <a href="/wiki/9K33_Osa" title="9K33 Osa">9K33 Osa</a> while targeting Armenian positions in Fuzuli. The pilot, <a href="/wiki/Zaur_Nudiraliyev" title="Zaur Nudiraliyev">Col. Zaur Nudiraliyev</a> died in the crash. Azerbaijani officials acknowledged the loss in December 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while disclosing a major role of crewed aviation being hidden during the active phase of the conflict with more than 600 airstrikes by crewed aviation from 27 September 2020 to 9 November 2020, with the Su-25 fleet, tasked with the critical role of suppression and destruction of the enemy air defense among others.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_service">Russian service</h4></div> <p>On 24 February 2022, Russia reported the loss of an Su-25 due to "pilot error."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 March, a Russian Su-25SM was lost over Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, another Russian Su-25SM, registration number <i>RF-91961</i> - Red 07, was shot down in Makariv, Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 March, two Russian Su-25SMs, the first with registration number <i>RF-93026</i>, were lost over Volnovakha, Ukraine. The second, with callsign <i>Red 04</i>, was lost along with its pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Images of the aircraft wrecks were displayed on social media.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 March, an Su-25 was lost during a combat mission in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 March, one Su-25 with registration number <i>RF-91969</i> was shot down near Kyiv and the pilot killed.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 March, a Russian Su-25 was damaged by enemy fire, likely MANPADs, but managed to return to its base.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 May Ukraine claimed to have shot down retired Major General <a href="/wiki/Kanamat_Botashev" title="Kanamat Botashev">Kanamat Botashev</a> flying an Su-25 using a Stinger missile. It was unknown if he was in service, or a private military contractor.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 October 2023, Ukraine claimed to have shot down five Russian Su-25s, over the preceding ten days, during fighting in Donetsk.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late April 2024, Su-25s were flying unimpeded over <a href="/wiki/Chasiv_Yar" title="Chasiv Yar">Chasiv Yar</a>, which, according to military analyst Rob Lee, indicated “a clear sign of a lack of Ukrainian air defense ammunition.”<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 May 2024, the <a href="/wiki/110th_Mechanized_Brigade_(Ukraine)" title="110th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)">110th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)</a> claimed to have shot down a Su-25 over Donetsk Oblast.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of February, 6 2025, Russia has been visually confirmed to have lost at least 38 Su-25s (35 destroyed, 2 damaged). <sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukrainian_service">Ukrainian service</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_took_part_in_the_festive_Parade_of_Troops_on_the_occasion_of_the_30th_anniversary_of_Ukraine%27s_independence._(51716934630).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/President_took_part_in_the_festive_Parade_of_Troops_on_the_occasion_of_the_30th_anniversary_of_Ukraine%27s_independence._%2851716934630%29.jpg/220px-President_took_part_in_the_festive_Parade_of_Troops_on_the_occasion_of_the_30th_anniversary_of_Ukraine%27s_independence._%2851716934630%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/President_took_part_in_the_festive_Parade_of_Troops_on_the_occasion_of_the_30th_anniversary_of_Ukraine%27s_independence._%2851716934630%29.jpg/330px-President_took_part_in_the_festive_Parade_of_Troops_on_the_occasion_of_the_30th_anniversary_of_Ukraine%27s_independence._%2851716934630%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/President_took_part_in_the_festive_Parade_of_Troops_on_the_occasion_of_the_30th_anniversary_of_Ukraine%27s_independence._%2851716934630%29.jpg/440px-President_took_part_in_the_festive_Parade_of_Troops_on_the_occasion_of_the_30th_anniversary_of_Ukraine%27s_independence._%2851716934630%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian Su-25s performing a <a href="/wiki/Flypast" title="Flypast">flypast</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Independence_Day_Parade" title="Kyiv Independence Day Parade">Kyiv Independence Day Parade</a> on 24 August 2021</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aviatehniky-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aviatehniky-3.jpg/220px-Aviatehniky-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aviatehniky-3.jpg/330px-Aviatehniky-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aviatehniky-3.jpg/440px-Aviatehniky-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian Air Force Sukhoi Su-25 in 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ukrainian Air force also operates Su-25s. On 26 February 2022 three Su-25s from the <a href="/wiki/299th_Tactical_Aviation_Brigade" title="299th Tactical Aviation Brigade">299th Tactical Aviation Brigade</a> were lost. "Blue 19" and "Blue 30" were shot down over the Kherson region.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pilots were presumed dead. Photos of the wrecks of the two Ukrainian aircraft were published.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third aircraft from the 299th was lost, but the pilot was captured by Russian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukrainian media acknowledged that the pilot was Ukrainian.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day another Su-25, "Blue 39", was shot down near Hlibivka Vyshgorod, Kyiv region.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 March, one Su-25 from 299th Tactical Aviation Brigade piloted by <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Korpan" title="Oleksandr Korpan">Oleksandr Korpan</a> was lost over Starokostiantyniv, Khmelnytskyi Oblast.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 March one Su-25, "Blue 31" was shot down near Nova Kakhovka, Kherson.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TC3_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC3-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 March another Su-25 was shot down by Russian forces in <a href="/wiki/Volnovakha" title="Volnovakha">Volnovakha</a>, Donbas region. The pilot was captured by Russian forces and later released on 24 April, in a Russo-Ukrainian prisoner swap.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 March, a Ukrainian Su-25, heavily damaged in combat was recorded in video.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 April, a Ukrainian Su-25 was reportedly shot down by Russian forces in Izyum.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The downing of the aircraft was recorded by a military camera in thermographic mode.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pilot, Captain Yegor Seredyuk, was reported as being killed near Izyum on 15 April.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seredyuk was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Ukraine" title="Hero of Ukraine">Hero of Ukraine</a> order.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 May a Su-25 from 299th Tactical Aviation Brigade was shot down in <a href="/wiki/Huliaipole" title="Huliaipole">Huliaipole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a> and the pilot killed.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 March 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_(North_Macedonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defense (North Macedonia)">Minister of Defense</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavjanka_Petrovska" title="Slavjanka Petrovska">Slavjanka Petrovska</a>, confirmed the transfer of four non-airworthy Su-25s to Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 January 2025, <i>Forbes</i> reported that Ukraine apparently managed to overhaul its remaining Su-25s to carry Western <a href="/wiki/Glide_bomb" title="Glide bomb">glide bombs</a> such as the French <a href="/wiki/AASM_Hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="AASM Hammer">AASM Hammer</a> in 2024, allowing them to operate outside of Russian air defenses range.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Su-25">Su-25</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Su-25_early.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Su-25_early.JPEG/220px-Su-25_early.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Su-25_early.JPEG/330px-Su-25_early.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Su-25_early.JPEG/440px-Su-25_early.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Su-25 in flight</figcaption></figure> <p>The basic version of the aircraft was produced at Factory 31, at Tbilisi, in the Soviet Republic of Georgia. Between 1978 and 1989, 582 single-seat Su-25s were produced in Georgia, not including aircraft produced under the Su-25K export program. This variant of the aircraft represents the backbone of the Russian Aerospace Forces' Su-25 fleet, currently the largest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aircraft experienced a number of accidents in operational service caused by system failures attributed to salvo firing of weapons. In the wake of these incidents, use of its main armament, the 240 mm <a href="/wiki/S-24_rocket" title="S-24 rocket">S-24 rocket</a>, was prohibited. In its place, the <a href="/wiki/FAB-500" title="FAB-500">FAB-500</a> 500 kg (1,100 lb) general-purpose high-explosive bomb became the primary armament.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Su-25K">Su-25K</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhoi_Su-25K,_8077_van_de_Tsjechische_luchtmacht_2193-006-082_0011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sukhoi_Su-25K%2C_8077_van_de_Tsjechische_luchtmacht_2193-006-082_0011.jpg/220px-Sukhoi_Su-25K%2C_8077_van_de_Tsjechische_luchtmacht_2193-006-082_0011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sukhoi_Su-25K%2C_8077_van_de_Tsjechische_luchtmacht_2193-006-082_0011.jpg/330px-Sukhoi_Su-25K%2C_8077_van_de_Tsjechische_luchtmacht_2193-006-082_0011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sukhoi_Su-25K%2C_8077_van_de_Tsjechische_luchtmacht_2193-006-082_0011.jpg/440px-Sukhoi_Su-25K%2C_8077_van_de_Tsjechische_luchtmacht_2193-006-082_0011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3928" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Czech Republic Su-25K in 1994.</figcaption></figure> <p>The basic Su-25 model was used as the basis for a commercial export variant, known as the Su-25K (<i>Komercheskiy</i>). This model was also built at Factory 31 in Tbilisi, Georgia. The aircraft differed from the Soviet Air Force version in certain minor details concerning internal equipment. A total of 180 Su-25K aircraft were built between 1984 and 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Su-25UB">Su-25UB</h3></div> <p>The Su-25UB <a href="/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainer (aircraft)">trainer</a> (<i>Uchebno-Boyevoy</i>) was drawn up in 1977. The first prototype, called "T-8UB-1", was rolled out in July 1985 and its maiden flight was carried out at the <a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a> factory airfield on 12 August of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1986, 25 Su-25UBs had been produced at Ulan-Ude before the twin-seater completed its State trials and officially cleared for service with the Soviet Air Force.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="How many produced in total? (November 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It was intended for training and evaluation flights of active-duty pilots, and for training pilot cadets at Soviet Air Force <a href="/wiki/Flying_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying school">flying schools</a>. The performance did not differ substantially from that of the single-seater. The navigation, attack, sighting devices and weapons-control systems of the two-seater enabled it to be used for both routine training and weapons-training missions.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Su-25UBK">Su-25UBK</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian_Air_Force_Sukhoi_Su-25UBK_Lofting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bulgarian_Air_Force_Sukhoi_Su-25UBK_Lofting.jpg/220px-Bulgarian_Air_Force_Sukhoi_Su-25UBK_Lofting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bulgarian_Air_Force_Sukhoi_Su-25UBK_Lofting.jpg/330px-Bulgarian_Air_Force_Sukhoi_Su-25UBK_Lofting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bulgarian_Air_Force_Sukhoi_Su-25UBK_Lofting.jpg/440px-Bulgarian_Air_Force_Sukhoi_Su-25UBK_Lofting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>Bulgarian Su-25UBK on take-off</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1986 to 1989, in parallel with the construction of the main Su-25UB combat training variant, the Ulan-Ude plant produced the so-called "commercial" Su-25UBK, intended for export to countries that bought the Su-25K, and with similar modifications to that aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Su-25UBM">Su-25UBM</h4></div> <p>The Su-25UBM is a twin seat variant that can be used as an operational trainer, but also has attack capabilities, and can be used for reconnaissance, target designation and airborne control. Its first flight was on 6 December 2008 and it was certified in December 2010. It will enter operational use with the Russian Aerospace Forces later. The variant has a Phazotron NIIR Kopyo radar and Bars-2 equipment on board. Su-25UBM's range is believed to be 1,300 km (810 mi) and it may have protection against infra-red guided missiles (IRGM), a minimal requirement on today's battle fields where IRGMs proliferate.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Su-25UTG">Su-25UTG</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhoi_Su-25UTG_in_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sukhoi_Su-25UTG_in_2010.jpg/220px-Sukhoi_Su-25UTG_in_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sukhoi_Su-25UTG_in_2010.jpg/330px-Sukhoi_Su-25UTG_in_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sukhoi_Su-25UTG_in_2010.jpg/440px-Sukhoi_Su-25UTG_in_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Su-25UTG carrier-based trainer aircraft at Novofedorovka airbase</figcaption></figure> <p>The Su-25UTG (<i>Uchebno-Trenirovochnyy s Gakom</i>) is a variant of the Su-25UB designed to train pilots in takeoff and landing on a land-based simulated carrier deck, with a sloping <a href="/wiki/Ski-jump_(aviation)" title="Ski-jump (aviation)">ski-jump</a> section and <a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">arrester wires</a>. The first one flew in September 1988, and approximately 10 were produced.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About half remained in Russian service after 1991; they were used on Russia's sole <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_aircraft_carrier_Admiral_Kuznetsov" title="Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov"><i>Admiral Kuznetsov</i></a>. This small number of aircraft were insufficient to meet the training needs of Russia's carrier air group, so a number of Su-25UBs were converted into Su-25UTGs. These aircraft being distinguished by the alternative designation <i>Su-25UBP</i> (<i>Uchebno-Boyevoy Palubny</i>)—the adjective <i>palubnyy</i> meaning "deck", indicating that these aircraft have a naval function.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants4_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants4-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007, approximately 10 of these aircraft were operational in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a> as part of the 279th Naval Aviation Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Fleet" title="Northern Fleet">Northern Fleet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Warfare.ru_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warfare.ru-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Su-25 aircraft were also reported deployed with the <a href="/wiki/100th_Independent_Shipborne_Fighter_Aviation_Regiment" title="100th Independent Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment">100th Independent Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment</a> of the same fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Su-25BM">Su-25BM</h3></div> <p>The Su-25BM (<i>Buksirovshchik Misheney</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Target-towing" class="mw-redirect" title="Target-towing">target-towing</a> variant of the Su-25 whose development began in 1986. The prototype, designated T-8BM1, successfully flew for the first time on 22 March 1990, at Tbilisi. After completion of the test phase, the aircraft was put into production.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants4_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants4-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Su-25BM target-tower was designed to provide towed target facilities for training ground forces and naval personnel in ground-to-air or naval surface-to-air missile systems. It is powered by R-195 engines and equipped with an <a href="/wiki/RSDN-10" class="mw-redirect" title="RSDN-10">RSDN-10</a> long-range <a href="/wiki/Navigation_system" title="Navigation system">navigation system</a>, an analogue of the Western <a href="/wiki/LORAN" title="LORAN">LORAN</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants4_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants4-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Su-25T">Su-25T</h3></div> <p>The Su-25T (<i>Tankovy</i>) is a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Antitank" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitank">antitank</a> version, which has been combat-tested with notable success in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants7_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design of the aircraft is similar to the Su-25UB. The variant was converted to one-seater, with the rear seat replaced by additional avionics.<sup id="cite_ref-Shock_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shock-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has all-weather and night attack capability. In addition to the full arsenal of weapons of the standard Su-25, the Su-25T can employ the KAB-500Kr <a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_munition" title="Precision-guided munition">TV-guided</a> bomb and the semi-active <a href="/wiki/Laser-guided" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser-guided">laser-guided</a> Kh-25ML.