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Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, the Inklings, J.K. Rowling, and fantasy literature in general; language, linguistics, and philology; comparative mythology and folklore — and <a href="http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2007/05/what-does-lingw-mean-anyway.html"><u>more</u></a>.' property='og:description'/> <title>Lingwë - Musings of a Fish - The blog of Tolkien scholar and philologist Jason Fisher</title> <style id='page-skin-1' type='text/css'></style> <link href='https://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?targetBlogID=9050528436539921312&zx=bea01a9e-474f-4dcd-bd4e-7193c8751f11' media='none' onload='if(media!='all')media='all'' rel='stylesheet'/><noscript><link href='https://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?targetBlogID=9050528436539921312&zx=bea01a9e-474f-4dcd-bd4e-7193c8751f11' rel='stylesheet'/></noscript> <meta name='google-adsense-platform-account' content='ca-host-pub-1556223355139109'/> <meta name='google-adsense-platform-domain' content='blogspot.com'/> </head> <body> <div class='navbar section' id='navbar'><div class='widget Navbar' data-version='1' id='Navbar1'><script type="text/javascript"> function setAttributeOnload(object, attribute, val) { if(window.addEventListener) { window.addEventListener('load', function(){ object[attribute] = val; }, false); } else { window.attachEvent('onload', function(){ object[attribute] = val; }); } } </script> <div id="navbar-iframe-container"></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://apis.google.com/js/platform.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> gapi.load("gapi.iframes:gapi.iframes.style.bubble", function() { if (gapi.iframes && gapi.iframes.getContext) { gapi.iframes.getContext().openChild({ url: 'https://www.blogger.com/navbar/9050528436539921312?origin\x3dhttp://lingwe.blogspot.com', where: document.getElementById("navbar-iframe-container"), id: "navbar-iframe" }); } }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var script = document.createElement('script'); script.type = 'text/javascript'; script.src = '//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/google_top_exp.js'; var head = document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; if (head) { head.appendChild(script); }})(); </script> </div></div> <div id='outer-wrapper'> <div id='header-wrapper'> <div class='header section' id='header'><div class='widget Header' data-version='1' id='Header1'> <div id='header-inner'> <div class='titlewrapper'> <h1 class='title'> Lingwë - Musings of a Fish </h1> </div> <div class='descriptionwrapper'> <p class='description'><span>J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, the Inklings, J.K. Rowling, and fantasy literature in general; language, linguistics, and philology; comparative mythology and folklore — and <a href="http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2007/05/what-does-lingw-mean-anyway.html"><u>more</u></a>.</span></p> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div id='crosscol-wrapper' style='text-align:center'> <div class='crosscol no-items section' id='crosscol'></div> </div> <div id='main-wrap1'><div id='main-wrap2'> <div class='main section' id='main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='blog-posts hfeed'> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Monday, April 7, 2025</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry'> <a name='6005698095457866774'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title'> <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/an-ephemeral-coincidence.html'>An ephemeral coincidence</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6005698095457866774'> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal">It should be obvious from my last several posts — if it hadn’t been already over many <i>years</i> of posts! — that I love digging into old archives and ephemera. Thus occupied, I came across something rather interesting: a page of advertisements in which two of Tolkien’s grandparents, one on either side of his family, both advertise their respective wares on the same page, some twenty years before their children would marry and the Tolkien we know today would be born. [1]<o:p></o:p></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioZFG2WqQR-YYCh169DQpYkbaVllsUzlSPRLNcU4z6BNhMMJ5UDkeAspFfGeLzQetJ6-m8-bxMw6jNuaFXJh54ZT_vWFAdX4T00rb7rr2DzAWwQlg_1BdFvUjVXeuOj42i6PS3x_dzeFNQj5ZUPCK78sZhEgNjnBbHzXV7Bjw2RZW_lOJ4RC0UvA1stO2v/s1080/Tolkien's%20grandparents.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="819" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioZFG2WqQR-YYCh169DQpYkbaVllsUzlSPRLNcU4z6BNhMMJ5UDkeAspFfGeLzQetJ6-m8-bxMw6jNuaFXJh54ZT_vWFAdX4T00rb7rr2DzAWwQlg_1BdFvUjVXeuOj42i6PS3x_dzeFNQj5ZUPCK78sZhEgNjnBbHzXV7Bjw2RZW_lOJ4RC0UvA1stO2v/s320/Tolkien's%20grandparents.png" width="243" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">At the top right, John Benjamin Tolkien — Tolkien’s father’s father — advertises pianos at 87 New Street, near the Town Hall. The door to the Town Hall is still visible today, more than 150 years later. The ad promises that “excellence of touch and tone characterises these Instruments, which, considering their high-class character, are a Marvel of Cheapness”. He also tuned pianos and sold music, but his business would go bust in 1877, less than five years from the date of this advertisement.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Then, in the middle the left-hand column, John Suffield — Tolkien’s mother’s father — flogs his wares — hoses, gloves, lace, collars, ties, undergarments, and more — at 107–109 Bull Street, less than a half-mile walk away from Tolkien’s shop. The Suffields had done business here since 1812. First, a stationery shop run by Tolkien’s great-great-grandfather, William Suffield; then, a drapery and hosiery from 1826, run first by Tolkien’s great-grandfather, John Suffield, and then his son, also named John. The latter Suffield was successful and prosperous until his business too collapsed in 1886, about 13 years after the date of this advertisement.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">An interesting piece of ephemera, wouldn’t you say? I suppose it’s really not so unlikely a coincidence to find two prominent, well-established businessmen in Birmingham on the same page sooner or later, both unknowingly drawing near the end of their trade. Suffield’s daughter, Mabel, was two years old at the time, while Tolkien’s son, Arthur, was already fifteen. They would marry about 19 years later. It’s a peculiar moment in time, totally unremarkable then, but seen in hindsight it’s almost as if Birmingham were holding its breath, awaiting the arrival of greatness, with two parties to it, totally unbeknown, sharing a page. They would eventually share a grandson, who would go on to fill many, many pages of his own.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Too dramatic? Well, what can I say? It’s in my nature. :)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">[1] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">King Edward’s School Chronicle</i>. No. 9, December 18, 1872, p. 87.</p><p></p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn'>Jason Fisher</span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> @ <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/an-ephemeral-coincidence.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' title='2025-04-07T19:05:00-05:00'>7:05 PM</abbr></a> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=6005698095457866774&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=6005698095457866774&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=6005698095457866774&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=6005698095457866774&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=6005698095457866774&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/an-ephemeral-coincidence.html#comment-form' onclick=''>0 further thought(s)</a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-2039264088'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=6005698095457866774&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> Topics: <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/J.R.R.%20Tolkien' rel='tag'>J.R.R. Tolkien</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/John%20Benjamin%20Tolkien' rel='tag'>John Benjamin Tolkien</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/John%20Suffield' rel='tag'>John Suffield</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Mabel%20Suffield' rel='tag'>Mabel Suffield</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Sunday, April 6, 2025</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry'> <a name='8782665145402288283'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title'> <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/a-warm-welcome-in-not-quite-dead.html'>A warm welcome in a not quite dead language</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-8782665145402288283'> <p>In their <i>Chronology</i>, Christina Scull and Wayne Hammond tell us that on October 7, 1925, just a few months shy of 100 years ago:</p><blockquote><p>The Vice-Chancellor of Oxford delivers a speech in Latin to Convocation reviewing the past academic year and welcoming newcomers to positions in the University, including Tolkien as Professor of Anglo-Saxon. [1]</p></blockquote> <p class="MsoNormal">They don’t identify the vice-chancellor by name, but this would have been Joseph Wells, who was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford from 1923 to 1926.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">For those who might be interested, here is the paragraph in which Wells welcomes Tolkien and others:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p><blockquote>Salutamus etiam comiter sex novos professores, et te primum ex Aede Christi ad Cathedram ’Αρχαιολογίας unanimo consensu vocatum, Ioannes Beazley, qui, ut Ioannes ille alter versibus immortalibus, ita doctrina tua et acumine, Graeca vasa omnibus, quicunque aliquid humanarum litterarum sapiunt, patefacis et illustras. Arcessivimus etiam Gustavum Braunholtz ex Academia Cymrica ut nostros doceat leges secundum quas et in Graeco et in Latino sermone verba mutentur, et <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ioannem Tolkien, Collegii Exoniensis alumnum, ex Academia Leodensi, virum in antiquo nostrae gentis sermone si quis alius versatum, unicum et eximium illustrissimi illius Arturi Napier discipulum</b>. E nostris doctoribus summa voluptate elegimus David Capel Simpson e Collegio Wadhami ut ex altiore professoris sede labores suos insignes, tam diu ab omnibus in Sancta Theologia versantibus, in honore habitos continuet et promoveat, elegimus etiam Professorem Historiae Militaris e Britannico exercitu illum militem praeclarum et ingeniosurn, Ernestum Dunlop Swinton equitem, qui olim et nos calamo suo delectavit et hostes nostros contudit essedis, magis horrendis quam ea quae olim Caesaris ipsius legionibus terrorem iniecerunt. [2]</blockquote><o:p></o:p><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">And a loose translation:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <blockquote><p class="MsoNormal">We also cordially greet the six new professors, and you, the first from Christ Church to the Chair of Archaeology, John Beazley, who, like the other John, by your immortal verses, so by your learning and acumen, you open and illuminate Greek vessels to all who are interested in human literature. We have also summoned Gustav Braunholtz from the Welsh Academy to teach our students the laws according to which words are changed in both Greek and Latin, and <b>John Tolkien, a student of Exeter College, from the University of Leeds, a man more versed in the ancient language of our nation than anyone else, the singular and outstanding disciple of the most illustrious Arthur Napier</b>. From our teachers, we have chosen with the greatest pleasure David Capel Simpson from Wadham College to continue and promote from the higher chair of professorship his distinguished labors, so long held in honor by all those engaged in Sacred Theology. We have also chosen as Professor of Military History from the British Army that illustrious and ingenious soldier, Sir Ernest Dunlop Swinton, who once delighted us with his pen and crushed our enemies, more terrifying than those which once struck terror into the legions of Caesar himself.