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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_and_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Books and articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="McGeorge Bundy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="McGeorge Bundy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="McGeorge Bundy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="McGeorge Bundy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="מקג'ורג' באנדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקג'ורג' באנדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="ماكجورج بندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماكجورج بندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="マクジョージ・バンディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マクジョージ・バンディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="McGeorge Bundy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="McGeorge Bundy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Банди, Макджордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банди, Макджордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="McGeorge Bundy" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American diplomat and academic (1919-1996)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">McGeorge Bundy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Advisors,_McGeorge_Bundy_-_NARA_-_192530.tif_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Advisors%2C_McGeorge_Bundy_-_NARA_-_192530.tif_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Advisors%2C_McGeorge_Bundy_-_NARA_-_192530.tif_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Advisors%2C_McGeorge_Bundy_-_NARA_-_192530.tif_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Advisors%2C_McGeorge_Bundy_-_NARA_-_192530.tif_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Advisors%2C_McGeorge_Bundy_-_NARA_-_192530.tif_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Advisors%2C_McGeorge_Bundy_-_NARA_-_192530.tif_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="825" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Bundy in 1967</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">United States National Security Advisor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 20, 1961 – February 28, 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Kaysen" title="Carl Kaysen">Carl Kaysen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Komer" title="Robert Komer">Robert Komer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Francis_M._Bator" title="Francis M. Bator">Francis M. Bator</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gordon Gray</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walt_Rostow" title="Walt Rostow">Walt Rostow</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1919-03-30</span>)</span>March 30, 1919<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">September 16, 1996<span style="display:none">(1996-09-16)</span> (aged 77)</span><br />Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Mary Lothrop</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Hollister_Bundy" title="Harvey Hollister Bundy">Harvey Hollister Bundy</a> (father)<br /><a href="/wiki/William_Bundy" title="William Bundy">William Bundy</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>McGeorge</b> "<b>Mac</b>" <b>Bundy</b> (March 30, 1919 – September 16, 1996) was an American academic who served as the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">U.S. National Security Advisor</a> to Presidents <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> from 1961 through 1966. He was president of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> from 1966 through 1979. Despite his career as a foreign-policy intellectual, educator, and <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropist</a>, he is best remembered as one of the chief architects of the United States' escalation of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, during which Bundy served as an intelligence officer, in 1949 he was selected for the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. He worked with a study team on implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>. He was appointed a professor of government at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and in 1953 as its youngest dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, working to develop Harvard as a merit-based university. In 1961 he joined Kennedy's administration. After serving at the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>, in 1979 he returned to academia as professor of history at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, and later as scholar in residence at the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Corporation">Carnegie Corporation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in 1919 and raised in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, Bundy was the third son in a prosperous family long involved in <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> politics. His older brothers were Harvey Hollister Bundy, Jr., and <a href="/wiki/William_Putnam_Bundy" class="mw-redirect" title="William Putnam Bundy">William Putnam Bundy</a>, and he had two younger sisters, Harriet Lowell and Katharine Lawrence.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT01_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Hollister_Bundy" title="Harvey Hollister Bundy">Harvey Hollister Bundy</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, was a prominent attorney in Boston serving as a clerk for Justice <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> in his younger days. Bundy's mother, Katherine Lawrence Putnam, was related to several <a href="/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin">Boston Brahmin</a> families listed in the <a href="/wiki/Social_Register" title="Social Register">Social Register</a>, the Lowells, the Cabots, and the Lawrences; she was a niece to Harvard president <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence_Lowell" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott Lawrence Lowell">Abbott Lawrence Lowell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his mother, Bundy grew up with the other Boston Brahmin families, and throughout his life he was well connected with American elites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bundys were close to <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a>. As <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> under <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, in 1931 Stimson appointed Bundy's father, as his Assistant Secretary of State. Later, Harvey served again under Stimson, when Stimson was Secretary of War in World War II, acting as Special Assistant on Atomic Matters,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and serving as liaison between Stimson and the director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_Research_and_Development" title="Office of Scientific Research and Development">Office of Scientific Research and Development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McGeorge grew up knowing Stimson as a family friend and colleague of their father.<sup id="cite_ref-danner_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The senior Bundy also helped implement the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> after the war. </p><p> McGeorge Bundy attended the private <a href="/wiki/Dexter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dexter School">Dexter School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, and the elite <a href="/wiki/Groton_School" title="Groton School">Groton School</a>, where he placed first in his class and ran the student newspaper and debating society. Biographer <a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a> writes:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He [McGeorge Bundy] attended Groton, the greatest "Prep" school in the nation, where the <a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">American upper class</a> sends its sons to instill the classic values: discipline, honor, a belief in the existing values and the rightness of them. Coincidentally, it's at Groton that one starts to meet the right people, and where connections which will serve well later on – be it at Wall Street or Washington – are first forged; one learns, at Groton, above all, the rules of the Game and even a special language: what washes and does not wash.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>He was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, one year behind his brother <a href="/wiki/William_Bundy" title="William Bundy">William</a>. When applying to Yale, Bundy wrote on the entrance exam "This question is silly. If I were giving the test, this is the question I would ask, and this is my answer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, he was still admitted to Yale as he was awarded a perfect score on his entrance exam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Yale, he served as secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Political_Union" title="Yale Political Union">Yale Political Union</a> and then chairman of its Liberal Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was on the staff of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Literary_Magazine" title="Yale Literary Magazine">Yale Literary Magazine</a></i> and also wrote a column for the <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Daily_News" title="Yale Daily News">Yale Daily News</a></i>, and as a senior was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Henry_Snow_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpheus Henry Snow Prize">Alpheus Henry Snow Prize</a>. Like his father, he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a>, where he was nicknamed "<a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained in contact with his fellow Bonesmen for decades afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from Yale with an <a href="/wiki/A.B." class="mw-redirect" title="A.B.">A.B.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> in 1940. In 1940, he advocated American intervention in World War Two, writing "Though war is evil, it is occasionally the lesser of two evils."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, he was awarded a three-year Junior Fellowship in the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Society_of_Fellows" title="Harvard Society of Fellows">Harvard Society of Fellows</a>. At the time, Fellows were not allowed to pursue advanced degrees, "a requirement intended to keep them off the standard academic treadmill"; thus, Bundy would never earn a doctorate.