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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallic_Wars_of_Caesar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallic_Wars_of_Caesar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gallic Wars of Caesar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallic_Wars_of_Caesar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_wars_of_Augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_wars_of_Augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Germanic wars of Augustus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_wars_of_Augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="سيكامبريون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيكامبريون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Сугамбри – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сугамбри" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicambres" title="Sicambres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sicambres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugambrov%C3%A9" title="Sugambrové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sugambrové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugambrer" title="Sugambrer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sugambrer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikambrid" title="Sikambrid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sikambrid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicambrios" title="Sicambrios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sicambrios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicambres" title="Sicambres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sicambres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicambres" title="Sicambres – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sicambres" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigambri" title="Sigambri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sigambri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Сикамбри – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сикамбри" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sicambri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugambren" title="Sugambren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sugambren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigambralar" title="Sigambralar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sigambralar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigambrowie" title="Sigambrowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sigambrowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicambros" title="Sicambros – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sicambros" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Сигамбры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сигамбры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugambrovia" title="Sugambrovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sugambrovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikambri" title="Sikambri – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sikambri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugambrit" title="Sugambrit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sugambrit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugambrer" title="Sugambrer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sugambrer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Сігамбри – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сігамбри" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Roman-era Germanic people</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_century_Germani.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1st_century_Germani.png/220px-1st_century_Germani.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1st_century_Germani.png/330px-1st_century_Germani.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1st_century_Germani.png/440px-1st_century_Germani.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>The approximate positions of some <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the 1st century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germania_70_de.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Germania_70_de.svg/220px-Germania_70_de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Germania_70_de.svg/330px-Germania_70_de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Germania_70_de.svg/440px-Germania_70_de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Roman Gaul and Germania east of the Rhine around AD 70. The Sicambri by this point may have been living in the area labelled <i>Cugerni</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Sicambri</b> (also <b>Sugambri</b>) were a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic people">Germanic people</a> who lived in the area between the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe">Lippe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wupper" title="Wupper">Wupper</a> rivers, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, near the border with the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. They were first reported by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, who encountered them in 55 BC. They became a significant opponent of Roman imperial power in the Rhine region. After a major defeat by the Romans in 8 BC a significant part of the Sicambri were moved into Roman territory. </p><p>Caesar categorized them as a Germanic people (<i>Germani</i>), although he did not necessarily define ethnicity in terms of language. Whether or not the Sicambri spoke a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> language, or something else, is not certain. They lived in a contact zone where these two language families came into contact and were both influential. </p><p>By the 3rd century, the region in which they and their neighbours had lived had become part of the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, which was a new name that possibly represented a new alliance of older tribes, possibly including the Sicambri. However, many Sicambri had been moved into the Roman empire by this time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_language">Name and language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicambri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The specific way the name is spelt differs can differ considerably across sources. The <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography</a></i> gives four variant spellings under the entry <i>Sicambri</i>: <b>Sycambri</b>, <b>Sygambri</b>, <b>Sugambri</b>, and <b>Sucambri</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest source, Caesar's <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i>, calls them <i>Sugambri</i> but in later