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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_and_other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Corporate and other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_and_other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Financial_planning_and_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_planning_and_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Financial planning and analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_planning_and_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Credit_analysts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Credit_analysts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Credit analysts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Credit_analysts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Securities_and_Investment_banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Securities_and_Investment_banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Securities and Investment banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Securities_and_Investment_banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finanzanalyst" title="Finanzanalyst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Finanzanalyst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Χρηματοοικονομικός αναλυτής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρηματοοικονομικός αναλυτής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تحلیلگر مالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تحلیلگر مالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%AC%B4%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D%EA%B0%80" title="재무분석가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재무분석가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%95" title="वित्तीय विश्लेषक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वित्तीय विश्लेषक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finans%C5%B3_analitikas" title="Finansų analitikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Finansų analitikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%BC%E5%88%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="証券アナリスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="証券アナリスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Финансовый аналитик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Финансовый аналитик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analist_financiar" title="Analist financiar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Analist financiar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktieanalytiker" title="Aktieanalytiker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aktieanalytiker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%B8%88" title="金融分析师 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金融分析师" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person who performs financial analysis</div> <p>A <b>financial analyst</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professional</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> undertaking <a href="/wiki/Financial_analysis" title="Financial analysis">financial analysis</a> for external or internal clients as a core feature of the job. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dahlquist_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlquist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-princetonreview_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-princetonreview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Investopedia_Career_Path_and_Qualifications_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Investopedia_Career_Path_and_Qualifications-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role may specifically be titled <b>securities analyst</b>, <b>research analyst</b>, <b>equity analyst</b>, <b>investment analyst</b>, or <b>ratings analyst</b>. <sup id="cite_ref-BLS1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-collegegrad.com_2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegegrad.com_2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The job title is a broad one:<sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-collegegrad.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegegrad.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-roberthalf_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthalf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-BLS5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In banking, and industry more generally, various other analyst-roles cover <a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">financial management</a> and (credit) <a href="/wiki/Finance#Risk_management" title="Finance">risk management</a>, as opposed to focusing on investments and valuation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role">Role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Financial analysts can work in a variety of industries. A large proportion of them are employed by <a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">mutual-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">pension funds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge funds</a>, securities firms, banks, <a href="/wiki/Investment_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment bank">investment banks</a>, insurance companies, and other businesses, helping these companies or their clients make investment decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-BLS1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In corporate roles, financial analysts perform budget, revenue and cost modelling and analytics as part of their responsibilities;<sup id="cite_ref-roberthalf_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthalf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BLS2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BLS3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> credit analysis is likewise a distinct area.