</p></blockquote> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">I’ve provided the entire paragraph for context, but the bit about Tolkien in particular I’ve put into boldface to make it easier to spot in the wall of words. The Napier referred to is Arthur Sampson Napier, who was both the first Merton Professor of English Language and Literature, Oxford, from 1885 to 1916, and the last Rawlinsonian Professor of Anglo-Saxon from 1903 to 1916. The latter, following Napier’s time, was renamed the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon. Tolkien was the only other professor besides Napier to hold both these professorships — but not simultaneously, as Napier had.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">And since we’re quoting Latin greetings, a few months later on March 9, 1926, the Public Orator delivered to Convocation an oration “on the occasion of the conferment of the Honorary Degree of D.Litt. upon Tadensz Zieliński, Professor at the University of Warsaw” [3], a prominent Polish philologist of the day. It looks to me like this one did not make it into the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chronology</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">This speech contained another reference to the university’s new professors, so here is the relevant bit:<o:p></o:p></p> <blockquote><p class="MsoNormal">Professorum nuper creatorum alii tantum ex hoc in illud se transferunt collegium, alii ex locis remotis in sellas suas venerunt. Atque inter illos invenitur Iohannes Beazley [...]; et David C. Simpson, qui professor professorem Henricum C. Davis brevi temporis intervallo in collegium Orielense secutus est. [...] <b>Iohannes Tolkien, collegii Exoniensis alumnus, brevi in provinciam relegatus, in patriam suam, ut ita dicam, restitutus est ut sellae potitus Pembrochianae nostrorum maiorum patriae sermonis studia ope adiuvet sua</b>. [4]</p></blockquote> <p class="MsoNormal">And done back into English for convenience:<o:p></o:p></p> <blockquote><p class="MsoNormal">Of the newly created professors, some only transfer themselves from this college to that, others have come to their chairs from distant places. And among them is found John Beazley [...]; and David C. Simpson, who succeeded Professor Henry C. Davis at a short interval of time as professor at Oriel College. [...] <b>John Tolkien, a student of Exeter College, was briefly banished to the province, and is, so to speak, restored to his homeland, so that, having obtained a chair at Pembroke, he may assist with his studies of the language of our ancestors</b>.</p></blockquote> <p class="MsoNormal">There’s a touch of humor and Oxonian pride here in saying that Tolkien’s time in the province, i.e., at Leeds, was a “brief banishment” and that he has finally been brought back <i>in patriam suam</i>, literally, “to his fatherland”.</p><p class="MsoNormal">I also really like the way Joseph Wells described Tolkien in the earlier quoted passage: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">virum in antiquo nostrae gentis sermone si quis alius versatum</i>, “a man more versed in the ancient language of our nation than anyone else”. Very true, and worth quoting again.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">[1] Scull, Christina and Wayne G. Hammond. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide: Chronology</i>. Rev. and exp. ed. HarperCollins, 2017, p. 142.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">[2] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oxford University Gazette</i>. Vol. LVI, No. 1781 (October 8, 1925), p. 24.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">[3] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oxford University Gazette</i>. Vol. LVI, No. 1799 (March 19, 1926), Supp. 2, p. 484.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">[4] ibid., pp. 485–6.</p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn'>Jason Fisher</span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> @ <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/a-warm-welcome-in-not-quite-dead.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' title='2025-04-06T17:57:00-05:00'>5:57 PM</abbr></a> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=8782665145402288283&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=8782665145402288283&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=8782665145402288283&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=8782665145402288283&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=8782665145402288283&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/a-warm-welcome-in-not-quite-dead.html#comment-form' onclick=''>0 further thought(s)</a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-2039264088'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=8782665145402288283&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> Topics: <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/J.R.R.%20Tolkien' rel='tag'>J.R.R. Tolkien</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Latin' rel='tag'>Latin</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Oxford' rel='tag'>Oxford</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Friday, April 4, 2025</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry'> <a name='2661143101996765350'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title'> <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/more-details-on-tolkiens-election-to.html'>More details on Tolkien’s election to the General Board of the Faculties, Oxford</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-2661143101996765350'> <p>Christina Scull and Wayne Hammond tell us in the expanded edition of their <i>Chronology</i> that on June 21, 1929 Tolkien was “elected to represent the Faculties of Theology, Law, Literae Humaniores, Modern History, English Language and Literature, Medieval and Modern European Languages and Literature [other than English], and Oriental languages on the General Board for three years until Michaelmas Term 1932” [1].</p> <p class="MsoNormal">I’d like to add a little information to this. I have no doubt that Wayne and Christina know all this already but simply omitted these details in consideration of the space required versus the value of the information. As I have no such limitations, I’ll give you all a little bit more. Whether you find it useful or interesting, let me know. :)<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Nominations were to be signed and dated and received before 3 PM on Saturday, June 15, by the Secretary of Faculties at the University Registry in the Clarendon Building, Broad Street, just across from the Bodleian Library and cattycorner from the excellent public house, the King’s Arms.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Nominations by at least six electors were required. Tolkien was one of two nominees for this post who met this initial bar. The other was Austin Lane Poole, M.A., Fellow of St. John’s College. [2] Poole would go on to publish the third volume in the Oxford History of England, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216</i>, in 1956, as well as critical editions of poetry by Thomas Gray. Poole seems to have been genetically predisposed to academia — the son of Reginald Lane Poole, archivist at the University of Oxford; the nephew of Stanley Lane Poole, professor of Arabic at Trinity College, Dublin; and the great-nephew of Reginald Stuart Poole, professor of archaeology at Cambridge.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">By June 12, Poole had six nominators: G.N. Clark, Oriel; W.D. Ross, Oriel; E.A. Lowe, Corpus Christi; R. Coupland, All Souls; A.S. Owen, Keble; and J.W.C. Wand, Oriel.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Tolkien had six nominators at this time as well — and here, I’ll add just a little more context for each, where I can (these additional details are mainly from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chronology</i>):<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Sir M.E. Sadler, M.A., Master of University College: Tolkien had known Michael Sadler since his time at Leeds, where Sadler was Vice-Chancellor. In 1922, he played Father Christmas at a party for the children of Leeds staff where he got stuck in the chimney, no doubt to the immense amusement of the children. Sadler was also, like Tolkien, active with the British Esperanto Congress.</li><li>F. de Zulueta, D.C.L., Fellow of All Souls College: Francis de Zulueta and Helen Buckhurst were the godparents to Tolkien’s daughter, Priscilla. De Zulueta also has an entry dedicated to him in Scull and Hammond’s <i>Reader’s Guide</i>, where you can read more.</li><li>A.D. Lindsay, M.A., Master of Balliol College: Along with Sadler and Tolkien, Lindsay attended the British Esperanto Congress.</li><li>H.C.K. Wyld, B.Litt., M.A., Fellow of Merton College: Wyld was a good deal older than Tolkien. He was the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature before Tolkien and nominated Tolkien to succeed him. Tolkien’s own student, Norman Davis, would succeed <i>him</i>. Wyld was one of Tolkien’s undergraduate examiners at Exeter in 1915. About a decade later, he and Tolkien would both be external examiners for the English Honor School. Like de Zulueta, Wyld has an entry in Scull and Hammond’s <i>Reader’s Guide</i>.</li><li>A.E.W. Hazel, B.C.L., M.A., Principal of Jesus College</li><li>Sir John C. Miles, B.C.L., M.A., Fellow of Merton College</li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Voting took place in the Convocation House from 12:45 PM to 1:15 PM and from 1:45 PM to 2:10 PM on June 21, 1929. By this time, Tolkien had attracted additional nominations, while Poole still only had six. Tolkien added R.R. Marett, Exeter, whom Tolkien had known since his undergraduate days; Dorothy Everett, M.G. Skipworth, and C.M. Chilcott, all of Lady Margaret Hall; G.E.K. Braunholtz, Worcester College, another Esperantist; C.J. Fordyce, Jesus College; John Fraser, Jesus College; J.A. Smith, Magdalen College; and the eminent C.T. Onions, Magdalen College (there’s an entry on him in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reader’s Guide</i> too). Sadler does not appear on the final list of nominations, strangely enough. [3]<o:p></o:p></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiraM7PxmFrZDjZINlkg97TY_DZTEhfwbbJI4-oBNnxv-e3qm4x_4eiVit-u9zNsSiqUV91ifkX6QzoohE_Ld2jrRPh6gdkku-Z2RmKMlm0CSwb63eDsGxPgUt-ACqGYSyhpCyHnxoub9A_R_u8I68b6Z_FCAhwkRUwHWdPFxwzmKzURsbt54tQyI761qA5/s740/Oxford%20University%20Gazette%20Nominations.