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class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Live+streaming" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Live+streaming" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Social media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Facebook_Watch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facebook_Watch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Facebook Watch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facebook_Watch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-YouTube_Live" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#YouTube_Live"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>YouTube Live</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-YouTube_Live-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Kick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestreaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestreaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Lifestreaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestreaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twitch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twitch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Twitch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twitch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bigo_Live" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bigo_Live"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Bigo Live</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bigo_Live-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bigo_TV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bigo_TV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Bigo TV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bigo_TV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Former</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periscope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periscope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Periscope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periscope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Mixer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Metrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks_in_streaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks_in_streaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Risks in streaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks_in_streaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Live streaming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="تدفق مباشر عبر الأنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تدفق مباشر عبر الأنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সরাসরি সম্প্রচার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সরাসরি সম্প্রচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_streaming" title="Live streaming – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Live streaming" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="स्ट्रीमिंग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्ट्रीमिंग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestreaming" title="Livestreaming – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Livestreaming" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%B4_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="پخش زنده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پخش زنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_en_direct_sur_Internet" title="Diffusion en direct sur Internet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diffusion en direct sur Internet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EB%B0%8D" title="라이브스트리밍 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라이브스트리밍" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliran_langsung" title="Aliran langsung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aliran langsung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_streaming" title="Live streaming – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Live streaming" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%97%D7%99" title="סטרימינג בשידור חי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטרימינג בשידור חי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_stream" title="Live stream – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Live stream" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_streaming" title="Live streaming – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Live streaming" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penstriman_langsung" title="Penstriman langsung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penstriman langsung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E5%8B%95%E7%94%BB%E9%85%8D%E4%BF%A1%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9" title="ライブ動画配信サービス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライブ動画配信サービス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestr%C3%B8mming" title="Livestrømming – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Livestrømming" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_streaming" title="Live streaming – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Live streaming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsaq_ankichiy" title="Kawsaq ankichiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsaq ankichiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Стримерство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стримерство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmetimi_live" title="Transmetimi live – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transmetimi live" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestreaming" title="Livestreaming – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Livestreaming" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88" title="وەشانی زیندوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەشانی زیندوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaaliaikainen_suoratoisto" title="Reaaliaikainen suoratoisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Reaaliaikainen suoratoisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="การถ่ายทอดสดผ่านสัญญาณต่อเนื่อง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การถ่ายทอดสดผ่านสัญญาณต่อเนื่อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canl%C4%B1_yay%C4%B1n" title="Canlı yayın – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Canlı yayın" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestreaming" title="Livestreaming – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Livestreaming" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%86%DB%87%D9%85_(%D8%B4%DB%87_%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%82%D9%89%D9%82%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%95)" title="نەقسۇنۇم (شۇ دەقىقىدە) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نەقسۇنۇم (شۇ دەقىقىدە)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1t_tr%E1%BB%B1c_ti%E1%BA%BFp" title="Phát trực tiếp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phát trực tiếp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E7%9B%B4%E6%92%AD" title="網絡直播 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="網絡直播" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E7%9B%B4%E6%92%AD" title="網路直播 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="網路直播" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3027665#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Live_streaming" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Live_streaming" rel="discussion" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Livestreaming&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Livestreaming">Livestreaming</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Live broadcasting via the Internet</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Lifestreaming" title="Lifestreaming">lifestreaming</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Live_streaming" title="Talk:Live streaming">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CR_staff_and_PeopleRail_journalist_livestreaming_at_Beijing_Fengtai_Railway_Station_Exit_5_(20220620132147).