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants7_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its enlarged nosecone houses the <i>Shkval</i> optical TV and aiming system with the <i>Prichal</i> laser rangefinder and target designator. It can also carry <i><a href="/wiki/Vikhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikhr">Vikhr</a></i> laser-guided, tube-launched missiles, which is its main antitank armament. For night operations, the low-light TV <i>Merkuriy</i> pod system can be carried under the fuselage. Three Su-25Ts prototypes were built in 1983–86 and 8 production aircraft were built in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Donald_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the introduction of a definitive Russian Air Force Su-25 upgrade programme, in the form of <i>Stroyevoy Modernizirovannyi</i>, the Su-25T programme was officially canceled in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Workhorse_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Workhorse-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Su-25TM_(Su-39)"><span id="Su-25TM_.28Su-39.29"></span>Su-25TM (Su-39)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Su-25TM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Su-25TM.jpg/220px-Su-25TM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Su-25TM.jpg/330px-Su-25TM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Su-25TM.jpg/440px-Su-25TM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Russian Su-25TM has been built in small numbers. Carries (from tip to fuselage) <a href="/wiki/Vympel_R-73" class="mw-redirect" title="Vympel R-73">R-73</a>, <a href="/wiki/R-77" title="R-77">R-77</a>, 8×<a href="/wiki/Vikhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikhr">Vikhr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kh-29T" class="mw-redirect" title="Kh-29T">Kh-29T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kh-58" title="Kh-58">Kh-58</a>. White dome of <i>Kopyo</i> radar container is seen below, while two <i>Omul</i> ECM pods lie beside the aircraft.</figcaption></figure> <p>A second-generation Su-25T, the <i>Su-25TM</i> (also designated <i>Su-39</i>), has been developed with improved navigation and attack systems, and better survivability. While retaining the built-in <i>Shkval</i> of Su-25T, it may carry <i>Kopyo</i> (rus. "Spear") radar in an under fuselage container, which is used for engaging air targets (with RVV-AE/R-77 missiles) as well as ships (with Kh-31 and Kh-35 antiship missiles). The Russian Air Force has received 8 aircraft as of 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Shock_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shock-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the improved avionics systems designed for T and TM variants have been included in the <i>Su-25SM</i>, an interim upgrade of the operational Russian Air Force Su-25, for improved survivability and combat capability.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants7_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Su-25TM, as an all-inclusive upgrade programme has been replaced with the "affordable" Su-25SM programme.<sup id="cite_ref-Workhorse_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Workhorse-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Su-25SM">Su-25SM</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhoi_Su-25SM_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sukhoi_Su-25SM_%281%29.jpg/220px-Sukhoi_Su-25SM_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sukhoi_Su-25SM_%281%29.jpg/330px-Sukhoi_Su-25SM_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sukhoi_Su-25SM_%281%29.jpg/440px-Sukhoi_Su-25SM_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>A Sukhoi Su-25SM at the Celebration of the 100th anniversary of Russian Air Force</figcaption></figure> <p>The Su-25SM (<i>Stroyevoy Modernizirovannyi</i>) is an "affordable" upgrade programme for the Su-25, conceived by the Russian Air Force in 2000. The programme stems from the attempted Su-25T and Su-25TM upgrades, which were evaluated and labeled as over-sophisticated and expensive. The SM upgrade incorporates avionics enhancements and airframe refurbishment to extend the Frogfoot's service life by up to 500 flight hours or 5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Workhorse_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Workhorse-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Su-25SM's all-new PRnK-25SM "Bars" navigation/attack suite is built around the BTsVM-90 digital computer system, originally planned for the Su-25TM upgrade programme. Navigation and attack precision provided by the new suite is three times better of the baseline Su-25 and is reported to be within 15 m (50 ft) using satellite correction and 200 m (660 ft) without it.<sup id="cite_ref-Workhorse_133-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Workhorse-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new KA1-1-01 Head-Up Display (HUD) was added providing, among other things, double the field of view of the original ASP-17BTs-8 electro-optical sight. Other systems and components incorporated during the upgrade include a Multi-Function Display (MFD), RSBN-85 Short Range Aid to Navigation (SHORAN), ARK-35-1 Automatic Direction Finder (ADF), A-737-01 GPS/GLONASS Receiver, Karat-B-25 Flight Data Recorder (FDR), Berkut-1 Video Recording System (VRS), Banker-2 UHF/VHF communication radio, SO-96 Transponder and a L150 "Pastel" Radar Warning Receiver (RWR).<sup id="cite_ref-Workhorse_133-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Workhorse-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The R-95sh engines have been overhauled and modified with an anti-surge system installed. The system is designed to improve the resistance of the engine to ingested powders and gases during gun and rocket salvo firing.<sup id="cite_ref-Workhorse_133-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Workhorse-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The combination of reconditioned and new equipment, with increased automation and self-test capability has allowed for a reduction of pre- and post-flight maintenance by some 25 to 30%. Overall weight savings are around 300 kg (660 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Workhorse_133-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Workhorse-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Su-25SM weapon suite has been expanded with the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Vympel_R-73" class="mw-redirect" title="Vympel R-73">Vympel R-73</a> highly agile air-to-air missile (albeit without helmet mounted cueing and only the traditional longitudinal seeker mode) and the <a href="/wiki/S-13_rocket" title="S-13 rocket">S-13T</a> 130 mm rockets (carried in five-round B-13 pods) with blast-fragmentation and armour-piercing warheads. Further, the Kh-25ML and <a href="/wiki/Kh-29" title="Kh-29">Kh-29</a>L Weapon Employment Profiles have been significantly improved, permitting some complex missile launch scenarios to be executed, such as: firing two consecutive missiles on two different targets in a single attack pass. The <a href="/wiki/GSh-30-2" class="mw-redirect" title="GSh-30-2">GSh-30-2</a> autocannon (250-round magazine) has received three new reduced rate-of-fire modes: 750, 375 and 188 rounds per minute. The Su-25SM was also given new BD3-25 under-wing pylons.<sup id="cite_ref-Workhorse_133-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Workhorse-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eventual procurement programme is expected to include between 100 and 130 kits, covering 60 to 70 percent of the Russian Air Force active single-seat fleet, as operated in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-Workhorse_133-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Workhorse-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2012, the Russian Aerospace Forces had over 30 Su-25SMs in service with plans to modernize about 80 Su-25s to the improved standard.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March 2013, over 60 aircraft are to be upgraded.<sup id="cite_ref-Arms-TASS-5-2012_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arms-TASS-5-2012-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2013, ten new Su-25SMs were delivered to the Air Force southern base,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where operational training is being conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period 2005–2015, more than 80 aircraft were upgraded.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since early 2014, the 368th Assault Aviation Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Air_and_Air_Defence_Forces_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army">4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Budyonnovsk_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Budyonnovsk (air base)">Budyonnovsk</a> has received advanced Su-25SMs<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (probably 16 aircraft). Nine more were delivered in 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eight more in early 2019<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and four more in early 2020 plus one more in early 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2018, the Aerospace Forces [VKS] have been receiving Su-25SM3s, and a total of 25 aircraft have already been delivered as of June 2019. Unlike the baseline Su-25 and its incrementally upgraded variant, the Su-25SM, both of which have a rather outdated Klen-PS laser target designator in the nose, the Su-25SM3 has been upgraded with the new SOLT-25 electro-optics nose module. The SOLT-25 provides 16× zoom and features a laser range finder and target designator, thermal imager, TV channels, and the ability to track moving targets in all weather up to 8 km away. In addition, the Su-25SM3 comes with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=L370_Vitebsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L370 Vitebsk (page does not exist)">Vitebsk-25</a> protection suite, which integrates a set of Zakhvat forward and rearward facing missile approach warning ultraviolet sensors, the L-150-16M Pastel radar homing and warning system, two UV-26M 50 mm chaff dispensers, and a pair of wing-mounted L-370-3S radar jamming pods. Furthermore, the Su-25SM3 has been upgraded with the new PrNK-25SM-1 Bars targeting-and-navigation system and the KSS-25 communication system with Banker-8-TM-1 antenna.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result from combat experience in Syria the Su-25SM3 has been equipped with <a href="/wiki/SVP-24" title="SVP-24">SVP-24</a> navigation and bombing aids that improve the accuracy of unguided bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Su-25KM">Su-25KM</h3></div> <p>The Su-25KM (<i>Komercheski, Modernized</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nicknamed "Scorpion", is an Su-25 upgrade programme announced in early 2001 by the original manufacturer, Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing in Georgia, in partnership with Elbit Systems of Israel. The prototype aircraft made its maiden flight on 18 April 2001 at Tbilisi in full Georgian Air Force markings.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants0_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants0-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aircraft uses a standard Su-25 airframe, enhanced with advanced avionics including a <a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">glass cockpit</a>, digital <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">map</a> generator, <a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">helmet-mounted display</a>, computerised weapons system, complete mission pre-plan capability, and fully redundant backup modes. Performance enhancements include a highly accurate navigation system, pinpoint weapon delivery systems, all-weather and day/night performance, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> compatibility, state-of-the art safety and survivability features, and advanced onboard debriefing capabilities complying with international requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants0_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants0-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the ability to use Israeli Opher infrared-guided bombs and Lizard laser-guided bombs, as well as the Vympel R-73 <a href="/wiki/Infrared_homing" title="Infrared homing">infrared-guided</a> missile.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Su-28">Su-28</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Su-25UT_Frogfoot_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Su-25UT_Frogfoot_02.jpg/220px-Su-25UT_Frogfoot_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Su-25UT_Frogfoot_02.jpg/330px-Su-25UT_Frogfoot_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Su-25UT_Frogfoot_02.jpg/440px-Su-25UT_Frogfoot_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>Sukhoi Su-28 non-combat jet trainer</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-28" title="Sukhoi Su-28">Sukhoi Su-28</a> (also designated <i>Su-25UT</i> – <i>Uchebno-Trenirovochnyy</i>) is an advanced basic jet trainer, built on the basis of the Su-25UB as a private initiative by the Sukhoi Design Bureau. The Su-28 is a light aircraft designed to replace the Czechoslovak <a href="/wiki/Aero_L-39_Albatros" title="Aero L-39 Albatros">Aero L-39 Albatros</a>. Unlike the basic Su-25UB, it lacks a weapons-control system, built-in cannon, weapons hardpoints, and engine armour.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><b>Su-25R</b> (<i>Razvedchik</i>) – a tactical <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> variant designed in 1978, but never built.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants6_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants6-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Su-25U3</b> (<i>Uchebnyy 3-myestny</i>) – also known as the "Russian Troika", was a three-seat basic trainer aircraft. The project was suspended in 1991 due to lack of funding.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants6_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants6-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Su-25U</b> (<i>Uchebnyy</i>) – a trainer variant of Su-25s produced in Georgia between 1996 and 1998. Three aircraft were built in total, all for the Georgian Air Force.<sup id="cite_ref-Variants6_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variants6-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Su-25M1/Su-25UBM1</b> – Su-25 and Su-25UB aircraft modernized by the Ukrainian company MiGremont for the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukrainian Air Force</a>. Ten modernized as of 2013 (seven single-seat and three trainers). Upgrades include a new <a href="/wiki/GPS_receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS receiver">GPS receiver</a>, a new radio, more accurate weapon delivery thanks to a new sight, and a new digital <a href="/wiki/Flight_data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight data recorder">flight data recorder</a>. Additionally, upgraded aircraft can use <a href="/wiki/S-13_rocket" title="S-13 rocket">S-13 rockets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Ge-31</b> is an ongoing Georgian program of <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Aircraft_Manufacturing" title="Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing">Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing</a> aiming at producing a renewed version of Su-25 without Russian components and parts.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="T-12"></span><b>T-12</b> ("Shturmovik-90") – a proposed successor to the Su-25. It would have utilized a <a href="/wiki/Twin-fuselage_aircraft" title="Twin-fuselage aircraft">twin fuselage</a> with two cockpits; one would carry the pilot, who would also operate the plane's radar, while the other would operate the plane's weapons and fire control. The T-12's design also included a <a href="/wiki/Forward-swept_wing" title="Forward-swept wing">forward-swept wing</a> and V-tail.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operators">Operators</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sukhoi_Su-25_operators" title="List of Sukhoi Su-25 operators">List of Sukhoi Su-25 operators</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_accidents">Notable accidents</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft">Lists of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft</a></div> <p>The Su-25 has been involved in the following notable <a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">aviation accidents</a>. </p> <ul><li>An Su-25K of the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> disappeared in December 2006 during a routine rebasing operation and no wreckage was ever found.<sup id="cite_ref-Congo_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congo-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Another Congolese Su-25K crashed on 30 June 2007 during an Independence Day display, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a>, killing the pilot. Investigations revealed that the crash was due to an engine failure.<sup id="cite_ref-Congo_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congo-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An Su-25 of the Russian Air Force exploded in mid-air on 20 March 2008 during a live firing exercise over the <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a>, 143 km (89 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, killing the pilot. Further investigations revealed that the aircraft was downed by a missile accidentally launched by a wingman. After the accident, all Russian Su-25s were grounded until the investigation was concluded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(Su-25/Su-25K,_late_production)"><span id="Specifications_.28Su-25.2FSu-25K.2C_late_production.29"></span>Specifications (Su-25/Su-25K, late production)</h2></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:412px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:410px;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhoi_Su-25_kompo_vers2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sukhoi_Su-25_kompo_vers2.svg/400px-Sukhoi_Su-25_kompo_vers2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sukhoi_Su-25_kompo_vers2.svg/600px-Sukhoi_Su-25_kompo_vers2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sukhoi_Su-25_kompo_vers2.svg/800px-Sukhoi_Su-25_kompo_vers2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="979" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:114px; top:194.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">1</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:384px; top:224.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Air brake (aircraft)">2</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:69px; top:44.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure" title="Electronic countermeasure">3</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:39px; top:217px"><b><a href="/wiki/Laser_sight" title="Laser sight">4</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:73.5px; top:197.