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="740" data-original-width="434" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiraM7PxmFrZDjZINlkg97TY_DZTEhfwbbJI4-oBNnxv-e3qm4x_4eiVit-u9zNsSiqUV91ifkX6QzoohE_Ld2jrRPh6gdkku-Z2RmKMlm0CSwb63eDsGxPgUt-ACqGYSyhpCyHnxoub9A_R_u8I68b6Z_FCAhwkRUwHWdPFxwzmKzURsbt54tQyI761qA5/s320/Oxford%20University%20Gazette%20Nominations.png" width="188" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">Beginning to look a little lopsided, eh? The final results were 16 for Tolkien, 11 for Poole, which is a little closer than one might have expected based on the nominations. [4]</p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfHQccTRu6ZWbbpfqsDtDTvF0r6tT7sm9RKDujviE7-hy7U0sSEZR8RtXxdtaRA2QcJIX2g_MHJcoxUXBGqPFXDJZus7wEdYb-6j92IjJvA2qycP-PKnclVuEfDJkeV3KJjuNJ3SgDjp7Z5DSFNbC-WM1V1PWG35m0DkDcHx22_OM80Tk1Hcf5esZoustA/s431/Oxford%20University%20Gazette%20Results.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="135" data-original-width="431" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfHQccTRu6ZWbbpfqsDtDTvF0r6tT7sm9RKDujviE7-hy7U0sSEZR8RtXxdtaRA2QcJIX2g_MHJcoxUXBGqPFXDJZus7wEdYb-6j92IjJvA2qycP-PKnclVuEfDJkeV3KJjuNJ3SgDjp7Z5DSFNbC-WM1V1PWG35m0DkDcHx22_OM80Tk1Hcf5esZoustA/s320/Oxford%20University%20Gazette%20Results.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal">[1] Scull, Christina and Wayne G. Hammond. <i>The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide: Chronology</i>. Rev. and exp. ed. HarperCollins, 2017, p. 160.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">[2] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oxford University Gazette</i>. Vol. LIX, No. 1908 (June 12, 1929), p. 662.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">[3] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oxford University Gazette</i>. Vol. LIX, No. 1909 (June 19, 1929), p. 703.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">[4] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oxford University Gazette</i>. Vol. LIX, No. 1910 (June 26, 1929), p. 723.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn'>Jason Fisher</span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> @ <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/more-details-on-tolkiens-election-to.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' title='2025-04-04T19:05:00-05:00'>7:05 PM</abbr></a> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=2661143101996765350&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=2661143101996765350&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=2661143101996765350&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=2661143101996765350&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=2661143101996765350&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/more-details-on-tolkiens-election-to.html#comment-form' onclick=''>2 further thought(s)</a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-2039264088'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=2661143101996765350&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> Topics: <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/J.R.R.%20Tolkien' rel='tag'>J.R.R. Tolkien</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Oxford' rel='tag'>Oxford</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Thursday, April 3, 2025</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry'> <a name='380857231320925001'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title'> <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/a-newly-discovered-primary-account-of.html'>A newly discovered primary account of Arthur Tolkien’s death</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-380857231320925001'> <p>Bloemfontein was a rough place to be on the late 19th century. In addition to the Boer Wars, the climate was a difficult adjustment for Europeans, and disease was rampant. The infant J.R.R. Tolkien and his mother were both ill-stuited to South Africa and often sick, hence, they had returned to England rather than stay on. On October 12, 1899, the bishop of the Anglican Diocese of the Free State, known then as the Diocese of Bloemfontein, Wale Hicks died in office, leaving the bishopric <i>sede vacante</i> until the appointment of Arthur Chandler in 1902.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Before his own death, Bishop Hicks commented on at least three other notable British deaths among his flock in Bloemfontein. First, Alfred Bracebridge Stanford, Vicar of Mafeking (now called Mahikeng), of dysentery late in 1895. Then:<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote>We have had two further losses since. William Walter Powell, a master in St. Andrew’s College, and a candidate for Holy Orders, a young man of considerable promise, died of typhoid fever on January 10. He was a licensed reader, and had given his spare time and energy to helping in church work in various ways with a very simple and unaffected devotion. [1]</blockquote><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">And then, he goes on to relate the death of J.R.R. Tolkien’s father:<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote>And now on the 15th inst. [<i>instante mense</i>, i.e., of the current month, i.e., when the bishrop was writing this piece in February, 1896] we have lost one of our good, devoted business men, Arthur Tolkien, who was treasurer of our Diocesan Finance Board. I had hoped to propose him as a member of the Society (S.P.G.) before now. [2]</blockquote><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Arthur Tolkien died of severe bleeding and rheumatic fever, according to an obituary reprinted in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tolkien Family Album</i> [3]. We get here a picture of Arthur actively involved in church activities and in the promulgation of Christianity to distant parts of the globe, in a church of the Anglican denomination. Scull and Hammond note in their <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chronology</i> that Arthur was buried in an Anglican cemetery [4]. Indeed, it seems that Arthur and his new bride Mabel were in fact Anglican, however much we associate J.R.R. Tolkien with his profound Catholic faith. After Arthur’s death and Mabel’s permanent return to England with her two sons, she and her sister converted to Roman Catholicism in June 1900, a conversion which apparently infuriated both the Tolkiens, referred to as Baptists, and the Suffields, who were Methodist/Unitarian. [5] Arthur was also the treasurer of the Diocesan Finance Board, just as he had been treasurer for the Old Edwardians Club, as <a href="https://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/like-father-like-son.html" target="_blank">I have previously documented</a>.<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifx_bLQNB92tO8nPgb9hxoEE9ckDolqLgK8QJn4ERs9S0XDrmhEQxcuYjg-x9YMr7mZx5-FJjjzU5khaGcQcnbiiX6EQqBM1pd2P49pCPLn5qLP8Cxv3WTOPnzcDhYo84fI1JoPgddV1ejO4vE1dRB3tKaJU0SUXNNfVOP62xDa34gFtfy977Vjkxts7p-/s755/Bloemfontein.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="755" data-original-width="699" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifx_bLQNB92tO8nPgb9hxoEE9ckDolqLgK8QJn4ERs9S0XDrmhEQxcuYjg-x9YMr7mZx5-FJjjzU5khaGcQcnbiiX6EQqBM1pd2P49pCPLn5qLP8Cxv3WTOPnzcDhYo84fI1JoPgddV1ejO4vE1dRB3tKaJU0SUXNNfVOP62xDa34gFtfy977Vjkxts7p-/s320/Bloemfontein.png" width="296" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">[1] “Varied Needs in Bloemfontein Diocese: A General Review of the Work by the Bishop.” <i>The Mission Field: A Monthly Record of the Proceedings of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel at Home and Abroad</i>. Volume XLI (1896). May 1, 1896. G. Bell & Sons, p. 180.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">[2] loc. cit. By S.P.G., Hicks is referring to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, a missionary organization founded in 1701 by royal charter of King William III, and the publisher of the mission field notes being quoted here.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">[3] Tolkien, John and Priscilla. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tolkien Family Album</i>. Houghton Mifflin, 1992, p. 19. Other accounts disagree and say it was typhoid fever; see <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chronology</i>, p. 818.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">[4] Scull, Christina and Wayne G. Hammond. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide: Chronology</i>. Rev. and exp. ed. HarperCollins, 2017, p. 5.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">[5] Priestman, Judith, ed. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tolkien: Life and Legend</i>. Bodleian Library, Oxford. 1992, p. 12.</p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn'>Jason Fisher</span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> @ <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/a-newly-discovered-primary-account-of.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' title='2025-04-03T19:24:00-05:00'>7:24 PM</abbr></a> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=380857231320925001&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=380857231320925001&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=380857231320925001&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=380857231320925001&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=380857231320925001&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/a-newly-discovered-primary-account-of.html#comment-form' onclick=''>2 further thought(s)</a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-2039264088'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=380857231320925001&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> Topics: <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Arthur%20Tolkien' rel='tag'>Arthur Tolkien</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/J.R.R.%20Tolkien' rel='tag'>J.R.R. Tolkien</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, April 2, 2025</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry'> <a name='460161322728072812'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title'> <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/like-father-like-son.html'>Like father like son</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-460161322728072812'> <p> The Old Edwardians were “a society of former students (‘old boys’) of King Edward’s School, Birmingham” in which J.R.R. Tolkien participated during his undergraduate years at Exeter College, Oxford. He attended Old Edwardian meetings and played in at least one rugby match on the side of the “Old Boys” versus the youngsters still attending King Edward’s School. This much you know already, I expect.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">While there have been former Edwardians since the school was founded in 1552, the Old Edwardians Club, as such, was not established until 1883, and was formed primarily as “a football club, as that was the sport in which the School had traditionally excelled, and one which many of the ‘Old Boys’ still indulge in” [1]. Tolkien himself was a solid rugby player, a bit lighter than the usual weight, but he made up for it with “ferocity” [2].