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CR_staff_and_PeopleRail_journalist_livestreaming_at_Beijing_Fengtai_Railway_Station_Exit_5_%2820220620132147%29.jpg/220px-CR_staff_and_PeopleRail_journalist_livestreaming_at_Beijing_Fengtai_Railway_Station_Exit_5_%2820220620132147%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CR_staff_and_PeopleRail_journalist_livestreaming_at_Beijing_Fengtai_Railway_Station_Exit_5_%2820220620132147%29.jpg/330px-CR_staff_and_PeopleRail_journalist_livestreaming_at_Beijing_Fengtai_Railway_Station_Exit_5_%2820220620132147%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CR_staff_and_PeopleRail_journalist_livestreaming_at_Beijing_Fengtai_Railway_Station_Exit_5_%2820220620132147%29.jpg/440px-CR_staff_and_PeopleRail_journalist_livestreaming_at_Beijing_Fengtai_Railway_Station_Exit_5_%2820220620132147%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">China Railway</a> staff livestreaming on the first day operation of <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Fengtai_railway_station" title="Beijing Fengtai railway station">Beijing Fengtai railway station</a> on 20 June 2022 during <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 Pandemic">COVID-19 Pandemic</a> era.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Livestreaming</b>, <b>live-streaming</b>, or <b>live streaming</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">audio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_communication" title="Real-time communication">real time</a> or <a href="/wiki/Near_real_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Near real time">near real time</a>. While often referred to simply as <i>streaming</i>, the real time nature of livestreaming differentiates it from other non-<a href="/wiki/Live_broadcast" title="Live broadcast">live broadcast</a> forms of streamed media such as <a href="/wiki/Video-on-demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Video-on-demand">video-on-demand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlogs">vlogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video-sharing_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Video-sharing platform">video-sharing platforms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. </p><p>Livestreaming services encompass a wide variety of topics, including <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">professional sports</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lifestreaming" title="Lifestreaming">lifecasting</a>. Platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Live">Facebook Live</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periscope_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periscope (app)">Periscope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a>, <a href="/wiki/DouYu" title="DouYu">Douyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilibili" title="Bilibili">bilibili</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, and <a href="/wiki/17_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="17 (app)">17</a> include the streaming of scheduled promotions and celebrity events as well as streaming between users, as in <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videotelephony</a>. Livestreaming sites such as <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a> have become popular outlets for watching people play video games, such as in <a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">esports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Play" title="Let's Play">Let's Play</a>-style gaming, or <a href="/wiki/Speedrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Speedrun">speedrunning</a>. Live coverage of sporting events is a common application. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chat_room" title="Chat room">Chat rooms</a> are a key feature in livestreaming, allowing viewers to interact with the broadcaster and join ongoing conversations. These rooms often include <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emojis</a> and emotes as additional communication tools. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_media">Social media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Social media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20080127-3_-_Gung_Haggis_Fat_Choy_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/20080127-3_-_Gung_Haggis_Fat_Choy_2008.jpg/200px-20080127-3_-_Gung_Haggis_Fat_Choy_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/20080127-3_-_Gung_Haggis_Fat_Choy_2008.jpg/300px-20080127-3_-_Gung_Haggis_Fat_Choy_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/20080127-3_-_Gung_Haggis_Fat_Choy_2008.jpg/400px-20080127-3_-_Gung_Haggis_Fat_Choy_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bambuser_for_Android.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bambuser_for_Android.jpg/200px-Bambuser_for_Android.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bambuser_for_Android.jpg/300px-Bambuser_for_Android.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bambuser_for_Android.jpg/400px-Bambuser_for_Android.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="1604" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two early examples of smartphones recording and live streaming it: a <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N95" title="Nokia N95">Nokia N95</a> using <a href="/wiki/Qik" class="mw-redirect" title="Qik">Qik</a> (left) and a <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_G1" class="mw-redirect" title="T-Mobile G1">T-Mobile G1</a> using <a href="/wiki/Bambuser" title="Bambuser">Bambuser</a></div></div></div></div> <p>In the field of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, the term <i>live media</i> refers to <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a> that use streaming technologies for creating networks of live <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> shared among people, companies and organizations. <a href="/wiki/Social_media_marketing" title="Social media marketing">Social media marketer</a> <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Kramer" title="Bryan Kramer">Bryan Kramer</a> describes livestreaming as an inexpensive "key marketing and communications tool that helps brands reach their online audience." Users can follow their friends' live video "shares" as well as "shares" related to specific content or items. Live media can be shared through any Internet website or application; thus, when people browse a specific website, they may find live media streams relevant to them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Live media can include coverage of various events such as concerts or live news coverage viewed using a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> or apps such as <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Harden" title="James Harden">James Harden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trolli" title="Trolli">Trolli</a> promoted an upcoming <a href="/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game" title="NBA All-Star Game">NBA All-Star Game</a> through Snapchat. Many of <a href="/wiki/LaBeouf,_R%C3%B6nkk%C3%B6_%26_Turner" title="LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner">LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a> were livestreamed, such as a stream of <a href="/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf" title="Shia LaBeouf">Shia LaBeouf</a> in a theater viewing all his movies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, live stream commerce today enables sellers to showcase products through streamers, mimicking in-store sales tactics to encourage customer purchases.<sup id="cite_ref-Merritt_71_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merritt_71-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merritt and Zhao mention that Chinese 'live stream-based retailing’ has supported the economic growth of China and projected that about GBP 98 billion were generated from e-commerce live streaming in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Merritt_71_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merritt_71-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The McKinsey report also demonstrates that live stream commerce is expanding in China, the sales from live stream commerce were expected to achieve $423 billion by 2022, and the US live streaming industry was also expected to reach $25 billion by 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Merritt_71_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merritt_71-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facebook_Watch">Facebook Watch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Facebook Watch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> introduced a video streaming service, <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Watch" title="Facebook Watch">Facebook Watch</a> to select individuals in August 2017, and to the public in January 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wired_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facebook watch is a video-on-demand service that allows users to share content live. It allows people to upload videos that cover a wide array of topics including original comedy, drama, and news programming. Facebook Live allows Facebook users to include their own "reactions" when someone is broadcasting. One of the reasons that Facebook Watch is so successful is because the content is recommended to users based on algorithms that determine what the user would most like to watch.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="YouTube_Live">YouTube Live</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: YouTube Live"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> in 2006, and the pair subsequently announced their livestreaming app. Like <a href="/wiki/Periscope_(service)" title="Periscope (service)">Periscope</a>, users can comment during the broadcast. Unlike Periscope, livestreams on YouTube can be saved and any user can access them through the app.<sup id="cite_ref-wired2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> YouTube head of product for consumers, Manuel Bronstein, stated that livestreaming gives creators the opportunity to "actually create a more intimate connection with their fans."<sup id="cite_ref-wired2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kick">Kick</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kick (also known as Kick.com) is a live video streaming service supported by online betting <a href="/wiki/Stake.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Stake.com">Stake.com</a> along with streaming personality <a href="/wiki/Trainwreckstv" title="Trainwreckstv">Trainwreckstv</a>. Launched in 2022 as a <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>-owned Twitch alternative, Kick emerged after Stake.com and other gambling sites were restricted on Twitch. Kick offers a 95% revenue share to streamers and 5% to the platform. </p><p>Although Kick is not officially linked to <a href="/wiki/Stake.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Stake.com">Stake.com</a> co-founders, records show they are the main shareholders of the company owning the streaming site.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable streamers like <a href="/wiki/Hikaru_Nakamura" title="Hikaru Nakamura">Hikaru Nakamura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickmercs" title="Nickmercs">Nickmercs</a>, formerly popular on Twitch, joined Kick, contributing to its average of 235,000 live streams per day as of June 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestreaming">Lifestreaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lifestreaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyerskansolis_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Meyerskansolis_%281%29.jpg/220px-Meyerskansolis_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Meyerskansolis_%281%29.jpg/330px-Meyerskansolis_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Meyerskansolis_%281%29.jpg/440px-Meyerskansolis_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Justin_Kan" title="Justin Kan">Justin Kan</a> wearing a <a href="/wiki/Lifecasting_(video_stream)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifecasting (video stream)">lifecasting</a> setup</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Lifestreaming" title="Lifestreaming">Lifestreaming</a>, also known as lifecasting, is the practice of continuously broadcasting various aspects of one's daily life to an online audience. This modern phenomenon allows people to share even mundane events in real-time, giving viewers an intimate look into someone's routine.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Justin_Kan" title="Justin Kan">Justin Kan</a>, an entrepreneur and internet personality, is often credited with bringing this concept to the mainstream. He founded <a href="/wiki/Justin.tv" title="Justin.tv">Justin.tv</a>, a website initially focused solely on broadcasting his own life 24/7.