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTOBIT_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTOBIT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941, Bundy ran for the Ward 5 Seat on the <a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Council" title="Boston City Council">Boston City Council</a>. He was endorsed by the outgoing incumbent, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_Shattuck" title="Henry Lee Shattuck">Henry Lee Shattuck</a>, but lost to A. Frank Foster by 92 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_service">Military service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Bundy decided to join the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> despite his poor vision. He served as an <a href="/wiki/US_Army_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army intelligence">intelligence officer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, he became an aide to Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alan_Goodrich_Kirk" title="Alan Goodrich Kirk">Alan G. Kirk</a>, who knew his father. On 6 June 1944, as an aide to Admiral Kirk, Bundy witnessed first-hand the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> landings from the deck of the cruiser USS <i>Augusta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was discharged at the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">captain</a> in 1946 and returned to Harvard, where he completed the remaining two years of his Junior Fellowship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1945 to 1947, Bundy worked with <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry Stimson</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter</a> of his third-person autobiography, <i>On Active Service in Peace and War</i> (1947).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stimson suffered a massive heart attack (leading to a speech impediment) two months after completing his second appointment as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> in the fall of 1945, and Bundy's assistance was integral to the completion of the book. </p><p>In 1948, he worked for Republican presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> as a speechwriter specializing in foreign policy issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231._15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231.-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy had expected Dewey to win the 1948 election, and to be rewarded with some sort of senior post in a Dewey administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Dewey's defeat, Bundy became a political analyst at the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> in New York, where he studied <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> aid to Europe. Notable members of the study group were <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, then serving as president of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>; future <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>; future <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> official <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Bissell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Bissell, Jr.">Richard M. Bissell, Jr.</a>; and diplomat <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a>. The group's deliberations were sensitive and secret, dealing as they did with the classified fact that there was a covert side to the Marshall Plan, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">by which the CIA used certain funds to aid anti-communist groups</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, Bundy was appointed as a visiting lecturer in Harvard University's Department of Government. He taught the <a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of U.S. foreign policy">history of U.S. foreign policy</a> and was popular among students; after two years, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">associate professor</a> and recommended for <a href="/wiki/Tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure">tenure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his promotion to <a href="/wiki/Full_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Full professor">full professor</a> in 1953, Bundy was appointed <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">dean</a> of Harvard's <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences">Faculty of Arts and Sciences</a>. Only 34, he remains the youngest person to have received a decanal appointment in the university's history as of 2019. An effective and popular administrator, Bundy led policy changes intended to develop Harvard as a class-blind, merit-based university with a reputation for stellar academics.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy was listed as one of the "young American scholars known as 'New Conservatives'" by Peter Viereck in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time as a Dean at Harvard, Bundy first met Senator John F. Kennedy who sat on the Harvard Board of Overseers, and got to know him well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Security_Advisor_and_Vietnam_War">National Security Advisor and Vietnam War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National Security Advisor and Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bundy moved into public political life in 1961 when appointed as <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> in the administration of President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. Kennedy considered Bundy for Secretary of State, but decided that since he was a relatively youthful president, that he wanted an older man as Secretary of State, causing him to appoint Bundy National Security Adviser instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth200042-43_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth200042-43-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common with other members of Kennedy's cabinet, Bundy considered the Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a>, to be ineffectual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000143_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000143-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy, a registered Republican, offered to switch parties to become a registered Democrat when he entered the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000318_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000318-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy vetoed that offer, saying he preferred to have a Republican National Security Adviser to rebut charges that he was "soft on Communism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000318_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000318-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McGeorge_Bundy,_his_mother,_LBJ_in_Cabinet_Room_1963_(002)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/McGeorge_Bundy%2C_his_mother%2C_LBJ_in_Cabinet_Room_1963_%28002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-McGeorge_Bundy%2C_his_mother%2C_LBJ_in_Cabinet_Room_1963_%28002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/McGeorge_Bundy%2C_his_mother%2C_LBJ_in_Cabinet_Room_1963_%28002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-McGeorge_Bundy%2C_his_mother%2C_LBJ_in_Cabinet_Room_1963_%28002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/McGeorge_Bundy%2C_his_mother%2C_LBJ_in_Cabinet_Room_1963_%28002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-McGeorge_Bundy%2C_his_mother%2C_LBJ_in_Cabinet_Room_1963_%28002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>Bundy with his mother and President Johnson in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Room_(White_House)" title="Cabinet Room (White House)">Cabinet Room</a> in November 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>One of Kennedy's "wise men," Bundy played a crucial role in all of the major foreign policy and defense decisions of the Kennedy administration and was retained by <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> for part of his tenure. Bundy was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. At the first meeting of the National Security Council under Kennedy, Bundy was told the four areas of worry were Cuba, the Congo, Laos, and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000115_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1964 to 1966, he was also chair of the <a href="/wiki/303_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="303 Committee">303 Committee</a>, responsible for coordinating government covert operations.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bundy was a strong proponent of the Vietnam War during his tenure, believing it essential to contain communism. He supported escalating United States involvement, including commitment of hundreds of thousands of ground troops and the sustained bombing of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> in 1965. According to <a href="/wiki/Kai_Bird" title="Kai Bird">Kai Bird</a>, Bundy and other advisors well understood the risk but proceeded with these actions largely because of domestic politics, rather than believing that the US had a realistic chance of victory in this war.<sup id="cite_ref-danner_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1961, Bundy advised Kennedy to send a division to fight in Vietnam, writing: "Laos was never really ours after 1954. South Vietnam is and want to be."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000152_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000152-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, Bundy vetoed an attempt by another Harvard professor, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, to join the Kennedy administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000205_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000205-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy knew Kissinger well and told Kennedy that he was a schemer who was not to be trusted. In August 1963, when the diplomat Paul Kattenburg advised ending American support for South Vietnam, Bundy was extremely critical, arguing that American aid to South Vietnam was working as planned and accused Kattenburg of making an argument with no evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000237_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000237-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1963, he agreed to the transfer of the CIA station chief, John Richardson, to help clear the way for <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">a coup against President Diem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000248_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000248-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before the coup on 29 October 1963, Bundy wired the American ambassador in Saigon, Henry Cabot Lodge: "We do not accept as a basis for U.S. policy that we have no power to delay or discourage a coup."