<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Well, like father, like son, as it turns out. Arthur Reuel Tolkien also attended King Edward’s School, and he too was active in the Old Edwardians after he left. An 1885 issue of the <i>King Edward’s School Chronicle</i> records a cricket match between the Old Boys and the King Edward’s School team on June 15, ending in the victory of the youngsters by “7 wickets and 4 runs”. Tolkien is listed as scoring no runs or wickets or whatever, and bowling to or being bowled to by — no, I really don’t under cricket, so these scorecards are pretty mystifying to me — a KES student called Arblaster. [3]<o:p></o:p></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0XQ9iMBC3CRWyvXi70Jkqy2U3E9QsYTrqNX0uBk_FQHYwOvLz-f8G1T87p79iuffg2N94grL7-W_xLcLmwjx3rwaotWMcBtCZ3fmuqCAVAT1cHuKOPbmuckihhlg3_iF8cVhE9D8RWzpy0X9B-7XG-N4QpJ0rfRfA1DuouduYlE3q8vlX0kv8Tpfgg7pU/s501/KES%20a.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="501" data-original-width="467" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0XQ9iMBC3CRWyvXi70Jkqy2U3E9QsYTrqNX0uBk_FQHYwOvLz-f8G1T87p79iuffg2N94grL7-W_xLcLmwjx3rwaotWMcBtCZ3fmuqCAVAT1cHuKOPbmuckihhlg3_iF8cVhE9D8RWzpy0X9B-7XG-N4QpJ0rfRfA1DuouduYlE3q8vlX0kv8Tpfgg7pU/s320/KES%20a.png" width="298" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">A few pages later, as in most issues, comes the summary of the Birmingham Old Edwardians Club, broken down into sections. The first of these is the Lawn Tennis Section — other sections included Gymnastics, Football (i.e., Rugby), and Literary and Debating — which was new to the Club, and for which Arthur Tolkien was elected to the post of Treasurer, quite appropriate for a future bank manager:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal">In spite of the predictions of evil prophets, this section has made a start, and we see no reason why it should not be one of the most successful sections of the Club.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">                A ground has been secured for the season at Bournbrook, near the terminus of the Bristol Road tramway, and a dressing room taken in the Bournbrook Hotel. Play commenced on Saturday, May 9th, and has been continued every fine evening since then. There is room for four courts, and the necessary nets and balls have been provided, so that any member who goes up may be quite sure of a game. The Club has the exclusive use of the ground, which is always open; the nets being kept at the Bournbrook Hotel. The subscription (10/6) is a ridiculously small one for a Lawn Tennis Club. The subscription for University members if 7/6. Members have the privilege of taking up friends to play. A Lawn Tennis Tournament has been arranged to be played in a few weeks. The Rev. J. Hunter Smith has been elected President, G.A. Nutt, Vice-President, A.R. Tolkien, Treasurer, and C.E.P. Gabriel, Secretary. As the section is now fairly started, the Committee hope that the members of the Old Edwardians Club will largely support it, especially as it is the only athletic section which meets during the summer months. [4]</p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Bournbrook is an industrial and residential district in southwest Birmingham. Here’s an ordnance survey map of the area from 1882–1903, which covers the time in question. I’ve circled the area I think is being described. Today, this area comprises tennis courts and sports pitches for the University of Birmingham, just south of “Old Joe”, the Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower, and the Elgar Concert Hall, named for the quintessentially English composer Edward Elgar, who was playing violin in Birmingham in 1885 in William Stockley’s Orchestra.<o:p></o:p></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-zTT5yX58qxJLk_YYVShsWmA2hQyTyfGhgp2YEmJVy90whjG5P5YnGGvwRRhxmbbKYFcMtO8bxbqwns9-fC4IMhDMSv42WL5sqjBGYNBgFI9BiEa9sjyEb0yOu66pJvuAmhWv_B7T-NyXIAjL-aCdP83qUwOjkHzFPZCRp-3di4F_2FhZSv3tLbwmZ1YA/s1000/bournbrook-1882-1903_hosm38426_large%20(marked%20up).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="623" data-original-width="1000" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-zTT5yX58qxJLk_YYVShsWmA2hQyTyfGhgp2YEmJVy90whjG5P5YnGGvwRRhxmbbKYFcMtO8bxbqwns9-fC4IMhDMSv42WL5sqjBGYNBgFI9BiEa9sjyEb0yOu66pJvuAmhWv_B7T-NyXIAjL-aCdP83qUwOjkHzFPZCRp-3di4F_2FhZSv3tLbwmZ1YA/s320/bournbrook-1882-1903_hosm38426_large%20(marked%20up).png" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">Like his son, Arthur Tolkien’s involvement in the Old Edwardians wasn’t strictly limited to sporting. On January 17, 1885, he delivered a speech as part of the Literary and Debating Section. A propos of the professional life he would soon be embarking on, Arthur advocated in “a carefully prepared speech” “[t]hat Free Trade under all circumstances was the best policy for England”, in response to which:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote>We cannot help thinking that, with the exception of the Mover [Arthur Tolkien] and perhaps one other Speaker, no one had thoroughly gone into the subject, and, in fact, one Speaker was apparently so confused in his own mind as to the question under discussion that, after making a most stirring speech <i>against</i> the motion, he voted <i>for</i> in on the plea that his convictions had always been in favor of Free Trade” [5].</blockquote><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">In 1885, Arthur Tolkien would have just turned 28 years old — still 27 at the time of his debating club speech. He was three years away from becoming engaged to Mabel Suffield, and four years from his emigration to South Africa to work for the Bank of Africa. Another year, and he would be made manager of the Bloemfontein branch, and one more before Mabel traveled to South Africa to join him. They married on April 16, 1891, Mabel was pregnant more or less immediately, and they welcomed their first son, John Ronald Reuel, the following January.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Arthur’s involvement in the Old Edwardians Club — trivial, maybe; though perhaps not, if it’s fruitful to observe any likeness between father and son, even a son who scarcely knew his father — isn’t in Scull and Hammond’s <i>Chronology</i>, but if it were, these would be among the earliest entries. I don’t find any mention of this in their <i>Reader’s Guide</i> either. The issues of the <i>King Edward’s School Chronicle</i> I’m quoting here also contain short pieces on magic, etymology, and the <i>Nibelungenlied</i>, which I have to imagine would have tickled Tolkien’s fancy if he ever read these issues. Did he? Was he even aware he was following in his father’s footsteps? One wonders, indeed. </p> <p class="MsoNormal">[1] “The Old Edwardians’ Club.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">King Edward’s School Chronicle, New Series</i>. Vol. III, No. 23, October 1883, p. 89–90.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">[2] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Letters</i>, #16, October 3, 1937 to Michael Tolkien, who was going out for his school rugby team.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">[3] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">King Edward’s School Chronicle, New Series</i>. Vol. IV, No. 33, July 1885, p. 115.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">[4] ibid., p. 117.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">[5] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">King Edward’s School Chronicle, New Series</i>. Vol. IV, No. 30, February 1885, p. 59–60. </p><p></p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn'>Jason Fisher</span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> @ <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/like-father-like-son.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' title='2025-04-02T19:37:00-05:00'>7:37 PM</abbr></a> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=460161322728072812&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=460161322728072812&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=460161322728072812&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=460161322728072812&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=460161322728072812&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/like-father-like-son.html#comment-form' onclick=''>2 further thought(s)</a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-2039264088'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=460161322728072812&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> Topics: <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Arthur%20Tolkien' rel='tag'>Arthur Tolkien</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/J.R.R.%20Tolkien' rel='tag'>J.R.R. Tolkien</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/King%20Edward%27s%20School' rel='tag'>King Edward's School</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Sunday, March 30, 2025</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry'> <a name='8105972593491979512'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title'> <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/03/humphrey-carpenter-was-professional.html'>Humphrey Carpenter was a professional jazz musician</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-8105972593491979512'> <p>Humphrey Carpenter, best known to readers of this blog as Tolkien’s authorized biographer, was also a professional jazz musician. This has been known to some for quite a while, but it came as a surprise to me. In the obituary in <i>Tolkien Studies</i> [1], Douglas Anderson referred to Carpenter as a musician and noted that a friend of his had set some of Tolkien’s work to music, but other, later aspects of his professional music career went unmentioned. But <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/19/books/humphrey-carpenter-english-biographer-dies-at-58.html" target="_blank">the obituary in the <i>New York Times</i></a>, which I just read today and overlooked when it appeared in 2005, does reveal all of this.</p><p>He played bass and sousaphone, and his band, Vile Bodies, named after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vile_Bodies" target="_blank">Evelyn Waugh’s second novel</a>, had a residency at The Ritz Hotel in London during the 1980s, not long after he had completed the biography and the collection of Tolkien’s letters. A jazz enthusiast and journalist, Dave Doyle, tracked down one of Carpenter’s bandmates, and has just published what he learned <a href="https://syncopatedtimes.com/tolkiens-biographer-was-also-a-pro-jazz-bassist/" target="_blank">here</a>. He was also a member of another jazz band, the Park Town Strutters, as described in <a href="https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/3722966.remembering-magic-man/" target="_blank">a 2008 remembrance</a> in the Oxford Mail.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilYvcvmL2xnQn9pX2igEZK3fQaQQhaseQw3b3T-Aj-ruOq9CP2SMQ8dUEWx_Vshp8ln7wl3KDtOuheBDuS484dUFGlzysNbBZP-fvGoOJf8VL6q-PjAO9HVhDb_kONfc6mjF8fQ30q6ymgkF-ltDL91P_SoER-5BAj0PPsg48JVcURL_Zih6egGhJoISdH/s2560/carpenter-sleeve-scaled.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2560" data-original-width="2560" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilYvcvmL2xnQn9pX2igEZK3fQaQQhaseQw3b3T-Aj-ruOq9CP2SMQ8dUEWx_Vshp8ln7wl3KDtOuheBDuS484dUFGlzysNbBZP-fvGoOJf8VL6q-PjAO9HVhDb_kONfc6mjF8fQ30q6ymgkF-ltDL91P_SoER-5BAj0PPsg48JVcURL_Zih6egGhJoISdH/s320/carpenter-sleeve-scaled.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>Seen here is Humphrey Carpenter’s personal copy of <i>The Ellington Era 1927-1940: Volume One, Part Two</i> (CBS, 1963), which Doyle found in a second-hand shop near Oxford.</p><p>[1] Anderson, Douglas A. “Obituary: Humphrey Carpenter (1946-2005).” <i>Tolkien Studies</i> 2 (2005): 217–24.</p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn'>Jason Fisher</span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> @ <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/03/humphrey-carpenter-was-professional.