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lifecasting platform eventually evolved, serving as the foundation for a new style of online sharing and paving the way for more diverse content. </p><p>In its early days, Justin.tv was an experimental space where Kan himself was the main focus, capturing everything from his workdays to social interactions. This was not only a unique entertainment format but also a groundbreaking use of technology at the time. Kan's innovation in this area led to the popularization of lifestreaming, which has since evolved to include various forms of content and millions of users worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the influence of the original concept can be seen across multiple platforms and in different variations, extending beyond individual lifecasting to live broadcasts of events, gaming, and more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twitch">Twitch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Twitch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a> is a livestreaming video platform owned by Twitch Interactive, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gamasutra-amazon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamasutra-amazon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Introduced in June 2011 as a spin-off of the general-interest streaming platform, <a href="/wiki/Justin.tv" title="Justin.tv">Justin.tv</a>, the site primarily focuses on <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_livestreaming" title="Video game livestreaming">livestreaming</a>, including broadcasts of <a href="/wiki/ESports" class="mw-redirect" title="ESports">eSports</a> competitions, in addition to music<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> broadcasts, creative content, and more recently, "<a href="/wiki/Real_life" title="Real life">in real life</a>" streams. Content on the site can be viewed either live or via <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bigo_Live">Bigo Live</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bigo Live"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bigo Live<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a live video streaming mobile app, which is based in Singapore and all operations are handled by China team in Beijing. On Bigo, users can go live via video stream and chat with the real-time audience. User can also watch live streaming videos of other broadcasters. The video chats can be one to one video calls or group chats between a maximum of 9 users. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bigo_TV">Bigo TV</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bigo TV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bigo TV,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> launched in 2016 by Bigo TV Technology, has rapidly become the fastest-growing platform with over 400 million users across 150 countries. YY, Bigo TV’s parent company, invested $2.1 billion to acquire Bigo TV. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former">Former</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Former"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Periscope">Periscope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Periscope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2015, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> launched a livestreaming app called <a href="/wiki/Periscope_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periscope (app)">Periscope</a>. Normally, users would see a <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlink</a> attached to their broadcast, directing people to a new tab. Using Periscope, videos appear live on the timeline. If the user has allowed the site to share information, others can see where the user is streaming from. During the broadcast, users can comment, talk to the broadcaster, or ask questions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kayvon Beykpour, CEO of Periscope, and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Costolo" title="Dick Costolo">Dick Costolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a>, former CEOs of Twitter, all shared a common goal—to invent something that would merge both teams into one instead of as partners.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was discontinued in March 2021 due to declining usage, product realignment and high maintenance costs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mixer">Mixer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mixer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> entered the livestreaming scene when it acquired Beam, the Seattle-based company, in August 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a year after acquiring the company, the service was renamed to <a href="/wiki/Mixer_(service)" title="Mixer (service)">Mixer</a> in May 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  The platform was the first to bring multiple features to livestreaming such as interactive gameplay, where viewers could influence gameplay, and co-streaming, where viewers could watch multiple viewpoints of teammates in the same game. Like <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a>, viewers on Mixer could pay to subscribe to streamers on a monthly basis. Viewers could also buy "Embers", which was the e-currency used by the site, and could donate that to streamers as well. While Twitch remained the biggest company in the business, Mixer attempted to raise its stock by signing multiple big streamers to Mixer-exclusive deals. These signings included <a href="/wiki/Ninja_(video_game_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja (video game player)">Tyler "Ninja" Blevins</a> in August 2019, <a href="/wiki/Shroud_(video_game_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shroud (video game player)">Michael "Shroud" Grzesiek</a> in October 2019, and Cory "King Gothalion" Michael also in October 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixer announced it would be shutting down its streaming services on July 22, 2020. In the announcement, Mixer's parent company, Microsoft, announced a partnership with Facebook gaming, and directed current users to the new platform.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video_games">Video games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_livestreaming" title="Video game livestreaming">Video game livestreaming</a></div> <p>Livestreaming playing of <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a> gained popularity during the 2010s. <a href="/wiki/David_M._Ewalt" title="David M. Ewalt">David M. Ewalt</a> referred to Twitch as "the <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a> of video games".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The website spawned from and grew to overshadow Justin.tv, and was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> at the end of 2014 for US$970 million.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one of the leading livestreaming platforms, Twitch now has millions of broadcasters and has nearly two hundred million viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other video-game oriented streaming websites include <a href="/wiki/Smashcast.tv" class="mw-redirect" title="Smashcast.tv">Smashcast.tv</a>, which was formed after the merging of <a href="/wiki/Azubu" title="Azubu">Azubu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hitbox.tv" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitbox.tv">Hitbox.tv</a>, and the South Korea-based <a href="/wiki/AfreecaTV" class="mw-redirect" title="AfreecaTV">afreecaTV</a>. In 2015, YouTube launched YouTube Gaming—a video gaming-oriented sub-site and app that is intended to compete with Twitch.