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">5</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:346.5px; top:67px"><b><a href="/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe" title="Identification friend or foe">6</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:66px; top:181px"><b><a href="/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe" title="Identification friend or foe">6</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:31.5px; top:199px"><b><a href="/wiki/Pitot_tube" title="Pitot tube">7</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:351px; top:62.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">8</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:196.5px; top:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">9</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:234px; top:179.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">10</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:149.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">11</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:85.5px; top:164.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bullet-resistant_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet-resistant glass">12</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:111px; top:134.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">13</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:261px; top:124px"><b><a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">14</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:159px; top:164.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Intake" title="Intake">15</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:202px"><b><a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">16</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:217px"><b><a href="/wiki/Pitot_tube" title="Pitot tube">17</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:129px; top:209.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">18</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:99px; top:127px"><b><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">19</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:96px; top:149.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">20</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:159px; top:194.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Ladder" title="Ladder">21</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:264px; top:149.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">22</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:196.5px; top:85px"><b><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">23</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:121.5px; top:85px"><b><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_slats" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge slats">24</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:324px; top:44.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">25</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:129px; top:44.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">26</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:276px; top:115px"><b><a href="/wiki/Infrared_countermeasure" title="Infrared countermeasure">27</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:339px; top:224.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Radar_warning_receiver" title="Radar warning receiver">28</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:366px; top:83.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">29</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:264px; top:194.5px"><b><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">30</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:309px; top:208px"><b><a href="/wiki/Starter_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Starter motor">31</a></b></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:left; padding: 0px;">Legend</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; padding: 0px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 195px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b>1: </b>SPM-17A cannon</li> <li><b>2: </b>Air brakes</li> <li><b>3: </b>Electronic countermeasures</li> <li><b>4: </b>Laser Station Maple-PS</li> <li><b>5: </b>Avionics</li> <li><b>6: </b>Identification friend or foe system</li> <li><b>7: </b>Pitot tube</li> <li><b>8: </b>Drogue parachute</li> <li><b>9: </b>Fuel tanks</li> <li><b>10: </b>Main landing gear</li> <li><b>11: </b>K-36L ejection seat</li> <li><b>12: </b>Bulletproof glass</li> <li><b>13: </b>Periscope</li> <li><b>14: </b>Turbojet</li> <li><b>15: </b>Air intake</li> <li><b>16: </b>RSBN Short Range Navigation System</li> <li><b>17: </b>PA-7 Pitot tube</li> <li><b>18: </b>Front landing gear</li> <li><b>19: </b>Canopy</li> <li><b>20: </b>TSA-17 Sight</li> <li><b>21: </b>Hinged ladder</li> <li><b>22: </b>Longeron</li> <li><b>23: </b>Flaps</li> <li><b>24: </b>Leading edge slats</li> <li><b>25: </b>Empennage, including rudder</li> <li><b>26: </b>Aileron</li> <li><b>27: </b>ASO-2V infrared countermeasures</li> <li><b>28: </b>SPO-15 radar warning receiver</li> <li><b>29: </b>Tail flaps</li> <li><b>30: </b>CDD-25 hardpoints</li> <li><b>31: </b>AAP-60 Starter engines<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedretdinov_2002_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedretdinov_2002-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suchoi_Su-25.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Suchoi_Su-25.svg/280px-Suchoi_Su-25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Suchoi_Su-25.svg/420px-Suchoi_Su-25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Suchoi_Su-25.svg/560px-Suchoi_Su-25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="1610" /></a><figcaption>Sukhoi Su-25 line drawing</figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: 90%; margin:0;"><i>Data from</i> Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004,<sup id="cite_ref-jawa03_p403-5_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jawa03_p403-5-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>General characteristics</b></span> </p><ul><li><b>Crew:</b> 1</li> <li><b>Length:</b> 15.53 m (50 ft 11 in) (including nose probe)</li> <li><b>Wingspan:</b> 14.36 m (47 ft 1 in)</li> <li><b>Height:</b> 4.80 m (15 ft 9 in)</li> <li><b>Wing area:</b> 33.7 m<sup>2</sup> (363 sq ft)</li> <li><b>Empty weight:</b> 9,800 kg (21,605 lb)</li> <li><b>Gross weight:</b> 14,600 kg (32,187 lb)</li> <li><b>Max takeoff weight:</b> 19,300 kg (42,549 lb) <sup id="cite_ref-su25k_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-su25k-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fuel capacity:</b> 3,200 L (850 US gal; 700 imp gal)</li> <li><b>Powerplant:</b> 2 × <a href="/wiki/Tumansky_R-13" title="Tumansky R-13">Soyuz/Tumansky R-195</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> engine, 44.18 kN (9,930 lbf) thrust each</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Performance</b></span> </p> <ul><li><b>Maximum speed:</b> 975 km/h (606 mph, 526 kn) at sea level</li> <li><b>Range:</b> 1,000 km (620 mi, 540 nmi) at altitude<sup id="cite_ref-su25k_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-su25k-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Combat range:</b> 750 km (470 mi, 400 nmi) at sea level with 4,400 kg (9,700 lb) of ordnance and two external fuel tanks</li> <li><b>Service ceiling:</b> 7,000 m (23,000 ft)</li> <li><b>g limits:</b> <big>+</big>6.5</li> <li><b>Rate of climb:</b> 58 m/s (11,400 ft/min)</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Armament</b></span><br /> </p> <ul><li><b>Guns:</b> <br /> <ul><li>1 × <a href="/wiki/30_mm_caliber" title="30 mm caliber">30 mm</a> <a href="/wiki/Gryazev-Shipunov_GSh-30-2" title="Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-2">Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-2</a> <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a> with 250 rounds</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPPU-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPPU-22 (page does not exist)">SPPU-22</a> <a href="/wiki/Gun_pod" title="Gun pod">gun pods</a> for 2 × <a href="/wiki/23%C3%97115mm" title="23×115mm">23 mm</a> <a href="/wiki/Gryazev-Shipunov_GSh-23" title="Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23">Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23</a> autocannons with 260 rounds</li></ul></li> <li><b>Hardpoints:</b> 11 hardpoints with a capacity of up to 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) of stores, with provisions to carry combinations of: <ul><li><b>Rockets:</b> <br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UB-16_(rocket_pod)" class="mw-redirect" title="UB-16 (rocket pod)">UB-16</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket_launcher#Rocket_pod" title="Rocket launcher">rocket pods</a> for <a href="/wiki/S-5_rocket" title="S-5 rocket">S-5 rockets</a><sup id="cite_ref-osps25p246_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osps25p246-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB-32_(rocket_pod)" class="mw-redirect" title="UB-32 (rocket pod)">UB-32</a>A rocket pods for S-5 rockets</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B-8M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B-8M (page does not exist)">B-8M</a>1 rocket pods for <a href="/wiki/S-8_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="S-8 rocket">S-8 rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-24_rocket" title="S-24 rocket">S-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-25_(rocket)" title="S-25 (rocket)">S-25</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Missiles:</b> <br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">Air-to-air missiles</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K-13_(missile)" title="K-13 (missile)">K-13</a>A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-60_(missile)" title="R-60 (missile)">R-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-73_(missile)" title="R-73 (missile)">R-73</a>E<sup id="cite_ref-osps25p246_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osps25p246-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile" title="Air-to-surface missile">Air-to-surface missiles</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh-23" class="mw-redirect" title="Kh-23">Kh-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-25" title="Kh-25">Kh-25</a>ML</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-29" title="Kh-29">Kh-29</a>L</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K121_Vikhr" title="9K121 Vikhr">9K121 Vikhr</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-radiation_missile" title="Anti-radiation missile">Anti-radiation missiles</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh-28" title="Kh-28">Kh-28</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Bombs:</b> <br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BETAB-500" title="BETAB-500">BETAB-500</a> concrete-penetrating bomb<sup id="cite_ref-osps25p27_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osps25p27-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAB-250" title="FAB-250">FAB-250</a> <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_bomb" title="General-purpose bomb">general-purpose bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAB-500" title="FAB-500">FAB-500</a> GP bomb</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FAN-500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FAN-500 (page does not exist)">FAN-500</a> bomb<sup id="cite_ref-osps25p27_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osps25p27-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAB-500KR" title="KAB-500KR">KAB-500KR</a> TV-guided bomb<sup id="cite_ref-fas_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZAB-500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZAB-500 (page does not exist)">ZAB-500</a> <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary bomb</a><sup id="cite_ref-osps25p27_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osps25p27-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Other:</b> <br /> <ul><li>ASO-2V decoy dispensers (chaff and flare): Su-25s in Syria have been pictured with four rows of ASO-2V decoy dispensers (chaff and flare) along the tailcone's upper surface aft of the vertical stabiliser.<sup id="cite_ref-2017-12-06_MT_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017-12-06_MT-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AF_tech_Countermeasures_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AF_tech_Countermeasures-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Avionics</b></span><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phazotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Phazotron">Phazotron</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kopyo_(radar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kopyo (radar) (page does not exist)">Kopyo</a> <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li></ul> <p> <b>Related development</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-28" title="Sukhoi Su-28">Sukhoi Su-28</a></li></ul> <p><b>Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II" title="Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II">Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II</a> <span style="font-style:normal"> – (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikidata: country of origin">United States</span>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-102" title="Ilyushin Il-102">Ilyushin Il-102</a> <span style="font-style:normal"> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikidata: country of origin">Soviet Union, Russia</span>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YA-9" title="Northrop YA-9">Northrop YA-9</a> <span style="font-style:normal"> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikidata: country of origin">United States</span>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAR_93" class="mw-redirect" title="IAR 93">IAR 93</a> <span style="font-style:normal"> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikidata: country of origin">Romania, Yugoslavia</span>)</span> / <a href="/wiki/Soko_J-22_Orao" title="Soko J-22 Orao">Soko J-22 Orao</a> <span style="font-style:normal"> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikidata: country of origin">Yugoslavia, Romania</span>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_Q-5" title="Nanchang Q-5">Nanchang Q-5</a> <span style="font-style:normal"> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikidata: country of origin">China</span>)</span></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gordondawes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gordondawes_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordondawes_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515001606/http://www.military-today.com/aircraft/sukhoi_su25_frogfoot.htm">Article title</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> <i>Military Aircraft Today</i> website, 1 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/georgia-announced-the-restart-of-production-of-the-su-25">"Georgia announced the restart of production of the Su-25"</a>, <i>scramble.nl</i> website, 24 February 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moscow_Times_2022-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moscow_Times_2022_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/24/russia-says-destroyed-over-70-ukraine-military-targets-a76571">"Russia Says Destroyed Over 70 Ukraine Military Targets"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. 24 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224153735/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/all/76559">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+Says+Destroyed+Over+70+Ukraine+Military+Targets&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2022%2F02%2F24%2Frussia-says-destroyed-over-70-ukraine-military-targets-a76571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Development-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Development_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Development_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 23–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228025651/http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su25k/history/">"Sukhoi Company (JSC) – Airplanes – Military Aircraft – Su-25К – Historical background"</a>. <i>sukhoi.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sukhoi.org&rft.atitle=Sukhoi+Company+%28JSC%29+%E2%80%93+Airplanes+%E2%80%93+Military+Aircraft+%E2%80%93+Su-25%D0%9A+%E2%80%93+Historical+background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sukhoi.org%2Feng%2Fplanes%2Fmilitary%2Fsu25k%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Variants-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Variants_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Variants_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Variants_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Variants_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Variants_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 42–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFM-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFM_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Force report: Russian Air Force." <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Forces_Monthly" title="Air Forces Monthly">Air Forces Monthly</a></i>, July 2007, pp. 78–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Design2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Design2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Design2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Design2_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Design2_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 73–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Variants5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Variants5_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Variants5_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Variants5_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 79–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goebel-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goebel_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goebel_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goebel, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airvectors.net/avsu25.html">The Sukhoi Su-25 "Frogfoot"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205131151/http://www.airvectors.net/avsu25.html">Archived</a> 5 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>airvectors.net</i> website, 1 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-su25K-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-su25K_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Su-25К specification substituted, taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su25k/lth/">"Sukhoi Company (JSC) – Airplanes – Military Aircraft – Su-25К – Aircraft performance."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722062445/http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su25k/lth/">Archived</a> 22 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sukhoi.