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000250_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000250-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night of 1 November, Bundy stayed up all night, awaiting news of the coup, and reported to Kennedy in the morning that only the presidential guard had stayed loyal while the rest of the South Vietnamese Army had supported the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000254_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000254-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 November, Bundy told the media that the United States would recognize the new government in Saigon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000261_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000261-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day he told to Kennedy that photographs of corpses of the Ngo brothers (<a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Diệm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu" title="Ngô Đình Nhu">Nhu</a>) might appear in the media showing their hands tied behind their backs and bullet holes through the back of their heads, joking that this was not his preferred way to commit suicide (it was initially announced that both Ngo brothers had committed suicide, through it was later admitted that they had been executed).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000261_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000261-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 November 1963, Bundy was at his office in Washington when he received a telephone call from the Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> telling him that Kennedy had just been assassinated while visiting Dallas, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000265_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000265-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy broke down in tears at the news of the death of his friend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000266_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000266-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy took a somewhat patronizing attitude to the new president, Lyndon Johnson, telling him before his first cabinet meeting as president to "avoid any suggestion of over-assertiveness."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000267_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000267-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 1964, Bundy told Johnson that the South Vietnamese government was unable to defeat the Viet Cong and American intervention would probably be necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000293_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000293-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Bundy sought to ingratiate himself with Johnson, his once friendly relations with Robert Kennedy declined as the latter considered him a "turncoat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000297_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000297-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson was annoyed by Bundy's habit, which started when Kennedy was president, of popping in and out of the Oval Office as it suited him, and asked him to stick to a strict schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000305_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000305-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1964, Bundy advised Johnson to dismiss General <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Harkins" title="Paul D. Harkins">Paul D. Harkins</a> as commander of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command,_Vietnam" title="Military Assistance Command, Vietnam">Military Assistance Command, Vietnam</a>, writing: "I do not know anyone, except perhaps Max Taylor, in the top circle of the government who believes that General Harkins is the right man for the war in Vietnam now … Harkins has been unimpressive in his reporting and analyzing, and has shown a lack of grip on the realities of the situation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000276-277_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000276-277-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy advised replacing Harkins with General <a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a>, saying Vietnam is "much too important to be decided by Bob McNamara's reluctance to offend Max Taylor, saying that Johnson had the power "to give him a direct order to do what in his heart he knows he should. He is a soldier."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000277_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000277-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson distrusted Bundy because of his family's inherited wealth and his elite status as a product of Ivy League universities, and much preferred McNamara who only became rich as an executive with the Ford Motor Company and had only attended Harvard Business School.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000277_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000277-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his part, Bundy found many of Johnson's mannerisms highly offensive such as his practice of exposing his penis to prove that he was well endowed and refusing to close the bathroom door when he was using the toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000407_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000407-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson rather enjoyed offending Bundy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000407_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000407-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1964, when the Undersecretary of State, <a href="/wiki/George_Ball_(diplomat)" title="George Ball (diplomat)">George Ball</a>, circulated a memo "How Valid Are the Assumptions Underlying Our Vietnam Policy?", Bundy emerged as Ball's leading critic and offered Johnson a detailed memo arguing there was no comparison between the French and American wars in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000317-318_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000317-318-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1964 after the Vietcong bombed the Brink's Hotel in Saigon, Bundy advised Johnson to begin a strategical bombing campaign against North Vietnam, giving in a memo five reasons not to bomb North Vietnam vs. nine reasons to bomb North Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000327_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000327-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy predicated that bombing North Vietnam would solve South Vietnam's morale problems, saying the South Vietnamese soldiers would fight better once they knew the United States was involved in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000327_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000327-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a cable to Maxwell Taylor, the ambassador in Saigon, Johnson gave domestic reasons why he would not bomb North Vietnam at present, saying he was to introduce his Great Society reforms soon, complaining about conservative Republicans and Democrats that: "They hate this stuff, they don't want to help the poor and the Negroes, but they're afraid to be against it at a time like this when there's all this prosperity. But the war-oh, they'll like the war."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000328_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000328-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Johnson went on that once his Great Society reforms were adopted by Congress, he would commit the United States to war, saying he had doubts that North Vietnam could be defeated by strategic bombing alone, and he would send American troops to fight in South Vietnam sometime in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000328-329_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000328-329-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1965, Bundy visited South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000336-337_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000336-337-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 February 1965, the Viet Cong attacked an American air base at Pleiku with mortars, killing eight Americans and wounding 126.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000337_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000337-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy advised Johnson to begin a strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam in retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000337_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000337-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy afterwards visited the Pleiku base where he was disturbed by the sight of the wounded servicemen, saying he never seen so much blood in all his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000338_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000338-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return to Washington, Bundy in a memo to the president wrote: "The situation in Vietnam is deteriorating, and without new U.S. action defeat appears inevitable-probably not in a matter of weeks or perhaps even months, but within the next year or so. There is still time to turn around, but not much. The stakes in Vietnam are extremely high, the American investment is very large, and the American responsibility is a fact of life which is palpable in the atmosphere of Asia, and even elsewhere. The international prestige of the United States, and a substantial part of our influence, are directly at risk in Vietnam."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000340_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000340-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy called for "graduated and continuing bombings" of North Vietnam as the best response.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000340_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000340-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy reported that what he had seen in South Vietnam suggested that the majority of the South Vietnamese people believed "the Vietcong are going to win in the long run."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000340_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000340-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>, who was alarmed by Johnson's Vietnam policy proposed a summit in an attempt to change his policy, Bundy told the British ambassador <a href="/wiki/David_Ormsby-Gore,_5th_Baron_Harlech" title="David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech">Lord Harlech</a> that such a summit would be "unhelpful".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000342_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000342-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The columnist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> contacted Bundy asking him to advise Johnson to change his Vietnam policies, only to find that the National Security Adviser was solidly loyal to the president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000353_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000353-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lippmann was astonished by Bundy's ignorance about Vietnamese history as he discovered Bundy had no idea that South Vietnam was a recent creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000354_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000354-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bundy advised Johnson that the best way to "sell" the Vietnam War to the American people was as an extension of the Great Society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000353_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000353-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy told the president he should create a multi-billion dollar Southeast Asia Development Corporation that would build an enormous dam on the Mekong River which he wrote would be "bigger and more imaginative than the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">TVA</a> and a lot tougher to do".