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Statistik – Wikipedia

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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistik_kontra_sannolikhetsteori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistik_kontra_sannolikhetsteori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Statistik kontra sannolikhetsteori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistik_kontra_sannolikhetsteori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metoder_för_att_beräkna_statistik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metoder_för_att_beräkna_statistik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Metoder för att beräkna statistik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metoder_för_att_beräkna_statistik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Metoder för att beräkna statistik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metoder_för_att_beräkna_statistik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Undersökningar_med_hjälp_av_experiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undersökningar_med_hjälp_av_experiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Undersökningar med hjälp av experiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undersökningar_med_hjälp_av_experiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observationsundersökningar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observationsundersökningar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Observationsundersökningar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observationsundersökningar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stickprov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stickprov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Stickprov</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stickprov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skalor_för_mått" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skalor_för_mått"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Skalor för mått</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skalor_för_mått-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viktiga_områden_inom_statistik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viktiga_områden_inom_statistik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Viktiga områden inom statistik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viktiga_områden_inom_statistik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Viktiga områden inom statistik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viktiga_områden_inom_statistik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Matematisk_statistik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matematisk_statistik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Matematisk statistik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matematisk_statistik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistik_inom_samhällsvetenskapen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistik_inom_samhällsvetenskapen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Statistik inom samhällsvetenskapen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistik_inom_samhällsvetenskapen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Felanvändning_av_statistik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Felanvändning_av_statistik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Felanvändning av statistik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Felanvändning_av_statistik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Statistik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 154 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">154 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiek" title="Statistiek – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Statistiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%82%E1%88%B3%E1%89%A5_(%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%89%B2%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5)" title="የዝርዝር ሂሳብ (እስታቲስቲክስ) – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የዝርዝር ሂሳብ (እስታቲስቲክስ)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="إحصاء – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إحصاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistica" title="Estatistica – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estatistica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="পৰিসংখ্যা – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰিসংখ্যা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica" title="Estadística – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estadística" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrekokuaa" title="Papyrekokuaa – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Papyrekokuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آمار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পরিসংখ্যান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিসংখ্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B3ng-k%C3%A8-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Thóng-kè-ha̍k – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thóng-kè-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статыстыка – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Статыстыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статыстыка – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Статыстыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistika" title="Estadistika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Estadistika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistikis" title="Statistikis – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Statistikis" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadegouriezh" title="Stadegouriezh – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stadegouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica" title="Estadística – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estadística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistica" title="Estadistica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Estadistica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – korsikanska" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ystadegaeth" title="Ystadegaeth – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ystadegaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AA" title="ތަފާސް ހިސާބު – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތަފާސް ހިސާބު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Στατιστική – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στατιστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Statistics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica" title="Estadística – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estadística" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiko" title="Statistiko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Statistiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%ADstica" title="Estaística – extremaduriska" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estaística" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremaduriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistika" title="Estatistika – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatistika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آمار – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aankrraa" title="Aankrraa – Fiji-hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aankrraa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji-hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Hagfrøði – färöiska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hagfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="färöiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistique" title="Statistique – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Statistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistyk" title="Statistyk – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Statistyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiche" title="Statistiche – friulianska" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Statistiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staitistic" title="Staitistic – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staitistic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staydraa" title="Staydraa – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Staydraa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staitistearachd" title="Staitistearachd – skotsk gäliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Staitistearachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gäliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat%C3%ADstica" title="Estatística – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estatística" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="統計學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%ED%95%99" title="통계학 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통계학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumuhana" title="Kumuhana – hawaiiska" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kumuhana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վիճակագրություն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիճակագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सांख्यिकी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सांख्यिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiko" title="Statistiko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Statistiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AD%E1%93%AF%E1%91%A6%E1%93%AF%E1%93%AF%E1%96%95%E1%96%91%E1%95%90%E1%93%97%E1%92%8B%E1%91%A6_%E1%90%B9%E1%93%AF%E1%94%85%E1%93%B1%E1%91%8E%E1%94%85%E1%93%B4%E1%91%A6" title="ᑭᓯᑦᓯᓯᖕᖑᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐹᓯᔅᓱᑎᔅᓴᑦ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑭᓯᑦᓯᓯᖕᖑᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐹᓯᔅᓱᑎᔅᓴᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izibalomininingo" title="Izibalomininingo – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izibalomininingo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Tölfræði – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tölfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="סטטיסטיקה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטטיסטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama%C9%A3_%C3%B1%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%C9%A9l%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Samaɣ ñʊʊ tɩlʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Samaɣ ñʊʊ tɩlʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სტატისტიკა – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტატისტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statystek" title="Statystek – korniska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Statystek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takwimu" title="Takwimu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Takwimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistik" title="Estatistik – haitiska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Estatistik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar" title="Amar – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Amar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistika" title="Estadistika – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Estadistika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ສະຖິຕິສາດ – laotiska" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຖິຕິສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika_(mokslas)" title="Statistika (mokslas) – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Statistika (mokslas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistega" title="Statistega – liguriska" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Statistega" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjtatistiek" title="Sjtatistiek – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjtatistiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistega" title="Statistega – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Statistega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statisztika" title="Statisztika – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Statisztika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – maduresiska" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="maduresiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഥിതിഗണിതം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഥിതിഗണിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संख्याशास्त्र – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संख्याशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სტატისტიკა – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტატისტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkaan" title="Perangkaan – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perangkaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ADstica" title="Statística – mirandesiska" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Statística" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="စာရင်းအင်း ပညာ – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာရင်းအင်း ပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiek" title="Statistiek – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Statistiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="तथ्याङ्क – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तथ्याङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="तथ्याङ्क – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तथ्याङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="統計学 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="統計学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetistiks" title="Stetistiks – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Stetistiks" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistikk" title="Statistikk – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistikk" title="Statistikk – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Statistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistica" title="Estatistica – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estatistica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%96%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ପରିସଂଖ୍ୟାନ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପରିସଂଖ୍ୟାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiinannoo" title="Xiinannoo – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xiinannoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅੰਕੜਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਕੜਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شماریات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شماریات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="سرشمیرنه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سرشمیرنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistix" title="Statistix – jamaikansk engelsk kreol" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Statistix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaikansk engelsk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ACstica" title="Statìstica – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Statìstica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statystyka" title="Statystyka – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Statystyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat%C3%ADstica" title="Estatística – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estatística" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistic%C4%83" title="Statistică – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statistică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khipukamay" title="Khipukamay – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Khipukamay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Штатістіка – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Штатістіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateestics" title="Stateestics – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Stateestics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – saterfrisiska" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ACstica" title="Statìstica – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Statìstica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="සංඛ්‍යානය – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංඛ්‍යානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Statistics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شماريات – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شماريات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tatistika" title="Štatistika – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štatistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ئامار – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئامار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – sundanesiska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilastotiede" title="Tilastotiede – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tilastotiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistika" title="Estadistika – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estadistika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="புள்ளியியல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புள்ளியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addadan_(tussna)" title="Addadan (tussna) – kabyliska" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Addadan (tussna)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat%C3%ADstika" title="Estatístika – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Estatístika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สถิติศาสตร์ – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถิติศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Омор – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Омор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0statistik" title="İstatistik – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İstatistik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – turkmeniska" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شماریات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شماریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ACstega" title="Statìstega – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Statìstega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%91ng_k%C3%AA" title="Thống kê – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thống kê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiga" title="Statistiga – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Statistiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistik%C3%A1" title="Estadistiká – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estadistiká" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="统计学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="סטאטיסטיק – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטאטיסטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csir%C3%B2_Statistiki" title="Ìsirò Statistiki – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìsirò Statistiki" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="統計學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Standard_deviation_diagram_micro.svg/250px-Standard_deviation_diagram_micro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Standard_deviation_diagram_micro.svg/375px-Standard_deviation_diagram_micro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Standard_deviation_diagram_micro.svg/500px-Standard_deviation_diagram_micro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Diagram över en <a href="/wiki/Normalf%C3%B6rdelning" title="Normalfördelning">normalfördelning</a> med <a href="/wiki/Standardavvikelse" title="Standardavvikelse">standardavvikelserna</a> markerade. Strecket i mitten markerar <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">medianen</a>, som i det här fallet sammanfaller med <a href="/wiki/Medelv%C3%A4rde" title="Medelvärde">medelvärdet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Statistik_-_Wikipedia_-_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Statistik_-_Wikipedia_-_2023.jpg/250px-Statistik_-_Wikipedia_-_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Statistik_-_Wikipedia_-_2023.jpg/375px-Statistik_-_Wikipedia_-_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Statistik_-_Wikipedia_-_2023.jpg/500px-Statistik_-_Wikipedia_-_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Statistik över sidvisningar av en artikel på Wikipedia.