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' title='2025-03-30T16:10:00-05:00'>4:10 PM</abbr></a> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=8105972593491979512&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=8105972593491979512&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=8105972593491979512&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=8105972593491979512&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=8105972593491979512&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/03/humphrey-carpenter-was-professional.html#comment-form' onclick=''>0 further thought(s)</a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-2039264088'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=8105972593491979512&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> Topics: <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Humphrey%20Carpenter' rel='tag'>Humphrey Carpenter</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/J.R.R.%20Tolkien' rel='tag'>J.R.R. Tolkien</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Monday, March 17, 2025</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry'> <a name='7518717540102801893'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title'> <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/03/hallucinations.html'>Hallucinations</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-7518717540102801893'> <p>Last fall, I wrote about whether/to what degree generative AI could help us analyze <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> (spoiler: <a href="https://lingwe.blogspot.com/2024/09/can-generative-ai-help-us-analyze-lord.html" target="_blank">probably not, or not much</a>, or at least not so much yet). Here today, I’d like to share another relevant experiment. </p> <p class="MsoNormal">There’s one serious problem with generative AI. It’s been a problem since the beginning, and it’s not been solved yet. While AI is good at many things, if it doesn’t know the answer to a question, it often just <a href="https://futurism.com/ai-makes-up-answers" target="_blank">makes one up</a>! In addition to that, I’ve often found that if you make a false statement — even knowingly — the AI trusts you, assumes it’s true, and builds an entire response around the error. It doesn’t always do this, but it does so much more often than to inspire trust. Here’s an example.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">I fed a prompt into Google Gemini that even a casual Tolkien fan will know to be total garbage.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote>Please elaborate on the passage in J.R.R. Tolkien’s <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> where Frodo Brandybuck tells Leroy Bolger, “I have never been taken with jewelry”, explaining how this amplifies or undermines the temptation of the Ring.</blockquote><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Gemini took the bait and replied.<o:p></o:p></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAnsHH5qvr-4eZKnLBKlCYqKA08hbwBNm7DOrOguEKEqZBNUrIYrQ9RRiJvwS9HDeRfBkRM5fPDVoE4RPryamcLYzDrg39ZskENpH-WTdjusMe9Qz_Q-maWW5-7Y3EOmn5bi1aDhzFkz1-g5F_BhbTL3jtkLh1ybozgJyXGEaIo91229aiwAfSAz-iridZ/s1003/Hallucinations%201a.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1003" data-original-width="797" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAnsHH5qvr-4eZKnLBKlCYqKA08hbwBNm7DOrOguEKEqZBNUrIYrQ9RRiJvwS9HDeRfBkRM5fPDVoE4RPryamcLYzDrg39ZskENpH-WTdjusMe9Qz_Q-maWW5-7Y3EOmn5bi1aDhzFkz1-g5F_BhbTL3jtkLh1ybozgJyXGEaIo91229aiwAfSAz-iridZ/s320/Hallucinations%201a.png" width="254" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">I then dug us deeper into this hole:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote>And what is the significance of Leroy’s immediate response, “Alas that the jewelry should take you, my dear hobbit!”</blockquote><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">And again Gemini was happy to make up all manner of nonsense.<o:p></o:p></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVOpKnZSK6JXU8LSmgrh7G_yNhrx0nvsGAY9k479f_DZawdQir0hxbPWlT6Pl710hC-MBYnMcWHz5jtCHZ-yHcxAMBLHnXLQ4oRWVdXh478cRIdKNh5WrSGnHGY-jXruJyLPK21Fv0IzGawQ3maijO01hP_8OUvn6r5piBRnhAkGTscKDO-CTGrFdmKPZA/s797/Hallucinations%201b.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="732" data-original-width="797" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVOpKnZSK6JXU8LSmgrh7G_yNhrx0nvsGAY9k479f_DZawdQir0hxbPWlT6Pl710hC-MBYnMcWHz5jtCHZ-yHcxAMBLHnXLQ4oRWVdXh478cRIdKNh5WrSGnHGY-jXruJyLPK21Fv0IzGawQ3maijO01hP_8OUvn6r5piBRnhAkGTscKDO-CTGrFdmKPZA/s320/Hallucinations%201b.png" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">So … not great, right? I conducted this experiment a couple of months ago, though, and generative AI models are always improving. Plus, they are stochastic models that do not always give the same answer. So how about we try again? Today, I fed the same two prompts into Gemini, and got longer answers, but not better ones.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote>Please elaborate on the passage in J.R.R. Tolkien’s <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> where Frodo Brandybuck tells Leroy Bolger, “I have never been taken with jewelry”, explaining how this amplifies or undermines the temptation of the Ring.</blockquote><p></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisAZVC90d5qbmmlB8dhhY_kCWdABgmxDXJJG2w6c-4WxC2iPXmjFvqxpVuMpEYlB1rtbBGm4LFaQFDHRn1db5xPRYEN3v99WDspCXpndDPHi1YcWr2eo5ZdbKgFsyn5dAX2756RluEnxOLJJEgPfw2-W5T9T1x4lWPz8siHgcb5YiY2sJqVMFbfIYKPRp2/s1665/Hallucinations%202a.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1665" data-original-width="797" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisAZVC90d5qbmmlB8dhhY_kCWdABgmxDXJJG2w6c-4WxC2iPXmjFvqxpVuMpEYlB1rtbBGm4LFaQFDHRn1db5xPRYEN3v99WDspCXpndDPHi1YcWr2eo5ZdbKgFsyn5dAX2756RluEnxOLJJEgPfw2-W5T9T1x4lWPz8siHgcb5YiY2sJqVMFbfIYKPRp2/s320/Hallucinations%202a.png" width="153" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote>And what is the significance of Leroy’s immediate response, “Alas that the jewelry should take you, my dear hobbit!”</blockquote><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">And again Gemini was happy to make up all manner of nonsense.<o:p></o:p></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhd1h75ABxy57H2DEjNbMgiQfgNfWSQIojE0uC3aP_2c6liqNnbkC175ccDXmOLpKHrQ2u8W7Qk7PLVgqbbVxkHKqEc1UkYEeR34EAq9ClIA9yPvvz3HkCJ2Wk5PanYplcnfaYO-0otdtDcnigetS8tgSC3J2U2W4GMddUnCawYRaNJkPTpHtPycTp4u4H/s1527/Hallucinations%202b.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1527" data-original-width="797" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhd1h75ABxy57H2DEjNbMgiQfgNfWSQIojE0uC3aP_2c6liqNnbkC175ccDXmOLpKHrQ2u8W7Qk7PLVgqbbVxkHKqEc1UkYEeR34EAq9ClIA9yPvvz3HkCJ2Wk5PanYplcnfaYO-0otdtDcnigetS8tgSC3J2U2W4GMddUnCawYRaNJkPTpHtPycTp4u4H/s320/Hallucinations%202b.png" width="167" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">A couple of points to note in how today’s response is worse.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Both then and now, Gemini takes the bogus quotations I dangled as genuine, but in the latest test, it tells me exactly where the quotes are supposed to occur and actually offers a completely invented alternate version of one of them. Not only is there no such quotation, but the word “jewelry” never appears anywhere in the novel. And the idea of the One Ring <i>as</i> jewelry is frankly absurd. In the latest test, the answers Gemini provides are also lengthier and more detailed than before.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Also, both then and now, the character I invented — Leroy Bolger — is assumed to be real, but in the latest test, because of the surname, I guess, Leroy is equated with Fatty Bolger — “or ‘Leroy’ depending on the edition”! Er, which edition would that be? Gemini has not only bought into and extended the error, but it has also invented an explanation! On top of that, in the detailed — and completely invented — analysis that follows, Gemini has created reasons and explanations for something that isn’t even close to true. The latest test also provides a “source” for me to consult, furthering the impression that its answers are to be trusted.</p><p class="MsoNormal">So, this is a pretty bad result from Google Gemini. Now, I wouldn’t have been surprised if generative AI often confused dialog from the Peter Jackson films with Tolkien’s novel — that has been a danger even among fans — but completely invented quotations are much more worrisome.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Will AI get better at this? Maybe. There is some reason for hope!</p><p class="MsoNormal">I tried the same prompts using Microsoft’s generative AI chatbot, Copilot, and was relieved to see a much better response. </p><p class="MsoNormal">To the first prompt:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja56houqLGnX2dUeJWAnku2oNqNWwjEfqIiC7JM6UDUZajEx8now7WqD_DUqw32SSbtwOh310fY3x43icR79tQ6UPiad9UlVsJveSeYv1jMSNZIH5WoQzyiogsj8uIyYNbMASqXsXfGx7Tgz10_PkLyTNY-yp6RvmMOMglv22KbXXZpx9Zvf_9p8MU3sQ9/s740/Hallucinations%20(not)%20with%20Copilot.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="712" data-original-width="740" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja56houqLGnX2dUeJWAnku2oNqNWwjEfqIiC7JM6UDUZajEx8now7WqD_DUqw32SSbtwOh310fY3x43icR79tQ6UPiad9UlVsJveSeYv1jMSNZIH5WoQzyiogsj8uIyYNbMASqXsXfGx7Tgz10_PkLyTNY-yp6RvmMOMglv22KbXXZpx9Zvf_9p8MU3sQ9/s320/Hallucinations%20(not)%20with%20Copilot.png" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">And to the second:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNEAqc9Kwl8QeA7pCi_Z9C8RXq3jc2zkN4u9ELNmo_W3KVWtON0l2LSFRCRf-3F1r9-nr6oQrEQliZ9itnxobyoj0ykWpxLBBy-J-sN2TxQy75gTIx1TlOIs5XPBbeLXkTFxY9u3jT-xISGkWeqCT88V5korGHIqAoez6e3SyNwDibtH2oNPWXCbccHNVo/s740/Hallucinations%20(not)%20with%20Copilot%202.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="740" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNEAqc9Kwl8QeA7pCi_Z9C8RXq3jc2zkN4u9ELNmo_W3KVWtON0l2LSFRCRf-3F1r9-nr6oQrEQliZ9itnxobyoj0ykWpxLBBy-J-sN2TxQy75gTIx1TlOIs5XPBbeLXkTFxY9u3jT-xISGkWeqCT88V5korGHIqAoez6e3SyNwDibtH2oNPWXCbccHNVo/s320/Hallucinations%20(not)%20with%20Copilot%202.png" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">Copilot has recognized the erroneous names and quotations, but offers to play along “to entertain this hypothetical scenario within the spirit of Tolkien’s themes”. So, not such a bad outcome after all. And as Gandalf might add, “and that may be an encouraging thought”.</p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn'>Jason Fisher</span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> @ <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/03/hallucinations.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' title='2025-03-17T16:41:00-05:00'>4:41 PM</abbr></a> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=7518717540102801893&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=7518717540102801893&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=7518717540102801893&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=7518717540102801893&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=7518717540102801893&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/03/hallucinations.html#comment-form' onclick=''>4 further thought(s)</a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-2039264088'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=7518717540102801893&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> Topics: <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Artificial%20Intelligence' rel='tag'>Artificial Intelligence</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/J.R.R.