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000353_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000353-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy suggested the proposed Southeast Asia Development Corporation and its dam on the Mekong would be able to bring electricity to all of Southeast Asia and thereby industrialize the entire region within the next 20 or so years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000353_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000353-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech on 7 April 1965 at Johns Hopkins University, Johnson proposed the Southeast Asia Development Corporation and the dam on the Mekong that would electrify all of Southeast Asia, saying that the Vietnam war was a struggle for economic development, which he accused North Vietnam of seeking to prevent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000354-355_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000354-355-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the war continued, Johnson berated Bundy, saying he wanted "more ideas and more horsepower and more imagination".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000354-355_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000354-355-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1965, the first "teach-in" to protest the Vietnam war was held at the University of Michigan and Bundy was challenged to a debate, which he declined, saying in a public letter "if your letter came to me for grading as a professor, I would not be able to give it high marks".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000358_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000358-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Bundy accepted a challenge from <a href="/wiki/George_McTurnan_Kahin" title="George McTurnan Kahin">George McTurnan Kahin</a>, a Cornell University professor who specialized in Southeast Asia, for a public debate to be televised live on 15 May 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000358_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000358-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson did not want the debate to take place, fearing that Bundy might lose. Johnson arranged to send Bundy to the Dominican Republic, causing him to miss the debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000359_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000359-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the debate's organizers, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Commoner" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a>, a biologist at the University of Washington, stated that Bundy might give other professors bad marks for their letters, but he "has turned in a terrible record on attendance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000337_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000337-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Harvard Crimson</a></i> newspaper ran an editorial criticizing the Vietnam War, Bundy who always closely followed developments at Harvard, wrote an 11-page rebuttal criticizing the editorial and compared the editors of the <i>Harvard Crimson</i> to the appeasers of the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Bundy realized that Johnson had sent him to Santo Domingo to prevent him from debating Kahin, without informing the president he contacted <a href="/wiki/Fred_Friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Friendly">Fred Friendly</a>, a television producer at CBS, saying he wanted to debate <a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a>, an international affairs professor at the University of Chicago, live on television.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Johnson learned that CBS was airing the Bundy-Morgenthau debate on 21 June 1965, Johnson was incensed, saying to his aide Bill Moyers: "Do you see this? Bundy is going on television-on national television-with five professors. That's an act of disloyalty. He didn't tell me because he knew I didn't want him to do it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson told Moyers to go sack Bundy on the spot, but changed his mind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between Johnson and Bundy were notably tense afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367-368_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367-368-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 June 1965, the television debate was aired live under the title <i>Vietnam Dialogue: Mr. Bundy and the Professors</i> with <a href="/wiki/Eric_Sevareid" title="Eric Sevareid">Eric Sevareid</a> as the moderator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the debate, Bundy accused Morgenthau of being a defeatist and pessimist, citing his 1961 statement that Laos was destined to go Communist, leading Morgenthau to reply: "I may have been dead wrong on Laos, but it doesn't mean I am dead wrong on Vietnam".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy then brought up a statement Morgenthau made in 1956, praising President Diem of South Vietnam for creating a "miracle".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy was generally considered to have won the debate, but Johnson was still furious with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy privately conceded that his time as National Security Adviser was coming to a close.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson instructed Moyers to terminate Bundy, who upon being told he was fired, stated "Again?" and went back to work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000369_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000369-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Johnson kept changing his mind about whatever to sack Bundy, he could see his time at the White House was quite limited, and he contacted <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Pusey" title="Nathan Pusey">Nathan Pusey</a>, the president of Harvard asking if he could return to academia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000369_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000369-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1965, Bundy advised Johnson not to step up the bombing in response to the execution by the Viet Cong of an American POW, Sergeant Harold Bennett, warning that this mean in a certain sense losing control of the level of the bombing: such a precedent would mean the United States would have to step up the bombing in the event of future atrocities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000369_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000369-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bundy told Ball at the time that his influence over Johnson was in decline and he did not expect his advice to be accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000369_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000369-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson ordered the bombing to increased as Bundy feared that he would. In July 1965, Bundy recruited a group of elder statesmen known as "the Wise Men" to advise Johnson from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000373_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000373-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unofficial leader of the "Wise Men" was the former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000373_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000373-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first meeting of the "Wise Men" did not go well: Johnson engaged in an extended bout of self-pity, complaining that he had only acted in Vietnam because he had to and was being criticized by the media and Congress; this bout was much to the disgust of the "Wise Men", who complained that they had not come to the White House to listen to this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000374_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000374-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the "Wise Men" expressed their approval of Johnson's Vietnam policy, and Bundy afterwards thanked Acheson, saying that Johnson felt more confident now that he was acting correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000374_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000374-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his support for the war, Bundy criticized what he regarded as a sloppy thinking by other members of Johnson's cabinet, most notably in July 1965 when he attacked the plans of McNamara to send more troops to Vietnam as being "rash to the point of folly...In particular I see no reason to suppose that the Vietcong will accommodate us by fighting the kind of war we desire. I think the odds are that if we put in 40-50 battalions with the missions here proposed, we shall find them only lightly engaged and ineffective in hot pursuit."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000370_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000370-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy stated the problem with Vietnam was that the South Vietnamese state was dysfunctional, leading him to write "...this is a slippery slope toward total U.S. responsibility and corresponding fecklessness on the Vietnamese side".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000370_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000370-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy advised Johnson not to send more troops to South Vietnam as a way to pressure the South Vietnamese to make reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000371-372_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000371-372-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy advised Johnson to ponder: "What are the chances of our getting into a white man's war with all the brown men against us or apathetic?".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000372_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000372-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bundy was still committed to the war as he wrote in another memo titled "France in Vietnam, 1954, and the U.S. in Vietnam, 1965-A Useful Analogy?" that France failed because of "the war's acute unpopularity" and "French political instability", none of which Bundy wrote applied to the United States in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000372_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000372-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expanding on this theme, Bundy wrote: "France was never united or consistent in her prosecution of the war in Indochina. The war was not popular in France itself, was actively opposed on the left and was cynically used by others for domestic political ends".