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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mazhab_ekonomika_institusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mazhab_ekonomika_institusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mazhab ekonomika institusi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mazhab_ekonomika_institusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nstitutsionizm" title="İnstitutsionizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnstitutsionizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Институционализъм – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Институционализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_institucional" title="Economia institucional – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Economia institucional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Институционализм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Институционализм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institucion%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_ekonomie" title="Institucionální ekonomie – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Institucionální ekonomie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionen%C3%B6konomik" title="Institutionenökonomik – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Institutionenökonomik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Institutional economics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_institucional" title="Economía institucional – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía institucional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutsionaalne_majandusteadus" title="Institutsionaalne majandusteadus – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Institutsionaalne majandusteadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="اقتصاد نهادگرایی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد نهادگرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionnalisme" title="Institutionnalisme – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Institutionnalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כלכלה מוסדית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלכלה מוסדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stofnanahagfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stofnanahagfræði – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stofnanahagfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituzionalismo_(economia)" title="Istituzionalismo (economia) – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Istituzionalismo (economia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%BE%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="制度派経済学 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="制度派経済学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Институционализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Институционализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="제도경제학 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제도경제학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Институционализм – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Институционализм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionele_economie" title="Institutionele economie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Institutionele economie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institusjonell_%C3%B8konomi" title="Institusjonell økonomi – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Institusjonell økonomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instytucjonalizm" title="Instytucjonalizm – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Instytucjonalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_institucional" title="Economia institucional – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia institucional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Институционализм – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Институционализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institucionalna_ekonomija" title="Institucionalna ekonomija – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Institucionalna ekonomija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionalism" title="Institutionalism – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Institutionalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurumsal_iktisat" title="Kurumsal iktisat – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kurumsal iktisat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Інституціоналізм – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інституціоналізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuy%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_ch%E1%BA%BF" title="Thuyết định chế – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuyết định chế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="制度经济学 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="制度经济学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1118654#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" 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Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Cari sumber:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ekonomika+institusi%22&num=50">"Ekonomika institusi"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//google.com/search?q=%22Ekonomika+institusi%22&tbm=nws">berita</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//google.com/search?&q=%22Ekonomika+institusi%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&source=newspapers">surat kabar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ekonomika+institusi%22">buku</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ekonomika+institusi%22">cendekiawan</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ekonomika+institusi%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333525"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikifikasi" title="Wikifikasi"><img alt="Wikifikasi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg/50px-Ambox_wikify.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg/75px-Ambox_wikify.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg/100px-Ambox_wikify.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Artikel ini <b>perlu <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikifikasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikifikasi">diwikifikasi</a></b> agar memenuhi <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pedoman_gaya" title="Wikipedia:Pedoman gaya">standar kualitas</a> Wikipedia</b>. Anda dapat memberikan <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekonomika_institusi&action=edit">bantuan</a> berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pedoman_tata_letak" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Pedoman tata letak">tata letak</a> dari artikel ini. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25414984">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none;"><div class="hidden-title" style="text-align:center; padding-right:3em; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"><i>Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan.</i></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><small> </small></p><small> </small><ul><small><li><b>Mengganti <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">markah HTML</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Markah_wiki" title="Wikipedia:Markah wiki">markah wiki</a></b> bila dimungkinkan.</li> <li><b>Tambahkan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Markah_wiki/Pranala_dan_URL" title="Wikipedia:Markah wiki/Pranala dan URL">pranala wiki</a>.</b> Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan "[[" dan "]]" pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LINK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LINK">WP:LINK</a> untuk keterangan lebih lanjut). Mohon jangan memasang pranala pada kata yang sudah diketahui secara umum oleh para pembaca, seperti profesi, istilah geografi umum, dan perkakas sehari-hari.</li> <li><b>Sunting bagian pembuka.</b> Buat atau kembangkan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bagian_pembuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Bagian pembuka">bagian pembuka</a> dari artikel ini.