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Statistik</b> är en gren inom <a href="/wiki/Till%C3%A4mpad_matematik" title="Tillämpad matematik">tillämpad matematik</a> som sysslar med insamling, utvärdering, analys och presentation av <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">data</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I arbetet används också element från <a href="/wiki/Kognition" title="Kognition">kognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psykologi" title="Psykologi">psykologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datavetenskap" title="Datavetenskap">data-</a> och <a href="/wiki/Systemvetenskap" title="Systemvetenskap">systemvetenskap</a>, numeriska beräkningar samt bidrag från andra ämnen som befattar sig med matematik, data och datorintensiva metoder. </p><p>Resultatet, som också kallas statistik, presenteras ofta i numerisk form i absoluta tal, frekvenstal, proportionerade tal, medeltal, i <a href="/wiki/Tabeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabeller">tabeller</a> med tidsserier eller med andra jämförelsetal och illustreras ofta även i <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">diagram</a> eller figurer <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Resultatet används dels för att visa hur något är befattat för tillfället, dels ibland som ett verktyg för att via <a href="/wiki/Induktion_(filosofi)" title="Induktion (filosofi)">induktion</a> förutsäga framtida händelser. Statistik används inom många vetenskapliga discipliner, från <a href="/wiki/Naturvetenskap" title="Naturvetenskap">naturvetenskap</a> till <a href="/wiki/Humaniora" title="Humaniora">humaniora</a>, men även inom <a href="/wiki/Politik" title="Politik">politik</a> och <a href="/wiki/Aff%C3%A4rsv%C3%A4rlden" title="Affärsvärlden">affärsvärlden</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymologi">Etymologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Etymologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Etymologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordet "statistik" kommer via engelskan ('statistics') och franskan ('statistique') från <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinet</a> ('statisticus'), alla med betydelsen 'statsman', 'politiker'. Den tyska varianten 'Statistik' introducerades av <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Achenwall" title="Gottfried Achenwall">Gottfried Achenwall</a> 1749, och beskrev analysen av data om staten. Ordet fick sin nuvarande betydelse under 1800-talet. Ordet är besläktat med status.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historik">Historik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:William_Petty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/William_Petty.png/250px-William_Petty.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/William_Petty.png/375px-William_Petty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/William_Petty.png/500px-William_Petty.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Petty" title="William Petty">William Petty</a>, målning av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Victor_Poulin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Victor Poulin [inte skriven än]">Jean-Victor Poulin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beroende på var man drar gränsen, med hänsyn till statistisk stringens, gjordes de tidigaste statistiska undersökningarna under 1600- eller 1700-talet. En av de första statistikerna var <a href="/wiki/William_Petty" title="William Petty">William Petty</a> vars <i>Down Survey</i> från 1655-56 handlade om att uppskatta befolkningsstorleken på <a href="/wiki/Irland" title="Irland">Irland</a>, främst för att kunna administrera och beskatta den. Statistiken växte så småningom till att bli en egen vetenskaplig gren, jämte matematiken, under 1600- och 1700-talet, inte minst med draghjälp av sannolikhetsläran. 1741 kom <a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_S%C3%BCssmilch" title="Johann Peter Süssmilch">Johann Peter Süssmilchs</a> pionjärinsatser inom <a href="/wiki/Demografi" title="Demografi">demografi</a> och <a href="/wiki/Befolkningsstatistik" title="Befolkningsstatistik">befolkningsstatistik</a> där han bl.a. konstaterade att för varje tusen flickebarn föds det 1068 gossebarn. 1662 producerade <a href="/wiki/John_Graunt" title="John Graunt">John Graunt</a> de första levnadstabellerna där han beräknade sannolikheten för att överleva till varje ålder. </p><p>Bredden på ämnet vidgades under slutet av 1700-talet och början på 1800-talet. <a href="/wiki/Minstakvadratmetoden" title="Minstakvadratmetoden">Minstakvadratmetoden</a> som beskrevs av <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> 1794 var en viktig framgång för att bli ett användbart verktyg för affärsvärlden och politiken. </p><p>Sedan 1940-talet har <a href="/wiki/Dator" title="Dator">datorer</a> använts för att göra storskaliga beräkningar och använda metoder som tidigare varit opraktiska att göra för hand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistik_kontra_sannolikhetsteori">Statistik kontra sannolikhetsteori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Statistik kontra sannolikhetsteori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Statistik kontra sannolikhetsteori"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>För utvecklandet av den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistisk_teori&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistisk teori [inte skriven än]">statistiska teorin</a> spelar <a href="/wiki/Sannolikhetsteori" title="Sannolikhetsteori">sannolikhetsteorin</a> en central roll. Denna är den teoretiska grunden för statistiken och <a href="/wiki/Statistiskt_m%C3%A5tt" title="Statistiskt mått">statistiska mått</a>. Skillnaden mellan statistik och sannolikhetsteori är att sannolikhetsteorin behandlar sannolikheter för utfall av slumpförsök där försöken kan upprepas och de yttre omständigheterna kontrolleras, medan man inom statistiken behandlar datamaterial från experiment och observationsstudier, där försöken inte kan upprepas eller de yttre omständigheterna inte kontrolleras. Dock går det att med hjälp av statistiska modeller till viss mån korrigera för felkällor i mätningen. En annan metod är att använda sig av <a href="/wiki/Stickprov" title="Stickprov">stickprov</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metoder_för_att_beräkna_statistik"><span id="Metoder_f.C3.B6r_att_ber.C3.A4kna_statistik"></span>Metoder för att beräkna statistik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Metoder för att beräkna statistik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Metoder för att beräkna statistik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ett vanligt mål i statistiska undersökningar är att avgöra <a href="/wiki/Kausalitet" title="Kausalitet">kausalitet</a>, det vill säga om det finns något samband mellan olika företeelser på så sätt att några företeelser orsakas av eller påverkas av andra. Framför allt är det värdefullt att kunna avgöra vilka faktorer som har hög påverkansgrad. Det finns två typer av kausalitetsstudier: undersökningar med hjälp av