<sup id="cite_ref-BLS4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Financial analysts invariably use <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheets</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Statistical_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical software">statistical software</a> packages) to analyze financial data, spot trends, and develop forecasts. The analyst often also meets with company officials to gain a better insight into a company's prospects and to determine the company's managerial effectiveness. </p><p>Analysts specializing in advanced <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modeling">mathematical modeling</a> and programming are referred to as "quants"; see <a href="/wiki/Finance#Quantitative_finance" title="Finance">Finance § Quantitative finance</a> for an overview, and <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_analysis_(finance)#Types" title="Quantitative analysis (finance)">Quantitative analysis (finance) § Types</a> for the various roles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Securities_firms">Securities firms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Securities firms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Securities_research" title="Securities research">Securities research</a></div> <p>In a stock <a href="/wiki/Brokerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brokerage">brokerage</a> house or investment bank, the analyst will<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlquist_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlquist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> read company financial statements and analyze commodity prices, sales, costs, expenses, and tax rates in order to <a href="/wiki/Business_valuation" title="Business valuation">determine a company's value</a> and project future earnings. On the basis of their results, they <a href="/wiki/Research_report" title="Research report">write reports</a> and make presentations, usually making recommendations—a "<a href="/wiki/Trade_idea" title="Trade idea">trade idea</a>"—to buy or sell a particular investment or security. </p><p>Typically, at the end of the assessment, an analyst would provide a rating recommending or investment action: to buy, sell, or hold the security. Senior analysts may actually make the decision to buy or sell for the company or client if they are the ones responsible for managing the assets. Other, "junior" analysts use the data to model and measure the financial risks associated with making a particular investment decision. See <a href="/wiki/Securities_research#Career_path" title="Securities research">Securities research § Career path</a>. </p><p>Usually, financial analysts study a specific industry—called "<a href="/wiki/Securities_research#Analyst_specialization" title="Securities research">sector specialists</a>"—assessing current trends in business practices, products, and industry competition.<sup id="cite_ref-collegegrad.com_2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegegrad.com_2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the industries with the most analyst coverage are <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> and resources, and computer hardware, software and services. Analysts must keep abreast of new regulations or policies that may affect the industry, as well as monitor the economy to determine its effect on earnings. As equity analysts divide securities by distinct sectors, companies which fall outside or across multiple sectors are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Neglected_firm_effect" title="Neglected firm effect">neglected</a>; the impact on returns (and on "<a href="/wiki/Earnings_management" title="Earnings management">earnings management</a>") here is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysts also specialize in fixed income. Similar to equity analysts, <i>fixed income analysts</i> <a href="/wiki/Bond_valuation" title="Bond valuation">assess the value</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporate_bond#Risk_analysis" title="Corporate bond">analyze the risks</a> of various securities, here focusing on <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate_derivative" title="Interest rate derivative">interest rate-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fixed_income_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed income security">fixed income securities</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a>. They may further specialize, but here by issuer-type: i.e. <a href="/wiki/Municipal_bond" title="Municipal bond">municipal bonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_bond" title="Government bond">government bonds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corporate_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate bonds">corporate bonds</a>; the latter specialization is often decomposed into <a href="/wiki/Convertible_bond" title="Convertible bond">convertible bonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-yield_debt" title="High-yield debt">high-yield bonds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Distressed_securities" title="Distressed securities">distressed bonds</a>; some cover <a href="/wiki/Syndicated_loan" title="Syndicated loan">syndicated loans</a>. The reporting focuses on the ability of the issuer to make payments—similar to the credit analysis <a href="#Credit_analysts">described below</a>—but also on the <a href="/wiki/Bond_valuation#Relative_price_approach" title="Bond valuation">relative value</a> of the security in question, and in context of the overall market and <a href="/wiki/Yield_curve" title="Yield curve">yield curve</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Fixed_income_analysis" title="Fixed income analysis">Fixed income analysis</a>. </p><p>Analysts are generally divided into <a href="/wiki/Sell-side_analyst" title="Sell-side analyst">'sell-side'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buy-side_analyst" title="Buy-side analyst">'buy-side'</a>. The buy-side is sometimes considered more prestigious, professional, and scholarly, while the sell-side may be higher-paid and more like a <a href="/wiki/Sales_and_trading#Sales" title="Sales and trading">sales and marketing role</a>. It is common to begin careers on the sell-side at large banks then move to the buy-side at a fund. </p> <ul><li>A sell-side analyst's work is not used by its employer to invest directly, rather it is sold either for money or for other benefits by the employer to buy-side organizations. Sell-side research is often used as 'soft money' rather than sold directly, for example provided to preferred clients in return for business. Writing reports or notes expressing opinions is always a part of "sell-side" (brokerage) analyst job and is often not required for "buy-side" (investment firms) analysts. It is sometimes used to promote the companies being researched when the sell-side has some other interest in them, as a form of marketing, which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflicts of interest</a>.