sources they are more commonly called <i>Sicambri</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> etymology has been proposed for the name of the Sicambri or Sugambri. The first element su- is proposed to be a little-known Germanic version of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> meaning "good", which is better attested in Celtic languages. The second part of the name is associated with the little-known <a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a>, who are mentioned twice by Roman sources, and sometimes associated with the Sicambri by modern scholars, because of the similar names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The material culture of the early Sicambri which was a variant of the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a>, which is associated with <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005125_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005125-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a>, and like their neighbours across the Rhine, the <a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a>, many names of Sicambrian leaders end in typical Celtic suffixes like -rix (Baetorix, Deudorix, etc.). If the Sicambri were not Celtic speakers themselves, this could also indicate intense contacts with Celtic peoples across the Rhine in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicambri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallic_Wars_of_Caesar">Gallic Wars of Caesar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicambri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallic Wars of Caesar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugambri,_Heinrichs_2005_p_124.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sugambri%2C_Heinrichs_2005_p_124.png/220px-Sugambri%2C_Heinrichs_2005_p_124.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sugambri%2C_Heinrichs_2005_p_124.png/330px-Sugambri%2C_Heinrichs_2005_p_124.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sugambri%2C_Heinrichs_2005_p_124.png/440px-Sugambri%2C_Heinrichs_2005_p_124.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>The rivers Rhine, Lippe, and Wupper are here shown in green, red, and blue, respectively. The Sicambri, in the time of Caesar, were concentrated in the area between the three rivers. </figcaption></figure> <p>The first mention of the Sicambri is in the fourth book, corresponding to year 55 BC, of Caesar's <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reported, under the name <i>Sugambri</i>, a general location between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Sieg_(river)" title="Sieg (river)">Sieg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lippe_(river)" title="Lippe (river)">Lippe</a> with a concentration between the rivers Rhine, Lippe, and <a href="/wiki/Wupper" title="Wupper">Wupper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005124,_citing_[[#CITEREFCaesar,_Bellum_Gallicum|Caesar,_''Bellum_Gallicum'']],_6.35.5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005124,_citing_[[#CITEREFCaesar,_Bellum_Gallicum|Caesar,_''Bellum_Gallicum'']],_6.35.5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tribe had an ancillary role in the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>. In a series of clashes between the Romans and two transrhenic tribes – the <a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a> – that had crossed into the <a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a>' territory on the western side of the Rhine, the tribes were defeated and their cavalry was forced back across the Rhine. Those cavalry forces then sought and received refuge with the Sicambri. Refusing Caesar's demand that the refugees be handed over the remark that the Rhine marked a natural Roman border, Caesar built a <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Rhine_bridges" title="Caesar's Rhine bridges">pile bridge</a> across the Rhine and advanced into Sicambri territory. The Sicambri, however, did not wait for his arrival, but, on the advice of their wards, withdrew into forests and uninhabited areas where Caesar was unable to follow them. However, their villages, farms, and grain fields were systematically destroyed. Caesar withdrew after 18 days across the Rhine and destroyed the bridge on his return.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 53 BC, after Caesar defeated the <a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a>, but failed to capture their leader <a href="/wiki/Ambiorix" title="Ambiorix">Ambiorix</a>, he reported that he invited all of the peoples that were interested to destroy the remainder. Some 2,000 Sicambrian horsemen responded to Caesar's call and, crossing the Rhine in boats, advanced into the Eburones' territory. However, amid their attack, they diverted from the Eburones to the Roman garrison at <a href="/wiki/Aduatuca" class="mw-redirect" title="Aduatuca">Aduatuca</a> after hearing news that the Romans had stored a large amount of plunder there. The Romans, amid foraging and thus caught off-guard by the attack, repelled it only with substantial difficulty. The Sicambrians, taking their plunder with them, then retired back across the Rhine so to escape any reprisal.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_wars_of_Augustus">Germanic wars of Augustus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicambri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germanic wars of Augustus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the ensuing hegemony of the Romans in this region, the Rhine became a frontier, and the successors of Caesar helped fortify and reinforce their allies the Ubii, to the south of the Sicambri near modern <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>. A faction of <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> were also able to settle in Roman-controlled <a href="/wiki/Batavia_(region)" title="Batavia (region)">Batavia</a>, in the Rhine delta just east of the Sugambri, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Batavians" class="mw-redirect" title="Batavians">Batavians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerks2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerks2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sicambri were thus enclosed within a pincer movement by Rome's frontier policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005125_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005125-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 16 BC, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 27 BC – AD 14</span>), the Sicambrian leader Melo, brother of Baetorix, organised a raid including Tencteri and Usipetes, which defeated a Roman army under the command of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lollius" title="Marcus Lollius">Marcus