</li> <li><b>Susun header artikel</b> ini sesuai dengan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pedoman_tata_letak" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Pedoman tata letak">pedoman tata letak</a>.</li> <li><b>Tambahkan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templat/Kotak_info" title="Wikipedia:Templat/Kotak info">kotak info</a></b> bila jenis artikel memungkinkan.</li> </small><li><small><b>Hapus tag/templat ini.</b></small></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Desouk_Economy_Symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Desouk_Economy_Symbol.png/220px-Desouk_Economy_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Desouk_Economy_Symbol.png/330px-Desouk_Economy_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Desouk_Economy_Symbol.png/440px-Desouk_Economy_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Ilustrasi ekonomika institusi</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ekonomika institusi</b> adalah <a href="/wiki/Mazhab" title="Mazhab">mazhab</a> pemikiran dalam <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_ekonomi" title="Ilmu ekonomi">ilmu ekonomi</a>, bahwa perilaku ekonomi (<i>economic behavior</i>) <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seseorang sangat dipengaruhi oleh institusi tertentu. Institusi sendiri dalam hal ini memiliki arti yang cukup luas dan secara singkat dapat didefinisikan sebagai “<a href="/wiki/Aturan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aturan">aturan</a> main” dalam suatu kelompok masyarakat, baik yang sifatnya formal maupun informal, yang sengaja disusun untuk membatasi atau mengatur hubungan antar manusia yang ada dalam kelompok masyarakat tersebut. <a href="/wiki/Institusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Institusi">Institusi</a> formal dapat berupa peraturan, <a href="/wiki/Regulasi" title="Regulasi">regulasi</a>, hukum perundangan dsb. </p><p>Sementara <a href="/wiki/Institusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Institusi">institusi</a> informal dapat berupa konvensi, tren, budaya, dan sebagainya. Dengan demikian institusi di sini tidak sama dengan <a href="/wiki/Organisasi" title="Organisasi">organisasi</a>. Mazhab institusional pada awalnya muncul sebagai sanggahan terhadap pandangan ekonomi <a href="/wiki/Neoklasikisme" title="Neoklasikisme">neo-klasik</a> yang menyatakan bahwa perilaku <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">ekonomi</a> seseorang didasarkan pada keinginan setiap individu untuk memaksimalkan keuntungan (<i>maximizing profit behaviour</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomika_institusi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomika_institusi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istilah “ekonomika institusi” (<i>institutional economics</i>) pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Walton Hamilton pada tahun 1919. Namun tokoh-tokoh awal yang secara konvensional dianggap sebagai pendiri mazhab institusional dalam ekonomi diantaranya adalah Thorstein Veblen, Wesley Mitchell, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._Commons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. Commons (halaman belum tersedia)">John R. Commons</a> (Rutherford, 2001). Pandangan tokoh-tokoh awal mazhab institusional tersebut menekankan beberapa isu antara lain: perubahan teknologi (<i>technological change</i>), aspek psikologi dan aspek hukum adalah aspek-aspek yang harus diikutsertakan dalam analisis ekonomi. Pada awalnya pandangan ini cukup berkembang karena dianggap lebih merepresentasikan dunia nyata (karena memiliki bukti empiris). Namun dalam perkembangan mazhab ini mengalami kemandekan (<i>stagnation</i>) bahkan cenderung ditinggalkan karena tidak adanya pembahasan lebih lanjut dari para pendukung mazhab ini yang pada akhirnya mampu membentuk dan memberikan landasan teori yang kuat. </p><p>Lalu perkembangan mazhab neo-klassik yang secara luas mulai mengembangkan alat ekonometrik dalam analisisnya serta perkembangan mazhab ekonomika kesejahteraan (<i>Welfare Economics</i>) yang diusung oleh J.M. Keynes, membuat mazhab institusional menjadi semakin tertinggal karena dengan alat-alat analisis tersebut mazhab neo-klassik dianggap mampu untuk memberikan penjelasan secara empirik. </p><p>Meski demikian, semenjak tahun 1970-an, mazhab ekonomika institusi mengalami kebangkitan lagi. Namun mazhab ekonomika institusi yang bangkit belakangan tersebut tidak sepenuhnya sama dengan mazhab ekonomika institusi yang dibawa oleh Veblen dkk. Hal ini menyebabkan mazhab institusional yang muncul belakangan tersebut sering dinamakan sebagai mazhab institusional baru (<i>New Institutional Economics</i>) sementara pandangan Veblen dkk selanjutnya sering disebut sebagai mazhab institusional lama (<i>Old institutional economics</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mazhab_ekonomika_institusi">Mazhab ekonomika institusi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomika_institusi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Mazhab ekonomika institusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomika_institusi&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Mazhab ekonomika institusi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mazhab ekonomika institusi ini pada umumnya membahas perilaku ekonomi dengan menggunakan alat analisis yang dikembangkan dengan dukungan dari empat teori yang juga dapat digunakan sebagai alat analisis. Empat teori tersebut meliputi: (1) teori biaya transaksi (<i>transaction cost theory</i>), (2) teory hak kepemilikan (<i>property rights theory</i>), (3) teori pilihan publik (<i>public choice theory</i>), dan (4) teori permainan (<i>game theory</i>). Perbedaan mendasar lainnya antara mazhab institusional lama dan baru adalah bahwa mazhab institusional baru menggunakan dua dasar asumsi yaitu bahwa manusia berperilaku rasional (<i>rational individual behavior</i>) dan adanya fungsi preferensi individu yang jelas (<i>individual preferences function</i>); dimana kedua asumsi tersebut juga merupakan asumsi dasar yang sangat penting bagi mazhab neo-klassik. Oleh karena itu, mazhab institusional baru sering kali tidak diposisikan sebagai sanggahan terhadap mazhab ekonomi neo-klassik (sebagaimana mazhab institusional lama) tetapi sebagai bentuk pengembangan (extension) dari mazhab neo-klassik. Tokoh-tokoh yang mengembangkan mazhab institusional baru ini di antaranya adalah: Ronald Coase, Oliver Williamson, Doughlas North, dan Harold Demsetz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomika_institusi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomika_institusi&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ikhsan, Mohamad (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpem.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/WP-1.pdf">"Reformasi Reformasi Institusi Dan Pembangunan Ekonomi"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>LPEM Working Paper</i> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LPEM+Working+Paper&rft.atitle=Reformasi+Reformasi+Institusi+Dan+Pembangunan+Ekonomi&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ikhsan&rft.aufirst=Mohamad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpem.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F09%2FWP-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomika+institusi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekonomika_institusi&oldid=22768569">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekonomika_institusi&oldid=22768569</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ekonomika_institusi" title="Kategori:Ekonomika institusi">Ekonomika institusi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_yang_tidak_memiliki_referensi_Januari_2023" title="Kategori:Artikel yang tidak memiliki referensi Januari 2023">Artikel yang tidak memiliki referensi Januari 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_yang_perlu_diwikifikasi_Januari_2023" title="Kategori:Artikel yang perlu diwikifikasi Januari 2023">Artikel yang perlu diwikifikasi Januari 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_artikel_yang_perlu_diwikifikasi" title="Kategori:Semua artikel yang perlu diwikifikasi">Semua artikel yang perlu diwikifikasi</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 24 Januari 2023, pukul 16.38.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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