experiment och observationsundersökningar. I bägge studeras hur olika självständiga variabler påverkar utgången. Skillnaden ligger i hur undersökningen görs. Bägge metoderna kan vara mycket effektiva. </p><p>Idag finns det ytterst få statistiker som tror att det är möjligt att fastställa kausalitet på det vis som beskrivs inom de tillämpade vetenskaperna. Förklaringsmodellen har ersatts av den prediktiva modellen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undersökningar_med_hjälp_av_experiment"><span id="Unders.C3.B6kningar_med_hj.C3.A4lp_av_experiment"></span>Undersökningar med hjälp av experiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Undersökningar med hjälp av experiment" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Undersökningar med hjälp av experiment"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Undersökningar med hjälp av experiment går ut på att mäta ett system, förändra systemet och sedan göra om mätningen för att se om förändringen har påverkat utgången. Ett exempel är den berömda Hawthorne-studien, där man testade belysningens inverkan på effektiviteten i en arbetsmiljö. Forskarna mätte först effektiviteten i Western Electric Companys-fabriken vid Hawthorne. Därefter ändrade de belysningen och mätte ifall det påverkade effektiviteten. Det visade sig att effektiviteten ökade (i undersökningen). Senare har undersökningen kritiserats för att ha saknat en <a href="/wiki/Kontrollgrupp" title="Kontrollgrupp">kontrollgrupp</a> och dubbelblindhet. Numera syftar begreppet Hawthorne-effekt på att ett resultat påverkas av själva observationen. De som deltog i undersökningen blev inte mer effektiva på grund av ljuset, utan för att de observerades. </p><p>För att göra ett experiment: </p> <ol><li>planerar man först forskningen, inklusive bestämmer informationskällor, urvalsprocessen för <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populationen</a>, och etiska hänsyn för den föreslagna forskningen och dess metod</li> <li>därefter designar man experimentet, med fokus på modellen för systemet och interaktionen mellan självständiga och avhängiga variabler</li> <li>sedan samlar man ihop observationerna för att se mönster genom att dölja detaljerna</li> <li>varpå man samlar <a href="/wiki/Konsensus" title="Konsensus">konsensus</a> om vad observationerna säger om den del av verkligheten som man undersöker</li> <li>och slutligen dokumenterar och presenterar man resultaten av undersökningen</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observationsundersökningar"><span id="Observationsunders.C3.B6kningar"></span>Observationsundersökningar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Observationsundersökningar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Observationsundersökningar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Observationsundersökningar å andra sidan utgår inte från experiment. Här samlas data in och därefter undersöker man kopplingar mellan faktorer och resultat. Ett exempel är en undersökning av <a href="/wiki/Korrelation" title="Korrelation">korrelationen</a> mellan <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6kning" title="Rökning">rökning</a> och <a href="/wiki/Lungcancer" title="Lungcancer">lungcancer</a>. Sådana använder vanligen <a href="/wiki/Enk%C3%A4t" title="Enkät">enkäter</a> för att samla observationer och sedan utföra statistiska analyser. Man samlar då observationer både från rökare och icke-rökare och tittar sedan efter antalet lungcancerfall från båda grupperna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stickprov">Stickprov</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Stickprov" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Stickprov"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inom statistiken begagnar man sig i princip alltid av <a href="/wiki/Stickprov" title="Stickprov">stickprov</a> ur ändliga eller oändliga <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populationer</a> eller matematiska fördelningar, och hur man från dessa stickprov kan beskriva eller dra slutsatser om populationens eller fördelningens beskaffenhet. <a href="/wiki/Stickprovsteori" class="mw-redirect" title="Stickprovsteori">Stickprovsteori</a> är ett arbetsredskap som tillåter korrekta sannolikhetsbaserade uttalanden om en större population. När man tar fram statistiska modeller är det viktigt att kunna kvantifiera felet i skattningen, till exempel på grund av urval av populationen. <a href="/wiki/Konfidensgrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfidensgrad">Konfidensgrad</a> är ett närliggande begrepp som uttrycker matematiskt vilken tilltro man kan ha till modellen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skalor_för_mått"><span id="Skalor_f.C3.B6r_m.C3.A5tt"></span>Skalor för mått</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Skalor för mått" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Skalor för mått"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Psykolog" title="Psykolog">Psykologen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Smith_Stevens&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley Smith Stevens [inte skriven än]">Stanley Smith Stevens</a> utvecklade 1946 en teori om <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4tskala" class="mw-redirect" title="Mätskala">olika skalor</a> för vetenskapliga studier. Alla data kan delas in i fyra grundläggande typer efter de egenskaper datat har och därmed efter hur man kan ange ett mått på det som mäts. Varje typ av data har sin egen typ av <i>skala</i>: </p> <ul><li>nominalskala</li> <li>ordinalskala</li> <li>intervallskala</li> <li>kvotskala</li></ul> <p>I en <i>nominalskala</i> tilldelas det som mäts en kategori. Varje gång ett nytt resultat kommer in placeras det bland andra exakt likadana resultat eller i en ny kategori. Det resultat som förekommer flest gånger blir ett <a href="/wiki/Typv%C3%A4rde" title="Typvärde">typvärde</a>. </p><p>I en <i>ordinalskala</i> rangordnas saker i en i förväg bestämd ordning. I travlopp, till exempel, är det viktiga vilken häst som kommer först i mål, inte hästens löptid. <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">Median</a> och <a href="/wiki/Percentil" title="Percentil">percentil</a> är två viktiga begrepp här. </p><p>I en <i>intervallskala</i> kan det som mäts tilldelas ett mått som på ett relevant sätt kan jämföras med andra mått. Det är meningsfullt att prata om skillnaden mellan två mått. Ett exempel är <a href="/wiki/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>-temperaturskalan, där varje måttenhet är 1/100 av skillnaden mellan smältpunkten och kokpunkten för vatten. Nollpunkten är <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbitr%C3%A4r&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbiträr [inte skriven än]">arbiträr</a> och därför blir proportioner mellan två siffror på skalan lika arbiträra. Här är <a href="/wiki/Medelv%C3%A4rde" title="Medelvärde">medelvärde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standardavvikelse" title="Standardavvikelse">standardavvikelse</a> och <a href="/wiki/Korrelation" title="Korrelation">korrelation</a> viktiga begrepp. </p><p>Mått enligt en <i>kvotskala</i> har förutom intervallskalans egenskaper också ett givet startvärde (<a href="/wiki/0_(tal)" title="0 (tal)">noll</a>) och, ofta, en fast skala. Exempel är <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a>-temperaturskalan och kroppslängden mätt i centimeter. Därmed blir det till exempel meningsfullt att säga att ett mått är dubbelt så stort som ett annat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viktiga_områden_inom_statistik"><span id="Viktiga_omr.C3.A5den_inom_statistik"></span>Viktiga områden inom statistik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Viktiga områden inom statistik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Viktiga områden inom statistik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matematisk_statistik">Matematisk statistik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Matematisk statistik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Matematisk statistik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Detta avsnitt är en sammanfattning av <a href="/wiki/Matematisk_statistik" title="Matematisk statistik">Matematisk statistik</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p>Matematisk statistik är den rent matematiska delen av statistik, där <a href="/wiki/Sannolikhetsteori" title="Sannolikhetsteori">sannolikhetsteori</a> används för att beräkna <a href="/wiki/Variabler" class="mw-redirect" title="Variabler">variabler</a> från statistiska data. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punktskattning" title="Punktskattning">Punktskattning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervallskattning" title="Intervallskattning">Intervallskattning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medelkvadratfel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Medelkvadratfel [inte skriven än]">Medelkvadratfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varians" title="Varians">Varians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_(metodfel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias (metodfel)">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotespr%C3%B6vning" title="Hypotesprövning">Hypotesprövning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressionsanalys" title="Regressionsanalys">Regressionsanalys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beslutsteori" title="Beslutsteori">Beslutsteori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klassificering" title="Klassificering">Klassificering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickprovsteori" class="mw-redirect" title="Stickprovsteori">Stickprovsteori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstruktion_av_experiment&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstruktion av experiment [inte skriven än]">Konstruktion av experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesiansk_statistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayesiansk statistik">Bayesiansk statistik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelteori" title="Spelteori">Spelteori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6teori" title="Köteori">Köteori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistisk_ber%C3%A4kningsteori&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistisk beräkningsteori [inte skriven än]">Statistisk beräkningsteori</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistik_inom_samhällsvetenskapen"><span id="Statistik_inom_samh.C3.A4llsvetenskapen"></span>Statistik inom samhällsvetenskapen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Statistik inom samhällsvetenskapen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Statistik inom samhällsvetenskapen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Statistiska analysmetoder är en viktig del av de kvantitativa forskningsmetoder som tillämpas inom olika samhällsvetenskaper, såsom psykologi, sociologi, socialt arbete och ekonomi. Metodutveckling inom samhällsvetenskapliga ämnen har även bidragit till utvecklingen av statistiska analysmetoder. Några viktiga exempel på detta är de statistiska analysmetoder som inbegriper nätverksanalyser (som härrör från sociologin)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och strukturella ekvationer (som härrör från psykologin)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Det finns idag företag som erbjuder statistiska tjänster som är riktade specifikt mot samhällsvetenskaplig forskning och samhällsvetenskapliga undersökningar<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Det finns även forskningscentrum som är specifikt inriktade på utveckling av samhällsvetenskapliga statistiska analysmetoder<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Felanvändning_av_statistik"><span id="Felanv.C3.A4ndning_av_statistik"></span>Felanvändning av statistik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Felanvändning av statistik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Felanvändning av statistik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det finns en spridd uppfattning om att statistik ofta används på ett icke-neutralt sätt genom att hitta sätt att tolka datan för att passa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avs%C3%A4ndare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Avsändare [inte skriven än]">avsändaren</a>. Ett berömt citat tillskrivs <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>: "Det finns tre typer av lögn: lögner, förbannade lögner och statistik". </p><p>Om undersökningar verkar motsäga varandra, kan allmänheten snart komma att misstro sådana undersökningar. En undersökning kanske tyder på att en given diet höjer <a href="/wiki/Blodtryck" title="Blodtryck">blodtrycket</a>, medan en annan tyder på att blodtrycket sjunker. Skillnaden kan dock bero på olikheter i hur experimentet utfördes, såsom skillnader i urvalsprocessen eller forskningsmetoden. Sådana är inte alltid lätta att förstå för <a href="/wiki/Lekman" title="Lekman">lekmän</a>, och media undviker i regel att rapportera om sådana subtiliteter. </p><p>Genom att välja eller välja bort (eller modifiera) en del i ett urval, kan resultaten manipuleras. Sådana manipulationer måste inte vara illvilliga eller för dolska syften: de kan också komma från omedveten <a href="/wiki/Kognitiv_bias" title="Kognitiv bias">bias</a> hos forskaren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; background:#f9f9f9; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em; font-size:85%;"> <table style="background:transparent;" width="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:32px; height:28px; overflow:hidden"><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px; z-index:2;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td>Den här artikeln ingår i boken:&#160;<br /><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:B%C3%B6cker/Matematik" title="Wikipedia:Böcker/Matematik">Matematik</a></b></i>&#160; </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvantitativ_forskning" title="Kvantitativ forskning">Kvantitativ forskning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_statistiska_f%C3%B6rdelningar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista över statistiska fördelningar">Lista över statistiska fördelningar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokastisk_variabel" title="Stokastisk variabel">Stokastisk variabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannolikhetsteori" title="Sannolikhetsteori">Sannolikhetsteori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannolikhetsf%C3%B6rdelning" title="Sannolikhetsfördelning">Sannolikhetsfördelning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matematisk_statistik" title="Matematisk statistik">Matematisk statistik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistisk_processkontroll" title="Statistisk processkontroll">Statistisk processkontroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistiker" title="Statistiker">Statistiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_officiella_statistik" title="Sveriges officiella statistik">Sveriges officiella statistik</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Moses, Lincoln E. <i>Think and Explain with statistics</i>, s. 1 - 3. Addison-Wesley, 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Vad är officiell statistik? En översyn av statistiksystemet och SCB, SOU 2012:83, kapitel 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordbok" title="Svenska Akademiens ordbok">Svenska Akademiens ordbok</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saob.se/artikel/?seek=Statistik">Statistik</a> </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFFreeman2004">Freeman, Linton C.&#32;(2004)&#32;(på engelska).&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books/about/The_Development_of_Social_Network_Analys.html?id=VcxqQgAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y">The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science</a></i>. Empirical Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-1-59457-714-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-1-59457-714-7">ISBN 978-1-59457-714-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books/about/The_Development_of_Social_Network_Analys.html?id=VcxqQgAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y">https://books.google.se/books/about/The_Development_of_Social_Network_Analys.html?id=VcxqQgAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 10 februari 2023</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Social+Network+Analysis%3A+A+Study+in+the+Sociology+of+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Freeman&amp;rft.aufirst=Linton+C.&amp;rft.au=Freeman%2C+Linton+C.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Empirical+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59457-714-7&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Development_of_Social_Network_Analys.html%3Fid%3DVcxqQgAACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Statistik"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFJöreskogSörbom1982">Jöreskog, Karl G.; Sörbom, Dag&#32;(1982).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3151714">”Recent Developments in Structural Equation Modeling”</a>.&#32;<i>Journal of Marketing Research</i>&#32;19&#32;(4): sid.&#160;404–416. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3151714">10.2307/3151714</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0022-2437">0022-2437</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3151714">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3151714</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 10 februari 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Recent+Developments+in+Structural+Equation+Modeling&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marketing+Research&amp;rft.aulast=J%C3%B6reskog&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl+G.&amp;rft.au=J%C3%B6reskog%2C+Karl+G.&amp;rft.au=S%C3%B6rbom%2C+Dag&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B404%E2%80%93416&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F3151714&amp;rft.issn=0022-2437&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3151714&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Statistik"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centerstat.org/">”CenterStat by Curran-Bauer Analytics”</a>&#32;(på amerikansk engelska).&#32;<i><span>CenterStat</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://centerstat.org/">https://centerstat.org/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 10 februari 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=CenterStat+by+Curran-Bauer+Analytics&amp;rft.atitle=CenterStat&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcenterstat.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Statistik"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210220325/https://www.kvantitativmetod.info/om">”Varför grundades KVANTILA? En kort bakgrund”</a>. kvantitativmetod.info. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kvantitativmetod.info/om">originalet</a>&#32;den 10 februari 2023<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210220325/https://www.kvantitativmetod.info/om">https://web.archive.org/web/20230210220325/https://www.kvantitativmetod.info/om</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 10 februari 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Varf%C3%B6r+grundades+KVANTILA%3F+En+kort+bakgrund&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=kvantitativmetod.info&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230210220325%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.kvantitativmetod.info%2Fom&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Statistik"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liu.se/organisation/liu/iei/ias">”Institutet för analytisk sociologi (IAS)”</a>.&#32;<i><span>liu.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://liu.se/organisation/liu/iei/ias">https://liu.se/organisation/liu/iei/ias</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 10 februari 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Institutet+f%C3%B6r+analytisk+sociologi+%28IAS%29&amp;rft.atitle=liu.se&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliu.se%2Forganisation%2Fliu%2Fiei%2Fias&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Statistik"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historia.se">Historia.se - Portalen för historisk statistik</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.un.org/">FN:s statistikdatabas med 60 års statistik insamlad om dess medlemsländer</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/lifework.htm">Namnkunniga teoretiska statistiker</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style 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