Lollius</a>. The Sugambri had damaged the prestige of the emperor, and they were quickly willing to negotiate agreements to prevent Roman reprisals. It nevertheless sparked a reaction from the Roman Empire and helped start the series of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Wars">Germanic Wars</a>. Among actions undertaken at this time the Romans established a fort at present day <a href="/wiki/Xanten" title="Xanten">Xanten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 12 BC-8 BC, the Roman empire put pressure upon the Sicambri and other opponents in this region in multiple campaigns, facing the Sicambri core lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 12 BC the Sicambri made attacks across the Rhine. <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a> (Drusus the Elder) launched an attack from Batavia, moving first through the lands of the Usipetes, and then devasted the Sicambrian country. In 11 BC he then devastated the Usipetes' country, and built a bridge over the Lippe in order to once again enter the Sicambrian lands. There he faced little resistance because they were in a conflict with their neighbours the Chatti. He was able to cross this country and reach the Cherusci frontier near the <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>. Drusus faced stiff resistance upon his return, but he defeated the Sicambri and it was probably at this time that the Romans built their fort at <a href="/wiki/Oberaden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberaden">Oberaden</a>, well east of the Rhine in Sicambrian territory. These descriptions show that the tribe was living to the south of the river <a href="/wiki/Lippe_(river)" title="Lippe (river)">Lippe</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a> now settled to their northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 9 BC the Sicambri battled Drusus as part of a major alliance with the Cherusci and Suevi and lost. In 8-7 BC, after this defeat and the death of Drusus, the future emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> forced the Sicambri, or a part of them, to move to the western, Roman-controlled, side of the Rhine. Modern historians speculate that they possibly merged into Romanized population immediately facing their old lands, who were known from about this time as the <a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more detailed description of this period by <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> however describes the results of the victories of Tiberius somewhat differently:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Accordingly all the barbarians except the Sugambri, through fear of them, made overtures of peace; but they gained nothing either at this time, — for Augustus refused to conclude a truce with them without the Sugambri, — or, indeed, later. To be sure, the Sugambri also sent envoys, 3 but so far were they from accomplishing anything that all of these envoys, who were both many and distinguished, perished into the bargain. For Augustus arrested them and placed them in various cities; and they, being greatly distressed at this, took their own lives. The Sugambri were thereupon quiet for a time, but later they amply requited the Romans for their calamity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDio55_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDio55-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>It appears that Tiberius used a diplomatic approach where by the Sicambrian nobles were isolated as the Germanic region became more peace-seeking. More cooperative Germanic leaders took the upper hand. They accepted a Roman demand to move about 40,000 individuals people to the Xanten area west of the Rhine and elites were settled under the watchful eye of the Roman military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 9 AD, Deudorix, son of Baetorix, joined the Germanic rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a>, which annihilated the 3 Roman legions of <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Publius Quinctilius Varus</a>. After the defeat of this alliance, Deudorix was among the captives paraded in Rome during the triumph of <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, writing around 20 AD, described the position of Sicambri using similar words to Caesar, and possibly based upon them. He placed them next to the Menapii, "who dwell on both sides of the river <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> near its mouth, in marshes and low thorny woods. It is opposite to these Menapii that the Sicambri are situated". Strabo describes them as Germanic, and notes that beyond them are the <a href="/wiki/Suevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Suevi">Suevi</a> and other peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrabo[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsStrabo4Chtml_4.3]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrabo[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsStrabo4Chtml_4.3]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere however, Strabo mentions that the Rhine valley Germans have mainly been displaced: "there are but few remaining, and some portion of them are Sicambri". He apparently understood their position on the Rhine to literally be on the coast. With the German wars still on-going, he describes them as being one of the most well-known Germanic tribes in his time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrabo[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseustext1999010239book7chapter1highlightsicambri_7.1–2]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrabo[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseustext1999010239book7chapter1highlightsicambri_7.1–2]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to those Sicambri who were moved west of the Rhine, the main part of the Sicambri "migrated deep into the country anticipating the Romans" according to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. It has been suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsi (Germanic)">Marsi</a> were a part of the Sicambri who managed to stay east of the Rhine after most had been moved from the area to join the Eburones and other <a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">cisrhenic Germans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantingvan_der_Plicht201064_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantingvan_der_Plicht201064-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of Rome's conflict with the British <a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a>, Tacitus reports that the Sicambri could be mentioned as an historical example of a tribe who "had been formerly destroyed or transplanted into Gaul".