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skywar.ru&rft.atitle=Chechenya+%E2%80%93+Air+force+in+local+wars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskywar.ru%2Fchechenyaen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj97/win97/thomas.pdf">"The Air University page"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Maxwell AFB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181506/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj97/win97/thomas.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Air+University+page&rft.pub=Maxwell+AFB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airpower.maxwell.af.mil%2Fairchronicles%2Fapj%2Fapj97%2Fwin97%2Fthomas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sras.org/military_learning_between_the_chechen_wars">"Military Learning Between the Chechen Wars."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213011857/http://www.sras.org/military_learning_between_the_chechen_wars">Archived</a> 13 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sras.org. Retrieved: 26 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-civilresearch.org-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-civilresearch.org_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-civilresearch.org_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-civilresearch.org_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilresearch.org/pdf/7.pdf">"Caucasian diamond traffic – Part 2."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051012110118/http://www.civilresearch.org/pdf/7.pdf">Archived</a> 12 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>civilresearch.org.</i> Retrieved: 26 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashar.free.fr/mil_avi.htm">"Frontal and Army Aviation in the Chechen Conflict"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517020721/http://mashar.free.fr/mil_avi.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontal+and+Army+Aviation+in+the+Chechen+Conflict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashar.free.fr%2Fmil_avi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ejection-history.org.uk-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ejection-history.org.uk_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ejection-history.org.uk_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/Su_25.htm">"Aircraft by type."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923234904/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/Su_25.htm">Archived</a> 23 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ejection-history.org.uk. Retrieved: 26 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/05/06/rebels-down-russian-plane-in-chechnya/">"Rebels Down Russian Plane In Chechnya."</a> <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, 6 May 1996. Retrieved: 26 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goebel, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020417054523/http://vectorsite.net/avsu25.html">"The Sukhoi Su-25 'Frogfoot'."</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> Vectorsite.net. Retrieved: 26 January 2012. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatdreams.com/terrruss.htm">"Russia/Chechnya – Terrorism Leads To War."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926205740/http://www.greatdreams.com/terrruss.htm">Archived</a> 26 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Greatdreams.com. Retrieved: 26 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100201234428/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_189.shtml">"Ethiopia."</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> acig.org. Retrieved: 10 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Operators4-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Operators4_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 100–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters.com2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com2_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69L4ON20101022">"Disputed attack jets seen by U.N. envoys in Darfur."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129002129/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69L4ON20101022">Archived</a> 29 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reuters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-english.people.com.cn-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-english.people.com.cn_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/200411/08/eng20041108_163089.html">"Nine French soldiers killed in Cote d'Ivoire."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221942/http://english.people.com.cn/200411/08/eng20041108_163089.html">Archived</a> 12 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>People's Daily Online</i>, 8 November 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAFlosses-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAFlosses_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2005/01/24/un-allows-gbagbo-transfer-damaged-planes">"UN allows Gbagbo to transfer damaged planes"</a>. <i>The New Humanitarian</i>. 24 January 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Humanitarian&rft.atitle=UN+allows+Gbagbo+to+transfer+damaged+planes&rft.date=2005-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewhumanitarian.org%2Fnews%2F2005%2F01%2F24%2Fun-allows-gbagbo-transfer-damaged-planes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper, Tom with Alexander Mladenov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717021233/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_463.shtml">"Cote d'Ivoire, since 2002."</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> <i>ACIG Journal</i>, 5 August 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gewarplanes-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gewarplanes_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"N. Ossetia president: Georgian planes bomb out humanitarian aid convoy for S. Ossetia." <a href="/wiki/Interfax" title="Interfax">Interfax</a>, 8 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL768040420080808?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0">"Fighting rages in Georgian separatist capital."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603132922/http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL768040420080808?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0">Archived</a> 3 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, 8 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-two_more_lost-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-two_more_lost_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenta.ru/news/2008/08/11/planes/">"General staff recognized the loss of two more aircraft."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417083109/http://lenta.ru/news/2008/08/11/planes/">Archived</a> 17 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">RU</a>: <i>Lenta</i>, 11 August 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lenta.ru%2Fnews%2F2008%2F08%2F11%2Fplanes%2F&sl=ru&tl=en&hl=&ie=UTF-8">English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930180214/http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lenta.ru%2Fnews%2F2008%2F08%2F11%2Fplanes%2F&sl=ru&tl=en&hl=&ie=UTF-8">Archived</a> 30 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barabanov, Mikhail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416225801/http://www.mdb.cast.ru/mdb/3-2008/item3/article1/">"The August War between Russia and Georgia."</a> <i>Moscow Defense Brief</i>. Retrieved 11 November 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rapidreaction-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rapidreaction_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rapidreaction_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiss.org/EasysiteWeb/getresource.axd?AssetID=20268&type=full&servicetype=Attachment">"Russia's rapid reaction."</a> International Institute for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 11 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726012355/http://www.iiss.org/EasysiteWeb/getresource.axd?AssetID=20268&type=full&servicetype=Attachment">Archived</a> 26 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nowak, David (for Associated Press). "Russian air raid targets Tbilisi factory; fighting continues to rage in South Ossetia".] <i>Newser</i>, 10 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-drone-idUSBRE8A71C520121108">"Iranian warplanes fired on U.S. drone over Gulf: Pentagon."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171910/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/08/us-usa-iran-drone-idUSBRE8A71C520121108">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reuters, 5 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/11/20121182048162355.html">"Iranian fighters 'fired on US drone in Gulf' – Middle East."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110091219/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/11/20121182048162355.html">Archived</a> 10 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Al Jazeera English, 8 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11/08/first-on-cnn-iranian-jets-fire-on-u-s-drone/?hpt=hp_t1">"First on CNN: Iranian jets fire on U.S. drone."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111010220/http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11/08/first-on-cnn-iranian-jets-fire-on-u-s-drone/?hpt=hp_t1">Archived</a> 11 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN, 8 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theaviationist.com/2014/05/27/ukrainian-offensive-donetsk/">"The Aviationist » Impressive Videos of the Ukrainian Air Strikes on Donetsk"</a>. <i>The Aviationist</i>. 27 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141119214614/http://theaviationist.com/2014/05/27/ukrainian-offensive-donetsk/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aviationist&rft.atitle=The+Aviationist+%C2%BB+Impressive+Videos+of+the+Ukrainian+Air+Strikes+on+Donetsk&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheaviationist.com%2F2014%2F05%2F27%2Fukrainian-offensive-donetsk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interfax.com.ua/news/general/211777.html">"Штурмовик Су-25 разбился в Днепропетровске из-за неисправности, пилот жив"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a>. 2 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707222603/http://interfax.com.ua/news/general/211777.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D1%83-25+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7-%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%2C+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2&rft.pub=Interfax-Ukraine&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finterfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F211777.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/su-25-attack-aircraft-crashes-in-dnipropetrovsk-354358.html">"Su-25 attack aircraft crashes in Dnipropetrovsk"</a>. <i>KyivPost</i>. 2 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141002135658/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/su-25-attack-aircraft-crashes-in-dnipropetrovsk-354358.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KyivPost&rft.atitle=Su-25+attack+aircraft+crashes+in+Dnipropetrovsk&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fukraine%2Fsu-25-attack-aircraft-crashes-in-dnipropetrovsk-354358.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/sbu-releases-more-conversations-implicating-russia-in-shooting-down-malaysia-airlines-flight-video-transcript-2-356778.html">"SBU releases more conversations implicating Russia in shooting down Malaysia Airlines flight (VIDEO, TRANSCRIPT)"</a>. <i>KyivPost</i>. 19 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141002230942/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/sbu-releases-more-conversations-implicating-russia-in-shooting-down-malaysia-airlines-flight-video-transcript-2-356778.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KyivPost&rft.atitle=SBU+releases+more+conversations+implicating+Russia+in+shooting+down+Malaysia+Airlines+flight+%28VIDEO%2C+TRANSCRIPT%29&rft.date=2014-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fukraine%2Fsbu-releases-more-conversations-implicating-russia-in-shooting-down-malaysia-airlines-flight-video-transcript-2-356778.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uacrisis.org/rechnik-rnbo/">"Spokesman for National Security and Defense Council Information Center: Malaysian Flight MH-17 was outside the range of Ukraine's surface to air defense systems – Ukraine Crisis Media Center – UACRISIS.ORG"</a>. <i>uacrisis.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141128142237/http://uacrisis.org/rechnik-rnbo/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Russia+Rejects+%27Absurd%27+Accusation+Over+Downed+Ukrainian+Jet&rft.date=2014-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Fukraine-russia-jet-shot-down-blame%2F25460575.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatersky2014" class="citation news cs1">Katersky, Aaron (23 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/ukraine-jets-downed-missiles-fired-russia/story?id=24674661">"Ukraine Says Two Jets Downed By Missiles Fired From Russia"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725094747/https://abcnews.go.com/International/ukraine-jets-downed-missiles-fired-russia/story?id=24674661">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+fighter+jet+shot+down+by+Russian+missile+in+Donbas&rft.date=2014-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fukraine%2Fukrainian-fighter-jet-shot-down-by-russian-missile-in-donbas-362666.html%3Fflavour%3Dmobile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=169382">"ASN Aircraft accident 29-AUG-2014 Sukhoi Su-25M1 08 YELLOW"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073138/http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=169382">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+29-AUG-2014+Sukhoi+Su-25M1+08+YELLOW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fwikibase%2Fwiki.php%3Fid%3D169382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rusvesna.su/news/1423482673">"МОЛНИЯ: Ополчение применило авиацию под Дебальцево – 2 штурмовика СУ-25 нанесли удар по позициям 40-го батальона, – источник"</a>. <i>rusvesna.su</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511221313/http://rusvesna.su/news/1423482673">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rusvesna.su&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF%3A+%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE+%E2%80%93+2+%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A3-25+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC+40-%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+%E2%80%93+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frusvesna.su%2Fnews%2F1423482673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-28077273">"Iraq receives Russian fighter jets to fight rebels"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013103458/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-28077273">Archived</a> 13 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News, 29 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/iraq-takes-delivery-russian-fighter-jets-201462944837214478.html">"Iraq takes delivery of Russian fighter jets"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703023658/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/iraq-takes-delivery-russian-fighter-jets-201462944837214478.html">Archived</a> 3 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Al Jazeera. 29 June 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Who+Bombed+ISIS+Militants+on+August+7%3F&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fwho-bombed-isis-militants-on-august-7-2014-8%3FIR%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airheadsfly.com/2014/12/26/iraqi-su-25s-debut-in-combat-isis-in-the-north/">"Iraqi Su-25s debut in combat ISIS in the North"</a>. <i>AIRheads↑FLY</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404032541/http://airheadsfly.com/2014/12/26/iraqi-su-25s-debut-in-combat-isis-in-the-north/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIRheads%E2%86%91FLY&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Su-25s+debut+in+combat+ISIS+in+the+North&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairheadsfly.com%2F2014%2F12%2F26%2Firaqi-su-25s-debut-in-combat-isis-in-the-north%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevithick2018" class="citation web cs1">Trevithick, Joseph (23 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/20330/iraqs-an-32-cargo-planes-turned-bombers-flew-nearly-twice-as-many-strikes-as-its-f-16s">"Iraq's An-32 Cargo Planes Turned Bombers Flew Nearly Twice As Many Strikes As its F-16s"</a>. <i>thedrive.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127064602/http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/20330/iraqs-an-32-cargo-planes-turned-bombers-flew-nearly-twice-as-many-strikes-as-its-f-16s">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thedrive.com&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+An-32+Cargo+Planes+Turned+Bombers+Flew+Nearly+Twice+As+Many+Strikes+As+its+F-16s&rft.date=2018-04-23&rft.aulast=Trevithick&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrive.com%2Fthe-war-zone%2F20330%2Firaqs-an-32-cargo-planes-turned-bombers-flew-nearly-twice-as-many-strikes-as-its-f-16s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/world/1130803-pentagon-releases-satellite-images-of-russian-aircraft-in-syria.html">"Pentagon releases satellite images of Russian aircraft in Syria"</a>. <i>unian.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018152759/http://www.unian.info/world/1130803-pentagon-releases-satellite-images-of-russian-aircraft-in-syria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=unian.info&rft.atitle=Pentagon+releases+satellite+images+of+Russian+aircraft+in+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fworld%2F1130803-pentagon-releases-satellite-images-of-russian-aircraft-in-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.ru/en/defense/862862">"TASS: Military & Defense – Russia's Su-25 warplanes dropped 6,000 bombs during operation in Syria"</a>. <i>TASS</i>. 16 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318150840/http://tass.ru/en/defense/862862">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TASS&rft.atitle=TASS%3A+Military+%26+Defense+%E2%80%93+Russia%27s+Su-25+warplanes+dropped+6%2C000+bombs+during+operation+in+Syria&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fen%2Fdefense%2F862862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/syrien-rebellen-in-idlib-schiessen-russischen-kampfjet-ab-a-1191290.html">"Im Nordwesten Syriens: Rebellen schießen russischen Kampfjet ab – und töten Piloten"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online</i>. 3 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204091442/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/syrien-rebellen-in-idlib-schiessen-russischen-kampfjet-ab-a-1191290.