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianYT_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianYT-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of a notable livestreamed event is <a href="/wiki/Games_Done_Quick" title="Games Done Quick">Games Done Quick</a>, a charity <a href="/wiki/Speedrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Speedrun">speedrunning</a> marathon hosted on Twitch. Viewers are encouraged to donate for incentives during the stream such as naming characters in a run, having the runners attempt more difficult challenges, or winning prizes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over $10 million has been raised across sixteen marathons.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professional streamers can generate livable revenue from viewer <a href="/wiki/Subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription">subscriptions</a> and donations, as well as platform advertisements and sponsorships from <a href="/wiki/ESports" class="mw-redirect" title="ESports">eSports</a> organizations, often earning much more from streaming than from tournament winnings.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The audiences of professional gaming tournaments are primarily livestream viewers in addition to live audiences inside venues. <a href="/wiki/The_International_2017" title="The International 2017">The International 2017</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Dota_2" title="Dota 2">Dota 2</a></i> tournament with the largest prize pool in eSport history, was primarily streamed through Twitch, having a peak of over five million concurrent viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within recent years there has been a large influx in viewership and investment into sports live streaming. Digital streaming across Prime Video, NFL Digital, Fox Sports Digital, and Verizon Media Mobile properties in 2019 surpassed an average audience of over 1 million<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – up 43% versus the previous year (729,000). Additionally, research and forecasts have shown that <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a> on traditional pay-TV services fell by 8% to $90.7 billion in 2021 and will decline further to $74.5 billion in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is expected that U.S. household subscription-based services spending will surpass pay TV for the first time in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large corporations such as Amazon have looked to expand into sports live streaming. In 2021, Amazon closed an 11-year, $113 billion deal to stream National Football League (NFL) games on their Amazon Prime Video Streaming Platform.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Nickelodeon" title="NFL on Nickelodeon">NFL on Nickelodeon</a></div> <p>Live streaming in sports targets younger viewers with its easy access and subscriptions. The <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> notably partnered with <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a> for youth-focused livestreams of the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Wild_Card_Series" title="Wild Card Series">Wild Card Playoff Game</a> and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These broadcasts featured Nickelodeon's signature cartoons and commentary from stars Gabrielle Green and Lex Lumpkin.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the growth of live streaming for sports, there are concerns about unauthorised live streaming and piracy of sports content. In January 2021 alone it was said that humans made 362.7 million visits to sports piracy websites. These concerns are exacerbated when studies show over 54% of millennials have watched pirate sports live streams. This has created issues over the future sustainability and protection of legally broadcast streams.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metrics">Metrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Metrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With livestreaming becoming a financially viable market, particularly for esports, streamers and organizations representing them have looked for metrics to quantify the viewership of streams as to be able to determine pricing for advertisers. Metrics like maximum number of concurrent viewers, or number of subscribers do not readily account for how long a viewer may stay to watch a stream.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common metric is the "<a href="/wiki/Average_minute_audience" title="Average minute audience">average minute audience</a>" (AMA), which is obtained by taking the total minutes watched by all viewers on the stream during the streamed event and for 24 hours afterwards, divided by the number of minutes that were broadcast. The AMA is comparable to the same metric that the <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen ratings">Nielsen ratings</a> for tracking viewership. </p><p>This also makes it possible to combine standard broadcast and streaming routes for events that are simulcasted on both forms of delivery to estimate total audience size<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major events with reported AMA include streamed <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> games; for example, the average AMA for NFL games in 2018 ranged from 240,000 to 500,000 across streaming services,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the following <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LIV" title="Super Bowl LIV">Super Bowl LIV</a> having an AMA of 2.6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, the esports <a href="/wiki/Overwatch_League" title="Overwatch League">Overwatch League</a> had an average of 313,000 average minute audience during regular season games in its 2019 season.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks_in_streaming">Risks in streaming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Risks in streaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_crime" title="Livestreamed crime">Livestreamed crime</a></div> <p>Many instances of serious crimes such as <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">assault</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicides</a>, have been streamed live, leaving little to no time for administrators to remove the offending content. Livestreamed crimes became a trend in the mid-2010s with widely reported incidents such as assaults and suicide streamed through Periscope in 2016<sup id="cite_ref-Blaise_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blaise-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/2017_Chicago_torture_incident" title="2017 Chicago torture incident">kidnapping of a man in Chicago</a> streamed through Facebook Live in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Chicago_Tribune,_January_5,_2017_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune,_January_5,_2017-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_Landing_shooting" title="Jacksonville Landing shooting">mass shooting in Jacksonville, Florida</a>, resulting in the deaths of two in addition to the shooter, occurred during a <i><a href="/wiki/Madden_NFL_19" title="Madden NFL 19">Madden NFL 19</a></i> tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> was streamed on Facebook Live by the perpetrator for 17 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, livestreaming to large audiences carries the risk that viewers may commit crimes both remotely and in person. Twitch co-founder Justin Kan had been a frequent target of <a href="/wiki/Swatting" title="Swatting">swatting</a>. An incident occurred in April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport" title="Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport">Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport</a> when a viewer called in a <a href="/wiki/Bomb_threat" title="Bomb threat">bomb threat</a> and named streamer <a href="/wiki/Ice_Poseidon" title="Ice Poseidon">Ice Poseidon</a> as the culprit, temporarily shutting down the airport.