</li> <li>A buy-side analyst, such as a <a href="/wiki/Fund_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Fund manager">fund manager</a>, works for a company which buys and holds stocks itself, on the analyst's recommendation. As they gain experience, analysts often move from buy-side research, concerning individual securities and sectors, into <a href="/wiki/Portfolio_manager" title="Portfolio manager">portfolio management</a> itself, selecting the <a href="/wiki/Asset_allocation" title="Asset allocation">mix of investments</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Investor#Institutional_investor" title="Investor">company's portfolio</a>. They may also become fund managers and manage large investment portfolios for <a href="/wiki/Investor#Retail_investor" title="Investor">individual investors</a>.</li></ul> <p>Typically, analysts use <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_analysis" title="Fundamental analysis">fundamental analysis</a> principles, but <a href="/wiki/Technical_analysis" title="Technical analysis">technical analysis</a> and tactical evaluation of the market environment are also routine. Analysts obtain information by studying public records and <a href="/wiki/SEC_filing" title="SEC filing">filings by the company</a>, as well as by participating in public <a href="/wiki/Earnings_call" title="Earnings call">earnings calls</a> where they can ask direct questions to the management. Additional information can be also received in small group or one-on-one meetings with senior members of management teams. However, in many markets such information gathering became difficult and potentially illegal due to legislative changes brought upon by corporate <a href="/wiki/Accounting_scandals" title="Accounting scandals">scandals</a> in the early 2000s. One example is <a href="/wiki/Regulation_FD" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation FD">Regulation FD</a> (Fair Disclosure) in the United States. Many other developed countries also adopted similar rules. </p><p>Analyst performance is ranked by a range of services such as StarMine owned by <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a> or Institutional Investor magazine. Research by <a href="/wiki/Numis" title="Numis">Numis</a> found that small companies with the most analyst coverage outperformed peers by 2.5 per cent — while those with low coverage underperformed by 0.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Neglected_firm_effect" title="Neglected firm effect">Neglected firm effect</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investment_Banking">Investment Banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Investment Banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking#Corporate_finance" title="Investment banking">Investment banking § Corporate finance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking#Research" title="Investment banking">Investment banking § Research</a></div> <p>Financial analysts in the <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a> departments of securities or banking firms often work in teams, analyzing the future prospects of companies, and selling shares to the public for the first time via an <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> (IPO), or <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)#Issuance" title="Bond (finance)">issuing bonds</a>; this task is often identical to that of a securities analyst. On this basis, they will then make presentations to prospective investors re the merits of investing in the new company, presenting their "<a href="/wiki/Pitch_book" title="Pitch book">pitch books</a>" on a "<a href="/wiki/Financial_roadshows" title="Financial roadshows">roadshow</a>"; see <a href="/wiki/Bookrunner" title="Bookrunner">bookrunner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Securities_underwriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities underwriting">securities underwriting</a>. An additional component of the IB role here: analysts ensure that all forms and written materials necessary for compliance with <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> regulations are accurate and complete. </p><p>Many IB analysts work in <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a> (M&A) departments, similarly preparing analyses on the costs and benefits of a proposed merger or takeover, and assisting with <a href="/wiki/Securities_regulation_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities regulation in the United States">regulatory submissions</a>; here there are both buy-side- and sell-side analysts. See <a href="/wiki/Chinese_wall#Finance" title="Chinese wall">Chinese wall § Finance</a>. The analysis is somewhat more specialized than for an IPO, as it must consider <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions#Business_valuation" title="Mergers and acquisitions">valuation pre- and post-merger</a>, a function of efficiencies, synergies, or increased market share, <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions#Financing" title="Mergers and acquisitions">financing employed</a>, including M&A specific considerations such as the <a href="/wiki/Swap_ratio" title="Swap ratio">swap ratio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax optimization</a>, both re the transaction and for the new entity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At more senior levels, <sup id="cite_ref-princetonreview_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-princetonreview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vice_president#In_financial_services_companies" title="Vice president">vice presidents</a> (VPs) or Senior VPs will manage the workflow