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Im+Nordwesten+Syriens%3A+Rebellen+schie%C3%9Fen+russischen+Kampfjet+ab+%E2%80%93+und+t%C3%B6ten+Piloten&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2Fsyrien-rebellen-in-idlib-schiessen-russischen-kampfjet-ab-a-1191290.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/russian-warplane-shot-down-syria-pilot-killed-1.4518395">"Pilot killed after Syrian rebels down Russian warplane"</a>. <i>cbc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203211326/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/russian-warplane-shot-down-syria-pilot-killed-1.4518395">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbc.ca&rft.atitle=Pilot+killed+after+Syrian+rebels+down+Russian+warplane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Frussian-warplane-shot-down-syria-pilot-killed-1.4518395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnsorBodner2018" class="citation news cs1">Ensor, Josie; Bodner, Matthew (5 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/05/russia-rains-retaliatory-strikes-rebel-held-idlib-jet-downed/">"Russian pilot shouts 'this is for our guys' as he blows himself up to evade capture in Syria"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208142520/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/05/russia-rains-retaliatory-strikes-rebel-held-idlib-jet-downed/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2018</span> – via telegraph.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Russian+pilot+shouts+%27this+is+for+our+guys%27+as+he+blows+himself+up+to+evade+capture+in+Syria&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft.aulast=Ensor&rft.aufirst=Josie&rft.au=Bodner%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2018%2F02%2F05%2Frussia-rains-retaliatory-strikes-rebel-held-idlib-jet-downed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2018/02/05/russian-pilot-blows-himself-up-to-avoid-capture-from-jihadists/">"Russian pilot blows himself up to avoid capture by jihadists"</a>. <i>nypost.com</i>. 5 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210120936/https://nypost.com/2018/02/05/russian-pilot-blows-himself-up-to-avoid-capture-from-jihadists/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nypost.com&rft.atitle=Russian+pilot+blows+himself+up+to+avoid+capture+by+jihadists&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2018%2F02%2F05%2Frussian-pilot-blows-himself-up-to-avoid-capture-from-jihadists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20200929/istrebitel-1577957095.html">"Турецкий истребитель сбил Су-25 ВВС Армении"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%A1%D1%83-25+%D0%92%D0%92%D0%A1+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2F20200929%2Fistrebitel-1577957095.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haberturk.com/son-dakika-haberleri-iletisim-baskani-fahrettin-altun-turkiye-ermeni-ucagini-vurmadi-2818995">"Son dakika haberleri! İletişim Başkanı Fahrettin Altun: Türkiye Ermeni uçağını vurmadı – Dünya Haberleri"</a>. <i>haberturk.com</i>. 29 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001185021/https://www.haberturk.com/son-dakika-haberleri-iletisim-baskani-fahrettin-altun-turkiye-ermeni-ucagini-vurmadi-2818995">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haberturk.com&rft.atitle=Son+dakika+haberleri%21+%C4%B0leti%C5%9Fim+Ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1+Fahrettin+Altun%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye+Ermeni+u%C3%A7a%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1+vurmad%C4%B1+%E2%80%93+D%C3%BCnya+Haberleri&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberturk.com%2Fson-dakika-haberleri-iletisim-baskani-fahrettin-altun-turkiye-ermeni-ucagini-vurmadi-2818995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54345622">"Armenia says its fighter jet 'shot down by Turkey'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021224228/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54345622">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Armenia+says+its+fighter+jet+%27shot+down+by+Turkey%27&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-54345622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azertag.az/xeber/Asir_dusmemek_uchun_Su_25_doyus_teyyaresini_dusmen_sengerine_chirpan_sehid_polkovnik_Zaur_Nudireliyev_VIDEO-1674563?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=b725bc84f4fc754319b8dacfc045414edc673601-1609122188-0-Af6CScwG-QNosTP35mL1VMUuA7xk9QvwWdKwniRdhsj0hqHSI-z9WtEsk5QxtMmDPnQvQBn23SBFwp9f4NqwF-hyHYEaLAglzOU2Gr_RjGZjydtw6WtHPbAcgVz_pcw_zLlVsuSE_DWb-mo41BpwriVI7mMrb_PREjIajOg8FF1aegs2XKZCd66ACdppK7KGTch91GRTqNURlaKtUTfnNamGxdN3b8OrOlvGIiwgGgNPQCzbXvrxe87y2cYs0j4mMu7jh4JF2QMjyr-rxR7reUdLxJ4DGq6bwgCqam-ysIap8yhh0EDq0vgy2Uqp3U7waxo9ow1MlMR01-2UMAd-I0AjRAYtkxd5RLE_lOnd2Nm6VcB1caSuEys30U2npsEorZHbBWtrUOxYrr7j1AVYtuVMVm77ACEC9B9SEQSAqto5bTZ7D_MS0MLdVqM9ZCxw3kyePr3h0cou4cqF7ynJhPRoxTmNpGW-_qmgk4E5YVVrRl2gWAUHta7VPlyyYhkWtjeE21Ho1ZKhSZWVLyZFj2NWIFV0qlbn_iiSotKuIKWEj2Wj7kdxvJ5xzVFGfoDVLg">"Əsir düşməmək üçün "Su-25" döyüş təyyarəsini düşmən səngərinə çırpan şəhid polkovnik Zaur Nudirəliyev VİDEO"</a> (in Azerbaijani). 27 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122040118/https://azertag.az/xeber/Asir_dusmemek_uchun_Su_25_doyus_teyyaresini_dusmen_sengerine_chirpan_sehid_polkovnik_Zaur_Nudireliyev_VIDEO-1674563?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=b725bc84f4fc754319b8dacfc045414edc673601-1609122188-0-Af6CScwG-QNosTP35mL1VMUuA7xk9QvwWdKwniRdhsj0hqHSI-z9WtEsk5QxtMmDPnQvQBn23SBFwp9f4NqwF-hyHYEaLAglzOU2Gr_RjGZjydtw6WtHPbAcgVz_pcw_zLlVsuSE_DWb-mo41BpwriVI7mMrb_PREjIajOg8FF1aegs2XKZCd66ACdppK7KGTch91GRTqNURlaKtUTfnNamGxdN3b8OrOlvGIiwgGgNPQCzbXvrxe87y2cYs0j4mMu7jh4JF2QMjyr-rxR7reUdLxJ4DGq6bwgCqam-ysIap8yhh0EDq0vgy2Uqp3U7waxo9ow1MlMR01-2UMAd-I0AjRAYtkxd5RLE_lOnd2Nm6VcB1caSuEys30U2npsEorZHbBWtrUOxYrr7j1AVYtuVMVm77ACEC9B9SEQSAqto5bTZ7D_MS0MLdVqM9ZCxw3kyePr3h0cou4cqF7ynJhPRoxTmNpGW-_qmgk4E5YVVrRl2gWAUHta7VPlyyYhkWtjeE21Ho1ZKhSZWVLyZFj2NWIFV0qlbn_iiSotKuIKWEj2Wj7kdxvJ5xzVFGfoDVLg">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C6%8Fsir+d%C3%BC%C5%9Fm%C9%99m%C9%99k+%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCn+%22Su-25%22+d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F+t%C9%99yyar%C9%99sini+d%C3%BC%C5%9Fm%C9%99n+s%C9%99ng%C9%99rin%C9%99+%C3%A7%C4%B1rpan+%C5%9F%C9%99hid+polkovnik+Zaur+Nudir%C9%99liyev+V%C4%B0DEO&rft.date=2020-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazertag.az%2Fxeber%2FAsir_dusmemek_uchun_Su_25_doyus_teyyaresini_dusmen_sengerine_chirpan_sehid_polkovnik_Zaur_Nudireliyev_VIDEO-1674563%3F__cf_chl_jschl_tk__%3Db725bc84f4fc754319b8dacfc045414edc673601-1609122188-0-Af6CScwG-QNosTP35mL1VMUuA7xk9QvwWdKwniRdhsj0hqHSI-z9WtEsk5QxtMmDPnQvQBn23SBFwp9f4NqwF-hyHYEaLAglzOU2Gr_RjGZjydtw6WtHPbAcgVz_pcw_zLlVsuSE_DWb-mo41BpwriVI7mMrb_PREjIajOg8FF1aegs2XKZCd66ACdppK7KGTch91GRTqNURlaKtUTfnNamGxdN3b8OrOlvGIiwgGgNPQCzbXvrxe87y2cYs0j4mMu7jh4JF2QMjyr-rxR7reUdLxJ4DGq6bwgCqam-ysIap8yhh0EDq0vgy2Uqp3U7waxo9ow1MlMR01-2UMAd-I0AjRAYtkxd5RLE_lOnd2Nm6VcB1caSuEys30U2npsEorZHbBWtrUOxYrr7j1AVYtuVMVm77ACEC9B9SEQSAqto5bTZ7D_MS0MLdVqM9ZCxw3kyePr3h0cou4cqF7ynJhPRoxTmNpGW-_qmgk4E5YVVrRl2gWAUHta7VPlyyYhkWtjeE21Ho1ZKhSZWVLyZFj2NWIFV0qlbn_iiSotKuIKWEj2Wj7kdxvJ5xzVFGfoDVLg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/armenian-air-defenses-shot-down-azerbaijani-su-25-during-karabakh-conflict-pilot-was-killed-media/">"Armenian air defenses shot down Azerbaijani Su-25 during Karabakh conflict, pilot was killed: media"</a>. <i>Al-Masdar News</i>. 27 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122065323/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/armenian-air-defenses-shot-down-azerbaijani-su-25-during-karabakh-conflict-pilot-was-killed-media/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Masdar+News&rft.atitle=Armenian+air+defenses+shot+down+Azerbaijani+Su-25+during+Karabakh+conflict%2C+pilot+was+killed%3A+media&rft.date=2020-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Farmenian-air-defenses-shot-down-azerbaijani-su-25-during-karabakh-conflict-pilot-was-killed-media%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerk2020" class="citation web cs1">Herk, Hans van (27 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/combat-missions-of-the-azerbaijani-air-force-in-the-second-karabakh-war">"Combat missions of the Azerbaijani Air Force in the Second Karabakh War"</a>. <i>scramble.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121223408/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/combat-missions-of-the-azerbaijani-air-force-in-the-second-karabakh-war">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scramble.nl&rft.atitle=Combat+missions+of+the+Azerbaijani+Air+Force+in+the+Second+Karabakh+War&rft.date=2020-12-27&rft.aulast=Herk&rft.aufirst=Hans+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scramble.nl%2Fmilitary-news%2Fcombat-missions-of-the-azerbaijani-air-force-in-the-second-karabakh-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/russian-defense-ministry-says-it-has-destroyed-dozens-of-ukrainian-military-facility-and-lost-one-fighter-jet-01645718753">"Russian Defense Ministry says it has destroyed dozens of Ukrainian military facilities and lost one fighter jet"</a>. <i>MarketWatch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span> – via Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch&rft.atitle=Russian+Defense+Ministry+says+it+has+destroyed+dozens+of+Ukrainian+military+facilities+and+lost+one+fighter+jet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Frussian-defense-ministry-says-it-has-destroyed-dozens-of-ukrainian-military-facility-and-lost-one-fighter-jet-01645718753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mignews.com/news/ukraine/ili-my-ili-nacisty-v-ukraine-ubit-polkovnik-vks-rf.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Или мы, или нацисты". В Украине убит полковник ВКС РФ"</a>. <i>Migworld</i> (in Russian). 25 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Migworld&rft.atitle=%22%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D1%8B%2C+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%22.+%D0%92+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%A1+%D0%A0%D0%A4&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmignews.com%2Fnews%2Fukraine%2Fili-my-ili-nacisty-v-ukraine-ubit-polkovnik-vks-rf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.rambler.ru/army/48226117-v-samare-prostilis-s-zemlyakom-geroicheski-pogibshim-v-hode-spetsoperatsii-po-zaschite-dnr-i-lnr/">"В Самаре простились с земляком, героически погибшим в ходе спецоперации по защите ДНР и ЛНР Об этом сообщает "Рамблер"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>News Rambler</i> (in Russian). March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+Rambler&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D1%81+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%2C+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B2+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A0+%D0%B8+%D0%9B%D0%9D%D0%A0+%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%22%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%22.&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.rambler.ru%2Farmy%2F48226117-v-samare-prostilis-s-zemlyakom-geroicheski-pogibshim-v-hode-spetsoperatsii-po-zaschite-dnr-i-lnr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/vijskovo-istorychnyj-muzej-kyyeva-popovnyvsya-ulamkamy-rosijskogo-shturmovyka/">"Військово-історичний музей Києва поповнився уламками російського штурмовика"</a>. <i>mil.in.ua</i> (in Ukrainian). 1 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mil.in.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8F+%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2022-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmil.in.ua%2Fuk%2Fnews%2Fvijskovo-istorychnyj-muzej-kyyeva-popovnyvsya-ulamkamy-rosijskogo-shturmovyka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3420237-ukrainian-defenders-destroy-one-more-enemy-su25-together-with-pilot.html">"Ukrainian defenders destroy one more enemy Su-25 together with pilot"</a>. <i>Ukrinform</i>. 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrinform&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+defenders+destroy+one+more+enemy+Su-25+together+with+pilot&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-ato%2F3420237-ukrainian-defenders-destroy-one-more-enemy-su25-together-with-pilot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/44576/russian-forces-now-occupy-europes-largest-nuclear-plant-in-ukraine">"Russian Forces Now Occupy Europe's Largest Nuclear Plant In Ukraine"</a>. <i>The Drive</i>. 4 March 2022. <q>Earlier today, the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense published a photo of the wreckage of a Russian Aerospace Forces Su-25 Frogfoot ground-attack aircraft, a type that has apparently already seen extensive use with both sides during the conflict. Unconfirmed reports suggest that a Russian Mi-8 helicopter that may have arrived on the scene of the crash to assist was in turn brought down by Ukrainian air defenses. At this stage, this is only speculation, however.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Drive&rft.atitle=Russian+Forces+Now+Occupy+Europe%27s+Largest+Nuclear+Plant+In+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrive.com%2Fthe-war-zone%2F44576%2Frussian-forces-now-occupy-europes-largest-nuclear-plant-in-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5259805">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Нужно завершить начатое дело"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a></i> (in Russian). 17 March 2022. <q>Oleg Chervov was buried at the memorial to military pilots on the Alley of Heroes of the Komintern cemetery in Voronezh...In the upper part of the monument to Major Filipov, there is a Su-25 attack aircraft directed into the sky - Oleg Chervov also flew on the same plane.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kommersant&rft.atitle=%22%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%22&rft.date=2022-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F5259805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novostivoronezha.ru/2022/03/16/226971">"В Воронеже похоронили замкомандира авиаполка, погибшего во время спецоперации на Украине"</a>. <i>Novosti Voronezha(Voronezh News)</i> (in Russian). 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Novosti+Voronezha%28Voronezh+News%29&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovostivoronezha.ru%2F2022%2F03%2F16%2F226971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/276346">"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 276346"</a>. <i>Aviation Safety Network</i>. 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.atitle=ASN+Wikibase+Occurrence+%23+276346&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fwikibase%2F276346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/zsu-zbyly-rosijskyj-su-25sm-litak-identyfikuvaly/">"ЗСУ збили російський Су-25СМ – літак ідентифікували"</a>. <i>mil.in.ua</i> (in Ukrainian). 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mil.in.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%A1%D0%A3+%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D1%83-25%D0%A1%D0%9C+%E2%80%93+%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmil.in.ua%2Fuk%2Fnews%2Fzsu-zbyly-rosijskyj-su-25sm-litak-identyfikuvaly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wionews.com/world/watch-russian-sukhoi-su-25-aircraft-safely-lands-after-being-hit-by-ukrainian-manpads-462304">"Watch: Russian Sukhoi Su-25 aircraft safely lands after being hit by Ukrainian MANPADS"</a>. <i>Wion News</i>. 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wion+News&rft.atitle=Watch%3A+Russian+Sukhoi+Su-25+aircraft+safely+lands+after+being+hit+by+Ukrainian+MANPADS&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Fworld%2Fwatch-russian-sukhoi-su-25-aircraft-safely-lands-after-being-hit-by-ukrainian-manpads-462304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/63-year-old-retired-russian-fighter-pilot-shot-down-in-su-25-over-ukraine">"63-Year-Old Retired Russian Fighter Pilot Shot Down In Su-25 Over Ukraine"</a>. 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=63-Year-Old+Retired+Russian+Fighter+Pilot+Shot+Down+In+Su-25+Over+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrive.com%2Fthe-war-zone%2F63-year-old-retired-russian-fighter-pilot-shot-down-in-su-25-over-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_Rommen2023" class="citation news cs1">Rebecca Rommen (25 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-been-able-pummel-the-russian-airforce-in-october-2023-10?amp">"How Ukraine is beating the Russian airforce with US missiles"</a>. <i>businessinsider.co</i>. The Kyiv Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=businessinsider.co&rft.atitle=How+Ukraine+is+beating+the+Russian+airforce+with+US+missiles&rft.date=2023-10-25&rft.au=Rebecca+Rommen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fwhy-ukraine-been-able-pummel-the-russian-airforce-in-october-2023-10%3Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_CareyTim_Lister2024" class="citation news cs1">Andy Carey; Tim Lister (23 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/22/europe/ukraine-awaits-us-military-aid-intl-cmd/index.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Our artillery is starving:' Ukraine holds its breath as US set to approve $60bn of military aid"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=%27Our+artillery+is+starving%3A%27+Ukraine+holds+its+breath+as+US+set+to+approve+%2460bn+of+military+aid&rft.date=2024-04-23&rft.au=Andy+Carey&rft.au=Tim+Lister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F04%2F22%2Feurope%2Fukraine-awaits-us-military-aid-intl-cmd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKateryna_Denisova2024" class="citation news cs1">Kateryna Denisova (4 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-shoots-down-russian-su-25-aircraft-in-donetsk-oblast-zelensky-says/">"Ukraine shoots down Russian Su-25 aircraft in Donetsk Oblast, Zelensky says"</a>. <i>The Kyiv Independent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kyiv+Independent&rft.atitle=Ukraine+shoots+down+Russian+Su-25+aircraft+in+Donetsk+Oblast%2C+Zelensky+says&rft.date=2024-05-04&rft.au=Kateryna+Denisova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Fukraine-shoots-down-russian-su-25-aircraft-in-donetsk-oblast-zelensky-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOryx" class="citation web cs1">Oryx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html">"Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine"</a>. <i>Oryx</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Attack+On+Europe%3A+Documenting+Russian+Equipment+Losses+During+The+Russian+Invasion+Of+Ukraine&rft.au=Oryx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oryxspioenkop.com%2F2022%2F02%2Fattack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theaviationist.com/2022/03/18/su-25-crashing-ukraine/">"Dramatic Video Shows Ukrainian Su-25 Crashing During Attack On Russian Convoy At The End Of February"</a>. <i>The Aviatonist</i>. 