<sup id="cite_ref-rolling_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolling-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also be victim to <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalking</a> as with other celebrities; for example, a teenager showed up uninvited to a streamer's house and requested to live with him after having saved up for a one-way transcontinental flight.<sup id="cite_ref-Kotaku1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotaku1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Taiwan-based American streamer fell victim to a <a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">doxing</a> and targeted harassment campaign by a Taiwanese streamer, coordinated through a private Facebook group with 17,000 members "whose activities involved tracking [his] whereabouts," death threats and "the distribution of his parents’ U.S. phone number and address". Twitch responded by temporarily suspending the harassed streamer.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Live content streaming has been the topic of numerous papers examining ways to cultivate online communities through live interaction and increase attendance numbers with engaging content.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The livestreaming platform <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a> is a common focus among researching trying to transfer its user engagement success to other applications such as improving student participation and learning in <a href="/wiki/Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course">massive open online courses</a> (MOOCs).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Streaming television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Streaming_Day" title="National Streaming Day">National Streaming Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_streamer" title="Online streamer">Online streamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKramer" class="citation web cs1">Kramer, Bryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialmediatoday.com/social-networks/how-live-streaming-going-crush-it-2016">"How Live-Streaming is Going to Crush it in 2016"</a>. <i>SocialMediaToday</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002172639/http://www.socialmediatoday.com/social-networks/how-live-streaming-going-crush-it-2016">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SocialMediaToday&rft.atitle=How+Live-Streaming+is+Going+to+Crush+it+in+2016&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialmediatoday.com%2Fsocial-networks%2Fhow-live-streaming-going-crush-it-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2015" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Tasha (November 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2015/11/16/9731856/shia-labeouf-all-my-movies-live-stream">"Why Shia LaBeouf's #AllMyMovies was so successful"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727204940/https://www.theverge.com/2015/11/16/9731856/shia-labeouf-all-my-movies-live-stream">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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December 14, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003231902/https://www.foxsports.com/presspass/latest-news/2018/12/14/2018-thursday-night-football-increases-4-vs-2017-10-game-thursday-night-football-average">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+Sports&rft.atitle=2018+Thursday+Night+Football+Increases+%2B4%25+vs.+2017+10-Game+Thursday+Night+Football+Average&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxsports.com%2Fpresspass%2Flatest-news%2F2018%2F12%2F14%2F2018-thursday-night-football-increases-4-vs-2017-10-game-thursday-night-football-average&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarp2019" class="citation web cs1">Karp, Austin (January 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2019/01/03/Media/NFL-Viewership.aspx">"NFL Wraps '18 Season Up 5%, With All TV Partners Seeing Gains"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Business_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports Business Daily">Sports Business Daily</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003231903/https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2019/01/03/Media/NFL-Viewership.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sports+Business+Daily&rft.atitle=NFL+Wraps+%2718+Season+Up+5%25%2C+With+All+TV+Partners+Seeing+Gains&rft.date=2019-01-03&rft.aulast=Karp&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportsbusinessdaily.com%2FDaily%2FIssues%2F2019%2F01%2F03%2FMedia%2FNFL-Viewership.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/05/super-bowl-liii-set-streaming-records-while-tv-viewership-saw-massive-drop/">"Super Bowl LIII set streaming records, while TV viewership saw massive drop"</a>. 5 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409055402/https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/05/super-bowl-liii-set-streaming-records-while-tv-viewership-saw-massive-drop/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Super+Bowl+LIII+set+streaming+records%2C+while+TV+viewership+saw+massive+drop&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2019%2F02%2F05%2Fsuper-bowl-liii-set-streaming-records-while-tv-viewership-saw-massive-drop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel2019" class="citation web cs1">Patel, Sahil (September 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/activision-blizzard-esports-league-tries-a-nielsen-metric-to-take-on-traditional-sports-11567591201">"Activision Blizzard Esports League Tries a Nielsen Metric to Take on Traditional Sports"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001123219/https://www.wsj.com/articles/activision-blizzard-esports-league-tries-a-nielsen-metric-to-take-on-traditional-sports-11567591201">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Activision+Blizzard+Esports+League+Tries+a+Nielsen+Metric+to+Take+on+Traditional+Sports&rft.date=2019-09-04&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Sahil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Factivision-blizzard-esports-league-tries-a-nielsen-metric-to-take-on-traditional-sports-11567591201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blaise-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blaise_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaise2017" class="citation news cs1">Blaise, Lilia (7 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/12/world/europe/periscope-suicide-france.html?