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000372_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000372-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, Bundy wrote at present that only academics and churchmen were opposed to the war, and they were a minority within a minority, reminding Johnson that according to the most recent polls 62% of American supported the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000372_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000372-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1965, an American diplomat in Paris, Ed Gullion, opened up secret talks with Mai Van Bo, who headed the National Liberation Front's office in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000386_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000386-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To provide secrecy, Gullion was code-named R.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000386_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000386-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy advised Johnson to let the talks proceed, writing: "Let R do the talking this time and see if there is any give in his position".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000386_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000386-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the XYZ talks as the negotiations were called floundered over the demand that the United States unconditionally cease bombing North Vietnam as a precondition for peace talks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000386_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000386-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Pusey was unable to give him a position consistent with his former station, Bundy contacted John McCloy, the chairman of the Ford Foundation, to see if he could become president of the Ford Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy had difficult relations with Johnson by this point, but he felt it was his patriotic duty as an American to leave government service in a manner that did not embarrass the president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 November 1965, Bundy was offered the presidency of the Ford Foundation, whose annual pay was $75,000 compared to the $30,000 he made as National Security Adviser.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Ford Foundation had an endowment of $200 million to be spent annually, making it the world's biggest charity, which appealed to Bundy, as it allow him to maintain that he was still engaged in important work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Bundy had discussed his interest in the Ford Foundation with Johnson previously, when the president learned from reading the <i>New York Times</i> that the offer had been made, he was notably angry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundy agreed to stay on until the end of 1966, but Johnson became abrasive and abusive towards him, taking the viewpoint that Bundy was guilty of betraying him and he was a coward who was leaving because he could not handle the stress of the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Johnson ceased listening to Bundy, his role by the end of 1966 had been reduced to reporting information and laying out options for the president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000416_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000416-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his last report to Johnson in 1966, he stated China was denouncing the Americans as "running dogs of imperialism"; that Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia believed a peaceful end to the war was possible with time; that the governments of Hungary and Algeria were offering to serve as intermediaries in peace talks; that the French president Charles de Gaulle wanted the United States to cease bombing North Vietnam and open talks; and that the governments of Britain and Canada were pressing the Soviet Union in turn to pressure North Vietnam to open peace talks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000416_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000416-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his last service to Johnson, when Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> criticized the Vietnam War in a speech on 31 October 1966, Bundy went on <i>On Meet the Press</i> television show to offer a defense of the Johnson administration and to rebut Kennedy's criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000423_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000423-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_academia">Return to academia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He left government in 1966 to serve as president of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DesMoinesRegister_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesMoinesRegister-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remaining in this position until 1979. On 12 October 1968, Bundy criticized the Vietnam War in a speech, saying: "There is no prospect of military victory against North Vietnam by any level of U.S. military force which is acceptable or desirable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000526_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000526-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After testifying before the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a> in 1975, Bundy issued a statement: "As far as I ever knew, or know now, no one in the White House or at the Cabinet level ever gave any approval of any kind to any CIA effort to assassinate anyone." Bundy added: "I told the committee in particular that it is wholly inconsistent with what I know of President Kennedy and his brother Robert that either of them would have given any such order or authorization or consent to anyone through any channel."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1979, Bundy returned to academia as a professor of <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Professor_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor emeritus">professor emeritus</a> from 1989 until his death. During this period, he helped found the group known as the "Gang of Four," whose other members were <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_C._Smith" title="Gerard C. Smith">Gerard Smith</a>; together they spoke and wrote about American nuclear policies. They published an influential 1983 <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> article that proposed ending the US policy of "first use of nuclear weapons to stop a Soviet invasion of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-danner_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote <i>Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years</i> (1988). Their work has been credited with contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks#SALT_II_Treaty" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT II treaty</a> a decade later.<sup id="cite_ref-danner_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bundy was employed by the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York" title="Carnegie Corporation of New York">Carnegie Corporation of New York</a> from 1990 until his death, serving as chair of the Committee on Reducing the Nuclear Danger (1990–1993) and scholar-in-residence (1993–1996). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1950, he married Mary Buckminster Lothrop, who came from a socially prominent and wealthy Bostonian family; they had four sons. </p><p>Bundy died on 16 September 1996 from a heart attack at age 77.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1969 he was presented with the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a>, one of 20 to receive the medal "in the last 24 hours of [Johnson's] presidency in January 1969".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bundy was later included on President <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Richard Nixon's</a> "<a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon_political_opponents" class="mw-redirect" title="Master list of Nixon political opponents">Enemies List</a>", his compilation of political opponents.</li> <li>Views of Bundy's role in the Vietnam War changed over the decades. Gordon Goldstein's 2008 book, <i>Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam</i>, was reported in late September 2009 as the "must-read-book" among President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s war advisers, as they contemplated the alternative courses ahead in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Holbrooke" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard C. Holbrooke">Richard C. Holbrooke</a>, who had reviewed the book in late November 2008, was a member of the team of presidential advisers in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT01_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/tocapthevolcanobymcgeorgebundyforeignaffairsvol.48no.1october1969pp.120/to%20cap%20the%20volcano%2C%20by%20mcgeorge%20bundy%20%28foreign%20affairs%2C%20vol.%2048%2C%20no.%201%2C%20october%201969%29%2C%20pp.%201-20.pdf">“To Cap the Volcano”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, vol. 48, no. 1, October 1969. pp. 1–20. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039419">20039419</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20039419">10.2307/20039419</a>. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1969-10-01/cap-volcano">Available online</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> archives.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217075143/http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/docs/bundy.htm">"The Issue Before the Court: Who Gets Ahead in America?"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i> vol. 240, no. 5, November 1977. pp. 41–54.</li></ul> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><i>On Active Service in Peace and War</i> (Co-authored by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stimson">Henry Stimson</a>). New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a>, 1947.</li> <li><i>Danger and Survival: Choices about the Bomb in the First Fifty Years</i>. New York: Vintage Books, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-52278-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-52278-8">0-394-52278-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Appearances</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited</i>. Produced for The Idea Channel by the <a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose Network</a>, 1983. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2WIoHNl8eI">Phase I (U1015)</a> (January 22, 1983) <ul><li>Featuring McGeorge Bundy, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neustadt" title="Richard Neustadt">Richard Neustadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Martin" title="Edwin M. Martin">Edwin Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> & Donald Wilson in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eujqg4GDlog">Phase II, Part I (U1016)</a> (June 27, 1983) <ul><li>Featuring McGeorge Bundy, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neustadt" title="Richard Neustadt">Richard Neustadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._McNamara" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert S. McNamara">Robert S. McNamara</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Ball" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Ball">George W. Ball</a> & <a href="/wiki/U._Alexis_Johnson" title="U. Alexis Johnson">U. Alexis Johnson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVHe2GQIu7c">Phase II, Part II (U1017)</a> (June 27, 1983) <ul><li>Featuring McGeorge Bundy, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neustadt" title="Richard Neustadt">Richard Neustadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._McNamara" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert S. McNamara">Robert S. McNamara</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Ball" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Ball">George W. Ball</a> & <a href="/wiki/U._Alexis_Johnson" title="U. Alexis Johnson">U. Alexis Johnson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813175637/http://openvault.wgbh.org/wapina/barcode48984bundy_2/index.html#series_description"><i>At the Brink: War and Peace in the Nuclear Age</i></a>. Episode 105. WBGH, March 20, 1986. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813175637/http://openvault.wgbh.org/wapina/barcode48984bundy_2/index.html#series_description">Full transcript available</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Portrayal in other media</b> </p><p>Bundy and his role have been featured in feature and TV films: </p> <ul><li>He was played by <a href="/wiki/James_Olson_(actor)" title="James Olson (actor)">James Olson</a> in the made-for-TV film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Missiles_of_October" title="The Missiles of October">The Missiles of October</a></i> (1974).</li> <li>In the 2000 film <i><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(film)" title="Thirteen Days (film)">Thirteen Days</a></i>, McGeorge Bundy is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wood_(actor)" title="Frank Wood (actor)">Frank Wood</a>.</li> <li>In the 2002 <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Path_to_War" title="Path to War">Path to War</a></i>, Bundy is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Cliff_DeYoung" title="Cliff DeYoung">Cliff DeYoung</a>.</li> <li>In the 2013 TV film, <i><a href="/wiki/Killing_Kennedy_(film)" title="Killing Kennedy (film)">Killing Kennedy</a></i>, Bundy was portrayed by Ray Nedzel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Best_and_the_Brightest" title="The Best and the Brightest">The Best and the Brightest</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundy_Report" title="Bundy Report">Bundy Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Corporation">Carnegie Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_and_articles">Books and articles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Books and articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangguth2000" class="citation book cs1">Langguth, A.J. (2000). <i>Our Vietnam The War 1954-1975</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0743212312" title="Special:BookSources/0743212312"><bdi>0743212312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Vietnam+The+War+1954-1975&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0743212312&rft.aulast=Langguth&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT01-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT01_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT01_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/books/review/Holbrooke-t.html?_r=1&scp=2&sq=mcgeorge%20bundy%20stimson&st=cse">'The Doves Were Right'</a> Review by Richard C. Holbrooke of Goldstein, Gordon M., <i>Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam</i>, <i>The New York Times Book Review</i>, 28 November 2008. Retrieved 7/7/09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_W_Hechler1953" class="citation web cs1">Kenneth W Hechler (5 January 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180606124538/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/hechler-kenneth/corr_hechler_1953-01-05.htm">"Memorandum on the Potsdam Conference to David D Lloyd"</a>. www.nuclearfiles.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/hechler-kenneth/corr_hechler_1953-01-05.htm">the original</a> on 2018-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+on+the+Potsdam+Conference+to+David+D+Lloyd&rft.pub=www.nuclearfiles.org&rft.date=1953-01-05&rft.au=Kenneth+W+Hechler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuclearfiles.org%2Fmenu%2Flibrary%2Fcorrespondence%2Fhechler-kenneth%2Fcorr_hechler_1953-01-05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_J._Kevles1990" class="citation journal cs1">Daniel J. Kevles (March 1990). "The Politics of Atomic Reality". <i>Reviews in American History</i>. <b>18</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Atomic+Reality&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1990-03&rft.au=Daniel+J.+Kevles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-danner-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-danner_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danner_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danner_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danner_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/04/books/members-of-the-club.html?pagewanted=2">Mark Danner, "Members of the Club: Review of Kai Bird's 'THE COLOR OF TRUTH/ McGeorge Bundy and William Bundy: Brothers in Arms. A Biography'</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, April 1999, accessed 22 November 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">Halberstam, David</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WX6uAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Best and the Brightest</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46163-2"><bdi>978-0-394-46163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+and+the+Brightest&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-394-46163-2&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWX6uAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_W._Cookson,_Jr.Caroline_Persell1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Cookson_Jr." title="Peter W. Cookson Jr.">Peter W. Cookson, Jr.</a>; Caroline Persell (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preparingforpowe00cook"><i>1969 quotation of David Halberstam in </i>America's Elite Boarding Schools<i><span></span></i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a> (published 1985). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-06269-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-06269-5"><bdi>0-465-06269-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/660054698">660054698</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18166618W">18166618W</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108671720" class="extiw" title="d:Q108671720">Q108671720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1969+quotation+of+David+Halberstam+in+America%27s+Elite+Boarding+Schools&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F660054698&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL18166618W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-465-06269-5&rft.au=Peter+W.+Cookson%2C+Jr.&rft.au=Caroline+Persell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreparingforpowe00cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000230_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2008" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Gordon M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhd3ygLAXXcC&q=%22mcgeorge%20bundy%22%20yale%20%22liberal%20party%22&pg=PA8"><i>Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805079715" title="Special:BookSources/9780805079715"><bdi>9780805079715</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+in+Disaster%3A+McGeorge+Bundy+and+the+Path+to+War+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780805079715&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Gordon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlhd3ygLAXXcC%26q%3D%2522mcgeorge%2520bundy%2522%2520yale%2520%2522liberal%2520party%2522%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTOBIT-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTOBIT_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Martin2007" class="citation news cs1">Douglas Martin (March 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/02/obituaries/02schlesinger.html">"Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., a Partisan Historian of Power, Is Dead at 89"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210203508/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/02/obituaries/02schlesinger.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Arthur+M.+Schlesinger+Jr.%2C+a+Partisan+Historian+of+Power%2C+Is+Dead+at+89&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft.au=Douglas+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F02%2Fobituaries%2F02schlesinger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Shattuck Gives Support to Bundy for City Council". <i>The Boston Daily Globe</i>. August 16, 1941.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Daily+Globe&rft.atitle=Shattuck+Gives+Support+to+Bundy+for+City+Council&rft.date=1941-08-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annualreportofbo1941bost/page/40/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Annual Report of the Election Department</i></a>. Boston [Election Dept.] 1941. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Election+Department&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Boston+%5BElection+Dept.%5D&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannualreportofbo1941bost%2Fpage%2F40%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-09-17-mn-44663-story.html">"McGeorge Bundy; Advisor to Two Presidents in 1960s"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 17 September 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=McGeorge+Bundy%3B+Advisor+to+Two+Presidents+in+1960s&rft.date=1996-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1996-09-17-mn-44663-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1962/12/02/archives/when-bundy-says-the-president-wants-when-bundy-says.html?sq=mcgeorge%2520bundy%2520stimson&scp=3&st=cse">"When Bundy Says, 'The President Wants--'" (paid archive)</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, December 2, 1962. Partial quote: "After V-J Day, Bundy spent a year and a half working on the Stimson book, . ... " Retrieved July 7, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231.