and deliverables—with modelling performed by Associate VPs—but not be involved in the line-by-line detail <i>per se</i>. <a href="/wiki/Corporate_title#United_States" title="Corporate title">Directors</a> will be responsible for <a href="/wiki/Rainmaker_(business)" title="Rainmaker (business)">"rainmaking"</a> and maintaining existing client relationships. The latter role incorporates a significant advisory element—guiding the client regarding <a href="/wiki/Relative_valuation" title="Relative valuation">their profile and exposure</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Capital_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital markets">capital markets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking#Corporate_finance" title="Investment banking">advising on M&A</a> and other corporate activity <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and liaising with <a href="/wiki/Sales_and_trading" title="Sales and trading">sales and trading</a>). </p><p>Investment banks, and large trading houses, often employ an <a href="/wiki/Economist#Professions" title="Economist">economics team</a> or group. This team produces the <a href="/wiki/Economic_forecast" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic forecast">economic forecasts</a> informing the various valuations and overall <a href="/wiki/Investment_strategy" title="Investment strategy">investment strategy</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking#Research" title="Investment banking">Investment banking § Research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_analyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic analyst">Economic analyst</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_office">Middle office</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within banking, there are other non-quant analyst roles (not necessarily titled "financial analyst"), mainly within the <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking#Middle_office" title="Investment banking">"middle office"</a>; these are generally linked, at least <a href="/wiki/Solid_line_reporting#Dotted-line_(indirect)_reporting" title="Solid line reporting">by dotted line</a>, to both the Finance and Risk Management areas. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate treasury">Corporate Treasury</a> is responsible for an investment bank's funding, capital structure management, and <a href="/wiki/Liquidity_risk" title="Liquidity risk">liquidity risk</a> monitoring; see <a href="/wiki/Bank#Capital_and_risk" title="Bank">Bank § Capital and risk</a>. It is then (co)responsible for the bank's <a href="/wiki/Funds_transfer_pricing" title="Funds transfer pricing">funds transfer pricing</a> (FTP) framework, allowing for comparable financial performance evaluation among business units</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_control" title="Product control">Product Control</a> is primarily responsible for <a href="/wiki/P%26L_Explained" class="mw-redirect" title="P&L Explained">"explaining" the P&L</a>; i.e.: attributing returns to <a href="/wiki/Trading_room#Organization" title="Trading room">individual desks</a>, <a href="/wiki/PnL_Explained#Sensitivities_method" class="mw-redirect" title="PnL Explained">decomposing these</a> into their <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor_(finance)#Financial_Risks_for_the_Market" title="Risk factor (finance)">risk factors</a>, and ensuring that traders' positions <a href="/wiki/Mark-to-market_accounting" title="Mark-to-market accounting">are reflected</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fair_value" title="Fair value">their market values</a>; the tools here are often built by a separate quant team, possibly <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking#Front_office" title="Investment banking">front office</a>, but maintained by Product Control.</li> <li>Credit Risk monitors the bank's debt-clients on an ongoing basis, as <a href="#Credit_analysts">described below</a>; it is additionally responsible for tracking the <a href="/wiki/Risk_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk capital">risk capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Risk-adjusted_return_on_capital" title="Risk-adjusted return on capital">risk adjusted returns</a> on these clients, and reporting <a href="/wiki/Concentration_risk#Monitoring_and_management" title="Concentration risk">re concentration risk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Risk_appetite" title="Risk appetite">risk appetite</a>.</li></ul> <p>These areas, together with the various dedicated <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking#Risk_management" title="Investment banking">Risk Groups</a>, allow the Finance department to advise senior management regarding the firm's global risk exposure and the profitability and structure of the firm's various businesses; see <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk_management#Banking" title="Financial risk management">Financial risk management § Banking</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Comptroller" title="Comptroller">comptroller</a> (or financial controller) is a senior position, responsible for these analyses and <a href="/wiki/Internal_control" title="Internal control">internal control</a> more generally, usually reporting to the bank's <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">chief financial officer</a>, as well as copying the <a href="/wiki/Chief_risk_officer" title="Chief risk officer">chief risk officer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_and_other">Corporate and other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Corporate and other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As outlined, the job title is a broad one, and analyst-roles also include <a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">financial management</a> and (credit) risk management. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial_planning_and_analysis">Financial planning and analysis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Financial planning and analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Financial_management#Role" title="Financial management">Financial analysts within corporates</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dahlquist_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlquist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-corporatefinanceinstitute_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corporatefinanceinstitute-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FP&A_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP&A-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provide inputs into all elements of the firm's financial management.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-collegegrad.com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegegrad.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BLS2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The short term focus is on <a href="/wiki/Working_capital_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Working capital management">working capital management</a>, and includes tasks such as <a href="/wiki/Profitability_analysis" title="Profitability analysis">profitability analysis</a>, cost analysis, <a href="/wiki/Variance_(accounting)" title="Variance (accounting)">variance analysis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cash_flow_forecasting" title="Cash flow forecasting">cash flow forecasting</a> (often overlapping <a href="/wiki/Treasury_management#Corporate_Finance" title="Treasury management">treasury management</a>).</li> <li>Medium term elements are <a href="/wiki/Corporate_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate budget">budgeting</a> and planning; their models here form the basis for <a href="/wiki/Financial_forecast" title="Financial forecast">financial forecasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scenario_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenario analysis">scenario analysis</a> (sometimes re corporate strategy),<sup id="cite_ref-SiegelShim1997_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiegelShim1997-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance#Capitalization_structure" title="Corporate finance">balance sheet optimization</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-BLS3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter, extends to involvement with <a href="/wiki/Dividend_policy" title="Dividend policy">dividend policy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_structure" title="Capital structure">capital structure</a>; relatedly, forecasts here also feed into group <a href="/wiki/Asset_and_liability_management" title="Asset and liability management">ALM</a>.</li> <li>Analysts are also involved with long term "<a href="/wiki/Capital_budgeting" title="Capital budgeting">capital budgeting</a>", i.e. decisions relating to <a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance#Investment_and_project_valuation" title="Corporate finance">"project" selection and valuation</a> and related funding considerations; these forecasts feed through to the <a href="/wiki/Debt_capital_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Debt capital markets">debt capital markets</a> team, "DCM", responsible for securing and managing long-term funding.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk_management#Corporate_finance" title="Financial risk management">Risk analytics</a> will span all perspectives. Similar to treasury though, the team may reside in a <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_center" title="Responsibility center">separate unit</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Three_lines_of_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Three lines of defence">Three lines of defence</a>.</li></ul> <p>Management of these deliverables sits with the <a href="/wiki/Financial_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial manager">financial manager</a> (FM); while <a href="/wiki/Budget_analyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget analyst">budget analyst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cost_analyst" title="Cost analyst">cost analyst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treasurer#Corporate_treasurers" title="Treasurer">treasury analyst or manager</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Risk_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk manager">risk analyst or manager</a> are often specialized roles. The area overall is sometimes referred to as "FP&A" (Financial Planning and Analysis).<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FP&A_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP&A-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Financial_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial director">financial director</a> or chief financial officer (FD, CFO) has primary responsibility for managing the company's finances, including financial planning, management of financial risks, record keeping, and financial reporting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Credit_analysts">Credit analysts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Credit analysts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several analyst roles related to <a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">credit risk</a>, macro or micro.<sup id="cite_ref-BLS4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ratings_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratings agency">Ratings analysts</a> (who are often employees of <a href="/wiki/Ratings_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratings agencies">ratings agencies</a>), evaluate the ability of companies or governments that issue <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> to repay their debt. On the basis of their evaluation, a management team <a href="/wiki/Bond_credit_rating" title="Bond credit rating">assigns a rating</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Corporate_bond" title="Corporate bond">company's</a> or <a href="/wiki/Government_bond" title="Government bond">government's bonds</a>. </p><p>Financial analysts employed in <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Loan">commercial lending</a> perform balance sheet analysis, examining the borrower's <a href="/wiki/Financial_statements" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial statements">audited financial statements</a> and corollary data in order to similarly assess lending risks, and to confirm that <a href="/wiki/Yield_spread#Yield_spread_analysis" title="Yield spread">yield is appropriate given risk</a>; this task is both upfront and on a monitoring basis thereafter. The focus is on current and forecasted <a href="/wiki/Financial_ratio#Debt_ratios_(leveraging_ratios)" title="Financial ratio">debt-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_ratio#Liquidity_ratios" title="Financial ratio">liquidity ratios</a> generally, and specifically those related to any <a href="/wiki/Loan_covenant" title="Loan covenant">loan covenants</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Debt_service_coverage_ratio" title="Debt service coverage ratio">debt service coverage ratio</a> (DSCR) and <a href="/wiki/Loan-to-value_ratio" title="Loan-to-value ratio">loan-to-value ratio</a> (LTVR). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Retail_banking" title="Retail banking">retail banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_analyst" title="Credit analyst">credit analysts</a> build models to determine an applicant's creditworthiness, assign an initial <a href="/wiki/Credit_score" title="Credit score">credit score</a>, and monitor this and the loan on the basis of an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Consumer_credit_risk#Credit_strategy" title="Consumer credit risk">"behavioral" score</a>. In this and the latter role, <a href="/wiki/Impairment_(financial_reporting)" title="Impairment (financial reporting)">impairment-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provision_(accounting)" title="Provision (accounting)">provision</a>-modelling are a prominent deliverable (see <a href="/wiki/IFRS_9" title="IFRS 9">IFRS 9</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Probability_of_default" title="Probability of default">probability of default</a> (PD), <a href="/wiki/Exposure_at_default" title="Exposure at default">exposure at default</a> (EAD) and <a href="/wiki/Loss_given_default" title="Loss given default">loss given default</a> (LGD) statistics or models are (often) provided by a separate (but dedicated) <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_analysis_(finance)#Risk_management" title="Quantitative analysis (finance)">credit-quant</a> team. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accounting_analysts">Accounting analysts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Accounting analysts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some financial analysts specialize as <a href="/wiki/Accounting_analyst" title="Accounting analyst">accounting analysts</a>; they will collect industry data (mainly balance sheet, income statement and capital adequacy in banking sector), merger and acquisition history and financial news for their clients. They then typically "standardize" the different companies' data, facilitating <a href="/wiki/Peer_group_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer group analysis">peer group analysis</a>: the main objective here is to enable their clients to make better decisions about the investment across different regions. They also provide the abundance of <a href="/wiki/Financial_ratio" title="Financial ratio">financial ratios</a> calculated from the data gathered from financial statements, and possibly other sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qualification">Qualification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Qualification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_finance#Education" title="Outline of finance">Outline of finance § Education</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general,<sup id="cite_ref-collegegrad.com_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegegrad.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Investopedia_Career_Path_and_Qualifications_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Investopedia_Career_Path_and_Qualifications-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>a <a href="/wiki/Business_education#Undergraduate_education" title="Business education">business-related bachelor's degree</a> majoring <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Accountancy" title="Bachelor of Accountancy">in Accounting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Finance">in Finance</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Economics" title="Bachelor of Economics">in Economics</a> is a minimum requirement for an entry or junior role. Given the nature of the work, (some) proficiency in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> is typically a recommendation (and analysts may be expected to learn <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> software "<a href="/wiki/On-the-job_training" title="On-the-job training">on the job</a>");<sup id="cite_ref-corporatefinanceinstitute_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corporatefinanceinstitute-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dahlquist_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlquist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see further under <a href="/wiki/Financial_modeling#Accounting" title="Financial modeling">Financial Modeling</a>. </p><p>With seniority, often, analysts are expected to earn an <a href="/wiki/MBA" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA">MBA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlquist_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlquist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having gained 2–3 years experience in the junior role. Increasingly, it is preferred that, even to enter, analysts hold a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Finance" title="Master of Finance">Master of Finance</a> degree.<sup id="cite_ref-usnews_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnews-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More <a href="/wiki/Professional_certification_in_financial_services" title="Professional certification in financial services">specific qualifications</a> may be required additionally:<sup id="cite_ref-collegegrad.com_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegegrad.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In (senior) financial management roles, a <a href="/wiki/Professional_accounting_body" title="Professional accounting body">professional accounting certification</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant" title="Certified Public Accountant">CPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chartered_accountant" title="Chartered accountant">CA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Certified_Management_Accountant" title="Certified Management Accountant">CMA</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Management_Accountants" title="Chartered Institute of Management Accountants">CIMA</a> – is <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer#Qualification" title="Chief financial officer">often a prerequisite</a>; this, given the overlap with tax and financial reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Risk managers increasingly require the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Risk_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Risk Manager">FRM</a> / <a href="/wiki/Professional_risk_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional risk manager">PRM</a>, or an actuarial qualification such as <a href="/wiki/Professional_certification_in_financial_services#Chartered_Enterprise_Risk_Actuary_/_Analyst" title="Professional certification in financial services">CERA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Credit analysts in technical-roles <a href="/wiki/Credit_analyst#Education" title="Credit analyst">may require</a> these also (or at a minimum, <a href="/wiki/Business_mathematics#Undergraduate" title="Business mathematics">specified math-credits</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-investopedia.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-investopedia.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Credit_analysis#Role" title="Credit analysis">commercial-lending roles</a>, an industry certification, such as the CBA from the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Credit_Management" title="National Association of Credit Management">NACM</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be specified.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Treasury_management" title="Treasury management">treasury management</a> roles, analysts often hold the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Corporate_Treasurers#Membership" title="Association of Corporate Treasurers">ACT</a> or <a href="/wiki/Certified_Treasury_Professional" title="Certified Treasury Professional">CTP</a> credential.<sup id="cite_ref-collegegrad.com_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegegrad.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Securities_and_Investment_banking">Securities and Investment banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Securities and Investment banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In securities and IB roles,<sup id="cite_ref-BLS1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is lately preferred that, similarly, even to enter, analysts earn a Master of Finance or the <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Financial_Analyst" title="Chartered Financial Analyst">CFA designation</a>—in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Certified_International_Investment_Analyst" title="Certified International Investment Analyst">CIIA</a> also—with the MBA still common at senior levels. </p><p>Often, there are also regulatory requirements. For example, in the United States, sell-side or Wall Street research analysts must register with the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Industry_Regulatory_Authority" title="Financial Industry Regulatory Authority">Financial Industry Regulatory Authority</a> (FINRA). In addition to passing the <i>General Securities Representative Exam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Series_7_exam" title="Series 7 exam">Series 7</a>), these candidates must pass the <i>Research Analyst Examination</i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_securities_examinations#Registered_representative_level" title="List of securities examinations">Series 86/87</a>) in order to publish research for the purpose of selling or promoting publicly traded securities. For other jurisdictions, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_securities_examinations" title="List of securities examinations">List of securities examinations</a>. </p><p>For sector specialists—with approximately five years industry experience—less weight is placed on finance qualifications, as a relevant advanced degree or qualification in the field is often necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Definitive_Guide_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definitive_Guide-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (They will later be encouraged to earn the <a href="/wiki/Chartered_financial_analyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered financial analyst">CFA</a>, CIIA, or MBA.) For example, <a href="/wiki/Valuation_(finance)#Valuing_financial_services_firms" title="Valuation (finance)">valuing financial service firms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valuation_(finance)#Valuation_of_mining_projects" title="Valuation (finance)">valuing mining corporates</a> requires specialized knowledge regarding their <a href="/wiki/Business_valuation_standard" title="Business valuation standard">valuation-</a>, regulatory-, and <a href="/wiki/Accounting_standard" title="Accounting standard">accounting standards</a>; and, respectively, qualifications in <a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">actuarial science</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">mining engineering</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geology</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will then be required. <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_industry" title="Outline of industry">Other sectors</a> may similarly require specific technical qualifications: e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of pharmacy">in pharmacy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a> for <a href="/wiki/Category:Life_sciences_industry" title="Category:Life sciences industry">"bio-tech"</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronic engineering</a> for (some) areas in "<a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a>" (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Semiconductors" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductors">semiconductors</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Definitive_Guide_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definitive_Guide-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many large teams will also include a <a href="/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant" title="Certified Public Accountant">CPA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Accountant" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered Accountant">CA</a> in a dedicated technical role. (In <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">the Commonwealth</a>, the CA qualification is often sufficient to access (junior) analyst roles.