_r=0">"Suicide on Periscope Prompts French Officials to Open Inquiry"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813002811/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/12/world/europe/periscope-suicide-france.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Suicide+on+Periscope+Prompts+French+Officials+to+Open+Inquiry&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft.aulast=Blaise&rft.aufirst=Lilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F12%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fperiscope-suicide-france.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chicago_Tribune,_January_5,_2017-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chicago_Tribune,_January_5,_2017_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisnerLeeSchmadeke2017" class="citation web cs1">Meisner, Jason; Lee, William; Schmadeke, Steve (2017-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-facebook-live-attack-video-20170105-story.html">"Brutal Facebook Live attack brings hate-crime charges, condemnation from White House"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chicago Tribune">The Chicago Tribune</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126231319/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-facebook-live-attack-video-20170105-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Brutal+Facebook+Live+attack+brings+hate-crime+charges%2C+condemnation+from+White+House&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft.aulast=Meisner&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Lee%2C+William&rft.au=Schmadeke%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fbreaking%2Fct-facebook-live-attack-video-20170105-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/buzzfeednews/madden-shooting-jacksonville?bfsplash">"Multiple People Were Killed In A Mass Shooting At A Madden Gaming Event In Jacksonville"</a>. <i>BuzzFeed News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614021949/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/buzzfeednews/madden-shooting-jacksonville?bfsplash">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed+News&rft.atitle=Multiple+People+Were+Killed+In+A+Mass+Shooting+At+A+Madden+Gaming+Event+In+Jacksonville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Fbuzzfeednews%2Fmadden-shooting-jacksonville%3Fbfsplash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntRawlinsonWahlquist2019" class="citation news cs1">Hunt, Elle; Rawlinson, Kevin; Wahlquist, Calla (16 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/16/darkest-day-how-the-press-reacted-to-the-christchurch-shootings">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Darkest day': how the press reacted to the Christchurch shootings"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316031430/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/16/darkest-day-how-the-press-reacted-to-the-christchurch-shootings">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span> – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Darkest+day%27%3A+how+the+press+reacted+to+the+Christchurch+shootings&rft.date=2019-03-16&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Elle&rft.au=Rawlinson%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Wahlquist%2C+Calla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fmar%2F16%2Fdarkest-day-how-the-press-reacted-to-the-christchurch-shootings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rolling-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rolling_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartin,_Will2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Partin, Will (June 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145512/https://www.rollingstone.com/glixel/news/a-day-with-las-most-wanted-life-streamer-ice-poseidon-w486841">"On Air With LA's Most Wanted Man, 'Life Streamer' Ice Poseidon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/glixel/news/a-day-with-las-most-wanted-life-streamer-ice-poseidon-w486841">the original</a> on 2018-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=On+Air+With+LA%27s+Most+Wanted+Man%2C+%27Life+Streamer%27+Ice+Poseidon&rft.date=2017-06-09&rft.au=Partin%2C+Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fglixel%2Fnews%2Fa-day-with-las-most-wanted-life-streamer-ice-poseidon-w486841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kotaku1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kotaku1_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Anastasio2017" class="citation web cs1">D'Anastasio, Cecilia (May 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/when-fans-take-their-love-for-twitch-streamers-too-far-1794815112">"When Fans Take Their Love For Twitch Streamers Too Far"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kotaku" title="Kotaku">Kotaku</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828223135/http://kotaku.com/when-fans-take-their-love-for-twitch-streamers-too-far-1794815112">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=When+Fans+Take+Their+Love+For+Twitch+Streamers+Too+Far&rft.date=2017-05-02&rft.aulast=D%27Anastasio&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fwhen-fans-take-their-love-for-twitch-streamers-too-far-1794815112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia2018" class="citation web cs1">Julia, Alexander (February 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polygon.com/2018/2/5/16896818/twitch-cjayride-taiwan-cj-ck-ban-facebook-doxing">"American Twitch IRL streamer details doxing and targeted harassment campaign in Taiwan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Polygon_(website)" title="Polygon (website)">Polygon</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324101706/https://www.polygon.com/2018/2/5/16896818/twitch-cjayride-taiwan-cj-ck-ban-facebook-doxing">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=American+Twitch+IRL+streamer+details+doxing+and+targeted+harassment+campaign+in+Taiwan&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft.aulast=Julia&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2018%2F2%2F5%2F16896818%2Ftwitch-cjayride-taiwan-cj-ck-ban-facebook-doxing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://igigocommunications.com/does-live-streaming-hurt-in-person-attendance/">"Does Live Streaming Hurt In-Person Attendance?"</a>. <i>Igigo Communications</i>. 