-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000231._15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 231..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Covert CIA side to the Marshall Plan – see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird1998" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Kai (1998). <i>The Color of Truth: McGeorge and William Bundy, Brothers in Arms: A Biography</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coloroftruthmcge00bird_0/page/106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80970-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80970-2"><bdi>0-684-80970-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Color+of+Truth%3A+McGeorge+and+William+Bundy%2C+Brothers+in+Arms%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-684-80970-2&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Kai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, Gordon M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VpwAAAAQBAJ&dq=Katherine%20Lawrence%20(Putnam)&pg=PT14"><i>Lessons in Disaster: Mcgeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam.</i></a> New York: Times Books/Henry Holt and Co, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabaservice2004" class="citation book cs1">Kabaservice, Geoffrey (2004). <i>The Guardians: Kingman Brewster, His Circle, and the Rise of the Liberal Establishment</i>. New York: Henry Holt & Co. pp. 136–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6762-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6762-0"><bdi>0-8050-6762-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guardians%3A+Kingman+Brewster%2C+His+Circle%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+Liberal+Establishment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=136-140&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8050-6762-0&rft.aulast=Kabaservice&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780-2010%3A+Chapter+B&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViereck2017" class="citation book cs1">Viereck, Peter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.ajc7645.0001.001&view=1up&seq=109"><i>Conservatism from John Adams to Winston Churchill</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+from+John+Adams+to+Winston+Churchill&rft.place=London&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Viereck&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmiun.ajc7645.0001.001%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=McGeorge+Bundy&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DMcGeorge%2BBundy%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth200042-43-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth200042-43_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 42-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000143-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000143_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000318-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000318_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000318_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000115-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000115_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2001" class="citation book cs1">Miller, James E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/advisory/state/covert.html"><i>Foreign Relations, 1964–1968 Volume XII</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Relations%2C+1964%E2%80%931968+Volume+XII&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fadvisory%2Fstate%2Fcovert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000152-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000152_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000205-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000205_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000237-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000237_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000248-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000248_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000250-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000250_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000254-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000254_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000261-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000261_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000261_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000265-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000265_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000266-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000266_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000267-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000267_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000293-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000293_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000297-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000297_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000305-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000305_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000276-277-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000276-277_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 276-277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000277-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000277_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000277_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000407-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000407_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000407_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000317-318-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000317-318_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 317-318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000327-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000327_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000327_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000328-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000328_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000328-329-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000328-329_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 328-329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000336-337-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000336-337_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 336-337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000337-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000337_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000337_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000337_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000338-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000338_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000340-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000340_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000340_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000340_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000342-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000342_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000353-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000353_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000353_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000353_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000353_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000354-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000354_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000354-355-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000354-355_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000354-355_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 354-355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000358-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000358_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000358_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000359-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000359_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367-368-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000367-368_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 367-368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000368_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000369-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000369_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000369_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000369_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000369_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000373-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000373_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000373_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000374-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000374_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000374_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000370-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000370_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000370_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000371-372-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000371-372_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 371-372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000372-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000372_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000372_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000372_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000372_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000386-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000386_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000386_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000386_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000386_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000394_67-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000416-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000416_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000416_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000423-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000423_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DesMoinesRegister-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DesMoinesRegister_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"People in the News ... Bundy Takes Over". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Des_Moines_Register" title="The Des Moines Register">The Des Moines Register</a></i>. March 3, 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Des+Moines+Register&rft.atitle=People+in+the+News+...