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Banks often also recruit analysts with <a href="/wiki/Qualified_accountant" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualified accountant">accounting qualifications</a> to the middle office roles. The economics team is usually <a href="/wiki/Chief_economist" title="Chief economist">led</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in the discipline, while a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Economics" title="Master of Economics">masters in economics</a> is the typical requirement to join the team. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_analyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative analyst">Quantitative analyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_analyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk analyst">Risk analyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_research" title="Securities research">Securities research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_valuation" title="Stock valuation">Stock valuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structurer" title="Structurer">Structurer</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall D. Ketchum (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4470241">"Is Financial Analysis a Profession?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Analysts_Journal" title="Financial Analysts Journal">Financial Analysts Journal</a></i>. Vol. 23, No. 6 (Nov. - Dec., 1967)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See generally: Leon Wansleben (2012) 'Financial Analysts' In: K. Knorr Cetina & A. Preda (eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of Finance, Oxford: Oxford UP, pp. 250–271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahlquist-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlquist_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlquist_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlquist_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlquist_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlquist_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstax.org/books/principles-finance/pages/1-4-careers-in-finance">Careers in Finance</a>. §1.4 in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDahlquistKnightAdams2022" class="citation book cs1">Dahlquist, Julie; Knight, Rainford; Adams, Alan S. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/principles-of-finance"><i>Principles of Finance</i></a>. 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Morah (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-careers/09/career-credit-analysis-analyst.asp">Analyzing a Career in Credit Analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Investopedia" title="Investopedia">investopedia</a>.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn.org/articles/How_Do_I_Become_a_Credit_Analyst.html">"How Do I Become a Credit Analyst?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Do+I+Become+a+Credit+Analyst%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearn.org%2Farticles%2FHow_Do_I_Become_a_Credit_Analyst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinancial+analyst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Definitive_Guide-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Definitive_Guide_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Definitive_Guide_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mergersandinquisitions.com/equity-research-recruiting/">Equity Research Recruiting: The Definitive Guide</a>, Luis Miguel Ochoa</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.actuarialsociety.org.za/career-paths-actuaries/">Career Paths for Actuaries</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investec.com/en_za/focus/beyond-wealth/inside-the-world-of-the-mining-analyst.html">"Inside the World of the Mining Analyst"</a>. <i>Investec.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investec.com&rft.atitle=Inside+the+World+of+the+Mining+Analyst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investec.com%2Fen_za%2Ffocus%2Fbeyond-wealth%2Finside-the-world-of-the-mining-analyst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinancial+analyst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mergersandinquisitions.com/biotech-equity-research/">Biotech Equity Research</a>, Brian DeChesare</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saica.org.za/initiatives/competency-framework/pathways-to-relevance/career-paths">"Career Paths"</a> as discussed by <a href="/wiki/South_African_Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants" title="South African Institute of Chartered Accountants">SAICA</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_analyst&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Comlay, Elinor (10 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104162435/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLNE58900N20090910">Lehman bust highlights analyst "group-think disease"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/financial-analysts.htm">Financial Analysts</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="US Bureau of Labor Statistics">US Bureau of Labor Statistics</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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