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annales''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#47|12.39]]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annales''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#47|12.39]]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a>, in the second century AD, still located the Sicambri, together with the <a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri Minores</a>, at the most northern part of the Rhine and south of the <a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a> who inhabit the coast north of the river. However it is likely that this part of his geography was based upon earlier Roman authors.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicambri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Sicambri ceased to exist as an independent political entity in 8 BC, their legacy was preserved through the traditional names of three Roman auxiliary cohorts, and a Roman literary tradition which portrayed them as archetypical warlike savages, with a resistance to higher culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126–127_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126–127-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 26 AD, some Sicambrian auxiliaries allied to Rome were involved in crushing an uprising of <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annales''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#47|4.47]]_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annales''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#47|4.47]]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All inscriptions found mentioning the Sicambri are from the period 76-157 AD, with the exception of one uncertain example from <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> in North Africa, which is dated to 255 AD. After this the only clear surviving records of the Sicambri are as a literary trope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loon201663_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loon201663-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are around 20 inscriptions mentioning the <i>cohortes Sugambrorum</i> found mainly in the north of the Balkans, where they apparently helped defend the Lower Danube frontier regions in present day <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. Others are found in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and the city of Rome itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loon201661_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loon201661-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a literary stereotype the Sicambri were used by some of the best-known poets of the Augustan era, setting an example for later literature. For example, in the later part of the first century AD, <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>, in his <i>Liber De Spectaculis</i>, a series of epigrams written to celebrate the games in the Colosseum under Titus or Domitian, noted the attendance of numerous peoples, including the Sicambri: "With locks twisted into a knot, are come the Sicambrians..."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another poet who used this trope was <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, in his <i>Odes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Centuries later, authors of <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> used the Sicambri name as a literate alias for the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> who came from the same region, but had a name with less history. This was part of a bigger tendency in literature. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, who similarly appeared in the third century, were routinely called <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>. Authors who referred to the Franks as Sicambri included <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Venantius_Fortunatus" title="Venantius Fortunatus">Venantius Fortunatus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">the <i><a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a></i>, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_of_King_Sigismund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Life of King Sigismund (page does not exist)">Life of King Sigismund</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_of_King_Dagobert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Life of King Dagobert (page does not exist)">Life of King Dagobert</a></i>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This literary tradition had an influence lasting into the early middle ages. In the 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> reports that when <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> was baptised by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Saint Remigius</a> in 496 this bishop called Clovis a <i>Sigamber</i>, while referring to past barbarity:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Bow your gentle neck, Sigamber; adore what you have burned, burn what you have adored." (<i>Mitis depone colla, Sigamber; adora quod incendisti, incende quod adorasti.</i>) </p><p>Another tradition which Gregory of Tours reports to have been widely believed, was that there was a migration of Franks from Pannonia to the Rhine valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood199335,_citing_Gregory,_''History_of_the_Franks'',_1.36,_2.9_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood199335,_citing_Gregory,_''History_of_the_Franks'',_1.36,_2.9-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later mediaeval authors writing in the seventh and eighth centuries reported more elaborate and fanciful versions of this Pannonia myth, which made the Franks descendants of the Trojans, a claim shared by many peoples in this time including the Romans themselves. One version mentions a city called Sicambria. </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Fredegar" title="Chronicle of Fredegar">Chronicle of Fredegar</a></i> asserts that the Franks were first led by King <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a> of Troy. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Troy">fall of Troy</a>, one part of his people moved to <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, and were ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. The other part, were the <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a>, named after their king Friga, who settled on the Lower Danube, and led by Priam's successor King Friga to the Danube. Some time later another split occurred when the followers of King Francio, the Franks, moved to the Rhine valley where they settled permanently, while their kinsmen who remained on the Danube became the <a href="/wiki/Turks" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Turks">Turks</a> under their king named Torquatus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood199333–34,_citing_Fredegar,_3.2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood199333–34,_citing_Fredegar,_3.2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Fredegar, these Franks founded a city on the Rhine named after their ancestral city of "Troy". This apparently refers to <a href="/wiki/Xanten" title="Xanten">Xanten</a>, the fort built to confront the Sicambri, and known in Latin as <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Ulpia_Traiana" title="Colonia Ulpia Traiana">Colonia Ulpia Traiana</a>, after the emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Another version of this tradition, recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Historiae_Francorum" title="Liber Historiae Francorum">Liber Historiae Francorum</a></i>, written in 727 AD, asserts that after Troy's fall, two leaders called Priam and Antenor lead some 12,000 men to the river <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Tanais</a> (now called the Don) and from there they settled in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, which the author wrongly understood to adjoin the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>. In Pannonia they constructed a city called not Troy but Sicambria. An emperor called Valentinian, offering remission of taxes, incites the Franks to fight the Alans in the <a href="/wiki/Maeotic_Swamp" title="Maeotic Swamp">Maeotic Swamps</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>. But after the tax remission elapsed the Franks killed Valentinian's tax collectors, leading to a battle in which king Priam died. The Franks then left Pannonia behind for the Rhine valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood199334,_citing_''Liber_Historiae_Francorum'',_1–4_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood199334,_citing_''Liber_Historiae_Francorum'',_1–4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These legends are rejected by most modern scholars since there is no evidence that the Franks originated anywhere other than the Rhine valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood199334-35_"These_tales_are_obviously_no_more_than_legend"_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood199334-35_"These_tales_are_obviously_no_more_than_legend"-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have nevertheless made various speculations about the original sources of the myth, which may have included misunderstandings of real events. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ian_N._Wood" title="Ian N. Wood">Ian Wood</a> has suggested that the claim of Trojan ancestry, and thus kinship with the Romans, may have been encouraged by Roman diplomacy, because a similar story seems to have developed for the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood199334–35._"What_had_been_no_more_than_a_name_[Trojan]_implying_a_certain_diplomatic_affiliation_between_the_Franks_and_Valentinian_must_have_been_[re-]interpreted_as_providing_a_genuine_indication_of_the_origins_of_the_Franks"_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood199334–35._"What_had_been_no_more_than_a_name_[Trojan]_implying_a_certain_diplomatic_affiliation_between_the_Franks_and_Valentinian_must_have_been_[re-]interpreted_as_providing_a_genuine_indication_of_the_origins_of_the_Franks"-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicambri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith1854–1857" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1854–1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=sicambri-geo">"Sicambri"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography</a></i>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sicambri&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Geography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1854%2F1857&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aentry%3Dsicambri-geo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loon2016">Van Loon 2016</a>, p. 60 citing <a href="#CITEREFCaesar,_Bellum_Gallicum">Caesar, <i>Bellum Gallicum</i></a>, 4.16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1998-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1998_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeumann1998">Neumann 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005125-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005125_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005125_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs2005">Heinrichs 2005</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFCaesar,_Bellum_Gallicum">Caesar, <i>Bellum Gallicum</i></a>, 4.16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005124,_citing_[[#CITEREFCaesar,_Bellum_Gallicum|Caesar,_''Bellum_Gallicum'']],_6.35.5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005124,_citing_[[#CITEREFCaesar,_Bellum_Gallicum|Caesar,_''Bellum_Gallicum'']],_6.35.5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs2005">Heinrichs 2005</a>, p. 124, citing <a href="#CITEREFCaesar,_Bellum_Gallicum">Caesar, <i>Bellum Gallicum</i></a>, 6.35.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchönfeld1931">Schönfeld 1931</a>, col. 659. For Caesar's narrative, see <a href="#CITEREFCaesar,_Bellum_Gallicum">Caesar, <i>Bellum Gallicum</i></a>: <ul><li>4.12–15, on the defeat of the Tencteri and Usipetes;</li> <li>4.16, on Sicambri refusal of Caesar's demands;</li> <li>4.17–18, on construction of the bridge;</li> <li>4.18–19, on Sicambri withdrawal, Caesar's destruction of their villages, and withdrawal.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchönfeld1931">Schönfeld 1931</a>, col. 659, citing among others <a href="#CITEREFCaesar,_Bellum_Gallicum">Caesar, <i>Bellum Gallicum</i></a>, 6.35–42 and <a href="#CITEREFDio">Dio</a>, 40.32.3–5. The Roman commander on the ground was <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Quintus Tullius Cicero">Quintus Tullius Cicero</a>. <a href="#CITEREFCaesar,_Bellum_Gallicum">Caesar, <i>Bellum Gallicum</i></a>, 6.36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerks2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerks2009_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDerks2009">Derks 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs2005">Heinrichs 2005</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLantingvan_der_Plicht2010">Lanting & van der Plicht (2010</a>, p. 64) citing <a href="#CITEREFDio">Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html">54</a>.32, and <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronological</a> data from Oberaden.