16 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130192716/https://igigocommunications.com/does-live-streaming-hurt-in-person-attendance/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Igigo+Communications&rft.atitle=Does+Live+Streaming+Hurt+In-Person+Attendance%3F&rft.date=2020-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Figigocommunications.com%2Fdoes-live-streaming-hurt-in-person-attendance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2014" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, William (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2556288.2557048"><i>Streaming on twitch: fostering participatory communities of play within live mixed media</i></a>. Chi '14. pp. 1315–1324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2556288.2557048">10.1145/2556288.2557048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450324731" title="Special:BookSources/9781450324731"><bdi>9781450324731</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:107637">107637</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409223200/https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2556288.2557048">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streaming+on+twitch%3A+fostering+participatory+communities+of+play+within+live+mixed+media&rft.series=Chi+%2714&rft.pages=1315-1324&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A107637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2556288.2557048&rft.isbn=9781450324731&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1145%2F2556288.2557048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALive+streaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_streaming&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Live_streaming" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Live streaming">Live streaming</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Live_internet_streaming_services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_streaming_services" title="Template:Internet streaming services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_streaming_services" title="Template talk:Internet streaming services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_streaming_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet streaming services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Live_internet_streaming_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Live <a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">internet streaming</a> services</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestreaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Livestreaming">Live streaming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AfreecaTV" class="mw-redirect" title="AfreecaTV">AfreecaTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigo_Live" title="Bigo Live">Bigo Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Live" title="Beyond Live">Beyond Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilibili" title="Bilibili">Bilibili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHZZK" title="CHZZK">CHZZK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLive" title="DLive">DLive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DouYu" title="DouYu">DouYu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Live">Facebook Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC2_(portal)" title="FC2 (portal)">FC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huya_Live" title="Huya Live">Huya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud_Video" title="IBM Cloud Video">IBM Cloud Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KakaoTV" title="KakaoTV">KakaoTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_(service)" title="Kick (service)">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odnoklassniki" title="Odnoklassniki">Ok.ru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeerTube" title="PeerTube">PeerTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_(company)" title="Rumble (company)">Rumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showroom_(streaming_service)" title="Showroom (streaming service)">Showroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trovo_Live" title="Trovo Live">Trovo Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimeo_Livestream" title="Vimeo Livestream">Vimeo Livestream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouNow" title="YouNow">YouNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paid television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AbemaTV" class="mw-redirect" title="AbemaTV">AbemaTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC%2B" title="AMC+">AMC+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV_Stream" title="DirecTV Stream">DirecTV Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtel_Now" title="Foxtel Now">Foxtel Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frndly_TV" title="Frndly TV">Frndly TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FuboTV" title="FuboTV">FuboTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotstar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotstar">Hotstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu#Hulu_with_Live_TV" title="Hulu">Hulu with Live TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jio_TV" title="Jio TV">Jio TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_(company)" title="Philo (company)">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RiverTV" title="RiverTV">RiverTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_TV" title="Sling TV">Sling TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StackTV" title="StackTV">StackTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVING" title="TVING">TVING</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVPlayer" title="TVPlayer">TVPlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">YouTube TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZEE5" title="ZEE5">ZEE5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free, ad-supported, television (FAST)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3ABN" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN">3ABN</a>+</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_TV#Features_and_availability" title="Sling TV">Sling Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirr" title="Stirr">Stirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubi" title="Tubi">Tubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xumo" title="Xumo">Xumo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aereo" title="Aereo">Aereo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azubu" title="Azubu">Azubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlogTV" title="BlogTV">BlogTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_(service)" title="Caffeine (service)">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitbox_(service)" title="Hitbox (service)">Hitbox.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LocalBTV" title="LocalBTV">LocalBTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locast" title="Locast">Locast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat_(app)" title="Meerkat (app)">Meerkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer_(service)" title="Mixer (service)">Mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periscope_(service)" title="Periscope (service)">Periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vue" title="PlayStation Vue">PlayStation Vue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickam" title="Stickam">Stickam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US#TVision_Home" title="T-Mobile US">TVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidgo" title="Vidgo">Vidgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Live" title="V Live">V Live</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:VOD_services" title="Template:VOD services">Streaming video on demand services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffer_(research_study)" title="Puffer (research study)">Puffer (research study)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid 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