%20Tolkien' rel='tag'>J.R.R. Tolkien</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Friday, January 31, 2025</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry'> <a name='6284515355027743444'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title'> <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/01/cs-lewis-by-joel-heck.html'>C.S. Lewis by Joel Heck</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6284515355027743444'> <p>Today I want to bookmark for myself and share with all of you an incredible set of resources on C.S. Lewis put together by Joel Heck, a Lewis scholar and currently the Interim President of Concordia Lutheran Seminary in Edmonton, Alberta. I’ve never met Dr. Heck, but like me, he’s from Texas. We know a lot of the same people; we’ve been published in a lot of the same places; I’ve edited scholars’ who have cited him; and we’ve commented on some of the same Facebook posts. There’s a pretty good chance we’ve attended some of the same conferences and may have sat in the same rooms at the same time.</p><p>A few years ago, a friend of mine asked whether I knew of a day-by-day chronological resource on Tolkien’s life and work — he was trying to remember the Scull and Hammond <i>Chronology</i> — something “Similar to Chronologically Lewis by Joel Heck”, he said. I was too preoccupied with talking Tolkien and with the specifics of my friend’s line of research to really dig into Chronologically Lewis, whatever that was.</p><p>Did I look it up at the time? I can’t remember now, but when I stumbled upon it (again?) recently, I was staggered by it. It’s a 1,300-page, year by year, day by day, in some cases hour by hour account of the life and doings of C.S. Lewis. At more than 749,000 words, it’s longer than <i>The Lord of the Rings!</i> In fact, it starts in 1894, four years before Lewis was born, with the marriage of his parents, and ends in 1973, ten years after his death, with the deaths of his brother, Warnie, and his friend, Tolkien. It’s a meticulously sourced project of more than 20 years (consulting more than 200 other works) — begun in 2004, last updated in October 2024, and still ongoing. The innumerable details range from the momentous to the mundane and everything in between. Letters written, works completed, walks taken, lectures delivered and attended, meetings of the Inklings — you name it.</p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1nmSkzohoIDZyLRxeLaAA83sJCSrJgrc_qG6Xa95GqzgC3-6kIcA5UomB_hCVAhg3zAX21xwmj2OSKNUZyJ5wOpIwXsdeqbLhjJdTTmJsO46k41gFB391nW1iEWApxQdgI9KZhUNw3BuNhmigGj9qNiMi5ndCNs6VwcxOGr58urIAgGc90JUV68xAjqeP/s916/Chronologically%20Lewis.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="534" data-original-width="916" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1nmSkzohoIDZyLRxeLaAA83sJCSrJgrc_qG6Xa95GqzgC3-6kIcA5UomB_hCVAhg3zAX21xwmj2OSKNUZyJ5wOpIwXsdeqbLhjJdTTmJsO46k41gFB391nW1iEWApxQdgI9KZhUNw3BuNhmigGj9qNiMi5ndCNs6VwcxOGr58urIAgGc90JUV68xAjqeP/s320/Chronologically%20Lewis.png" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNoSpacing">As incredibly valuable a resource as this is, it’s not all you’ll find at <a href="https://joelheck.com/" target="_blank">Heck’s website</a>. He also has a 25-page chronological bibliography of Lewis’s works, including those still unpublished, and a nearly 200-page literary biography of Lewis, focusing on “the intellectual history of Oxford and Cambridge during the Lewis years”. He intended this for publication at one time, but it was evidently found to be “too technical” for a mass audience.</p><p class="MsoNoSpacing">And even that isn’t all! Heck provides downloadable photo tours of The Kilns, Oxford University, Magdalen College, Holy Trinity Church, The Eagle and Child, Addison’s Walk, and other locales of interest; more than forty PowerPoint slide shows on Lewis’s major works and related topics that you can download and reuse however you like (with proper credit); and lots of other reviews and essays.</p><p class="MsoNoSpacing"></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing">For anyone doing research on Lewis, it’s a truly indispensable trove! Dig in and enjoy, friends. I know I will.</p><p></p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn'>Jason Fisher</span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> @ <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/01/cs-lewis-by-joel-heck.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' title='2025-01-31T17:37:00-06:00'>5:37 PM</abbr></a> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=6284515355027743444&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=6284515355027743444&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=6284515355027743444&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=6284515355027743444&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=6284515355027743444&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/01/cs-lewis-by-joel-heck.html#comment-form' onclick=''>2 further thought(s)</a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-2039264088'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=6284515355027743444&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> Topics: <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/C.S.%20Lewis' rel='tag'>C.S. Lewis</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Monday, January 20, 2025</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry'> <a name='7476984017380817680'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title'> <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/01/jaw-bennett-on-tolkien.html'>J.A.W. Bennett on Tolkien</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-7476984017380817680'> <p>For some Tolkien collectors, desiderata include anything with Tolkien’s name on it or in it in any capacity whatsoever. For example, Tolkien served as a general editor for the Oxford English Monographs series, and as such, his name appears on a number of volumes (seven, if memory serves). Tolkien was actively involved in some of these. For the Old English Appollonius of Tyre (ed. Peter Goolden, 1958), for instance, Tolkien provided a one-paragraph prefatory note, and revisions he that suggested personally were acknowledged by the editor in his introduction. That’s something of note, certainly — I have a scan. But for others of this series, Tolkien probably had much less direct involvement. Even so, collectors grab them up and display them proudly!</p><p>I don’t tend to go so far in my own collecting (because of the expense and minor relevance), but some acknowledgments and mentions of Tolkien I do find worthwhile, particularly when the comments are being made by someone who knew him well — even more so when made by an Inkling.</p><p>Jack Arthur Walter Bennett (1911–1981) was a younger and lesser-known member of the Inklings. Born in New Zealand to English parents, he grew up in poverty and, after earning his undergraduate degree in Auckland, came to Merton College, Oxford, on a scholarship, where he was a student of Tolkien’s. He was part of what has been called the “New Zealand Mafia”, New Zealanders who came to Oxford, often as Rhodes Scholars, before World War II. Another of these, and another of Tolkien’s students, was Norman Davis, who edited the revised edition of Tolkien and Gordon’s <i>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</i>. Kenneth Sisam, who gave Tolkien one of his first big academic jobs, was also from New Zealand, but about a generation older than Bennett.</p><p>Bennett — called Jack or “Jaw” (as Warnie Lewis referred to him) — first attended a Thursday night Inklings meeting on August 15, 1946. Warnie was annoyed. Bennett came back a week later, and Warnie recorded in his diary: “J[ack; i.e., C.S. Lewis] and I much concerned this evening by the gate crashing of B[ennett]; Tollers, the ass, brought him here last Thursday, and he has apparently now elected himself an Inkling. Not very clear what one can do about it” [1].</p><p>Bennett was known primarily as a scholar of Middle English, Chaucer especially. With G.V. Smithers, he edited <i>Early Middle English Verse and Prose</i> (to which Norman Davis contributed the glossary). A friend of mine — Bruce Leonard, I believe — gave me a nice copy he’d picked up from the Oxfam Bookshop in St. Giles, when so many of us were in Oxford for the <i>Maker of Middle-earth</i> exhibition back in 2018. Bennett also helmed the well-known journal, <i>Medium Ævum</i> from 1957 until his death in 1981. This is the journal in which Tolkien published his own work on “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigelwara_Land" target="_blank">Sigelwara Land</a>” (two decades before Bennett’s time as editor). After World War II, he was elected a Fellow and Tutor at Magdalen College, Oxford, and worked directly with C.S. Lewis, taking the language side of his curriculum. Warnie called him Lewis’s “new lieutenant” [2]. Bennett later followed Lewis (after Lewis’s death) as Professor of Medieval and Renaissance English at Cambridge University, where he remained until shortly before his own death. [3]</p><p>With some background out of the way — maybe more than necessary, but probably helpful for some, since Bennett is not very well known even to many Tolkien fans — let me turn to the book I have in front of me.</p><p>In 1970, Bennett traveled to Canada to deliver a series of lectures at the University of Toronto. These he then collected and published as <i>Chaucer at Oxford and at Cambridge</i> in 1974, just a year after the death of Tolkien. In the fourth lecture of the book, “The Jolly Miller”, Bennett praises some of the work Tolkien had done on Chaucer forty years before:</p><p></p><blockquote>But what did Chaucer mean by ‘<i>fer</i> in the north’ (4015)? [cf., Chaucer, <i>The Reeve’s Tale</i>, l. 4015: “Fer in the north; I kan nat telle where”] This is a question that only a philologist can answer. And a brilliant philologist and story-teller has answered it. Buried deep in <i>The Transactions of The Philological Society</i> for 1934 lies one of the first papers that the author of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> ever published. If admirers of that work, or admirers of Chaucer, would study this paper they would learn something that no critics of either can teach. The pity is that since 1934 linguistics has elbowed philology out of the way and no one has bothered to test or extend Tolkien’s findings on ‘Chaucer as a philologist’ in the light of new collations of the manuscripts or later place-name studies. [4]</blockquote><p></p><p>Tolkien’s death goes unmentioned, which might simply have been English (or New Zealand) decorum, or it may be that the book was already in galleys by the time Tolkien died in September 1973. But in any case, Bennett’s compliments, mindful of Tolkien’s passing or not, are a worthy remembrance of an Inkling only recently gone.</p><p>[1] Lewis, Warren Hamilton. <i>Brothers and Friends: The Diaries of Major Warren Hamilton Lewis</i>. Ed. Clyde S. Kilby and Marjorie Lamp Mead, Harper & Row, 1982, p. 194.</p><p>[2] Ibid., p. 193.