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aviatonist&rft.atitle=Dramatic+Video+Shows+Ukrainian+Su-25+Crashing+During+Attack+On+Russian+Convoy+At+The+End+Of+February&rft.date=2022-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheaviationist.com%2F2022%2F03%2F18%2Fsu-25-crashing-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/44474/massive-artillery-barrage-sets-fuel-farm-abalze-south-of-kyiv-as-russian-invasion-enters-day-four">"Ukraine Claims It Has Been Resupplied With Air-To-Air Missiles"</a>. <i>The Drive</i>. 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Drive&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Claims+It+Has+Been+Resupplied+With+Air-To-Air+Missiles&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrive.com%2Fthe-war-zone%2F44474%2Fmassive-artillery-barrage-sets-fuel-farm-abalze-south-of-kyiv-as-russian-invasion-enters-day-four&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsmilitary.com/2022/02/Russia-shoots-down-Ukraine-SU25-fighter-jet.html?m=1">"Russia shoots down Ukraine Su-25 fighter jet"</a>. <i>HS Military</i>. 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HS+Military&rft.atitle=Russia+shoots+down+Ukraine+Su-25+fighter+jet&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsmilitary.com%2F2022%2F02%2FRussia-shoots-down-Ukraine-SU25-fighter-jet.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/275988">"ASN 275988"</a>. <i>Aviation Safety Network</i>. 27 February 2022. <q>On further inspection these images actual show remains of 2 different #Ukraine Air Force Su-25 Frogfoot - Blue 19 - Blue ??</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.atitle=ASN+275988&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fwikibase%2F275988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/03/3/7327953/">"Раненый украинский пилот попал в плен, пропагандисты РФ записали с ним видео"</a>. <i>Pravda Ukraine</i> (in Ukrainian). 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pravda+Ukraine&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE&rft.date=2022-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Frus%2Fnews%2F2022%2F03%2F3%2F7327953%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3419532-ukrainian-pilot-captured-by-russian-invaders-and-may-be-used-for-propaganda.html">"Ukrainian pilot captured by Russian invaders and may be used for propaganda"</a>. <i>Ukrinform</i>. 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrinform&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+pilot+captured+by+Russian+invaders+and+may+be+used+for+propaganda&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-ato%2F3419532-ukrainian-pilot-captured-by-russian-invaders-and-may-be-used-for-propaganda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/276607">"ASN Occurrence # 276607"</a>. <i>Aviation Safety Network</i>. 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.atitle=ASN+Occurrence+%23+276607&rft.date=2022-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fwikibase%2F276607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318033014/https://m.censor.net/ua/photo_news/3326261/pilot_zsu_matulyak_zmig_vidvesty_padayuchyyi_litak_vid_naselenogo_punktu_chym_vryatuvav_jyttya_soten">"Пілот ЗСУ Матуляк зміг відвести падаючий літак від населеного пункту, чим врятував життя сотень людей на Київщині. ФОТОрепортаж"</a> (in Ukrainian). 18 March 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.censor.net/ua/photo_news/3326261/pilot_zsu_matulyak_zmig_vidvesty_padayuchyyi_litak_vid_naselenogo_punktu_chym_vryatuvav_jyttya_soten">the original</a> on 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%97%D0%A1%D0%A3+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA+%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B3+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%2C+%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96.+%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6&rft.date=2022-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.censor.net%2Fua%2Fphoto_news%2F3326261%2Fpilot_zsu_matulyak_zmig_vidvesty_padayuchyyi_litak_vid_naselenogo_punktu_chym_vryatuvav_jyttya_soten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freeradio.com.ua/zahynuv-za-ukrainu-vshanuimo-khvylynoiu-movchannia-kapitana-oleksandra-korpana-video-foto/">"He died for Ukraine. Let's honor the moment of silence of Captain Alexander Korpan (video, photo)"</a> (in Ukrainian). 29 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=He+died+for+Ukraine.+Let%27s+honor+the+moment+of+silence+of+Captain+Alexander+Korpan+%28video%2C+photo%29&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreeradio.com.ua%2Fzahynuv-za-ukrainu-vshanuimo-khvylynoiu-movchannia-kapitana-oleksandra-korpana-video-foto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://t1news.tv/z-praporom-ta-chornymy-horugvamy-u-pidgajczyah-proshhayutsya-iz-geroyem-yakyj-zagynuv-u-vijni/">"З ПРАПОРОМ ТА ЧОРНИМИ ХОРУГВАМИ: У ПІДГАЙЦЯХ ПРОЩАЮТЬСЯ ІЗ ГЕРОЄМ, ЯКИЙ ЗАГИНУВ У ВІЙНІ"</a> (in Ukrainian). 7 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97+%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9C+%D0%A2%D0%90+%D0%A7%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%98+%D0%A5%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%93%D0%92%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%98%3A+%D0%A3+%D0%9F%D0%86%D0%94%D0%93%D0%90%D0%99%D0%A6%D0%AF%D0%A5+%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A9%D0%90%D0%AE%D0%A2%D0%AC%D0%A1%D0%AF+%D0%86%D0%97+%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%84%D0%9C%2C+%D0%AF%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%99+%D0%97%D0%90%D0%93%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%A3%D0%92+%D0%A3+%D0%92%D0%86%D0%99%D0%9D%D0%86&rft.date=2022-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ft1news.tv%2Fz-praporom-ta-chornymy-horugvamy-u-pidgajczyah-proshhayutsya-iz-geroyem-yakyj-zagynuv-u-vijni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suspilne.media/214788-na-ternopilsini-pohovali-lotcika-udarnoi-aviacii/">"На Тернопільщині поховали льотчика ударної авіації"</a> (in Ukrainian). 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuspilne.media%2F214788-na-ternopilsini-pohovali-lotcika-udarnoi-aviacii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goklerdeyiz.net/video-ukrayna-savas-ucagi-dusuruldu/">"Video – Ukrayna Savaş Uçağı Düşürüldü"</a> (in Turkish). 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video+%E2%80%93+Ukrayna+Sava%C5%9F+U%C3%A7a%C4%9F%C4%B1+D%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCr%C3%BCld%C3%BC&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goklerdeyiz.net%2Fvideo-ukrayna-savas-ucagi-dusuruldu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/276364">"ASN Occurrence #276364"</a>. <i>Aviation Safety Network</i>. 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.atitle=ASN+Occurrence+%23276364&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fwikibase%2F276364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TC3-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TC3_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2022" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Tom (11 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theaviationgeekclub.com/as-a-ukrainian-tupolev-tu-141-drone-crashes-in-croatia-moscow-says-it-destroyed-90-of-the-ukrainian-air-bases-but-the-pentagon-says-that-90-of-the-ukrainian-air-force-is-intact/">"As a Ukrainian Tupolev Tu-141 drone crashes in Croatia, Moscow says it destroyed 90% of the Ukrainian Air Bases (But The Pentagon says that 90% of the Ukrainian Air Force is intact)"</a>. <i>The Aviation Geek Club</i>. <q>Certain is only that the Ukrainians lost another Su-25: 'Blue 31' was shot down yesterday afternoon</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aviation+Geek+Club&rft.atitle=As+a+Ukrainian+Tupolev+Tu-141+drone+crashes+in+Croatia%2C+Moscow+says+it+destroyed+90%25+of+the+Ukrainian+Air+Bases+%28But+The+Pentagon+says+that+90%25+of+the+Ukrainian+Air+Force+is+intact%29&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheaviationgeekclub.com%2Fas-a-ukrainian-tupolev-tu-141-drone-crashes-in-croatia-moscow-says-it-destroyed-90-of-the-ukrainian-air-bases-but-the-pentagon-says-that-90-of-the-ukrainian-air-force-is-intact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.0412.ua/news/3377647/ukrainskogo-pilota-romana-vasiluka-zvilneno-z-polonu">"Українського пілота Романа Василюка звільнено з полонуВІЙСЬКОВІ"</a> (in Ukrainian). 25 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B7+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%92%D0%86%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%AC%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%86&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.0412.ua%2Fnews%2F3377647%2Fukrainskogo-pilota-romana-vasiluka-zvilneno-z-polonu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://24tv.ua/zbili-vorozhimi-ppo-nad-volnovahoyu-ukrayinskogo-pilota-romana_n1962938">"Збили ворожі ППО над Волновахою: українського пілота Романа Василюка звільнили з полону"</a>. <i>26 TV Ukraine</i> (in Ukrainian). 25 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=26+TV+Ukraine&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%96+%D0%9F%D0%9F%D0%9E+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%8E%3A+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B7+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F24tv.ua%2Fzbili-vorozhimi-ppo-nad-volnovahoyu-ukrayinskogo-pilota-romana_n1962938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goklerdeyiz.net/agir-hasar-alan-ukrayna-su-25-savas-ucagi-bos-araziye-acil-inis-yapti/">"Ağır Hasar Alan Ukrayna Su-25 Savaş Uçağı Boş Araziye Acil İniş Yaptı"</a> (in Turkish). 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%C4%9F%C4%B1r+Hasar+Alan+Ukrayna+Su-25+Sava%C5%9F+U%C3%A7a%C4%9F%C4%B1+Bo%C5%9F+Araziye+Acil+%C4%B0ni%C5%9F+Yapt%C4%B1&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goklerdeyiz.net%2Fagir-hasar-alan-ukrayna-su-25-savas-ucagi-bos-araziye-acil-inis-yapti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-it-launched-mass-strikes-ukrainian-military-overnight-2022-04-18/">"Russia says it launched mass strikes on Ukrainian military overnight"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+says+it+launched+mass+strikes+on+Ukrainian+military+overnight&rft.date=2022-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-says-it-launched-mass-strikes-ukrainian-military-overnight-2022-04-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/277529">"Aviation Safety # 277529"</a>. <i>Aviation Safety Network</i>. 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.atitle=Aviation+Safety+%23+277529&rft.date=2022-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fwikibase%2F277529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armyinform.com.ua/2022/05/02/tetyana-seredyuk-zhodni-nagorody-ne-povernut-meni-cholovika-a-donechczi-tata-ale-yegor-zasluzhyv-zvannya-geroya-ukrayiny-yak-nihto-inshyj/">"Тетяна Середюк: "Жодні нагороди не повернуть мені чоловіка, а донечці тата. Єгор заслужив звання Героя України, як ніхто інший"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ArmyInform</i> (in Ukrainian). 2 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArmyInform&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8E%D0%BA%3A+%22%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96+%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C+%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%86%D1%96+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.+%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%2C+%D1%8F%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9%22&rft.date=2022-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmyinform.com.ua%2F2022%2F05%2F02%2Ftetyana-seredyuk-zhodni-nagorody-ne-povernut-meni-cholovika-a-donechczi-tata-ale-yegor-zasluzhyv-zvannya-geroya-ukrayiny-yak-nihto-inshyj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421222220/https://nv-rayrada.zt.gov.ua/index.php/novyny/3182-20-kvitnya-zemlya-emilchinshchini-prijnyala-na-vichnij-spochinok-shche-odnogo-geroya">"20 квітня земля Ємільчинщини прийняла на вічний спочинок ще одного Героя"</a> (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nv-rayrada.zt.gov.ua/index.php/novyny/3182-20-kvitnya-zemlya-emilchinshchini-prijnyala-na-vichnij-spochinok-shche-odnogo-geroya">the original</a> on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20+%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%84%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D1%89%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnv-rayrada.zt.gov.ua%2Findex.php%2Fnovyny%2F3182-20-kvitnya-zemlya-emilchinshchini-prijnyala-na-vichnij-spochinok-shche-odnogo-geroya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novynarnia.com/2022/04/21/grygoryev-seredyuk-czyuryk-czyupak-marczenyuk-shhe-pyat-geroyiv-ukrayiny-posmertno/">"Grigoriev, Seredyuk, Tsyurik, Tsyupak, Martsenyuk: five more Heroes of Ukraine posthumously"</a>. 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grigoriev%2C+Seredyuk%2C+Tsyurik%2C+Tsyupak%2C+Martsenyuk%3A+five+more+Heroes+of+Ukraine+posthumously&rft.date=2022-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovynarnia.com%2F2022%2F04%2F21%2Fgrygoryev-seredyuk-czyuryk-czyupak-marczenyuk-shhe-pyat-geroyiv-ukrayiny-posmertno%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vinnitsa.info/news/u-vinnytsi-viddaly-ostannyu-shanu-l-otchyku-shturmovyku-serhiyu-parkhomenku.html">"У Вінниці віддали останню шану льотчику-штурмовику Сергію Пархоменку"</a> (in Ukrainian). 18 May 2022.</cite><span 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class="external text" href="https://armyinform.com.ua/2022/05/18/bojovi-litaky-v-nebi-nad-vinnyczeyu-viddaly-ostannyu-shanu-molodomu-lotchyku-shturmovyku-sergiyu-parhomenku/">"Бойові літаки в небі над Вінницею віддали останню шану молодому льотчику-штурмовику Сергію Пархоменку"</a>. <i>Army Inform</i> (in Ukrainian). 18 May 2022.</cite><span 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-north-macedonia-confirms-transfer-of-su-25s-to-ukraine-mi-24-attack-helicopters-may-follow">"Ukraine conflict: North Macedonia confirms transfer of Su-25s to Ukraine, Mi-24 attack helicopters may follow"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+conflict%3A+North+Macedonia+confirms+transfer+of+Su-25s+to+Ukraine%2C+Mi-24+attack+helicopters+may+follow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.janes.com%2Fdefence-news%2Fnews-detail%2Fukraine-conflict-north-macedonia-confirms-transfer-of-su-25s-to-ukraine-mi-24-attack-helicopters-may-follow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxe2025" class="citation news cs1">Axe, David (2 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2025/01/02/ukraines-old-su-25-attack-jets-have-become-standoff-precision-bombers/">"Ukraine's Old Su-25 Attack Jets Have Become Standoff Precision Bombers"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Ukraine%E2%80%99s+Old+Su-25+Attack+Jets+Have+Become+Standoff+Precision+Bombers&rft.date=2025-01-02&rft.aulast=Axe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdavidaxe%2F2025%2F01%2F02%2Fukraines-old-su-25-attack-jets-have-become-standoff-precision-bombers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnozov, Vladimir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/12/20/351105/sukhois-su-25ubm-completes-state-acceptance-trials.html">"Sukhoi's Su-25UBM completes state acceptance trials."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223103558/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/12/20/351105/sukhois-su-25ubm-completes-state-acceptance-trials.html">Archived</a> 23 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>FlightGlobal</i>, 20 December 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Variants4-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Variants4_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Variants4_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Variants4_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 60–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warfare.ru-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warfare.ru_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warfare.ru/?linkid=1611&catid=256">"Russian Military Analysis on Su-25".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231732/http://www.warfare.ru/?catid=256&linkid=1611">Archived</a> 26 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> warfare.ru. Retrieved: 18 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2021/march/9821-mig-29k-fighter-from-russian-navy-deployed-for-the-first-time-in-arctic.html">"MiG-29K fighter from Russian Navy deployed for the first time in Arctic"</a>. <i>navyrecognition.com</i>. 13 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314081623/http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2021/march/9821-mig-29k-fighter-from-russian-navy-deployed-for-the-first-time-in-arctic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=navyrecognition.com&rft.atitle=MiG-29K+fighter+from+Russian+Navy+deployed+for+the+first+time+in+Arctic&rft.date=2021-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navyrecognition.com%2Findex.php%2Fnews%2Fdefence-news%2F2021%2Fmarch%2F9821-mig-29k-fighter-from-russian-navy-deployed-for-the-first-time-in-arctic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shock-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shock_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shock_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bangash 2008, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donald-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donald_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald 2004, pp. 234–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Workhorse-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Workhorse_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Workhorse_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Workhorse_133-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Workhorse_133-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Workhorse_133-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Workhorse_133-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Workhorse_133-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Workhorse_133-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Workhorse_133-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMladenov2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mladenov, Alexander (January 2013). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/russian-air-force-to-order-su-25-replacement/105426.article">the original</a> on 20 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flight+Global&rft.atitle=Russian+air+force+to+order+Su-25+replacement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Frussian-air-force-to-order-su-25-replacement%2F105426.