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="#CITEREFLantingvan_der_Plicht2010">Lanting & van der Plicht (2010</a>, p. 64); <a href="#CITEREFVan_Loon2016">Van Loon (2016</a>, pp. 61–62), citing Ewig and <a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs2005">Heinrichs (2005)</a>. Classical sources mentioning the forced move include Florus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/florus-epitome_roman_history/1929/pb_LCL231.337.xml">2.30</a> (also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/2H*.html#XXX">here</a>); <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> (<i>Augustus</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0132:life=aug.:chapter=21&highlight=sicambri">21</a> and <i>Tiberius</i>, 9).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLantingvan_der_Plicht2010">Lanting & van der Plicht (2010</a>, p. 64), citing <a href="#CITEREFDio">Dio</a>, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDio55-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDio55_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDio">Dio</a>, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLantingvan_der_Plicht2010">Lanting & van der Plicht (2010</a>, p. 64) citing <a href="#CITEREFStrabo">Strabo</a>, 7.1.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrabo[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsStrabo4Chtml_4.3]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrabo[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsStrabo4Chtml_4.3]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/4C*.html">4.3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrabo[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseustext1999010239book7chapter1highlightsicambri_7.1–2]-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrabo[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocPerseustext1999010239book7chapter1highlightsicambri_7.1–2]_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=7:chapter=1&highlight=sicambri">7.1–2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELantingvan_der_Plicht201064-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantingvan_der_Plicht201064_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLantingvan_der_Plicht2010">Lanting & van der Plicht 2010</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annales''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#47|12.39]]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annales''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#47|12.39]]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annales">Tacitus, <i>Annales</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#47" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4">12.39</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ptolemy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/10.html">2.10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126–127-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2005126–127_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs2005">Heinrichs 2005</a>, pp. 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annales''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#47|4.47]]-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annales''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#47|4.47]]_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annales">Tacitus, <i>Annales</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#47" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4">4.47</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loon201663-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loon201663_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loon2016">Van Loon 2016</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loon201661-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loon201661_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loon2016">Van Loon 2016</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martial, <i>Liber de spectaculis</i>, epigram 3, line 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs2005">Heinrichs (2005</a>, p. 127) citing Odes 4,14,51 and 4,2,34 ff, cf. 21, 662.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffart1981" class="citation journal cs1">Goffart, Walter (1981). "Rome, Constantinople, and the Barbarians". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>86</b> (2): 275–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1857439">10.2307/1857439</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1857439">1857439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Rome%2C+Constantinople%2C+and+the+Barbarians&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=275-306&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1857439%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1857439&rft.aulast=Goffart&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span> Also <a href="#CITEREFVan_Loon2016">Van Loon 2016</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchberger2016" class="citation journal cs1">Buchberger, Erica (2016). "Romans, barbarians, and Franks in the writings of Venantius Fortunatus". <i>Early Medieval Europe</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 293–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Femed.12153">10.1111/emed.12153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-9462">0963-9462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Medieval+Europe&rft.atitle=Romans%2C+barbarians%2C+and+Franks+in+the+writings+of+Venantius+Fortunatus&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-307&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Femed.12153&rft.issn=0963-9462&rft.aulast=Buchberger&rft.aufirst=Erica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span> See pp. 302–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs2005">Heinrichs (2005</a>, p. 127), citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_of_Tours" class="citation book cs1">Gregory of Tours. <i>History of the Franks</i>. 2.31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Franks&rft.pages=2.31&rft.au=Gregory+of+Tours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span> Merovingian Frankish leader <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> addressed as a "Sicamber" by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Saint Remigius</a>, the officiating <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rheims">bishop of Rheims</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood199335,_citing_Gregory,_''History_of_the_Franks'',_1.36,_2.9-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood199335,_citing_Gregory,_''History_of_the_Franks'',_1.36,_2.9_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1993">Wood 1993</a>, p. 35, citing Gregory, <i>History of the Franks</i>, 1.36, 2.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood199333–34,_citing_Fredegar,_3.2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood199333–34,_citing_Fredegar,_3.2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1993">Wood 1993</a>, pp. 33–34, citing Fredegar, 3.