</p><p>[3] For more about Bennett, see David Bratman’s “The Inklings: Their Lives and Works” in Glyer, Diana Pavlac. <i>The Company They Keep: C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien as Writers in Community</i>, Kent State University Press, 2007, p. 232; and Scull, Christina and Wayne G. Hammond, <i>The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide, Readers’s Guide, Part I</i> (2017), “Bennett, Jack Arthur Walter”, pp. 119–120. And if you want to know even more, McNeish, James, <i>Dance of the Peacocks: New Zealanders in Exile in the Time of Hitler and Mao Tse-tung</i>, Random House, 2003.</p><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing">[4] Bennett, J.A.W., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chaucer at Oxford and at Cambridge</i>, Oxford University Press/Toronto University Press, 1974, p. 100.</p><p></p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn'>Jason Fisher</span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> @ <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/01/jaw-bennett-on-tolkien.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' title='2025-01-20T19:12:00-06:00'>7:12 PM</abbr></a> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=7476984017380817680&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=7476984017380817680&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=7476984017380817680&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=7476984017380817680&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=7476984017380817680&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/01/jaw-bennett-on-tolkien.html#comment-form' onclick=''>2 further thought(s)</a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-2039264088'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9050528436539921312&postID=7476984017380817680&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> Topics: <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Chaucer' rel='tag'>Chaucer</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Inklings' rel='tag'>Inklings</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/J.A.W.%20Bennett' rel='tag'>J.A.W. Bennett</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/J.R.R.%20Tolkien' rel='tag'>J.R.R. Tolkien</a>, <a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Middle%20English' rel='tag'>Middle English</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class='blog-pager' id='blog-pager'> <span id='blog-pager-older-link'> <a class='blog-pager-older-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2025-01-20T19:12:00-06:00&max-results=9' id='Blog1_blog-pager-older-link' title='Older Posts'>Older Posts</a> </span> <a class='home-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/'>Home</a> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div class='blog-feeds'> <div class='feed-links'> Subscribe to: <a class='feed-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default' target='_blank' type='application/atom+xml'>Posts (Atom)</a> </div> </div> </div></div> </div></div> <div id='sidebar-wrap'> <div align='center' id='google_translate_element'></div><script> function googleTranslateElementInit() { new google.translate.TranslateElement({ pageLanguage: 'en' }, 'google_translate_element'); } </script><script src='http://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit'></script> <div id='sidebartop-wrap'><div id='sidebartop-wrap2'> <div class='sidebar section' id='sidebartop'><div class='widget Text' data-version='1' id='Text2'> <h2 class='title'>My book ...</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <center><img src="http://img2.imagesbn.com/images/121230000/121236668.JPG" /><em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0786464828/?tag=linmusofafis-20"><br/></a></em><em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0786464828/?tag=linmusofafis-20">Tolkien and the Study of His Sources: Critical Essays</a></em></center><center>Edited by Jason Fisher</center><br/>With contributions by Tom Shippey, John Rateliff, Diana Pavlac Glyer, Kristine Larsen, and many others. <a href="http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2011/08/my-book-is-now-published-and-available.html">Read more.</a> </div> <div class='clear'></div> </div><div class='widget BlogArchive' data-version='1' id='BlogArchive1'> <h2>The Lingwë Archive</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <div id='ArchiveList'> <div id='BlogArchive1_ArchiveList'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/'> 2025 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> <ul class='posts'> <li><a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/an-ephemeral-coincidence.html'>An ephemeral coincidence</a></li> <li><a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/a-warm-welcome-in-not-quite-dead.html'>A warm welcome in a not quite dead language</a></li> <li><a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/more-details-on-tolkiens-election-to.html'>More details on Tolkien’s election to the General ...</a></li> <li><a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/a-newly-discovered-primary-account-of.html'>A newly discovered primary account of Arthur Tolki...</a></li> <li><a href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/04/like-father-like-son.html'>Like father like son</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2025/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' 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</span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2024/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2017/'> 2017 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2017/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2016/'> 2016 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> <ul 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class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2015/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2015/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2015/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2015/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2015/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2015/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2014/'> 2014 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2014/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2014/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2014/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2014/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2014/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2014/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2014/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2014/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2013/'> 2013 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2013/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2013/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2013/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2013/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2013/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2013/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2013/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2012/'> 2012 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(32)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2012/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2012/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2012/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2012/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2012/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2012/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2012/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2012/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2012/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2011/'> 2011 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(41)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2011/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2011/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2011/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2011/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2011/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2011/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2011/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2011/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2011/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2011/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2011/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2010/'> 2010 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(70)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2010/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2010/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2010/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2010/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2010/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2010/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2010/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2010/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2010/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2010/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2010/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2010/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2009/'> 2009 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(61)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2009/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2009/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2009/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2009/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2009/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2009/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2009/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2009/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2009/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2009/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2009/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2009/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2008/'> 2008 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(81)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2008/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2008/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2008/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2008/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2008/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2008/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2008/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2008/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2008/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2008/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2008/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2008/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2007/'> 2007 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(104)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2007/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2007/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(16)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2007/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(12)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2007/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2007/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(16)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2007/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2007/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(21)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/2007/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget Profile' data-version='1' id='Profile1'> <h2>Who <i>is</i> this guy?