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arms-TASS-5-2012-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arms-TASS-5-2012_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armstass.su/?page=article&aid=106907&cid=25">{{in lang|ru}}</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213803/http://www.armstass.su/?page=article&aid=106907&cid=25">Archived</a> 12 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved: 11 November 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ria.ru/arms/20130215/923095137.html">"Около 10 новейших самолетов Су-25СМ3 поступили на авиабазу в ЮВО | РИА Новости"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE+10+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D1%83-25%D0%A1%D0%9C3+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83+%D0%B2+%D0%AE%D0%92%D0%9E+%26%23124%3B+%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.pub=Ria.ru&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2Farms%2F20130215%2F923095137.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20130304/925693163.html">"Летчики ЮВО осваивают новейшие Су-25СМ3 в ночное время | РИА Новости"</a>. Ria.ru. 4 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510111824/http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20130304/925693163.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airrecognition.com&rft.atitle=Russia+upgrades+Su-25+assault+jets+%E2%80%93+part+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairrecognition.com%2Findex.php%2Farchive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry%2Fglobal-defense-security-news%2F2019-news-aerospace-industry-air-force%2Faugust%2F5349-russia-upgrades-su-25-assault-jets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.mil.ru/en/structure/forces/aerospace/news/more.htm?id=12344645@egNews">"Assault aviation of the Southern Military District receives modernized Su-25M3 : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assault+aviation+of+the+Southern+Military+District+receives+modernized+Su-25M3+%3A+Ministry+of+Defence+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.mil.ru%2Fen%2Fstructure%2Fforces%2Faerospace%2Fnews%2Fmore.htm%3Fid%3D12344645%40egNews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vpk-news.ru/news/22673">"Авиаполк ЮВО получил 16 штурмовиков Су-25СМ3 с начала года – Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>vpk-news.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223030421/http://vpk-news.ru/news/22673">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armstrade.org&rft.atitle=%D0%A6%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%A2%D0%9E+%2F+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%2F+%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D1%83-25%D0%A1%D0%9C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%AE%D0%92%D0%9E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armstrade.org%2Fincludes%2Fperiodics%2Fnews%2F2018%2F1101%2F100049430%2Fdetail.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0418/160552014/detail.shtml">"ЦАМТО / Новости / Штурмовую авиацию ЮВО в Ставропольском крае пополнили четыре Су-25СМ3 "Суперграч"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421094257/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0418/160552014/detail.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A6%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%A2%D0%9E+%2F+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%2F+%D0%92+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D1%83-25%D0%A1%D0%9C3+%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%AE%D0%92%D0%9E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armstrade.org%2Fincludes%2Fperiodics%2Fnews%2F2019%2F0508%2F134552280%2Fdetail.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0527/152552549/detail.shtml">"ЦАМТО / Новости / Авиаполк ЮВО в Ставропольском крае пополнился новейшими штурмовиками Су-25СМ3 "Суперграч"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>armstrade.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530045429/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0527/152552549/detail.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armstrade.org&rft.atitle=%D0%A6%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%A2%D0%9E+%2F+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%2F+%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA+%D0%AE%D0%92%D0%9E+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D1%83-25%D0%A1%D0%9C3+%22%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armstrade.org%2Fincludes%2Fperiodics%2Fnews%2F2019%2F0527%2F152552549%2Fdetail.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0218/142556761/detail.shtml">"ЦАМТО / Новости / Авиационный полк ЮВО в Ставропольском крае пополнился тремя штурмовиками Су-25СМ3"</a>. <i>armstrade.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219011326/http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0218/142556761/detail.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armstrade.org&rft.atitle=%D0%A6%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%A2%D0%9E+%2F+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%2F+%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA+%D0%AE%D0%92%D0%9E+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F+%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D1%83-25%D0%A1%D0%9C3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armstrade.org%2Fincludes%2Fperiodics%2Fnews%2F2020%2F0218%2F142556761%2Fdetail.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0408/140557440/detail.shtml">"ЦАМТО / Новости / Авиационный полк ЮВО на Кубани пополнился новейшим штурмовиком Су-25СМ3"</a>. <i>armstrade.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410181118/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0408/140557440/detail.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armstrade.org&rft.atitle=%D0%A6%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%A2%D0%9E+%2F+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%2F+%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA+%D0%AE%D0%92%D0%9E+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D1%83-25%D0%A1%D0%9C3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmstrade.org%2Fincludes%2Fperiodics%2Fnews%2F2020%2F0408%2F140557440%2Fdetail.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/0217/122061696/detail.shtml">"ЦАМТО / / Штурмовая авиация ЮВО пополнилась "Суперграчом"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>armstrade.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228035119/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/0217/122061696/detail.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armstrade.org&rft.atitle=%D0%A6%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%A2%D0%9E+%2F+%2F+%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%AE%D0%92%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C+%22%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BC%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmstrade.org%2Fincludes%2Fperiodics%2Fnews%2F2021%2F0217%2F122061696%2Fdetail.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.janes.com/article/89373/russia-s-su-25sm3-deep-upgrade-programme-gains-pace-and-scope">"Russia's Su-25SM3 'deep upgrade' programme gains pace and scope – Jane's 360"</a>. <i>janes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620213205/https://www.janes.com/article/89373/russia-s-su-25sm3-deep-upgrade-programme-gains-pace-and-scope">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=janes.com&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Su-25SM3+%27deep+upgrade%27+programme+gains+pace+and+scope+%E2%80%93+Jane%27s+360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.janes.com%2Farticle%2F89373%2Frussia-s-su-25sm3-deep-upgrade-programme-gains-pace-and-scope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/science-and-tech/326290-russias-modified-su-25sm3-flying">"Russia's modified Su-25SM3 'flying tank' to join army's ranks after Syria battle tests"</a>. <i>rbth.com</i>. 2 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rbth.com&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+modified+Su-25SM3+%27flying+tank%27+to+join+army%27s+ranks+after+Syria+battle+tests&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fscience-and-tech%2F326290-russias-modified-su-25sm3-flying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMladenov2013a">Mladenov 2013a</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Variants0-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Variants0_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Variants0_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 103–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMladenov2013a">Mladenov 2013a</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Variants6-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Variants6_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Variants6_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Variants6_156-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 70–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMladenov2013a">Mladenov 2013a</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/russia-and-former-soviet-union/georgia-starts-assembling-reconfigured-su-25-attack-aircraft-without-russian-components-395461.html">"Georgia starts assembling reconfigured Su-25 attack aircraft without Russian components"</a>. <i>Kyiv Post</i>. 11 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150824033729/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/russia-and-former-soviet-union/georgia-starts-assembling-reconfigured-su-25-attack-aircraft-without-russian-components-395461.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Georgia+starts+assembling+reconfigured+Su-25+attack+aircraft+without+Russian+components&rft.date=2015-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Frussia-and-former-soviet-union%2Fgeorgia-starts-assembling-reconfigured-su-25-attack-aircraft-without-russian-components-395461.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButowski1999" class="citation journal cs1">Butowski, Piotr (November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010221050742/http://www.aeronautics.ru/nws001/combair005.htm">"Russia's Advanced Warplanes"</a>. <i>Combat Aircraft</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeronautics.ru/nws001/combair005.htm">the original</a> on 21 February 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Combat+Aircraft&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Advanced+Warplanes&rft.date=1999-11&rft.aulast=Butowski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeronautics.ru%2Fnws001%2Fcombair005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congo-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Congo_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congo_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209011026/http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL30209861.html">"Congolese fighter jet crashes during display"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL30209861.html">the original</a> on 9 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congolese+fighter+jet+crashes+during+display.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafrica.reuters.com%2Fwire%2Fnews%2FusnL30209861.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span> Reuters, 30 June 2007. Retrieved: 17 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedretdinov_2002-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedretdinov_2002_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedretdinov_2002">Bedretdinov 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jawa03_p403-5-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jawa03_p403-5_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson 2003, pp. 403–405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-su25k-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-su25k_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-su25k_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106033631/http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su25k/lth/">"Sukhoi Company (JSC) – Airplanes – Military Aircraft – Su-25К – Aircraft performance"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su25k/lth/">the original</a> on 6 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sukhoi+Company+%28JSC%29+%E2%80%93+Airplanes+%E2%80%93+Military+Aircraft+%E2%80%93+Su-25%D0%9A+%E2%80%93+Aircraft+performance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sukhoi.org%2Feng%2Fplanes%2Fmilitary%2Fsu25k%2Flth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osps25p246-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osps25p246_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osps25p246_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMladenov2013a">Mladenov 2013a</a>, pp. 24–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osps25p27-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osps25p27_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osps25p27_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osps25p27_165-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMladenov2013a">Mladenov 2013a</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fas-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fas_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/su-25.htm">"Su-25 FROGFOOT Grach (Rook)"</a>. FAS.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214316/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/su-25.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Su-25+FROGFOOT+Grach+%28Rook%29&rft.pub=FAS.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fman%2Fdod-101%2Fsys%2Fac%2Frow%2Fsu-25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017-12-06_MT-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2017-12-06_MT_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militarytimes.com/flashpoints/2017/12/06/russia-wants-to-join-the-isis-in-iraq/">Russia wants to join the ISIS battle in Iraq</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207192233/https://www.militarytimes.com/flashpoints/2017/12/06/russia-wants-to-join-the-isis-in-iraq/">Archived</a> 7 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Shawn Snow, <i><a href="/wiki/Military_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Times">Military Times</a></i>, 6 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AF_tech_Countermeasures-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AF_tech_Countermeasures_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/su25/">Su-25 (Su-28) Frogfoot Close-Support Aircraft: Countermeasures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061017043651/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/su25/">Archived</a> 17 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Air Force Technology; accessed 7 December 2017</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bangash, M.Y.H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJSDJkgym-EC&pg=PA270"><i>Shock, Impact and Explosion: Structural Analysis and Design.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018152758/https://books.google.com/books?id=kJSDJkgym-EC&pg=PA270">Archived</a> 18 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Berlin: Springer, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-77067-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-77067-1">978-3-540-77067-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedretdinov_2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bedretdinov, Ilʹdar (2002). <i>Штурмовик Су-25 и его модификации</i> [<i>The Su-25 and its modifications</i>] (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow: Bedretdinov i Ko. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-901668-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-901668-01-6"><bdi>978-5-901668-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D1%83-25+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bedretdinov+i+Ko&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-5-901668-01-6&rft.aulast=Bedretdinov&rft.aufirst=Il%CA%B9dar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Donald, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2KuPWSj8GEYC"><i>The Pocket Guide to Military Aircraft and the World's Airforces.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018152758/https://books.google.com/books?id=2KuPWSj8GEYC">Archived</a> 18 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> London: Hamlyn, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-681-03185-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-681-03185-2">978-0-681-03185-2</a>.</li> <li>Donald, David and Daniel J. March. "Sukhoi Su-25 'Frogfoot'." <i>Modern Battlefield Warplanes</i>. London: AIRtime Publishing, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880588-76-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-880588-76-5">1-880588-76-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEden2004" class="citation book cs1">Eden, Paul, ed. (July 2006). <i>The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft</i>. London: Amber Books, 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904687-84-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-904687-84-9"><bdi>1-904687-84-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Military+Aircraft&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Amber+Books%2C+2004&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=1-904687-84-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Frawley, Gerald. "Sukhoi_Su-25". <i>The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003</i>. Fishwick, Act: Aerospace Publications, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875671-55-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-875671-55-2">1-875671-55-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2005" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Yefim (2003). <i>Sukhoi Su-25</i>. New York: IP Media, Inc., 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932525-02-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-932525-02-5"><bdi>1-932525-02-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sukhoi+Su-25&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=IP+Media%2C+Inc.%2C+2005&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-932525-02-5&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Yefim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2008" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Yefim (July 2007). <i>Sukhoi Su-25: The Soviet Union's Tank-Buster</i>. Midland Publishing, 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-254-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-254-2"><bdi>978-1-85780-254-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sukhoi+Su-25%3A+The+Soviet+Union%27s+Tank-Buster&rft.pub=Midland+Publishing%2C+2008&rft.date=2007-07&rft.isbn=978-1-85780-254-2&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Yefim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gordon, Yefim and Alan Dawes. <i>Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot: Close Air Support Aircraft</i>. London: Airlife, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-353-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84037-353-9">1-84037-353-9</a>.</li> <li>Jackson, Paul. <i>Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004</i>. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-2537-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7106-2537-5">0-7106-2537-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMladenov2013a" class="citation book cs1">Mladenov, Alexander (2013a). <i>Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-359-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-359-5"><bdi>978-1-78200-359-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sukhoi+Su-25+Frogfoot&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-359-5&rft.aulast=Mladenov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASukhoi+Su-25" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wilson, Stewart. <i>Combat Aircraft since 1945</i>. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875671-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-875671-50-1">1-875671-50-1</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515011155/http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su25k/">Su-25К at Sukhoi.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sukhoi_aircraft" title="Template:Sukhoi aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sukhoi_aircraft" title="Template talk:Sukhoi aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sukhoi_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sukhoi aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sukhoi_aircraft182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi" title="Sukhoi">Sukhoi</a> aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighters / interceptors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-9" title="Sukhoi Su-9">Su-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-11" title="Sukhoi Su-11">Su-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-15" title="Sukhoi Su-15">Su-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-27" title="Sukhoi Su-27">Su-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30" title="Sukhoi Su-30">Su-30</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30MKA" title="Sukhoi Su-30MKA">MKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30MKI" title="Sukhoi Su-30MKI">MKI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30MKK" title="Sukhoi Su-30MKK">MKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30MKM" title="Sukhoi Su-30MKM">MKM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-33" title="Sukhoi Su-33">Su-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-35" title="Sukhoi Su-35">Su-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-57" title="Sukhoi Su-57">Su-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-75_Checkmate" title="Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate">Su-75</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombers / attack</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-2" title="Sukhoi Su-2">Su-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-2" title="Sukhoi Su-2">Su-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-7" title="Sukhoi Su-7">Su-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-17" title="Sukhoi Su-17">Su-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-17" title="Sukhoi Su-17">Su-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-17" title="Sukhoi Su-17">Su-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24" title="Sukhoi Su-24">Su-24</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Su-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-34" title="Sukhoi Su-34">Su-34</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Su-25TM_(Su-39)">Su-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_S-70_Okhotnik-B" title="Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik-B">S-70 Okhotnik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-12" title="Sukhoi Su-12">Su-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitive aerobatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-26" title="Sukhoi Su-26">Su-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-29" title="Sukhoi Su-29">Su-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-31" title="Sukhoi Su-31">Su-31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-28" title="Sukhoi Su-28">Su-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-29" title="Sukhoi Su-29">Su-29</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-80" title="Sukhoi Su-80">Su-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Superjet_100" title="Sukhoi Superjet 100">Superjet 100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-1" title="Sukhoi Su-1">Su-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-1" title="Sukhoi Su-1">Su-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-5" title="Sukhoi Su-5">Su-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-6" title="Sukhoi Su-6">Su-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-6" title="Sukhoi Su-6">Su-7 (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-8" title="Sukhoi Su-8">Su-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-9_(1946)" title="Sukhoi Su-9 (1946)">Su-9 (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-10" title="Sukhoi Su-10">Su-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-9_(1946)" title="Sukhoi Su-9 (1946)">Su-11 (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-9_(1946)" title="Sukhoi Su-9 (1946)">Su-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-15_(1949)" title="Sukhoi Su-15 (1949)">Su-15 (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-17_(1949)" title="Sukhoi Su-17 (1949)">Su-17 (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-37" title="Sukhoi Su-37">Su-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-47" title="Sukhoi Su-47">Su-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_P-1" title="Sukhoi P-1">P-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_T-3" title="Sukhoi T-3">T-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_T-4" title="Sukhoi T-4">T-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_T-49" title="Sukhoi T-49">T-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-9" title="Sukhoi Su-9">T-405</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-9" title="Sukhoi Su-9">T-431</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agricultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-38" title="Sukhoi Su-38">Su-38</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_KR-860" title="Sukhoi KR-860">KR-860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_S-6" title="Sukhoi S-6">S-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi-Gulfstream_S-21" title="Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21">S-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_T-60S" title="Sukhoi T-60S">T-60S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_T-12_Shturmovik-90" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhoi T-12 Shturmovik-90">T-12 Shturmovik-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Shkval" title="Sukhoi Shkval">Sukhoi Shkval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sukhoi_aircraft" title="List of Sukhoi aircraft">List of Sukhoi aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="USAF/DoD_reporting_names_for_Soviet_and_Chinese_aircraft_and_missiles465" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USAF/DoD_reporting_names" title="Template:USAF/DoD reporting names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USAF/DoD_reporting_names" title="Template talk:USAF/DoD reporting names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USAF/DoD_reporting_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USAF/DoD reporting names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="USAF/DoD_reporting_names_for_Soviet_and_Chinese_aircraft_and_missiles465" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/USAF/DoD_reporting_names" title="USAF/DoD reporting names">USAF/DoD reporting names</a> for Soviet and Chinese aircraft and missiles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type numbers<br />(1947–1955)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-9" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-15" title="Yakovlev Yak-15">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-150" title="Lavochkin La-150">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-152" title="Lavochkin La-152">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-152" title="Lavochkin La-152">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-160" title="Lavochkin La-160">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-19" title="Yakovlev Yak-19">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-9_(1946)" title="Sukhoi Su-9 (1946)">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-12" title="Tupolev Tu-12">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-22" title="Ilyushin Il-22">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_I-270" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich I-270">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_%2773%27" title="Tupolev '73'">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-25_(1947)" title="Yakovlev Yak-25 (1947)">13</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-168" title="Lavochkin La-168">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-17" title="Yakovlev Yak-17">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-9_(1946)" title="Sukhoi Su-9 (1946)">17</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-82" title="Tupolev Tu-82">17</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_I-320" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich I-320">18</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-15_(1949)" title="Sukhoi Su-15 (1949)">18</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS-1_Komet" title="KS-1 Komet">19</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15">19</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17">20</a><sup>1,4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-30_(1948)" title="Yakovlev Yak-30 (1948)">20</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-15" title="Lavochkin La-15">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-2" title="Tupolev Tu-2">22</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-2" title="Antonov An-2">22</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-12" title="Sukhoi Su-12">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-10" title="Yakovlev Yak-10">24</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-14" title="Yakovlev Yak-14">24</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsybin_Ts-25" title="Tsybin Ts-25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-17" title="Yakovlev Yak-17">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-28" title="Ilyushin Il-28">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-23" title="Yakovlev Yak-23">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-28" title="Ilyushin Il-28">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-85" title="Tupolev Tu-85">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-1" title="Mil Mi-1">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beriev_Be-8" title="Beriev Be-8">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beriev_Be-6" title="Beriev Be-6">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-14" title="Tupolev Tu-14">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-4" title="Mil Mi-4">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myasishchev_M-4" title="Myasishchev M-4">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-24" title="Yakovlev Yak-24">38</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17">38</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-16" title="Tupolev Tu-16">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">40</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research/prototype<br />aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea_Monster" title="Caspian Sea Monster">CASP-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-90_Orlyonok" title="A-90 Orlyonok">CASP-B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22M" title="Tupolev Tu-22M">KAZ-A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>NOVO-A<sup>3</sup></li> <li>NOVO-B<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_T-60S" title="Sukhoi T-60S">NOVO-C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gromov_Flight_Research_Institute" title="Gromov Flight Research Institute">GFRI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>RAM-A<sup>3</sup></li> <li>RAM-B<sup>3</sup></li> <li>RAM-C<sup>3</sup></li> <li>RAM-D<sup>3</sup></li> <li>RAM-E<sup>3</sup></li> <li>RAM-F<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-38" title="Yakovlev Yak-38">RAM-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">RAM-H</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">RAM-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-27" title="Sukhoi Su-27">RAM-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29" title="Mikoyan MiG-29">RAM-L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myasishchev_M-55" title="Myasishchev M-55">RAM-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-102" title="Ilyushin Il-102">RAM-N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-160" title="Tupolev Tu-160">RAM-P</a></li> <li>RAM-Q<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">RAM-R</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OK-GLI" title="OK-GLI">R2</a></li></ul></li> <li>RAM-S<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-141" title="Yakovlev Yak-141">RAM-T</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaplygin_Siberian_Scientific_Research_Institute_Of_Aviation" title="Chaplygin Siberian Scientific Research Institute Of Aviation">SibNIA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-47" title="Sukhoi Su-47">SIB-A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taganrog" title="Taganrog">Taganrog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartini_Beriev_VVA-14" title="Bartini Beriev VVA-14">TAG-A</a></li> <li>TAG-B<sup>3</sup></li> <li>TAG-C<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beriev_A-40" title="Beriev A-40">TAG-D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Aircraft_Industry_Group" title="Harbin Aircraft Industry Group">Harbin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_SH-5" title="Harbin SH-5">HARB-A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hongdu" title="Hongdu">Nanchang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>NAN-A<sup>3</sup></li> <li>NAN-B<sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Aircraft_Industrial_Corporation" title="Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation">Xi'an</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_J-8" title="Shenyang J-8">XIAN-A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research/prototype<br />missiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barnaul" title="Barnaul">Barnaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>BL-01<sup>3</sup></li> <li>BL-02<sup>3</sup></li> <li>BL-03<sup>3</sup></li> <li>BL-04<sup>3</sup></li> <li>BL-05<sup>3</sup></li> <li>BL-06<sup>3</sup></li> <li>BL-07<sup>3</sup></li> <li>BL-08<sup>3</sup></li> <li>BL-09<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-80" title="Kh-80">BL-10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhem,_Kazakhstan" title="Zhem, Kazakhstan">Embi-5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>EM-01<sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scud_missile" title="Scud missile">KY-01</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li>KY-02 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-11_Zemlya" title="R-11 Zemlya">I</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-2_(missile)" title="R-2 (missile)">II</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-5_Pobeda" title="R-5 Pobeda">III</a><sup>5</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-17_Elbrus" title="R-17 Elbrus">KY-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-12_Dvina" title="R-12 Dvina">KY-04</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-14_Chusovaya" title="R-14 Chusovaya">KY-05</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-1_Temp" title="TR-1 Temp">KY-06</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-15" title="RT-15">KY-07</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li>KY-08<sup>3</sup></li> <li>KY-09<sup>3</sup></li> <li>KY-10<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-1_Temp" title="TR-1 Temp">KY-11</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OTR-21_Tochka" title="OTR-21 Tochka">KY-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nyonoksa" title="Nyonoksa">Nyonoksa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>NE-01<sup>3</sup></li> <li>NE-02<sup>3</sup></li> <li>NE-03<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-39_(missile)" title="R-39 (missile)">NE-04</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk" title="Plesetsk">Plesetsk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RT-20P" title="RT-20P">PL-01</a></li> <li>PL-02<sup>3</sup></li> <li>PL-03<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-23_Molodets" title="RT-23 Molodets">PL-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-2PM_Topol" title="RT-2PM Topol">PL-05</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sary_Shagan" title="Sary Shagan">Sary Shagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABM-1_Galosh" title="ABM-1 Galosh">SH-01</a></li> <li>SH-02<sup>3</sup></li> <li>SH-03<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABM-1_Galosh" title="ABM-1 Galosh">SH-04</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li>SH-05<sup>3</sup></li> <li>SH-06<sup>3</sup></li> <li>SH-07<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53T6" title="53T6">SH-08</a></li> <li>SH-09<sup>3</sup></li> <li>SH-10<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-135_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-135 anti-ballistic missile system">SH-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6retam" title="Töretam">Töretam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>TT-01<sup>3</sup></li> <li>TT-02<sup>3</sup></li> <li>TT-03<sup>3</sup></li> <li>TT-04<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">TT-05</a></li> <li>TT-06<sup>3</sup></li> <li>TT-07<sup>3</sup></li> <li>TT-08<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K720_Iskander" title="9K720 Iskander">TT-09</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimirovska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimirovska (page does not exist)">Vladimirovska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>VA-01<sup>3</sup></li> <li>VA-02<sup>3</sup></li> <li>VA-03<sup>3</sup></li> <li>VA-04<sup>3</sup></li> <li>VA-05<sup>3</sup></li> <li>VA-06<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh-15" title="Kh-15">VA-07</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li>VA-08<sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Listed in contemporary sources  •  <sup>2</sup> Bergander list (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_Type_Note3">details</a>)  •  <sup>3</sup> Unknown/no details  •  <sup>4</sup> Possible error  •  <sup>5</sup> Unconfirmed</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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