+Bundy+Takes+Over&rft.date=1966-03-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2000526-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangguth2000526_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2000">Langguth 2000</a>, p. 526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/12/archives/2-former-kennedy-aides-deny-assassination-plots.html">"2 Former Kennedy Aides Deny Assassination Plots"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 12 July 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=2+Former+Kennedy+Aides+Deny+Assassination+Plots&rft.date=1975-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F07%2F12%2Farchives%2F2-former-kennedy-aides-deny-assassination-plots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2008" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Gordon (2008). <i>Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam</i>. New York: Times Books. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7971-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7971-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-7971-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+in+Disaster%3A+McGeorge+Bundy+and+the+Path+to+War+in+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7971-5&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_E._Sanger" title="David E. Sanger">Sanger, David E.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E5DE1730F936A25751C1A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"War Figures Honored With Medal of Freedom" (limited no-charge access)</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, December 15, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Rich" title="Frank Rich">Rich, Frank</a> (September 26, 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/27/opinion/27rich.html">"Op-ed: Obama at the Precipice"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Op-ed%3A+Obama+at+the+Precipice&rft.date=2009-09-26&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F27%2Fopinion%2F27rich.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?113488-1/color-truth">Presentation by Kai Bird on <i>The Color of Truth</i> at the JFK Presidential Library, October 15, 1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellah2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Bellah, Robert N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2005/02/10/mccarthyism-at-harvard/">"McCarthyism at Harvard"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>. Vol. 52, no. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=McCarthyism+at+Harvard&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bellah&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2005%2F02%2F10%2Fmccarthyism-at-harvard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcGeorge+Bundy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bird, Kai. <i>The Color of Truth: McGeorge and William Bundy, Brothers in Arms: A Biography</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80970-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80970-2">0-684-80970-2</a>.</li> <li>Gardner, Lloyd. "Harry Hopkins with Hand Grenades? McGeorge Bundy in the Kennedy and Johnson Years", in <i>Behind the Throne: Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents, 1898–1968</i>, ed. Thomas J. McCormick and Walter LaFeber. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993. pp. 204–229. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-13740-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-13740-6">0-299-13740-6</a>.</li> <li>Goldstein, Gordon M., <i>Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam</i> New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2008. pp. 300. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-9087-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-9087-8">0-8050-9087-8</a>.</li> <li>Halberstam, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harpers.org/archive/1969/07/the-very-expensive-education-of-mcgeorge-bundy/">"The Very Expensive Education of McGeorge Bundy"</a>. <i>Harper's Magazine</i> 239, no. 1430 (July 1969), pp. 21–41.</li> <li>Kabaservice, Geoffrey. <i>The Guardians: Kingman Brewster, His Circle, and the Rise of the Liberal Establishment</i>. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2004. pp. 136–140. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6762-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6762-0">0-8050-6762-0</a>.</li> <li>Nünlist, Christian. <i>Kennedys rechte Hand: McGeorge Bundys Einfluss als Nationaler Sicherheitsberater auf die amerikanische Aussenpolitik, 1961–63</i>. Zurich: Center for Security Studies, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-905641-61-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-905641-61-5">3-905641-61-5</a>.</li> <li>Preston, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/thelittlestatedepartmentmcgeorgebundyandthenationalsecuritycouncilstaff196165bya/The%20Little%20State%20Department%20-%20McGeorge%20Bundy%20and%20the%20National%20Security%20Council%20Staff%2C%201961-65%2C%20by%20Andrew%20Preston%20%28Presidential%20Studies%20Quarterly%2C%20Vol.%2031%2C%20No.%204%2C%20December%202001%29%2C%20pp.%20635-659.pdf">“The Little State Department: McGeorge Bundy and the National Security Council Staff, 1961–65”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Studies_Quarterly" title="Presidential Studies Quarterly">Presidential Studies Quarterly</a></i>, vol. 31, no. 4, December 2001. pp. 635–659. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0000-0000.2001.00191.x">10.1111/j.0000-0000.2001.00191.x</a></li> <li>Preston, Andrew. <i>The War Council: McGeorge Bundy, the NSC, and Vietnam</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02198-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02198-3">0-674-02198-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGeorge_Bundy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813175637/http://openvault.wgbh.org/wapina/barcode48984bundy_2/index.html">Interview about the Cuban Missile Crisis</a> for the WGBH series, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509083727/http://openvault.wgbh.org/series/War%2Band%2BPeace%2Bin%2Bthe%2BNuclear%2BAge/">War and Peace in the Nuclear Age</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927071201/http://bostonreview.net/BR24.1/jones.html">Review of biography of brothers William and McGeorge Bundy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011203073409/http://bostonreview.mit.edu/br24.1/jones.html">Point of View of Nuremberg Trial Prosecutor Telford Taylor on McGeorge Bundy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives (archived 2001-12-03)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon2/doc148.htm">Pentagon papers: Telegram From the Ambassador in Vietnam (Lodge) to McGeorge Bundy on US Options With Respect to a Possible Coup, mentioning the term "plausible denial"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050217012425/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon2/doc148.htm">Archived</a> 2005-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/iv/12652.htm">Alternative link: Pentagon papers, Telegram 216, same cable</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060828141025/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FBundy%2C+McGeorge">Annotated bibliography for McGeorge Bundy from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/17/us/mcgeorge-bundy-dies-at-77-top-adviser-in-vietnam-era.html">NY Times Obituary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121215060508/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/McGeorgeB/McGeorge.asp">Oral History Interviews with McGeorge Bundy, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (archived 2012-12-15)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2217">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gordon Gray</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> </b><br />1961–1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walt_Rostow" title="Walt Rostow">Walt Rostow</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Scowcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Brzezinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_V._Allen" title="Richard V. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Nance" title="James W. Nance">Nance</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Clark_Jr." title="William P. Clark Jr.">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McFarlane_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert McFarlane (American politician)">McFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Poindexter" title="John Poindexter">Poindexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Scowcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lake" title="Anthony Lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Berger" title="Sandy Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">C. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Jones" title="James L. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Donilon" title="Thomas E. Donilon">Donilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">S. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Kellogg" title="Keith Kellogg">Kellogg</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._R._McMaster" title="H. R. McMaster">McMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kupperman" title="Charles Kupperman">Kupperman</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._O%27Brien" title="Robert C. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Sullivan" title="Jake Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="White House Logo"><img alt="White House Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/75px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/113px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/150px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="58" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1575845#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109173483">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/76384193">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/13840/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJktrFtCDCQq9DQtq8MdcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121405559">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50040470">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12310329q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12310329q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001267555">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20120830001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074834142">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90271034">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810678840405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259272305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13912133">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03461713?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121405559.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/121405559">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031989136">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580924">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62c0pw5">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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