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood199334,_citing_''Liber_Historiae_Francorum'',_1–4-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood199334,_citing_''Liber_Historiae_Francorum'',_1–4_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1993">Wood 1993</a>, p. 34, citing <i>Liber Historiae Francorum</i>, 1–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood199334-35_"These_tales_are_obviously_no_more_than_legend"-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood199334-35_"These_tales_are_obviously_no_more_than_legend"_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1993">Wood 1993</a>, pp. 34-35 "These tales are obviously no more than legend".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood199334–35._"What_had_been_no_more_than_a_name_[Trojan]_implying_a_certain_diplomatic_affiliation_between_the_Franks_and_Valentinian_must_have_been_[re-]interpreted_as_providing_a_genuine_indication_of_the_origins_of_the_Franks"-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood199334–35._"What_had_been_no_more_than_a_name_[Trojan]_implying_a_certain_diplomatic_affiliation_between_the_Franks_and_Valentinian_must_have_been_[re-]interpreted_as_providing_a_genuine_indication_of_the_origins_of_the_Franks"_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1993">Wood 1993</a>, pp. 34–35. "What had been no more than a name [Trojan] implying a certain diplomatic affiliation between the Franks and Valentinian must have been [re-]interpreted as providing a genuine indication of the origins of the Franks".</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicambri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicambri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Creer, Tyler (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/classical-quarterly/article/abs/ethnography-in-caesars-gallic-war-and-its-implications-for-composition/1177BBAD1553C936ACEB166B6527FC9D">"Ethnography in Caesar's <i>Gallic War</i> and its implications for composition"</a>. <i>Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>69</b> (1): 246–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838819000405">10.1017/S0009838819000405</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8388">0009-8388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Ethnography+in+Caesar%27s+Gallic+War+and+its+implications+for+composition&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=246-263&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838819000405&rft.issn=0009-8388&rft.aulast=Creer&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fclassical-quarterly%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fethnography-in-caesars-gallic-war-and-its-implications-for-composition%2F1177BBAD1553C936ACEB166B6527FC9D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerks2009" class="citation book cs1">Derks, Tom (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fM_cmuhmSbIC&pg=PA239">"Ethnic identity in the Roman frontier. The epigraphy of Batavi and other Lower Rhine tribes"</a>. In Derks, Ton; Roymans, Nico (eds.). <i>Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition</i>. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-078-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-078-9"><bdi>978-90-8964-078-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+identity+in+the+Roman+frontier.+The+epigraphy+of+Batavi+and+other+Lower+Rhine+tribes&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Constructs+in+Antiquity%3A+The+Role+of+Power+and+Tradition&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-078-9&rft.aulast=Derks&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfM_cmuhmSbIC%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrichs2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heinrichs, Johannes (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/database/GAO/entry/RGA_5563/html">"Sugambrer"</a>. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; <a href="/wiki/Heiko_Steuer" title="Heiko Steuer">Steuer, Heiko</a> (eds.). <i>Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde</i> (in German). Vol. 30 (2 ed.). De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110906226">10.1515/9783110906226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018385-6"><bdi>978-3-11-018385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sugambrer&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110906226&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018385-6&rft.aulast=Heinrichs&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdatabase%2FGAO%2Fentry%2FRGA_5563%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrüger1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krüger, Bruno (1983). Krüger, Bruno (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783112617809/html"><i>Die Germanen: Geschichte und Kultur der germanischen Stämme in Mitteleuropa</i></a> (in German). Vol. 4, 1. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783112617809">10.1515/9783112617809</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-261780-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-261780-9"><bdi>978-3-11-261780-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Germanen%3A+Geschichte+und+Kultur+der+germanischen+St%C3%A4mme+in+Mitteleuropa&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Akademie-Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783112617809&rft.isbn=978-3-11-261780-9&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%BCger&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783112617809%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLantingvan_der_Plicht2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lanting, J. N.; van der Plicht, J (Dec 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6HCeJU_7SFwC&pg=PA64">"De ¹⁴C Chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre- en Protohistorie VI"</a>. <i>Palaeohistoria</i>. 51/52. Barkhuis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789077922736" title="Special:BookSources/9789077922736"><bdi>9789077922736</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohistoria&rft.atitle=De+%C2%B9%E2%81%B4C+Chronologie+van+de+Nederlandse+Pre-+en+Protohistorie+VI&rft.volume=51%2F52&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft.isbn=9789077922736&rft.aulast=Lanting&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rft.au=van+der+Plicht%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6HCeJU_7SFwC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neumann, Günter (1998). "Gambrivii, Namenkundliches". In Beck, Heinrich; <a href="/wiki/Heiko_Steuer" title="Heiko Steuer">Steuer, Heiko</a>; Dieter, Timpe (eds.). <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i> (in German). Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-015102-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-015102-2"><bdi>978-3-11-015102-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gambrivii%2C+Namenkundliches&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-11-015102-2&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchönfeld1931" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schönfeld, Moritz (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elexikon.ch/RE/IVA,1_661.png">"Sugambri"</a>. <i>Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft</i> (in German). Vol. IV A, 1. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 659–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sugambri&rft.btitle=Realencyclop%C3%A4die+der+classischen+Altertumswissenschaft&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=cols.+659-61&rft.pub=Butcher&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6nfeld&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felexikon.ch%2FRE%2FIVA%2C1_661.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitzmannGrünzweigNedomaReichert2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sitzmann, Alexander; Grünzweig, Friedrich E; Nedoma, Robert; Reichert, Hermann (2008). <i>Die altgermanischen Ethnonyme: ein Handbuch zu ihrer Etymologie</i>. Philologica Germanica (in German). Wien: Fassbaender. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902575-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902575-07-4"><bdi>978-3-902575-07-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+altgermanischen+Ethnonyme%3A+ein+Handbuch+zu+ihrer+Etymologie&rft.place=Wien&rft.series=Philologica+Germanica&rft.pub=Fassbaender&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-902575-07-4&rft.aulast=Sitzmann&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Gr%C3%BCnzweig%2C+Friedrich+E&rft.au=Nedoma%2C+Robert&rft.au=Reichert%2C+Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Loon2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Loon, Jozef (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://verslagenenmededelingen.be/index.php/VM/article/view/111">"Lanaken en de vroegste geschiedenis van Franken en Merovingen"</a>. <i>Verslagen & Mededelingen</i> (in Dutch). <b>126</b> (1–2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2033-6446">2033-6446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verslagen+%26+Mededelingen&rft.atitle=Lanaken+en+de+vroegste+geschiedenis+van+Franken+en+Merovingen&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=2033-6446&rft.aulast=Van+Loon&rft.aufirst=Jozef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fverslagenenmededelingen.be%2Findex.php%2FVM%2Farticle%2Fview%2F111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolters2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wolters, Reinhard (2008). <i>Die Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald: Arminius, Varus und das römische Germanien</i> (in German). München: C H Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-57674-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-57674-4"><bdi>978-3-406-57674-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Schlacht+im+Teutoburger+Wald%3A+Arminius%2C+Varus+und+das+r%C3%B6mische+Germanien&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=C+H+Beck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-406-57674-4&rft.aulast=Wolters&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1993" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Ian (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-merovingian-kingdoms-450-751-ian-wood-first-edition-2016"><i>The Merovingian Kingdoms</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49372-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49372-8"><bdi>978-0-582-49372-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merovingian+Kingdoms&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-582-49372-8&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-merovingian-kingdoms-450-751-ian-wood-first-edition-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicambri&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaesar,_Bellum_Gallicum" class="citation book cs1">Caesar. <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Bellum Gallicum</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bellum+Gallicum&rft.au=Caesar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDio" class="citation book cs1">Dio. <i>Roman History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+History&rft.au=Dio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredegar1960" class="citation book cs1">Fredegar (1960). <i>The fourth book of the Chronicle of Fredegar; with its continuations</i>. Translated by Wallace-Hadrill, J M. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/401901">401901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fourth+book+of+the+Chronicle+of+Fredegar%3B+with+its+continuations&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F401901&rft.au=Fredegar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartial" class="citation book cs1">Martial. <i>Liber de Spectaculis</i>. Chapter 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liber+de+Spectaculis&rft.pages=Chapter+3&rft.au=Martial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemy" class="citation book cs1">Ptolemy. <i>Geography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.au=Ptolemy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo" class="citation book cs1">Strabo. <i>Geography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius,_Augustus" class="citation book cs1">Suetonius. <i>Augustus</i>. Lives of the Caesars.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus&rft.series=Lives+of+the+Caesars&rft.au=Suetonius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus,_Annales" class="citation cs1">Tacitus. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:en:The Annals (Tacitus)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:The_Annals_(Tacitus)"><i>Annales</i> </a></span>. Translated by Church, Alfred John; Brodribb, William Jackson – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales&rft.au=Tacitus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicambri" class="Z3988"></span> (Translated 1876.)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicambri&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Germanic peoples">List of Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicambri&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sicambri" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sicambri">Sicambri</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/FE/05/anthenor2.html">Le mythe de l'origine troyenne</a> (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sicambria.org/">Archaeological search for Sicambria</a> (in Hungarian)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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