</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/05809154870762268253'><img alt='My photo' class='profile-img' height='80' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_GgUhQkHFvqgpTAaq6D0N4LEnphJvhUjojmN8iHU5dT8JDC5KHYZ1K2wqUrCxdAjeGosYs5omHdA6CLMUXnPEvxfFXFIrPjDplffrpla3YugEZoaPPQmAXKpB6qlrqA/s80/gse_multipart40966.jpg' width='61'/></a> <dl class='profile-datablock'> <dt class='profile-data'> <a class='profile-name-link g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/05809154870762268253' rel='author' style='background-image: url(//www.blogger.com/img/logo-16.png);'> Jason Fisher </a> </dt> <dd class='profile-data'>Bellevue, WA, United States</dd> <dd class='profile-textblock'>I'm an avid writer, both professionally and privately, husband to Jennifer (the most wonderful and patient woman in the world), and dad to two terrific dogs, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KE9ShULgipg">Max</a> and <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxB5eKZEQSg">Leo</a> (only <i>coincidentally</i> named after the two main characters of Mel Brooks's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Producers_%281968_film%29"><i>The Producers</i></a>). They’ve both passed on now, and our new pup is a beautiful beagle named Ruth. I live in Bellevue, Washington, near Lake Sammamish. I think I'm an interesting guy. What do <i>you</i> think? Drop me a line to let me know: visualweasel [at] yahoo.com.</dd> </dl> <a class='profile-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/05809154870762268253' rel='author'>View my complete profile</a> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget Label' data-version='1' id='Label1'> <h2>More on selected topics</h2> <div class='widget-content list-label-widget-content'> <ul> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/J.R.R.%20Tolkien'>J.R.R. Tolkien</a> <span dir='ltr'>(292)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Publications'>Publications</a> <span dir='ltr'>(80)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/J.K.%20Rowling'>J.K. Rowling</a> <span dir='ltr'>(52)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/C.S.%20Lewis'>C.S. Lewis</a> <span dir='ltr'>(49)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Old%20English'>Old English</a> <span dir='ltr'>(47)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Etymology'>Etymology</a> <span dir='ltr'>(43)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Old%20Norse'>Old Norse</a> <span dir='ltr'>(34)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Reviews'>Reviews</a> <span dir='ltr'>(33)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Conferences'>Conferences</a> <span dir='ltr'>(31)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Middle%20English'>Middle English</a> <span dir='ltr'>(25)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/WOTD'>WOTD</a> <span dir='ltr'>(14)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Lloyd%20Alexander'>Lloyd Alexander</a> <span dir='ltr'>(13)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Beowulf'>Beowulf</a> <span dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Linguistics'>Linguistics</a> <span dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Charles%20Williams'>Charles Williams</a> <span dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Chaucer'>Chaucer</a> <span dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://lingwe.blogspot.com/search/label/Christopher%20Tolkien'>Christopher Tolkien</a> <span dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div></div> </div></div> <div id='sidebarbottom-wrap1'><div id='sidebarbottom-wrap2'> <div class='sidebar section' id='sidebar'><div class='widget Text' data-version='1' id='Text3'> <h2 class='title'>Browsing ...</h2> <div class='widget-content'> Here, you’ll find a list of some of my favorite web sites that is both arbitrary <i>and</i> long out of date. What more do you want?<br/> </div> <div class='clear'></div> </div><div class='widget LinkList' data-version='1' id='LinkList1'> <h2>J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, and the Inklings:</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <ul> <li><a href='http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/'>Ardalambion</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.okcu.edu/english/cslis/home.html'>C.S. Lewis & Inklings Society</a></li> <li><a href='http://czytaj.elendili.pl/'>Elendilion [Polish]</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.elvish.org/'>Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.glyphweb.com/ARDA/'>Encyclopedia of Arda</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.jrrvf.com/~glaemscrafu/texts/index-a.htm'>Glǽmscrafu [Audio]</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.mythsoc.org/'>Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.tolkienbooks.net/'>Tolkien Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.tolkienguide.com/'>Tolkien Collector’s Guide</a></li> <li><a href='http://users.bestweb.net/~jfgm/EncyclopediaDiary/'>Tolkien Encyclopedia Diary</a></li> <li><a href='http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Main_Page'>Tolkien Gateway</a></li> <li><a href='http://tolkienlibrary.com/'>Tolkien Library</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.tolkien-online.com/'>Tolkien Online</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.tolkienshop.com/'>Tolkien Shop</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.tolkiensociety.co.uk/'>Tolkien Society</a></li> <li><a href='http://newboards.theonering.net/forum/gforum/perl/gforum.cgi'>TORn Message Boards</a></li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget LinkList' data-version='1' id='LinkList4'> <h2>Blogs (Tolkien and otherwise):</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <ul> <li><a href='http://fred.wheatonma.edu/wordpressmu/mdrout'>Anglo-Saxon Aloud</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.annemariegazzolo.com/blog/'>Anne Marie Gazzolo</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.boingboing.net/'>Boing Boing</a></li> <li><a href='http://cslewisblog.com/'>Bruce Edwards [CSL]</a></li> <li><a href='http://booksbycslewis.blogspot.com/'>C.S. Lewis Blog</a></li> <li><a href='http://citadelofstars.blogspot.com/'>Citadel of Stars</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.collisiondetection.net/'>Collision Detection</a></li> <li><a href='http://wvs.topleftpixel.com/'>Daily Dose of Imagery</a></li> <li><a href='http://calimac.livejournal.com/'>David Bratman</a></li> <li><a href='http://eldamar.it/'>Eldamar [Italian]</a></li> <li><a href='http://houseoffame.blogspot.com/'>Geoffrey Chaucer Hath a Blog</a></li> <li><a href='http://journeytothesea.com/'>Journey to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href='http://lastradacheporta.blogspot.com/'>La Strada che Porta [Italian]</a></li> <li><a href='http://marklord.info/'>Mark Lord [Fantasy, etc.]</a></li> <li><a href='http://steventill.com/'>Medieval History</a></li> <li><a href='http://midgardsmal.com/'>Miðgarðsmál [David Salo]</a></li> <li><a href='http://momentsofgracelotr.blogspot.com/'>Moments of Grace</a></li> <li><a href='http://mythoi.tolkienindex.net/'>Mythoi [Morgan Thomsen]</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.omniglot.com/blog/'>Omniglot</a></li> <li><a href='http://parmarkenta.blogspot.com/'>Parmar-kenta</a></li> <li><a href='http://robin-anne-reid.livejournal.com/'>Robin Anne Reid</a></li> <li><a href='http://sacnoths.blogspot.com/'>Sacnoth’s Scriptorium</a></li> <li><a href='http://staefcraeft.blogspot.com/'>Stæfcræft & Vyākarana</a></li> <li><a href='http://teachingtolkien.com/'>Teaching Tolkien [Holly Rodgers]</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.thenewatlantis.com/blog/text-patterns'>Text Patterns [Alan Jacobs]</a></li> <li><a href='http://arda-unmarred.livejournal.com/'>The Neverending Story</a></li> <li><a href='http://jseliger.wordpress.com/'>The Story’s Story</a></li> <li><a href='http://timeandtongue.wordpress.com/'>Time and Tongue</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.vermontsoftworks.com/'>Tolkien/Vermont</a></li> <li><a href='http://unlocked-wordhoard.blogspot.com/'>Unlocked Wordhoard</a></li> <li><a href='http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/'>Wayne and Christina</a></li> <li><a href='http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/'>Wormtalk and Slugspeak</a></li> <li><a href='http://wotanselvishmusings.blogspot.com/'>Wotan’s Musings</a></li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget LinkList' data-version='1' id='LinkList5'> <h2>Research sites — languages, words, books, etc.:</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <ul> <li><a href='http://www.bookfinder.com/'>Book Finder</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/oe_bosworthtoller_about.html'>Bosworth/Toller [Old English]</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.dallaslibrary.org/'>Dallas Public Library</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/'>Dead Languages Online</a></li> <li><a href='http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/dictionaryhome.aspx'>Dictionary (Encarta)</a></li> <li><a href='http://books.google.com/'>Google Books</a></li> <li><a href='http://scholar.google.com/'>Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/books/'>Indo-European Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.jstor.org/'>JSTOR</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.abroadlanguages.com/'>Language Schools Abroad</a></li> <li><a href='http://muse.jhu.edu/'>Project Muse</a></li> <li><a href='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page'>Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href='http://worldcat.org/'>Worldcat</a></li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget LinkList' data-version='1' id='LinkList2'> <h2>News, politics, the environment — and other issues:</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <ul> <li><a href='http://www.aldaily.com/'>Arts & Letters Daily</a></li> <li><a href='http://chronicle.com/'>Chronicle of Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href='http://climatedebatedaily.com/'>Climate Debate Daily</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.cnn.com/'>CNN Headline News</a></li> <li><a href='http://news.google.com/'>Google News</a></li> <li><a href='http://news.google.com/news?ned=it'>Google News [Italian]</a></li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget LinkList' data-version='1' id='LinkList3'> <h2>Diversions, curiosities, humor, and miscellaneous:</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <ul> <li><a href='http://www.bizarrocomics.com/'>Bizarro / Dan Piraro</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.cuteoverload.com/'>Cute Overload</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.dailypuppy.com/'>Daily Puppy</a></li> <li><a href='http://icanhascheezburger.com/'>I Can Has Cheezburger</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.amazon.com/gp/cdp/member-reviews/A2XFN2XXI6NFOF'>My Amazon Reviews</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.ferryhalim.com/orisinal/'>Orisinal Games</a></li> <li><a href='http://www.pbfcomics.com/'>PBF Webcomics</a></li> <li><a href='http://zone.msn.com/en/peggle/default.htm'>Peggle</a></li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div></div> </div></div> </div> <div id='footer-wrap1'><div id='footer-wrap2'> <div class='footer no-items section' id='footer'></div> </div></div> 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